101
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Emmert MH, Cook AK, Xie YJ, Sanford MS. Remarkably High Reactivity of Pd(OAc)2/Pyridine Catalysts: Nondirected CH Oxygenation of Arenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201103327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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102
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Emmert MH, Cook AK, Xie YJ, Sanford MS. Remarkably high reactivity of Pd(OAc)2/pyridine catalysts: nondirected C-H oxygenation of arenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:9409-12. [PMID: 21948437 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201103327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marion H Emmert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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103
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Anand M, Sunoj RB. Palladium(II)-catalyzed direct alkoxylation of arenes: evidence for solvent-assisted concerted metalation deprotonation. Org Lett 2011; 13:4802-5. [PMID: 21859083 DOI: 10.1021/ol201830r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Density functional theory investigations on the mechanism of palladium acetate catalyzed direct alkoxylation of N-methoxybenzamide in methanol reveal that the key steps involve solvent-assisted N-H as well as C-H bond activations. The transition state for the critical palladium-carbon bond formation through a concerted metalation deprotonation (CMD) process leading to a palladacycle intermediate has been found to be more stable in the methanol-assisted pathway as compared to an unassisted route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Anand
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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104
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Liu TP, Liao YX, Xing CH, Hu QS. Fluorenone synthesis by palladacycle-catalyzed sequential reactions of 2-bromobenzaldehydes with arylboronic acids. Org Lett 2011; 13:2452-5. [PMID: 21480660 DOI: 10.1021/ol200693d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new, anionic four-electron donor-based (type I) palladacycle-catalyzed sequential reaction of 2-bromobenzaldehydes with arylboronic acids based on the addition reaction, cyclization via C-H activation-oxidation sequence is described. Our study provided an efficient access to a variety of substituted fluorenones/indenofluorenediones from readily available arylboronic acids and 2-bromobenzaldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao-Ping Liu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Staten Island and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, Staten Island, New York 10314, United States
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105
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Penner A, Braun T. Rhodium and Iridium Complexes with α‐Diketimine Ligands: Oxidative Addition of H
2
and O
2. Eur J Inorg Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201100135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Penner
- Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, Department of Chemistry, Brook‐Taylor‐Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany, Fax: +49‐30‐2093‐6939
| | - Thomas Braun
- Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, Department of Chemistry, Brook‐Taylor‐Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany, Fax: +49‐30‐2093‐6939
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106
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Hanson SK, Wu R, Silks LA“P. Mild and Selective Vanadium-Catalyzed Oxidation of Benzylic, Allylic, and Propargylic Alcohols Using Air. Org Lett 2011; 13:1908-11. [DOI: 10.1021/ol103107v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan K. Hanson
- Chemistry and Biosciences Divisions, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Ruilian Wu
- Chemistry and Biosciences Divisions, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - L. A. “Pete” Silks
- Chemistry and Biosciences Divisions, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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107
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Layek K, Maheswaran H, Arundhathi R, Kantam ML, Bhargava SK. Nanocrystalline Magnesium Oxide Stabilized Palladium(0): An Efficient Reusable Catalyst for Room Temperature Selective Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols. Adv Synth Catal 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201000591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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108
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Bettucci L, Bianchini C, Filippi J, Lavacchi A, Oberhauser W. Chemoselective Aerobic Diol Oxidation by Palladium(II)-Pyridine Catalysis. Eur J Inorg Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201001300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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109
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Krogul A, Skupińska J, Litwinienko G. Catalytic activity of PdCl2 complexes with pyridines in nitrobenzene carbonylation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2011.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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110
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Ye X, Liu G, Popp BV, Stahl SS. Mechanistic studies of Wacker-type intramolecular aerobic oxidative amination of alkenes catalyzed by Pd(OAc)2/pyridine. J Org Chem 2011; 76:1031-44. [PMID: 21250706 PMCID: PMC3087841 DOI: 10.1021/jo102338a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Wacker-type oxidative cyclization reactions have been the subject of extensive research for several decades, but few systematic mechanistic studies of these reactions have been reported. The present study features experimental and DFT computational studies of Pd(OAc)(2)/pyridine-catalyzed intramolecular aerobic oxidative amination of alkenes. The data support a stepwise catalytic mechanism that consists of (1) steady-state formation of a Pd(II)-amidate-alkene chelate with release of 1 equiv of pyridine and AcOH from the catalyst center, (2) alkene insertion into a Pd-N bond, (3) reversible β-hydride elimination, (4) irreversible reductive elimination of AcOH, and (5) aerobic oxidation of palladium(0) to regenerate the active trans-Pd(OAc)(2)(py)(2) catalyst. Evidence is obtained for two energetically viable pathways for the key C-N bond-forming step, featuring a pyridine-ligated and a pyridine-dissociated Pd(II) species. Analysis of natural charges and bond lengths of the alkene-insertion transition state suggest that this reaction is best described as an intramolecular nucleophilic attack of the amidate ligand on the coordinated alkene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Ye
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | | | - Brian V. Popp
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Shannon S. Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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111
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Xu T, Qiu S, Liu G. Palladium-catalyzed inter- and intramolecular hydroamination of styrenes coupled with alcohol oxidation using N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide as the oxidant. J Organomet Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2010.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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112
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Izawa Y, Stahl SS. Aerobic Oxidative Coupling of o-Xylene: Discovery of 2-Fluoropyridine as a Ligand to Support Selective Pd-Catalyzed C-H Functionalization. Adv Synth Catal 2010; 352:3223-3229. [PMID: 21399704 PMCID: PMC3049937 DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201000771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
An improved method for direct oxidative coupling of o-xylene could provide streamlined access to an important monomer used in polyimide resins. The use of 2-fluoropyridine as a ligand has been found to enable unprecedented levels of chemo- and regioselectivity in this Pd-catalyzed aerobic oxidative coupling reaction. Preliminary insights have been obtained into the origin of the effectiveness of 2-fluoropyridine as a ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Izawa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA. Fax: (+1) 608-262-6143;
| | - Shannon S. Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA. Fax: (+1) 608-262-6143;
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113
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Stuart DR, Alsabeh P, Kuhn M, Fagnou K. Rhodium(III)-Catalyzed Arene and Alkene C−H Bond Functionalization Leading to Indoles and Pyrroles. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:18326-39. [DOI: 10.1021/ja1082624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 595] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David R. Stuart
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, (Canada) K1N 6N5
| | - Pamela Alsabeh
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, (Canada) K1N 6N5
| | - Michelle Kuhn
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, (Canada) K1N 6N5
| | - Keith Fagnou
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, (Canada) K1N 6N5
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114
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Song F, Carder EJ, Kohler CC, Koide K. Studies Toward an Ideal Fluorescence Method to Measure Palladium in Functionalized Organic Molecules: Effects of Sodium Borohydride, Temperature, Phosphine Ligand, and Phosphate Ions on Kinetics. Chemistry 2010; 16:13500-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201001316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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115
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Wang Q, Zhang M, Chen C, Ma W, Zhao J. Photocatalytic Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols on TiO2: The Acceleration Effect of a Brønsted Acid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201001533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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116
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117
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Wang Q, Zhang M, Chen C, Ma W, Zhao J. Photocatalytic Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols on TiO2: The Acceleration Effect of a Brønsted Acid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:7976-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201001533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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118
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Parreira L, Menini L, da Cruz Santos J, Gusevskaya E. Palladium-Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidation of Naturally Occurring Allylbenzenes as a Route to Valuable Fragrance and Pharmaceutical Compounds. Adv Synth Catal 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201000050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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119
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Zhao B, Du H, Cui S, Shi Y. Synthetic and mechanistic studies on Pd(0)-catalyzed diamination of conjugated dienes. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:3523-32. [PMID: 20166669 PMCID: PMC2846102 DOI: 10.1021/ja909459h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Various dienes and a triene can be regioselectively diaminated at the internal double bond with good yields and high diastereoselectivity using di-tert-butyldiaziridinone (5) as the nitrogen source and Pd(PPh(3))(4) (1-10 mol %) as the catalyst. Kinetic studies with (1)H NMR spectroscopy show that the diamination is first-order in total Pd catalyst and inverse first-order in PPh(3). For reactive dienes, such as 1-methoxybutadiene (6g) and alkyl 1,3-butadienes (6a, 6j), the diamination is first-order in di-tert-butyldiaziridinone (5) and zero-order in the olefin. For olefins with relatively low reactivity, such as (E)-1-phenylbutadiene (6b) and (3E,5E)-1,3,5-decatriene (6i), similar diamination rates were observed when 3.5 equiv of olefins were used. Pd(PPh(3))(2) is likely to be the active species for the insertion of Pd(0) into the N-N bond of di-tert-butyldiaziridinone (5) to form a four-membered Pd(II) complex (A), which can be detected by NMR spectroscopy. The olefin complex (B), formed from intermediate A via ligand exchange between the olefin substrate and the PPh(3), undergoes migratory insertion and reductive elimination to give the diamination product and regenerate the Pd(0) catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoguo Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Haifeng Du
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Sunliang Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Yian Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
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120
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Yin W, Chu C, Lu Q, Tao J, Liang X, Liu R. Iron Chloride/4-Acetamido-TEMPO/Sodium Nitrite-Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidation of Primary Alcohols to the Aldehydes. Adv Synth Catal 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200900662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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121
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Bailie DS, Clendenning GMA, McNamee L, Muldoon MJ. Anionic N,O-ligated Pd(ii) complexes: highly active catalysts for alcohol oxidation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:7238-40. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc01138j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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122
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Liu L, Yu M, Wayland BB, Fu X. Aerobic oxidation of alcohols catalyzed by rhodium(iii) porphyrin complexes in water: reactivity and mechanistic studies. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:6353-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc01406k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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123
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Ye X, Johnson MD, Diao T, Yates MH, Stahl SS. Development of Safe and Scalable Continuous-Flow Methods for Palladium-Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidation Reactions. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2010; 12:1180-1186. [PMID: 20694169 PMCID: PMC2914337 DOI: 10.1039/c0gc00106f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The synthetic scope and utility of Pd-catalyzed aerobic oxidation reactions has advanced significantly over the past decade, and these reactions have potential to address important green-chemistry challenges in the pharmaceutical industry. This potential has been unrealized, however, because safety concerns and process constraints hinder large-scale applications of this chemistry. These limitations are addressed by the development of a continuous-flow tube reactor, which has been demonstrated on several scales in the aerobic oxidation of alcohols. Use of a dilute oxygen gas source (8% O(2) in N(2)) ensures that the oxygen/organic mixture never enters the explosive regime, and efficient gas-liquid mixing in the reactor minimizes decomposition of the homogeneous catalyst into inactive Pd metal. These results provide the basis for large-scale implementation of palladium-catalyzed (and other) aerobic oxidation reactions for pharmaceutical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Ye
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706. USA; Fax: (+1) 608-262-6143; Tel: (+1) 608-265-6288
| | - Martin D. Johnson
- Chemical Product Research and Development Division, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285. USA; Fax: (+1) 317-277-0175; Tel: (+1) 317-651-7729
| | - Tianning Diao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706. USA; Fax: (+1) 608-262-6143; Tel: (+1) 608-265-6288
| | - Matthew H. Yates
- Chemical Product Research and Development Division, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285. USA; Fax: (+1) 317-277-0175; Tel: (+1) 317-651-7729
| | - Shannon S. Stahl
- Chemical Product Research and Development Division, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285. USA; Fax: (+1) 317-277-0175; Tel: (+1) 317-651-7729
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124
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Reed SA, Mazzotti AR, White MC. A catalytic, Brønsted base strategy for intermolecular allylic C-H amination. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:11701-6. [PMID: 19645492 DOI: 10.1021/ja903939k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A Brønsted base activation mode for oxidative, Pd(II)/sulfoxide-catalyzed, intermolecular C-H allylic amination is reported. N,N-diisopropylethylamine was found to promote amination of unactivated terminal olefins, forming the corresponding linear allylic amine products with high levels of stereo-, regio-, and chemoselectivity. The predictable and high selectivity of this C-H oxidation method enables late-stage incorporation of nitrogen into advanced synthetic intermediates and natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean A Reed
- Department of Chemistry, Roger Adams Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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125
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Ebner DC, Bagdanoff JT, Ferreira EM, McFadden RM, Caspi DD, Trend RM, Stoltz BM. The palladium-catalyzed aerobic kinetic resolution of secondary alcohols: reaction development, scope, and applications. Chemistry 2009; 15:12978-92. [PMID: 19904777 PMCID: PMC2862982 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200902172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The first palladium-catalyzed enantioselective oxidation of secondary alcohols has been developed, utilizing the readily available diamine (-)-sparteine as a chiral ligand and molecular oxygen as the stoichiometric oxidant. Mechanistic insights regarding the role of the base and hydrogen-bond donors have resulted in several improvements to the original system. Namely, addition of cesium carbonate and tert-butyl alcohol greatly enhances reaction rates, promoting rapid resolutions. The use of chloroform as solvent allows the use of ambient air as the terminal oxidant at 23 degrees C, resulting in enhanced catalyst selectivity. These improved reaction conditions have permitted the successful kinetic resolution of benzylic, allylic, and cyclopropyl secondary alcohols to high enantiomeric excess with good-to-excellent selectivity factors. This catalyst system has also been applied to the desymmetrization of meso-diols, providing high yields of enantioenriched hydroxyketones.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Brian M. Stoltz
- The Arnold and Mabel Beckman Laboratories of Chemical Synthesis, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., MC 164-30, Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA), Fax: (+1) 626-564-9297
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126
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Penner A, Schröder T, Braun T, Ziemer B. Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity of Rhodium Bipyridine Compounds: Formation of a Rh
II
Hydrido Cluster and a Rh
III
Peroxido Complex. Eur J Inorg Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200900531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Penner
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, Brook‐Taylor‐Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany, Fax: +49‐30‐2093‐6939
| | - Tobias Schröder
- Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Postfach 100131, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Thomas Braun
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, Brook‐Taylor‐Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany, Fax: +49‐30‐2093‐6939
| | - Burkhard Ziemer
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, Brook‐Taylor‐Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany, Fax: +49‐30‐2093‐6939
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127
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The functionalized ionic liquid-stabilized palladium nanoparticles catalyzed selective hydrogenation in ionic liquid. CATAL COMMUN 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2009.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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128
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Gligorich KM, Sigman MS. Recent advancements and challenges of palladium(II)-catalyzed oxidation reactions with molecular oxygen as the sole oxidant. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:3854-67. [PMID: 19662234 PMCID: PMC2873851 DOI: 10.1039/b902868d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
During the past 10 years there have been significant advances in Pd(II)-catalyzed oxidation reactions where the use of ligands has led to the development of catalytic systems capable of achieving high turnover numbers, which employ molecular oxygen as the sole stoichiometric oxidant. This Feature article will highlight some of the recent developments in direct molecular oxygen-coupled Pd(II)-catalyzed oxidation reactions with an emphasis on enhanced catalytic systems and new reactions. Additionally, limitations of current catalytic systems, such as ligand oxidation, are presented and their implications for the development of new reactions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith M. Gligorich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Matthew S. Sigman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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129
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Peng P, Tang BX, Pi SF, Liang Y, Li JH. Synthesis of (E)-3-(Isobenzofuran-3(1H)-ylidene)indolin-2-ones by the Palladium-Catalyzed Intramolecular C−H Functionalization Process. J Org Chem 2009; 74:3569-72. [DOI: 10.1021/jo900437p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Peng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education), Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China, and State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Bo-Xiao Tang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education), Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China, and State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Shao-Feng Pi
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education), Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China, and State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Yun Liang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education), Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China, and State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Jin-Heng Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education), Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China, and State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
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130
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Qiu S, Wei Y, Liu G. Palladium-Catalyzed Intramolecular Hydroamination of Allenes Coupled to Aerobic Alcohol Oxidation. Chemistry 2009; 15:2751-4. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200802381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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131
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Popp B, Stahl S. Mechanism of Pd(OAc)2/Pyridine Catalyst Reoxidation by O2: Influence of Labile Monodentate Ligands and Identification of a Biomimetic Mechanism for O2Activation. Chemistry 2009; 15:2915-22. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200802311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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132
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Ahijado Salomon M, Braun T, Penner A. Stepwise Oxygenation of Pinacolborane by a Rhodiumperoxo Complex: Detection of an Intermediate Metal Borate and Perborate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200803768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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133
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Stepwise Oxygenation of Pinacolborane by a Rhodiumperoxo Complex: Detection of an Intermediate Metal Borate and Perborate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:8867-71. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200803768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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134
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Jiang B, Feng Y, Ison EA. Mechanistic investigations of the iridium(III)-catalyzed aerobic oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:14462-4. [PMID: 18841968 DOI: 10.1021/ja8049595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The commercially available catalysts [(Cp*IrCl2)2] is employed with O2 as the terminal oxidant in the presence of catalytic amounts of Et3N for the aerobic oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols. A new mechanism for the Ir-catalyzed aerobic oxidation is also presented that suggests that the transition metal maintains its +3 oxidation state throughout the entire catalytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, 2620 Yarbrough Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
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135
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Zhou J, Li X, Sun H. Palladium-catalyzed aerobic alcohol oxidation supported by a new type of α-diimine ligands. CAN J CHEM 2008. [DOI: 10.1139/v08-075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of new ionic sulfonated α-diimine ligands were prepared and employed as supporting ligands for the palladium-catalyzed aerobic alcohol oxidation. The electronic properties, rigidity, and steric hindrance of ligands have remarkable influences upon the catalytic activity of the palladium complexes. The best catalytic result could be achieved using ligand 9 with an electron-withdrawing sulfonyl substituent together with bulky groups (iso-propyl in 2,6-positions). This diimine/palladium-catalyzed system is highly efficient for the oxidation of various benzylic alcohols, and showed moderate yields for the secondary aliphatic alcohols and cyclic alcohols.Key words: α-diimine, palladium, aerobic oxidation, alcohol.
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136
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Mei TS, Giri R, Maugel N, Yu JQ. Pd(II)-catalyzed monoselective ortho halogenation of C-H bonds assisted by counter cations: a complementary method to directed ortho lithiation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:5215-9. [PMID: 18523942 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200705613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Sheng Mei
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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137
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Mei T, Giri R, Maugel N, Yu J. PdII‐Catalyzed MonoselectiveorthoHalogenation of CH Bonds Assisted by Counter Cations: A Complementary Method to Directedortho Lithiation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200705613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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138
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Wang X, Liu R, Jin Y, Liang X. TEMPO/HCl/NaNO2 catalyst: a transition-metal-free approach to efficient aerobic oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes and ketones under mild conditions. Chemistry 2008; 14:2679-85. [PMID: 18293352 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200701818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Hydrochloric acid, a very inexpensive and readily available inorganic acid, has been found to cooperate exquisitely with NaNO(2)/TEMPO in catalyzing the molecular-oxygen-driven oxidation of a broad range of alcohol substrates to the corresponding aldehydes and ketones. This transition-metal-free catalytic oxidative conversion is novel and represents an interesting alternative route to the corresponding carbonyl compounds to the metal-catalyzed aerobic oxidation of alcohols. The reaction is highly selective with respect to the desired product when carried out at room temperature in air at atmospheric pressure. Notably, the use of very inexpensive NaNO(2) and HCl in combination with TEMPO for this highly selective aerobic oxidation of alcohols in air at ambient temperature makes the reaction operationally and economically very attractive. The results of mechanistic studies, performed with the aid of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), are presented and discussed. TEMPO, TEMPOH, and TEMPO(+) were observed in the redox cycle by means of ESI-MS. On the basis of these observations, a mechanism is proposed that may provide an insight into the newly developed aerobic alcohol oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinliang Wang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Institution Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, PR China
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139
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Ahijado M, Braun T. Rhodium Derivatives of Peroxoboronic Acids and Peroxoboric Acid: Formation of Metallatrioxaborolanes from an η2-Peroxo Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200705715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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140
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Ahijado M, Braun T. Rhodium Derivatives of Peroxoboronic Acids and Peroxoboric Acid: Formation of Metallatrioxaborolanes from an η2-Peroxo Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:2954-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200705715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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141
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Konnick MM, Stahl SS. Reaction of Molecular Oxygen with a PdII-Hydride To Produce a PdII-Hydroperoxide: Experimental Evidence for an HX-Reductive-Elimination Pathway. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:5753-62. [DOI: 10.1021/ja7112504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael M. Konnick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Shannon S. Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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142
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Shimazu S, Uehara T, Asami A, Hara T, Ichikuni N. Highly efficient alcohol oxidation catalyzed by palladium(II)–alkylamine complexes using atmospheric molecular oxygen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2007.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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143
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Revuelta J, Cicchi S, de Meijere A, Brandi A. 3-Spirocyclopropanedihydro- and -tetrahydropyridin-4-ones from Nitrone Cycloadducts of Bicyclopropylidene via 1-(1′-Aminomethylcyclopropyl)cyclopropanol under PdII Catalysis. European J Org Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200700912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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144
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Beyramabadi SA, Eshtiagh-Hosseini H, Housaindokht MR, Morsali A. Mechanism and Kinetics of the Wacker Process: A Quantum Mechanical Approach. Organometallics 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/om700445j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Ali Beyramabadi
- Department of Chemistry, Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, Iran, and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Eshtiagh-Hosseini
- Department of Chemistry, Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, Iran, and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad R. Housaindokht
- Department of Chemistry, Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, Iran, and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Morsali
- Department of Chemistry, Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, Iran, and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
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145
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Conley NR, Labios LA, Pearson DM, McCrory CCL, Waymouth RM. Aerobic Alcohol Oxidation with Cationic Palladium Complexes: Insights into Catalyst Design and Decomposition. Organometallics 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/om700492n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R. Conley
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080
| | - Liezel A. Labios
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080
| | - David M. Pearson
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080
| | | | - Robert M. Waymouth
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080
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146
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Nielsen RJ, Goddard WA. Mechanism of the aerobic oxidation of alcohols by palladium complexes of N-heterocyclic carbenes. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 128:9651-60. [PMID: 16866517 DOI: 10.1021/ja060915z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Quantum mechanics (B3LYP density functional theory) combined with solvation (Poisson-Boltzmann polarizable continuum solvent model) was used to investigate six mechanisms for the aerobic oxidation of alcohols catalyzed by (NHC)Pd(carboxylate)(2)(H(2)O) complexes (NHC = 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene). Of these, we find that "reductive beta-hydride elimination", in which the beta-hydrogen of a palladium-bound alkoxide is transferred directly to the free oxygen of the bound carboxylate, provides the lowest-energy route and explains the published kinetic isotope effect, activation enthalpy, reaction orders, and dependence of rate on carboxylate pK(a). The traditional beta-hydride elimination mechanism cannot be responsible for the experimentally observed kinetic parameters, which we find could result from the subsequent reductive elimination of acetic acid, which yields a slightly higher calculated activation barrier. Reversible beta-hydride elimination may provide a mechanism for the racemization of chiral alcohols, which would undermine attempts at an enantioselective oxidation. Competition among these pathways can be influenced by changing the electronic properties of the carboxylate and substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Nielsen
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, Beckman Institute (139-74), Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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147
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Rogers MM, Kotov V, Chatwichien J, Stahl SS. Palladium-Catalyzed Oxidative Amination of Alkenes: Improved Catalyst Reoxidation Enables the Use of Alkene as the Limiting Reagent. Org Lett 2007; 9:4331-4. [PMID: 17887694 DOI: 10.1021/ol701903r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Palladium-catalyzed methods for intermolecular aerobic oxidative amination of alkenes have been identified that are compatible with the use of alkene as the limiting reagent. These procedures, which enhance the utility of this reaction with alkenes that are not commercially available, are demonstrated with substrates bearing dialkyl ether, carboxyester, epoxide, and silyl ether groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Rogers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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148
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Liu S, Xiao J. Toward green catalytic synthesis—Transition metal-catalyzed reactions in non-conventional media. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2007.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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149
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Kotov V, Scarborough CC, Stahl SS. Palladium-catalyzed aerobic oxidative amination of alkenes: development of intra- and intermolecular aza-Wacker reactions. Inorg Chem 2007; 46:1910-23. [PMID: 17348722 DOI: 10.1021/ic061997v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Palladium-catalyzed methods for the aerobic oxidative coupling of alkenes and oxygen nucleophiles (e.g., water and carboxylic acids) have been known for nearly 50 years. The present account summarizes our development of analogous aerobic oxidative amination reactions, including the first intermolecular aza-Wacker reactions compatible with the use of unactivated alkenes. The reactions are initiated by intra- or intermolecular aminopalladation of the alkene. The resulting alkylpalladium(II) intermediate generally undergoes beta-hydride elimination to produce enamides or allylic amide products, but in certain cases, the Pd-C bond can be trapped to achieve 1,2-difunctionalization of the alkene, including carboamination and aminoacetoxylation. Mechanistic studies have provided a variety of fundamental insights into the reactions, including the effect of ancillary ligands on palladium catalysts, the origin of the Brønsted-base-induced switch in regioselectivity in the oxidative amination of styrene, and evidence that both cis- and trans-aminopalladations of alkenes are possible. Overall, these reactions highlight the potential utility of an "organometallic oxidase" strategy for the selective aerobic oxidation of organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasily Kotov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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150
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Davies DL, Donald SMA, Al-Duaij O, Fawcett J, Little C, Macgregor SA. N−H versus C−H Activation of a Pyrrole Imine at {Cp*Ir}: A Computational and Experimental Study. Organometallics 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/om060863m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David L. Davies
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, U.K., and School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, William Perkin Building, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K
| | - Steven M. A. Donald
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, U.K., and School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, William Perkin Building, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K
| | - Omar Al-Duaij
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, U.K., and School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, William Perkin Building, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K
| | - John Fawcett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, U.K., and School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, William Perkin Building, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K
| | - Craig Little
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, U.K., and School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, William Perkin Building, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K
| | - Stuart A. Macgregor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, U.K., and School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, William Perkin Building, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K
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