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Tobajas-Curiel G, Sun Q, Sanders JKM, Ballester P, Hunter CA. Solvation rules: aromatic interactions outcompete cation-π interactions in synthetic host-guest complexes in water. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:14146-14148. [PMID: 37955118 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04399a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Chemical double mutant cycles were used to measure the interaction of a N-methyl pyridinium cation with a π-box in a calix[4]pyrrole receptor. Although the cation-π interaction is attractive (-11 kJ mol-1), it is 7 kJ mol-1 less favourable than the corresponding aromatic interaction with the isosteric but uncharged tolyl group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Tobajas-Curiel
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Qingqing Sun
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans, 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.
- Yangzhou University, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China.
| | - Jeremy K M Sanders
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Pablo Ballester
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans, 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.
- ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona 08010, Spain
| | - Christopher A Hunter
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
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2
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Tobajas-Curiel G, Sun Q, Sanders JKM, Ballester P, Hunter CA. Aromatic interactions with heterocycles in water. Chem Sci 2023; 14:11131-11140. [PMID: 37860651 PMCID: PMC10583712 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03824f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Conformationally well-defined supramolecular complexes that can be studied in different solvents provide a platform for separating and quantifying free energy contributions due to functional group interactions and desolvation. Here 1:1 complexes formed between four different calix[4]pyrrole receptors and eleven different pyridine N-oxide guests have been used to dissect the factors that govern aromatic interactions with heterocycles in water and in chloroform solution. 1H NMR spectroscopy shows that the three-dimensional structures of the complexes are fixed by four H-bonding interactions between the pyrrole donors at the bottom of the receptor and the N-oxide acceptor on the guest, locking the geometrical arrangement of interacting functional groups in the binding pocket at the other end of the receptor. An aromatic heterocycle on the guest makes two stacking interactions and two edge-to-face interactions with the side walls of the receptor. Chemical double mutant cycles were used to measure the free energy contribution of these four aromatic interactions to the overall stability of the complex. In chloroform, the aromatic interactions measured with pyridine, pyrimidine, furan, thiophene and thiazole are similar to the interactions with a phenyl group, but the effect of introducing a heteroatom depends on where it sits with respect to the aromatic side-walls of the cavity. A nitrogen lone pair directed into a π-face of the side-walls of the binding site leads to repulsive interactions of up to 8 kJ mol-1. In water, the heterocycle aromatic interactions are all significantly more favourable (by up to 12 kJ mol-1). For the non-polar heterocycles, furan and thiophene, the increase in interaction energy correlates directly with hydrophobicity, as measured by the free energy of transfer of the heterocycle from n-hexadecane into water (ΔG°(water-hex)). For the heterocycles with polar nitrogen H-bond acceptors, water can access cracks in the walls of the receptor binding site to solvate the edges of the heterocycles without significantly affecting the geometry of the aromatic interactions, and these nitrogen-water H-bonds stabilise the complexes by about 15 kJ mol-1. The results highlight the complexity of the solvation processes that govern molecular recognition in water.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qingqing Sun
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) Av. Països Catalans, 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
- Yangzhou University, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yangzhou 225002 Jiangsu China
| | - Jeremy K M Sanders
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Pablo Ballester
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) Av. Països Catalans, 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
- ICREA Passeig Lluís Companys 23 08010 Barcelona Spain
| | - Christopher A Hunter
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
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Tobajas-Curiel G, Sun Q, Sanders JKM, Ballester P, Hunter CA. Substituent effects on aromatic interactions in water. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6226-6236. [PMID: 37325132 PMCID: PMC10266462 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01027a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular recognition in water involves contributions due to polar functional group interactions, partial desolvation of polar and non-polar surfaces and changes in conformational flexibility, presenting a challenge for rational design and interpretation of supramolecular behaviour. Conformationally well-defined supramolecular complexes that can be studied in both water and non-polar solvents provide a platform for disentangling these contributions. Here 1 : 1 complexes formed between four different calix[4]pyrrole receptors and thirteen different pyridine N-oxide guests have been used to dissect the factors that govern substituent effects on aromatic interactions in water. H-bonding interactions between the receptor pyrrole donors and the guest N-oxide acceptor at one end of the complex lock the geometrical arrangement of a cluster of aromatic interactions at the other end of the complex, so that a phenyl group on the guest makes two edge-to-face and two stacking interactions with the four aromatic side-walls of the receptor. The thermodynamic contribution of these aromatic interactions to the overall stability of the complex was quantified by chemical double mutant cycles using isothermal titration calorimetry and 1H NMR competition experiments. Aromatic interactions between the receptor and a phenyl group on the guest stabilise the complex by a factor of 1000, and addition of substituents to the guest phenyl group further stabilises the complex by an additional factor of up to 1000. When a nitro substituent is present on the guest phenyl group, the complex has a sub-picomolar dissociation constant (370 fM). The remarkable substituent effects observed in water for these complexes can be rationalised by comparison with the magnitude of the corresponding substituent effects measured in chloroform. In chloroform, the double mutant cycle free energy measurements of the aromatic interactions correlate well with the substituent Hammett parameters. Electron-withdrawing substituents increase the strength of the interactions by a factor of up to 20, highlighting the role of electrostatics in stabilising both the edge-to-face and stacking interactions. The enhanced substituent effects observed in water are due to entropic contributions associated with the desolvation of hydrophobic surfaces on the substituents. The flexible alkyl chains that line the open end of the binding site assist the desolvation of the non-polar π-surfaces of polar substituents, like nitro, but at the same time allow water to interact with the polar H-bond acceptor sites on the substituent. This flexibility allows polar substituents to maximise non-polar interactions with the receptor and polar interactions with the solvent, leading to remarkably high binding affinities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qingqing Sun
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) Av. Països Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona Spain
- Yangzhou University, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yangzhou 225002 Jiangsu China
| | - Jeremy K M Sanders
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Pablo Ballester
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) Av. Països Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona Spain
- ICREA Passeig Lluís Companys 23 08010 Barcelona Spain
| | - Christopher A Hunter
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
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Belenguer AM, Michalchuk AAL, Lampronti GI, Sanders JKM. Using Solid Catalysts in Disulfide-Based Dynamic Combinatorial Solution- and Mechanochemistry. ChemSusChem 2022; 15:e202102416. [PMID: 34863026 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
It was shown for the first time that solid amines can act as catalysts for disulfide-based dynamic combinatorial chemistry (DCC) by ball mill grinding. The mechanochemical equilibrium for the two disulfide reactions studied was reached within 1-3 h using ten different amine catalysts. This contrasts with the weeks to months to achieve solution equilibrium for most solid amine catalysts at 2 %mol mol-1 concentration in a 2 mMolar disulfide dynamic combinatorial library in a suitable solvent. The final mechanochemical equilibrium was independent of the catalyst used but varied with other ball mill grinding factors such as the presence of traces of solvent. The different efficiencies of the amines tested were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Belenguer
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Adam A L Michalchuk
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter Str. 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Giulio I Lampronti
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EQ, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy K M Sanders
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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Belenguer AM, Lampronti GI, Michalchuk AAL, Emmerling F, Sanders JKM. Quantitative reversible one pot interconversion of three crystalline polymorphs by ball mill grinding. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ce00393g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate here using a disulfide system the first example of reversible, selective, and quantitative transformation between three crystalline polymorphs by ball mill grinding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. Belenguer
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Giulio I. Lampronti
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EQ, UK
| | - Adam A. L. Michalchuk
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Emmerling
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jeremy K. M. Sanders
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
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Sanders JKM. What has Royal Society Open Science achieved in its first few years? R Soc Open Sci 2021; 8:211838. [PMID: 34917390 PMCID: PMC8672064 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
It has been a pleasure and a privilege to serve as the first Editor-in-Chief of Royal Society Open Science for the past 6 years. I step down at the end of December 2021, having completed two 3-year terms, and am taking the opportunity here to reflect on some of the successes and challenges that the journal has experienced and the innovations that we have introduced. When I was first approached back in 2015, the breadth of the journal, covering the whole of science, resonated with my own interests: my research career has ranged across the entire landscape of chemistry, while my leadership roles have embraced all of science, technology and medicine. The open access ethos, the objective refereeing policy that rejects the idea of only publishing what is in fashion, and the opportunities offered by a new venture that could transcend traditional disciplinary boundaries also all appealed to me. Among our successful innovations are Registered Reports, Replication Studies and the new 'Science, Society and Policy' section. The challenges have included the transition to paid article processing charges (APCs), whether to resist pressure to retract a controversial paper, and bullying of young female authors by established senior males in the same field. I explore all of these below, provide some statistics on the journal's performance, also cover some of the notable papers we have published, and provide some concluding thoughts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy K. M. Sanders
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. Belenguer
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW United Kingdom
| | - Giulio I. Lampronti
- Department of Earth Sciences University of Cambridge Downing Street Cambridge CB2 3EQ United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy K. M. Sanders
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW United Kingdom
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8
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Sanders JKM. Reviewers in 2020. R Soc Open Sci 2021; 8:210300. [PMID: 33868700 PMCID: PMC8025297 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.210300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
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Smith A, Sanders JKM. Launching science, society and policy. R Soc Open Sci 2021; 8:210438. [PMID: 33959375 PMCID: PMC8074978 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.210438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeremy K M Sanders
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
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10
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Sanders JKM. Editorial 2020: Changing publishing and academic culture. R Soc Open Sci 2020; 7:192197. [PMID: 32218987 PMCID: PMC7029889 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.192197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
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11
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Belenguer AM, Michalchuk AAL, Lampronti GI, Sanders JKM. Understanding the unexpected effect of frequency on the kinetics of a covalent reaction under ball-milling conditions. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:1226-1235. [PMID: 31293670 PMCID: PMC6604707 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We here explore how ball-mill-grinding frequency affects the kinetics of a disulfide exchange reaction. Our kinetic data show that the reaction progress is similar at all the frequencies studied (15–30 Hz), including a significant induction time before the nucleation and growth process starts. This indicates that to start the reaction an initial energy accumulation is necessary. Other than mixing, the energy supplied by the mechanical treatment has two effects: (i) reducing the crystal size and (ii) creating defects in the structure. The crystal-breaking process is likely to be dominant at first becoming less important later in the process when the energy supplied is stored at the molecular level as local crystal defects. This accumulation is taken here to be the rate-determining step. We suggest that the local defects accumulate preferentially at or near the crystal surface. Since the total area increases exponentially when the crystal size is reduced by the crystal-breaking process, this can further explain the exponential dependence of the onset time on the milling frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Belenguer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Adam A L Michalchuk
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Giulio I Lampronti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.,Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, UK
| | - Jeremy K M Sanders
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
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12
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Sanders JKM. Reviewers in 2018. R Soc Open Sci 2019; 6:190238. [PMID: 31032063 PMCID: PMC6458401 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
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13
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Belenguer AM, Cruz-Cabeza AJ, Lampronti GI, Sanders JKM. On the prevalence of smooth polymorphs at the nanoscale: implications for pharmaceuticals. CrystEngComm 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ce02098a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ball mill neat grinding leads to smoother whereas liquid assisted grinding leads to rougher pharmaceutical forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. Belenguer
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge CB2 1EW
- UK
| | - Aurora J. Cruz-Cabeza
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science
- The University of Manchester
- Manchester
- UK
- Astra Zeneca
| | - Giulio I. Lampronti
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge CB2 1EW
- UK
- Department of Earth Sciences
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Belenguer AM, Lampronti GI, De Mitri N, Driver M, Hunter CA, Sanders JKM. Understanding the Influence of Surface Solvation and Structure on Polymorph Stability: A Combined Mechanochemical and Theoretical Approach. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:17051-17059. [PMID: 30371073 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b08549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We explore the effect of solvent concentration on the thermodynamic stability of two polymorphs of a 1:1 cocrystal of theophylline and benzamide subjected to ball-mill liquid assisted grinding (LAG) and we investigate how this can be related to surface solvent solvation phenomena. In this system, most stable bulk polymorph form II converts to metastable bulk polymorph form I upon neat grinding (NG), while form I can fully or partially transform into form II under LAG conditions, depending on the amount of solvent used. Careful and strict experimental procedures were designed to achieve polymorph equilibrium under ball-mill LAG conditions for 16 different solvents. This allowed us to determine 16 equilibrium polymorph concentration curves as a function of solvent concentration. Ex-situ powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) was used to monitor the polymorph concentration and crystallite size. The surface site interactions point (SSIP) description of noncovalent interactions was used in conjunction with the SSIMPLE method for calculating solvation energies to determine which functional groups are more or less exposed on the polymorph crystal surfaces. Our results demonstrate that (i) ball-mill LAG equilibrium curves can be successfully achieved experimentally for a cocrystal system; (ii) the equilibrium curves vary from solvent to solvent in onset values and slopes, thus confirming the generality of the interconversion phenomenon that we interpret here in terms of cooperativity; (iii) the concentration required for a switch in polymorphic outcome is dependent on the nature of the solvent; (iv) the SSIP results indicate that the theophylline π-system face is more exposed on the surface of form I while the theophylline N-methyl groups are more exposed in form II; and (v) for some solvents, form II has a significantly smaller crystal size at equilibrium than form I in the investigated solvent concentration range. Therefore, the free energy of the 1:1 cocrystal of theophylline and benzamide polymorphs studied here must be affected by surface solvation under ball-mill LAG conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Belenguer
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , U.K
| | - Giulio I Lampronti
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , U.K.,Department of Earth Sciences , University of Cambridge , Downing Street , Cambridge CB2 3EQ , U.K
| | - Nicola De Mitri
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , U.K
| | - Mark Driver
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , U.K
| | - Christopher A Hunter
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , U.K
| | - Jeremy K M Sanders
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , U.K
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15
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Sanders JKM, Stace A. Editorial for 'New talent' collection: introducing New Talent in chemistry and material science. R Soc Open Sci 2018; 5:181141. [PMID: 30225090 PMCID: PMC6124050 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We introduce 14 articles published as part of the 'New talent' special collection of invited articles to showcase some of the exciting work being funded by the Royal Society. As Royal Society University Research Fellows or Dorothy Hodgkin Fellowship holders, the contributors to this collection are rising stars in their areas of research. This collection also illustrates the close collaboration between Royal Society Open Science and the Royal Society of Chemistry. The collection spans the range of the chemical and material sciences, reflecting the breadth of research areas receiving Royal Society grant support.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony Stace
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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16
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Belenguer AM, Lampronti GI, Sanders JKM. Reliable Mechanochemistry: Protocols for Reproducible Outcomes of Neat and Liquid Assisted Ball-mill Grinding Experiments. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29443036 DOI: 10.3791/56824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The equilibrium outcomes of ball mill grinding can dramatically change as a function of even tiny variations in the experimental conditions such as the presence of very small amounts of added solvent. To reproducibly and accurately capture this sensitivity, the experimentalist needs to carefully consider every single factor that can affect the ball mill grinding reaction under investigation, from ensuring the grinding jars are clean and dry before use, to accurately adding the stoichiometry of the starting materials, to validating that the delivery of solvent volume is accurate, to ensuring that the interaction between the solvent and the powder is well understood and, if necessary, a specific soaking time is added to the procedure. Preliminary kinetic studies are essential to determine the necessary milling time to achieve equilibrium. Only then can exquisite phase composition curves be obtained as a function of the solvent concentration under ball mill liquid assisted grinding (LAG). By using strict and careful procedures analogous to the ones here presented, such milling equilibrium curves can be obtained for virtually all milling systems. The system we use to demonstrate these procedures is a disulfide exchange reaction starting from the equimolar mixture of two homodimers to obtain at equilibrium quantitative heterodimer. The latter is formed by ball mill grinding as two different polymorphs, Form A and Form B. The ratio R = [Form B] / ([Form A] + [Form B]) at milling equilibrium depends on the nature and concentration of the solvent in the milling jar.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giulio I Lampronti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge; Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge;
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17
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Sanders JKM. Onwards and upwards: towards a sustainable future. R Soc Open Sci 2018; 5:172294. [PMID: 29410881 PMCID: PMC5792959 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.172294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy K M Sanders
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
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18
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Markiewicz G, Jenczak A, Kołodziejski M, Holstein JJ, Sanders JKM, Stefankiewicz AR. Selective C 70 encapsulation by a robust octameric nanospheroid held together by 48 cooperative hydrogen bonds. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15109. [PMID: 28488697 PMCID: PMC5436139 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-assembly of multiple building blocks via hydrogen bonds into well-defined nanoconstructs with selective binding function remains one of the foremost challenges in supramolecular chemistry. Here, we report the discovery of a enantiopure nanocapsule that is formed through the self-assembly of eight amino acid functionalised molecules in nonpolar solvents through 48 hydrogen bonds. The nanocapsule is remarkably robust, being stable at low and high temperatures, and in the presence of base, presumably due to the co-operative geometry of the hydrogen bonding motif. Thanks to small pore sizes, large internal cavity and sufficient dynamicity, the nanocapsule is able to recognize and encapsulate large aromatic guests such as fullerenes C60 and C70. The structural and electronic complementary between the host and C70 leads to its preferential and selective binding from a mixture of C60 and C70. Individual hydrogen bonds are weak, so self-assembling multiple components via hydrogen bonding is a significant challenge. Here the authors report a robust, enantiopure nanocapsule held together by 48 cooperative hydrogen bonds, and use it for the selective binding of C70.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Markiewicz
- Laboratory of Functional Nanostructures, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89b, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.,Laboratory of Functional Nanostructures, Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89c, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Jenczak
- Laboratory of Functional Nanostructures, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89b, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.,Laboratory of Functional Nanostructures, Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89c, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Michał Kołodziejski
- Laboratory of Functional Nanostructures, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89b, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.,Laboratory of Functional Nanostructures, Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89c, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Julian J Holstein
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology TU Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jeremy K M Sanders
- Department of Chemistry, University Chemical Laboratory, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Artur R Stefankiewicz
- Laboratory of Functional Nanostructures, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89b, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.,Laboratory of Functional Nanostructures, Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89c, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
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19
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Sanders JKM. Reviewers in 2016. R Soc Open Sci 2017; 4:170299. [PMID: 28573037 PMCID: PMC5451838 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.170299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
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Belenguer AM, Lampronti GI, Cruz-Cabeza AJ, Hunter CA, Sanders JKM. Solvation and surface effects on polymorph stabilities at the nanoscale. Chem Sci 2016; 7:6617-6627. [PMID: 28567252 PMCID: PMC5450528 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc03457h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We explore the effects of particle size and solvent environment on the thermodynamic stability of two pairs of polymorphs subjected to ball-mill neat grinding (NG) and liquid assisted grinding (LAG).
We explore the effects of particle size and solvent environment on the thermodynamic stability of two pairs of polymorphs subjected to ball-mill neat grinding (NG) and liquid assisted grinding (LAG). Two systems were studied: (i) forms I and II of a 1 : 1 theophylline : benzamide cocrystal and (ii) forms A and B of an aromatic disulfide compound. For both systems, the most stable-bulk polymorph converted to the metastable-bulk polymorph upon NG. LAG experiments yielded different outcomes depending on the amount of solvent used. This was further investigated by performing carefully controlled LAG experiments with increasing μL amounts of solvents of different nature. With these experiments, we were able to monitor form A to B and form I to II conversions as a function of solvent concentration and derive polymorph equilibrium curves. The concentration required for a switch in polymorphic outcome was found to be dependent on solvent nature. We propose that these experiments demonstrate a switch in thermodynamic stability of the polymorphs in the milling jar. Form B, the stable-bulk polymorph, has less stable surfaces than form A, thus becoming metastable at the nanoscale when surface effects become important. Ex situ diffraction and electron microscopy data confirm crystal sizes in the order of tens of nanometers after the ball mill grinding experiments reach equilibrium. DFT-d computations of the polymorph particles stabilities support these findings and were used to calculate cross-over sizes of forms A and B as a function of solvent. Attachment energies and surface stabilities of the various crystalline faces exposed were found to be very sensitive to the solvent environment. Our findings suggest that surface effects are significant in polymorphism at the nanoscale and that the outcomes of equilibrium ball-mill NG and LAG experiments are in general controlled by thermodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Belenguer
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , UK . ;
| | - G I Lampronti
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , UK . ; .,Department of Earth Sciences , University of Cambridge , Downing St , Cambridge , CB2 3EQ , UK
| | - A J Cruz-Cabeza
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science , The University of Manchester , Oxford Road , Manchester , M13 9PL , UK
| | - C A Hunter
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , UK . ;
| | - J K M Sanders
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , UK . ;
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21
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Black SP, Wood DM, Schwarz FB, Ronson TK, Holstein JJ, Stefankiewicz AR, Schalley CA, Sanders JKM, Nitschke JR. Catenation and encapsulation induce distinct reconstitutions within a dynamic library of mixed-ligand Zn 4L 6 cages. Chem Sci 2016; 7:2614-2620. [PMID: 28660033 PMCID: PMC5477050 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc04906g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Two new Zn4L6 cages composed of diamine subcomponents containing either naphthalene diimide (NDI) or porphyrin moieties are described. Their structural differences allow these cages to exhibit distinct interactions with different chemical stimuli, yielding different supramolecular products. The electron-poor NDI subunits of the first cage were observed to thread through electron-rich aromatic crown-ether macrocycles, forming mechanically-interlocked species up to a [3]catenane, whereas the porphyrin ligands of the second cage interacted favourably with C70, causing it to be bound as a guest. When mixed, the two cages were observed to form a dynamic combinatorial library (DCL) of seven constitutionally distinct mixed-ligand Zn4L6 cages. The DCL was observed to reconstitute in opposing ways when treated with either the crown ether or C70: the electron-rich macrocycle templated the formation of heteroleptic catenanes, whereas C70 caused the DCL to self-sort into homoleptic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel P Black
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge , CB2 1EW , UK . ;
| | - Daniel M Wood
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge , CB2 1EW , UK . ;
| | - Felix B Schwarz
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustrasse 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany .
| | - Tanya K Ronson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge , CB2 1EW , UK . ;
| | - Julian J Holstein
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge , CB2 1EW , UK . ;
- Global Phasing Ltd. , Sheraton House, Castle Park , Cambridge , CB3 0AX , UK
| | - Artur R Stefankiewicz
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge , CB2 1EW , UK . ;
| | - Christoph A Schalley
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustrasse 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany .
| | - Jeremy K M Sanders
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge , CB2 1EW , UK . ;
| | - Jonathan R Nitschke
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge , CB2 1EW , UK . ;
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22
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Sanders JKM. Editorial January 2016. R Soc Open Sci 2016; 3:150712. [PMID: 26909194 PMCID: PMC4736949 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.150712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
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23
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Wood DM, Meng W, Ronson TK, Stefankiewicz AR, Sanders JKM, Nitschke JR. Guest-Induced Transformation of a Porphyrin-Edged FeII4L6Capsule into a CuIFeII2L4Fullerene Receptor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201411985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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24
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Wood DM, Meng W, Ronson TK, Stefankiewicz AR, Sanders JKM, Nitschke JR. Guest-induced transformation of a porphyrin-edged Fe(II)4L6 capsule into a Cu(I)Fe(II)2L4 fullerene receptor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:3988-92. [PMID: 25655272 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201411985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The combination of a bent diamino(nickel(II) porphyrin) with 2-formylpyridine and Fe(II) yielded an Fe(II) 4 L6 cage. Upon treatment with the fullerenes C60 or C70 , this cage was found to transform into a new host-guest complex incorporating three Fe(II) centers and four porphyrin ligands, in an arrangement that is hypothesized to maximize π interactions between the porphyrin units of the host and the fullerene guest bound within its central cavity. The new complex shows coordinative unsaturation at one of the Fe(II) centers as the result of the incommensurate metal-to-ligand ratio, which enabled the preparation of a heterometallic cone-shaped Cu(I) Fe(II) 2 L4 adduct of C60 or C70 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Wood
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW (UK)
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25
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Abstract
In this article, we use 1H NMR spectroscopy to study the spontaneous molecular motion of donor–acceptor [2]catenanes in water.
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26
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Belenguer AM, Lampronti GI, Wales DJ, Sanders JKM. Direct observation of intermediates in a thermodynamically controlled solid-state dynamic covalent reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:16156-66. [PMID: 25314624 DOI: 10.1021/ja500707z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We present the first polymorph interconversion study that uses solid-state dynamic covalent chemistry (DCC). This system exhibits unexpected and rich behavior, including the observation that under appropriate conditions the polymorph interconversion of a heterodimer proceeds through reversible covalent chemistry intermediates, and this route is facilitated by one of the two disulfide homodimers involved in the reaction. Furthermore, we demonstrate experimentally that in all cases a dynamic equilibrium is reached, meaning that changing the milling conditions affects the free energy difference between the two polymorphs and thus their relative stability. We suggest that this effect is due to the surface solvation energy combined with the high surface to volume ratio of the nanocrystalline powder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Belenguer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
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27
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Abstract
A Tutorial Review of the subtle supramolecular interactions influencing the outcomes of equilibrating systems, focusing on the dynamic covalent chemistry (DCC) of disulfide exchange reactions, is presented. We discuss the topics of cation-π interactions (2.1), hydrophobic effects (2.2), hydrogen bonding interactions (2.3) aromatic donor-acceptor interactions (2.4), and metal-ligand interactions (2.5) in the context of dynamic disulfide chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel P Black
- University Chemical Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, UKCB21EW
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandhini Ponnuswamy
- University
Chemical Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Fabien B. L. Cougnon
- University
Chemical Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, U.K
| | - G. Dan Pantoş
- University
Chemical Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, U.K
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, BA 7AY, Bath, U.K
| | - Jeremy K. M. Sanders
- University
Chemical Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, U.K
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29
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Sanders JKM. Editorial: Wie ist Veränderung möglich? - Energiesparen in Cambridge. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201306176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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30
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Sanders JKM. Editorial: how can change be achieved?- energy saving in cambridge. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:10914-5. [PMID: 24000145 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201306176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy K M Sanders
- University of Cambridge, The Old Schools, Trinity Lane, Cambridge CB2 1TN (UK).
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31
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Lampronti GI, Belenguer A, Sanders JKM, Redfern SAT. Solid-state dynamic covalent chemistry: a combined powder X-ray diffraction and chromatography study of mechanochemistry kinetics. Acta Crystallogr A 2013. [DOI: 10.1107/s010876731309764x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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32
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Black SP, Stefankiewicz AR, Smulders MMJ, Sattler D, Schalley CA, Nitschke JR, Sanders JKM. Generation of a Dynamic System of Three-Dimensional Tetrahedral Polycatenanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201209708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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33
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Black SP, Stefankiewicz AR, Smulders MMJ, Sattler D, Schalley CA, Nitschke JR, Sanders JKM. Generation of a dynamic system of three-dimensional tetrahedral polycatenanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:5749-52. [PMID: 23606312 PMCID: PMC4736444 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201209708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Seven of the best: A dynamic combinatorial library of polycatenated tetrahedra was prepared by complexation between a dynamic Fe4L6 tetrahedral cage, constructed from ligands containing an electron‐deficient naphthalenediimide core, and an electron‐rich aromatic crown ether, 1,5‐dinaphtho[38]crown‐10. The highest order species in the library is the tetrahedral [7]catenane.WILEY-VCH
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel P Black
- University of Cambridge, Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
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34
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Stefankiewicz AR, Sanders JKM. Diverse topologies in dynamic combinatorial libraries from tri- and mono-thiols in water: sensitivity to weak supramolecular interactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:5820-2. [PMID: 23525236 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc41158c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We describe here the use of disulfide exchange reactions to generate distinct supramolecular topologies within a dynamic combinatorial library (DCL) derived from tri- and mono-functionalised thiol components in water. This approach allows for the effective expansion of structural diversity within a DCL, and also provides a sensitive probe for weak supramolecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur R Stefankiewicz
- University Chemical Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, UK CB21EW.
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35
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Abstract
Since its inception in the mid-1990s, dynamic combinatorial chemistry (DCC), the chemistry of complex systems under thermodynamic control, has proved valuable in identifying unexpected molecules with remarkable binding properties and in providing effective synthetic routes to complex species. Essentially, in this approach, one designs the experiment rather than the molecule. DCC has also provided us with insights into how some chemical systems respond to external stimuli. Using examples from the work of our laboratory and others, this Account shows how the concept of DCC, inspired by the evolution of living systems, has found an increasing range of applications in diverse areas and has evolved conceptually and experimentally. A dynamic combinatorial library (DCL) is a thermodynamically controlled mixture of interconverting species that can respond to various stimuli. The Cambridge version of dynamic combinatorial chemistry was initially inspired by the mammalian immune system and was conceived as a way to create and identify new unpredictable receptors. For example, an added template can select and stabilize a strongly binding member of the library which is then amplified at the expense of the unsuccessful library members, minimizing the free energy of the system. But researchers have exploited DCC in a variety of other ways: over the past two decades, this technique has contributed to the evolution of chemistry and to applications in the diverse fields of catalysis, fragrance release, and responsive materials. Among these applications, researchers have built intricate and well-defined architectures such as catenanes or hydrogen-bonded nanotubes, using the ability of complex chemical systems to reach a high level of organization. In addition, DCC has proved a powerful tool for the study of complex molecular networks and systems. The use of DCC is improving our understanding of chemical and biological systems. The study of folding or self-replicating macrocycles in DCLs has served as a model for appreciating how complex organisations such as life can emerge from a pool of simple chemicals. Today, DCC is no longer restricted to thermodynamic control, and new systems have recently appeared in which kinetic and thermodynamic control coexist. Expanding the realm of DCC to unexplored and promising new territories, these hybrid systems show that the concept of dynamic combinatorial chemistry continues to evolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien B. L. Cougnon
- University Chemical Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy K. M. Sanders
- University Chemical Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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36
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Cougnon FBL, Ponnuswamy N, Jenkins NA, Pantoş GD, Sanders JKM. Structural Parameters Governing the Dynamic Combinatorial Synthesis of Catenanes in Water. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:19129-35. [DOI: 10.1021/ja3075727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabien B. L. Cougnon
- University Chemical Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge,
United Kingdom
| | - Nandhini Ponnuswamy
- University Chemical Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge,
United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas A. Jenkins
- University Chemical Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge,
United Kingdom
| | - G. Dan Pantoş
- University Chemical Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge,
United Kingdom
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, BA 7AY,
Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy K. M. Sanders
- University Chemical Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge,
United Kingdom
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37
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Klein JM, Clegg JK, Saggiomo V, Reck L, Lüning U, Sanders JKM. Metal induced folding: synthesis and conformational analysis of the lanthanide complexes of two 44-membered hydrazone macrocycles. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:3780-6. [PMID: 22334117 DOI: 10.1039/c2dt11861k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Six new lanthanide complexes of two 44-membered macrocycles have been prepared and characterised in solution. An analysis of the conformations of the free macrocycles and their lanthanide complexes both in solution (2D NMR) and in solid state (X-ray crystallography) demonstrate that the complexation induces changes in folding of the macrocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg M Klein
- University Chemical Laboratory, University of Cambridge, UK
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38
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39
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40
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Cougnon FBL, Jenkins NA, Pantoş GD, Sanders JKM. Templated Dynamic Synthesis of a [3]Catenane. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 51:1443-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201106885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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41
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Ponnuswamy N, Pantoş GD, Smulders MMJ, Sanders JKM. Thermodynamics of Supramolecular Naphthalenediimide Nanotube Formation: The Influence of Solvents, Side Chains, and Guest Templates. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 134:566-73. [DOI: 10.1021/ja2088647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nandhini Ponnuswamy
- University Chemical Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - G. Dan Pantoş
- University Chemical Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Maarten M. J. Smulders
- University Chemical Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy K. M. Sanders
- University Chemical Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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42
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Abstract
We present the use of hydrazone dynamic combinatorial libraries (DCLs) to identify macrocyclic receptors that are selective for alkaline earth metal ions over alkali metal ions. In particular, the toxic heavy metal ions Sr(2+) and Ba(2+) induce characteristic changes in the DCLs. Four macrocycles were isolated and characterised by LCMS, HRMS, NMR and X-ray crystallography; binding studies by UV-Vis spectroscopy confirm the selectivity observed in the DCLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg M Klein
- University Chemical Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, UK CB2 1EW
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43
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Beeren SR, Pittelkow M, Sanders JKM. From static to dynamic: escaping kinetic traps in hydrazone-based dynamic combinatorial libraries. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:7359-61. [PMID: 21643569 DOI: 10.1039/c1cc12268a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thermodynamic control over kinetically-trapped mixtures of hydrazone-based macrocycles is achieved by addition of an aromatic monohydrazide to generate dynamic combinatorial libraries (DCLs) of linear and macrocyclic oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie R Beeren
- University Chemical Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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44
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Stefankiewicz AR, Tamanini E, Pantoş GD, Sanders JKM. Proton-driven switching between receptors for C60 and C70. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:5725-8. [PMID: 21557418 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201100806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Artur R Stefankiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
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45
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46
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Sanders JKM. Dudley Williams. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201100049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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47
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Sanders JKM. Dudley H. Williams. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201100049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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48
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Beeren SR, Sanders JKM. Discovery of linear receptors for multiple dihydrogen phosphate ions using dynamic combinatorial chemistry. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:3804-7. [PMID: 21361379 DOI: 10.1021/ja200130h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We describe the use of dynamic combinatorial chemistry to discover a new series of linear hydrazone-based receptors that bind multiple dihydrogen phosphate ions. Through the use of a template-driven, selection-based approach to receptor synthesis, dynamic combinatorial chemistry allows for the identification of unexpected host structures and binding motifs. Notably, we observed the unprecedented selection of these linear receptors in preference to competing macrocyclic hosts. Furthermore, linear receptors containing up to nine building blocks and three different building blocks were amplified in the dynamic combinatorial library. The receptors were formed using a dihydrazide building block based on an amino acid-disubstituted ferrocene scaffold. A detailed study of the linear pentamer revealed that it forms a helical ditopic receptor that employs four acylhydrazone hydrogen-bond donor motifs to cooperatively bind two dihydrogen phosphate ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie R Beeren
- University Chemical Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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49
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Cougnon FBL, Au-Yeung HY, Pantoş GD, Sanders JKM. Exploring the Formation Pathways of Donor−Acceptor Catenanes in Aqueous Dynamic Combinatorial Libraries. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:3198-207. [DOI: 10.1021/ja111407m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabien B. L. Cougnon
- University Chemical Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Ho Yu Au-Yeung
- University Chemical Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, U.K
| | - G. Dan Pantoş
- University Chemical Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, U.K
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, BA2 7AY, Bath, U.K
| | - Jeremy K. M. Sanders
- University Chemical Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, U.K
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50
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Au-Yeung HY, Pantoş GD, Sanders JKM. Dynamic Combinatorial Donor−Acceptor Catenanes in Water: Access to Unconventional and Unexpected Structures. J Org Chem 2011; 76:1257-68. [DOI: 10.1021/jo101981p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ho Yu Au-Yeung
- University Chemical Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - G. Dan Pantoş
- University Chemical Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Jeremy K. M. Sanders
- University Chemical Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
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