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Liang Y, Wnuk SF. Modification of purine and pyrimidine nucleosides by direct C-H bond activation. Molecules 2015; 20:4874-901. [PMID: 25789821 PMCID: PMC6272170 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20034874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Transition metal-catalyzed modifications of the activated heterocyclic bases of nucleosides as well as DNA or RNA fragments employing traditional cross-coupling methods have been well-established in nucleic acid chemistry. This review covers advances in the area of cross-coupling reactions in which nucleosides are functionalized via direct activation of the C8-H bond in purine and the C5-H or C6-H bond in uracil bases. The review focuses on Pd/Cu-catalyzed couplings between unactivated nucleoside bases with aryl halides. It also discusses cross-dehydrogenative arylations and alkenylations as well as other reactions used for modification of nucleoside bases that avoid the use of organometallic precursors and involve direct C-H bond activation in at least one substrate. The scope and efficiency of these coupling reactions along with some mechanistic considerations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
| | - Stanislaw F Wnuk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
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Lian Y, Huber T, Hesp KD, Bergman RG, Ellman JA. Rhodium(III)-catalyzed alkenyl C-H bond functionalization: convergent synthesis of furans and pyrroles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:629-33. [PMID: 23172703 PMCID: PMC3770945 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201207995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Ring in the new: a new annulation for the efficient synthesis of substituted furans and pyrroles is reported. The Rh(III) -catalyzed reaction of O-methyl α,β-unsaturated oximes with aldehydes and N-tosyl imines affords secondary alcohol and amine intermediates, respectively. Cyclization and aromatization occurs under the reaction conditions to provide access to biologically relevant furans and pyrroles in good yields. Cp*=C(5)Me(5), DCE=1,2-dichloroethane, THF=tetrahydrofuran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Lian
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect St., New Haven, CT 06520 (USA)
| | - Tatjana Huber
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect St., New Haven, CT 06520 (USA)
| | - Kevin D. Hesp
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect St., New Haven, CT 06520 (USA)
| | - Robert G. Bergman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-1416 (USA), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720 (USA)
| | - Jonathan A. Ellman
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect St., New Haven, CT 06520 (USA)
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3
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Huang
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Chicago 845 W Taylor St, Rm 4500, Chicago, IL 60607 (USA)
| | - Nugzar Ghavtadze
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Chicago 845 W Taylor St, Rm 4500, Chicago, IL 60607 (USA)
| | - Benhur Godoi
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Chicago 845 W Taylor St, Rm 4500, Chicago, IL 60607 (USA)
| | - Vladimir Gevorgyan
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Chicago 845 W Taylor St, Rm 4500, Chicago, IL 60607 (USA)
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Abstract
Over the last several decades, researchers have achieved remarkable progress in the field of organometallic chemistry. The development of metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions represents a paradigm shift in chemical synthesis, and today synthetic chemists can readily access carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds from a vast array of starting compounds. Although we cannot understate the importance of these methods, the required prefunctionalization to carry out these reactions adds cost and reduces the availability of the starting reagents. The use of C-H bond activation in lieu of prefunctionalization has presented a tantalizing alternative to classical cross-coupling reactions. Researchers have met the challenges of selectivity and reactivity associated with the development of C-H bond functionalization reactions with an explosion of creative advances in substrate and catalyst design. Literature reports on selectivity based on steric effects, acidity, and electronic and directing group effects are now numerous. Our group has developed an array of C-H bond functionalization reactions that take advantage of a chelating directing group, and this Account surveys our progress in this area. The use of chelation control in C-H bond functionalization offers several advantages with respect to substrate scope and application to total synthesis. The predictability and decreased dependence on the inherent stereoelectronics of the substrate generally result in selective and high yielding transformations with broad applicability. The nature of the chelating moiety can be chosen to serve as a functional handle in subsequent elaborations. Our work began with the use of Rh(I) catalysts in intramolecular aromatic C-H annulations, which we further developed to include enantioselective transformations. The application of this chemistry to the simple olefinic C-H bonds found in α,β-unsaturated imines allowed access to highly substituted olefins, pyridines, and piperidines. We observed complementary reactivity with Rh(III) catalysts and developed an oxidative coupling with unactivated alkenes. Further studies on the Rh(III) catalysts led us to develop methods for the coupling of C-H bonds to polarized π bonds such as those in imines and isocyanates. In several cases the methods that we have developed for chelation-controlled C-H bond functionalization have been applied to the total synthesis of complex molecules such as natural products, highlighting the utility of these methods in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert G. Bergman
- Division of Chemical Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720
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Affiliation(s)
- Ly Dieu Tran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5003, USA, Fax: (+1)713-743-2709
| | - Olafs Daugulis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5003, USA, Fax: (+1)713-743-2709
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Zaware N, LaPorte MG, Farid R, Liu L, Wipf P, Floreancig PE. Diversity-oriented synthesis of a library of substituted tetrahydropyrones using oxidative carbon-hydrogen bond activation and click chemistry. Molecules 2011; 16:3648-62. [PMID: 21540794 PMCID: PMC6263335 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16053648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Eighteen (2RS,6RS)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-6-(substituted ethyl)dihydro-2H-pyran-4(3H)ones were synthesized via a DDQ-mediated oxidative carbon-hydrogen bond activation reaction. Fourteen of these tetrahydropyrans were substituted with triazoles readily assembled via azide-alkyne click-chemistry reactions. Examples of a linked benzotriazole and pyrazole motif were also prepared. To complement the structural diversity, the alcohol substrates were obtained from stereoselective reductions of the tetrahydropyrone. This library provides rapid access to structurally diverse non-natural compounds to be screened against a variety of biological targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilesh Zaware
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Chemical Methodologies & Library Development, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Matthew G. LaPorte
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Chemical Methodologies & Library Development, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Ramy Farid
- Schrödinger, Inc., 120 West 45 Street, New York, NY 10036, USA
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Chemical Methodologies & Library Development, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Peter Wipf
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Chemical Methodologies & Library Development, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Paul E. Floreancig
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Chemical Methodologies & Library Development, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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Izawa Y, Stahl SS. Aerobic Oxidative Coupling of o-Xylene: Discovery of 2-Fluoropyridine as a Ligand to Support Selective Pd-Catalyzed C-H Functionalization. Adv Synth Catal 2010; 352:3223-3229. [PMID: 21399704 PMCID: PMC3049937 DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201000771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
An improved method for direct oxidative coupling of o-xylene could provide streamlined access to an important monomer used in polyimide resins. The use of 2-fluoropyridine as a ligand has been found to enable unprecedented levels of chemo- and regioselectivity in this Pd-catalyzed aerobic oxidative coupling reaction. Preliminary insights have been obtained into the origin of the effectiveness of 2-fluoropyridine as a ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Izawa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA. Fax: (+1) 608-262-6143;
| | - Shannon S. Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA. Fax: (+1) 608-262-6143;
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Abstract
In the past decade, palladium-catalyzed C-H activation/C-C bond-forming reactions have emerged as promising new catalytic transformations; however, development in this field is still at an early stage compared to the state of the art in cross-coupling reactions using aryl and alkyl halides. This Review begins with a brief introduction of four extensively investigated modes of catalysis for forming C-C bonds from C-H bonds: Pd(II)/Pd(0), Pd(II)/Pd(IV), Pd(0)/Pd(II)/Pd(IV), and Pd(0)/Pd(II) catalysis. A more detailed discussion is then directed towards the recent development of palladium(II)-catalyzed coupling of C-H bonds with organometallic reagents through a Pd(II)/Pd(0) catalytic cycle. Despite the progress made to date, improving the versatility and practicality of this new reaction remains a tremendous challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chen
- K. M. Engle, D.-H. Wang, Prof. Dr. J.-Q. Yu, Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA), Fax: (+1) 858-784-2409, , Dr. X. Chen, Chemical Development Department, Albany Molecular Research, Inc., 21 Corporate Circle, Albany, NY 12203 (USA)
| | - Keary M. Engle
- K. M. Engle, D.-H. Wang, Prof. Dr. J.-Q. Yu, Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA), Fax: (+1) 858-784-2409, , Dr. X. Chen, Chemical Development Department, Albany Molecular Research, Inc., 21 Corporate Circle, Albany, NY 12203 (USA)
| | - Dong-Hui Wang
- K. M. Engle, D.-H. Wang, Prof. Dr. J.-Q. Yu, Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA), Fax: (+1) 858-784-2409, , Dr. X. Chen, Chemical Development Department, Albany Molecular Research, Inc., 21 Corporate Circle, Albany, NY 12203 (USA)
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Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of a Rh(I)-NHC complex generated by C-H activation of 1,4-benzodiazepine heterocycle are reported. This complex constitutes a rare example of a carbene tautomer of a 1,4-benzodiazepine aldimine stabilized by transition metal coordination and demonstrates the ability of the catalytically relevant RhCl(PCy(3))(2) fragment to induce NHC-forming tautomerization of heterocycles possessing a single carbene-stabilizing heteroatom. Implications for the synthesis of benzodiazepines and related pharmacophores via C-H functionalization are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W. Gribble
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
- Division of Chemical Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Jonathan A. Ellman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Robert G. Bergman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
- Division of Chemical Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
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Lewis JC, Berman AM, Bergman RG, Ellman JA. Rh(I)-catalyzed arylation of heterocycles via C-H bond activation: expanded scope through mechanistic insight. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:2493-500. [PMID: 18251465 PMCID: PMC2693036 DOI: 10.1021/ja0748985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A practical, functional group tolerant method for the Rh-catalyzed direct arylation of a variety of pharmaceutically important azoles with aryl bromides is described. Many of the successful azole and aryl bromide coupling partners are not compatible with methods for the direct arylation of heterocycles using Pd(0) or Cu(I) catalysts. The readily prepared, low molecular weight ligand, Z-1-tert-butyl-2,3,6,7-tetrahydrophosphepine, which coordinates to Rh in a bidentate P-olefin fashion to provide a highly active yet thermally stable arylation catalyst, is essential to the success of this method. By using the tetrafluoroborate salt of the corresponding phosphonium, the reactions can be assembled outside of a glovebox without purification of reagents or solvent. The reactions are also conducted in THF or dioxane, which greatly simplifies product isolation relative to most other methods for direct arylation of azoles employing high-boiling amide solvents. The reactions are performed with heating in a microwave reactor to obtain excellent product yields in 2 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared C Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, University of California and Division of Chemical Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M. Christina White
- D. J. Covell, Prof. M. C. White, Department of Chemistry, Roger Adams Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 (USA), Fax: (+1)217-2-14-8024, E-mail: , Homepage: http://www.scs.uiuc.edu/white/
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin J. Covell
- Department of Chemistry, Roger Adams Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 (USA)
| | - Nicolaas A. Vermeulen
- Department of Chemistry, Roger Adams Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 (USA)
| | | | - M. Christina White
- Department of Chemistry, Roger Adams Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 (USA), Fax: (+1)217-244-8024, E-mail:
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