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DNA Damage Signalling and Repair Inhibitors: The Long-Sought-After Achilles' Heel of Cancer. Biomolecules 2015; 5:3204-59. [PMID: 26610585 PMCID: PMC4693276 DOI: 10.3390/biom5043204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, radiotherapy and chemotherapy were the two only approaches exploiting DNA repair processes to fight against cancer. Nowadays, cancer therapeutics can be a major challenge when it comes to seeking personalized targeted medicine that is both effective and selective to the malignancy. Over the last decade, the discovery of new targeted therapies against DNA damage signalling and repair has offered the possibility of therapeutic improvements in oncology. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of DNA damage signalling and repair inhibitors, their molecular and cellular effects, and future therapeutic use.
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102
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Boura E, Nencka R. Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases: Function, structure, and inhibition. Exp Cell Res 2015; 337:136-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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103
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Parkhitko AA, Favorova OO, Khabibullin DI, Anisimov VN, Henske EP. Kinase mTOR: regulation and role in maintenance of cellular homeostasis, tumor development, and aging. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2015; 79:88-101. [PMID: 24794724 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297914020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Serine/threonine protein kinase mTOR regulates the maintenance of cellular homeostasis by coordinating transcription, translation, metabolism, and autophagy with availability of amino acids, growth factors, ATP, and oxygen. The mTOR kinase is a component of two protein complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, which are different in their composition and regulate different cellular processes. An uncontrolled activation of the mTOR kinase is observed in cells of the majority of tumors, as well as in diabetes and neurodegenerative and some other diseases. At present, inhibitors of the kinase complex mTORC1 are undergoing clinical trials. This review focuses on different aspects of the regulation of the mTORC1 and mTORC2 complexes, on their role in the regulation of protein synthesis, metabolism, and autophagy, as well as on using mTOR inhibitors for treatment of tumors and slowing of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Parkhitko
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02155, USA.
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104
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Venkateswarlu V, Pathania AS, Aravinda Kumar K, Mahajan P, Nargotra A, Vishwakarma RA, Malik FA, Sawant SD. 4-(N-Phenyl-N′-substituted benzenesulfonyl)-6-(4-hydroxyphenyl)quinolines as inhibitors of mammalian target of rapamycin. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:4237-4247. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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105
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WANG CONGREN, WANG XUEJIN, SU ZIJIAN, FEI HONGJIANG, LIU XIAOYU, PAN QUNXIONG. The novel mTOR inhibitor Torin-2 induces autophagy and downregulates the expression of UHRF1 to suppress hepatocarcinoma cell growth. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:1708-16. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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106
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Wu H, Hu C, Wang A, Weisberg EL, Chen Y, Yun CH, Wang W, Liu Y, Liu X, Tian B, Wang J, Zhao Z, Liang Y, Li B, Wang L, Wang B, Chen C, Buhrlage SJ, Qi Z, Zou F, Nonami A, Li Y, Fernandes SM, Adamia S, Stone RM, Galinsky IA, Wang X, Yang G, Griffin JD, Brown JR, Eck MJ, Liu J, Gray NS, Liu Q. Discovery of a BTK/MNK dual inhibitor for lymphoma and leukemia. Leukemia 2015; 30:173-81. [PMID: 26165234 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2015.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Revised: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) kinase is a member of the TEC kinase family and is a key regulator of the B-cell receptor (BCR)-mediated signaling pathway. It is important for B-cell maturation, proliferation, survival and metastasis. Pharmacological inhibition of BTK is clinically effective against a variety of B-cell malignances, such as mantle cell lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and activated B-cell-diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. MNK kinase is one of the key downstream regulators in the RAF-MEK-ERK signaling pathway and controls protein synthesis via regulating the activity of eIF4E. Inhibition of MNK activity has been observed to moderately inhibit the proliferation of AML cells. Through a structure-based drug-design approach, we have discovered a selective and potent BTK/MNK dual kinase inhibitor (QL-X-138), which exhibits covalent binding to BTK and noncovalent binding to MNK. Compared with the BTK kinase inhibitor (PCI-32765) and the MNK kinase inhibitor (cercosporamide), QL-X-138 enhanced the antiproliferative efficacies in vitro against a variety of B-cell cancer cell lines, as well as AML and CLL primary patient cells, which respond moderately to BTK inhibitor in vitro. The agent can effectively arrest the growth of lymphoma and leukemia cells at the G0-G1 stage and can induce strong apoptotic cell death. These primary results demonstrate that simultaneous inhibition of BTK and MNK kinase activity might be a new therapeutic strategy for B-cell malignances.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wu
- High Magnetic Field laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - C Hu
- High Magnetic Field laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - A Wang
- High Magnetic Field laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - E L Weisberg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Y Chen
- High Magnetic Field laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - C-H Yun
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - W Wang
- High Magnetic Field laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Y Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - X Liu
- High Magnetic Field laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - B Tian
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - J Wang
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Z Zhao
- High Magnetic Field laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Y Liang
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - B Li
- High Magnetic Field laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - L Wang
- High Magnetic Field laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - B Wang
- High Magnetic Field laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - C Chen
- High Magnetic Field laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - S J Buhrlage
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Z Qi
- High Magnetic Field laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - F Zou
- High Magnetic Field laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - A Nonami
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Y Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S M Fernandes
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S Adamia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R M Stone
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - I A Galinsky
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - X Wang
- Department of Lymphoma, Sino-US Center for Lymphoma and Leukemia, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - G Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J D Griffin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J R Brown
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M J Eck
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J Liu
- High Magnetic Field laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - N S Gray
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Q Liu
- High Magnetic Field laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, Hefei, P. R. China.,Hefei Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
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107
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Moore NF, Azarova AM, Bhatnagar N, Ross KN, Drake LE, Frumm S, Liu QS, Christie AL, Sanda T, Chesler L, Kung AL, Gray NS, Stegmaier K, George RE. Molecular rationale for the use of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway inhibitors in combination with crizotinib in ALK-mutated neuroblastoma. Oncotarget 2015; 5:8737-49. [PMID: 25228590 PMCID: PMC4226718 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the ALK tyrosine kinase receptor gene represent important therapeutic targets in neuroblastoma, yet their clinical translation has been challenging. The ALKF1174L mutation is sensitive to the ALK inhibitor crizotinib only at high doses and mediates acquired resistance to crizotinib in ALK-translocated cancers. We have shown that the combination of crizotinib and an inhibitor of downstream signaling induces a favorable response in transgenic mice bearing ALKF1174L/MYCN-positive neuroblastoma. Here, we investigated the molecular basis of this effect and assessed whether a similar strategy would be effective in ALK-mutated tumors lacking MYCN overexpression. We show that in ALK-mutated, MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma cells, crizotinib alone does not affect mTORC1 activity as indicated by persistent RPS6 phosphorylation. Combined treatment with crizotinib and an ATP-competitive mTOR inhibitor abrogated RPS6 phosphorylation, leading to reduced tumor growth and prolonged survival in ALKF1174L/MYCN-positive models compared to single agent treatment. By contrast, this combination, while inducing mTORC1 downregulation, caused reciprocal upregulation of PI3K activity in ALK-mutated cells expressing wild-type MYCN. Here, an inhibitor with potency against both mTOR and PI3K was more effective in promoting cytotoxicity when combined with crizotinib. Our findings should enable a more precise selection of molecularly targeted agents for patients with ALK-mutated tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan F Moore
- Departments of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA. These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Anna M Azarova
- Departments of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA. These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Namrata Bhatnagar
- Departments of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | | | - Lauren E Drake
- Departments of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Stacey Frumm
- Departments of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Qinsong S Liu
- Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA. Departments of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Amanda L Christie
- Lurie Family Imaging Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Takaomi Sanda
- Departments of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA. Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Louis Chesler
- Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew L Kung
- Departments of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA. Lurie Family Imaging Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Nathanael S Gray
- Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA. Departments of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kimberly Stegmaier
- Departments of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Rani E George
- Departments of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
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108
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Hussain AR, Al-Romaizan M, Ahmed M, Thangavel S, Al-Dayel F, Beg S, Uddin S, Siraj AK, Al-Kuraya KS. Dual Targeting of mTOR Activity with Torin2 Potentiates Anticancer Effects of Cisplatin in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer. Mol Med 2015; 21:466-78. [PMID: 26023849 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2014.00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) are two key components of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Dysregulation of these pathways have been found in many cancers, including epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), however, the role of mTOR has not been fully elucidated in Middle Eastern EOC. Therefore, we investigated the activation of mTOR complexes (mTORC1 and mTORC2) in a cohort of 156 EOC from Saudi Arabia by immunohistochemistry in a tissue microarray format. mTORC1 and mTORC2 were found to be activated in 55 of 146 (37.7%) and 63 of 140 (45%) of EOC samples, respectively. mTORC1 was significantly associated with mTORC2 (p < 0.0001) activation and both mTOR complexes were significantly associated with p-AKT (p = 0.0205 and 0.0298) and p-P70S6 (p < 0.0001 and 0.0035), respectively. Interestingly, mTOR activation incurred a poor progression-free survival (PFS) (p = 0.0188) in EOC. Next, the in vitro effect of inactivation of mTOR complexes was evaluated using a second-generation mTOR inhibitor, Torin2, on a panel of EOC cell lines. Torin2 treatment decreased cell viability and induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner via inactivation of mTORC1 and mTORC2 and their downstream targets in EOC cell lines. Furthermore, treatment of EOC cells with a subtoxic dose of Torin2 potentiated a cisplatin-induced apoptotic response in EOC cell lines. Finally, we studied the in vivo effect of a combination of Torin2 and cisplatin and found that this combination synergistically inhibited tumor growth in nude mice. These studies highlight the importance of targeting the mTOR survival pathway and suggest that cotreatment with cisplatin and Torin2 may be beneficial for the management of EOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azhar R Hussain
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Maqbool Ahmed
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saravanan Thangavel
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fouad Al-Dayel
- Department of Pathology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaham Beg
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahab Uddin
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul K Siraj
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khawla S Al-Kuraya
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,AlFaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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109
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Harter PN, Jennewein L, Baumgarten P, Ilina E, Burger MC, Thiepold AL, Tichy J, Zörnig M, Senft C, Steinbach JP, Mittelbronn M, Ronellenfitsch MW. Immunohistochemical Assessment of Phosphorylated mTORC1-Pathway Proteins in Human Brain Tumors. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127123. [PMID: 25993328 PMCID: PMC4437987 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Current pathological diagnostics include the analysis of (epi-)genetic alterations as well as oncogenic pathways. Deregulated mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling has been implicated in a variety of cancers including malignant gliomas and is considered a promising target in cancer treatment. Monitoring of mTORC1 activity before and during inhibitor therapy is essential. The aim of our study is to provide a recommendation and report on pitfalls in the use of phospho-specific antibodies against mTORC1-targets phospho-RPS6 (Ser235/236; Ser240/244) and phospho-4EBP1 (Thr37/46) in formalin fixed, paraffin embedded material. Methods and Findings Primary, established cell lines and brain tumor tissue from routine diagnostics were assessed by immunocyto-, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescent stainings and immunoblotting. For validation of results, immunoblotting experiments were performed. mTORC-pathway activation was pharmacologically inhibited by torin2 and rapamycin. Torin2 treatment led to a strong reduction of signal intensity and frequency of all tested antibodies. In contrast phospho-4EBP1 did not show considerable reduction in staining intensity after rapamycin treatment, while immunocytochemistry with both phospho-RPS6-specific antibodies showed a reduced signal compared to controls. Staining intensity of both phospho-RPS6-specific antibodies did not show considerable decrease in stability in a timeline from 0–230 minutes without tissue fixation, however we observed a strong decrease of staining intensity in phospho-4EBP1 after 30 minutes. Detection of phospho-signals was strongly dependent on tissue size and fixation gradient. mTORC1-signaling was significantly induced in glioblastomas although not restricted to cancer cells but also detectable in non-neoplastic cells. Conclusion Here we provide a recommendation for phospho-specific immunohistochemistry for patient-orientated therapy decisions and monitoring treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick N. Harter
- Edinger Institute, Institute of Neurology, University of Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail: (PNH); (MWR)
| | - Lukas Jennewein
- Edinger Institute, Institute of Neurology, University of Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Peter Baumgarten
- Edinger Institute, Institute of Neurology, University of Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Elena Ilina
- Edinger Institute, Institute of Neurology, University of Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael C. Burger
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Senckenberg Institute of Neurooncology, University of Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anna-Luisa Thiepold
- Senckenberg Institute of Neurooncology, University of Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Julia Tichy
- Senckenberg Institute of Neurooncology, University of Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Martin Zörnig
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christian Senft
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Joachim P. Steinbach
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Senckenberg Institute of Neurooncology, University of Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michel Mittelbronn
- Edinger Institute, Institute of Neurology, University of Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael W. Ronellenfitsch
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Senckenberg Institute of Neurooncology, University of Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- * E-mail: (PNH); (MWR)
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110
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Abstract
In order to maintain genomic stability, cells have developed sophisticated signalling pathways to enable DNA damage or DNA replication stress to be resolved. Key mediators of this DNA damage response (DDR) are the ATM and ATR kinases, which induce cell cycle arrest and facilitate DNA repair via their downstream targets. Inhibiting the DDR has become an attractive therapeutic concept in cancer therapy, since (i) resistance to genotoxic therapies has been associated with increased DDR signalling, and (ii) many cancers have defects in certain components of the DDR rendering them highly dependent on the remaining DDR pathways for survival. ATM and ATR act as the apical regulators of the response to DNA double strand breaks and replication stress, respectively, with overlapping but non-redundant activities. Highly selective small molecule inhibitors of ATM and ATR are currently in preclinical and clinical development, respectively. Preclinical data have provided a strong rationale for clinical testing of these compounds both in combination with radio- or chemotherapy, and in synthetic lethal approaches to treat tumours with deficiencies in certain DDR components. Whole genome sequencing studies have reported that mutations in DDR genes occur with a high frequency in many common tumour types, suggesting that a synthetic lethal approach with ATM or ATR inhibitors could have widespread utility, providing that appropriate biomarkers are developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Maria Weber
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, The Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Anderson Joseph Ryan
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, The Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
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111
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Efficient one-pot synthesis of 3,7-disubstituted 1,6-naphthyridin-2(1H)-ones through regioselective palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling and SNAr reactions. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.03.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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112
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Qiao S, Dennis M, Song X, Vadysirisack DD, Salunke D, Nash Z, Yang Z, Liesa M, Yoshioka J, Matsuzawa SI, Shirihai OS, Lee RT, Reed JC, Ellisen LW. A REDD1/TXNIP pro-oxidant complex regulates ATG4B activity to control stress-induced autophagy and sustain exercise capacity. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7014. [PMID: 25916556 PMCID: PMC4421852 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy (autophagy) is a critical cellular stress response; however, the signal transduction pathways controlling autophagy induction in response to stress are poorly understood. Here we reveal a new mechanism of autophagy control whose deregulation disrupts mitochondrial integrity and energy homeostasis in vivo. Stress conditions including hypoxia and exercise induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) through upregulation of a protein complex involving REDD1, an mTORC1 inhibitor and the pro-oxidant protein TXNIP. Decreased ROS in cells and tissues lacking either REDD1 or TXNIP increases catalytic activity of the redox-sensitive ATG4B cysteine endopeptidase, leading to enhanced LC3B delipidation and failed autophagy. Conversely, REDD1/TXNIP complex expression is sufficient to induce ROS, suppress ATG4B activity and activate autophagy. In Redd1−/− mice, deregulated ATG4B activity and disabled autophagic flux cause accumulation of defective mitochondria, leading to impaired oxidative phosphorylation, muscle ATP depletion and poor exercise capacity. Thus, ROS regulation through REDD1/TXNIP is physiological rheostat controlling stress-induced autophagy. Stress-induced macroautophagy is initiated by the induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here Qiao et al. show that the mTOR inhibitor REDD1 in a complex with pro-oxidant protein TXNIP induces ROS formation, leading to ATG4B suppression and autophagy activation in a largely mTOR-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxi Qiao
- 1] Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA [2] Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Michael Dennis
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Xiufeng Song
- 1] Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA [2] Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Douangsone D Vadysirisack
- 1] Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA [2] Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Devika Salunke
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Zachary Nash
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Zhifen Yang
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Marc Liesa
- Department of Medicine, Evans Center, Mitochondria ARC, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Jun Yoshioka
- 1] Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2] Regenerative Medicine Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Shu-Ichi Matsuzawa
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Orian S Shirihai
- 1] Department of Medicine, Evans Center, Mitochondria ARC, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA [2] Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Richard T Lee
- 1] Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2] Regenerative Medicine Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - John C Reed
- 1] Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA [2] Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Leif W Ellisen
- 1] Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA [2] Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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113
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Kegelman TP, Hu B, Emdad L, Das SK, Sarkar D, Fisher PB. In vivo modeling of malignant glioma: the road to effective therapy. Adv Cancer Res 2015; 121:261-330. [PMID: 24889534 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800249-0.00007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite an increased emphasis on developing new therapies for malignant gliomas, they remain among the most intractable tumors faced today as they demonstrate a remarkable ability to evade current treatment strategies. Numerous candidate treatments fail at late stages, often after showing promising preclinical results. This disconnect highlights the continued need for improved animal models of glioma, which can be used to both screen potential targets and authentically recapitulate the human condition. This review examines recent developments in the animal modeling of glioma, from more established rat models to intriguing new systems using Drosophila and zebrafish that set the stage for higher throughput studies of potentially useful targets. It also addresses the versatility of mouse modeling using newly developed techniques recreating human protocols and sophisticated genetically engineered approaches that aim to characterize the biology of gliomagenesis. The use of these and future models will elucidate both new targets and effective combination therapies that will impact on disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P Kegelman
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Bin Hu
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Luni Emdad
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Swadesh K Das
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Devanand Sarkar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Paul B Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
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Moschetta M, Reale A, Marasco C, Vacca A, Carratù MR. Therapeutic targeting of the mTOR-signalling pathway in cancer: benefits and limitations. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 171:3801-13. [PMID: 24780124 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) plays an important role in the regulation of protein translation, cell growth and metabolism. The mTOR protein forms two distinct multi-subunit complexes: mTORC1 and mTORC2. The mTORC1 complex is activated by diverse stimuli, such as growth factors, nutrients, energy and stress signals; and essential signalling pathways, such as PI3K and MAPK, in order to control cell growth, proliferation and survival. mTORC1 also activates S6K1 and 4EBP1, which are involved in mRNA translation. The mTORC2 complex is resistant to rapamycin inhibitory activity and is generally insensitive to nutrient- and energy-dependent signals. It activates PKC-α and Akt and regulates the actin cytoskeleton. Deregulation of the mTOR-signalling pathway (PI3K amplification/mutation, PTEN loss of function, Akt overexpression, and S6K1, 4EBP1 and eIF4E overexpression) is common in cancer, and alterations in components of the mTOR pathway have a major role in tumour progression. Therefore, mTOR is an appealing therapeutic target in many tumours. Here we summarize the upstream regulators and downstream effectors of the mTORC1 and mTORC2 pathways, the role of mTOR in cancer, and the potential therapeutic values and issues related to the novel agents targeting the mTOR-signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Moschetta
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Section of Internal Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
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115
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Dillenburg-Pilla P, Patel V, Mikelis CM, Zárate-Bladés CR, Doçi CL, Amornphimoltham P, Wang Z, Martin D, Leelahavanichkul K, Dorsam RT, Masedunskas A, Weigert R, Molinolo AA, Gutkind JS. SDF-1/CXCL12 induces directional cell migration and spontaneous metastasis via a CXCR4/Gαi/mTORC1 axis. FASEB J 2015; 29:1056-68. [PMID: 25466898 PMCID: PMC4422355 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-260083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Multiple human malignancies rely on C-X-C motif chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) and its ligand, SDF-1/CXCL12 (stroma cell-derived factor 1/C-X-C motif chemokine 12), to metastasize. CXCR4 inhibitors promote the mobilization of bone marrow stem cells, limiting their clinical application for metastasis prevention. We investigated the CXCR4-initiated signaling circuitry to identify new potential therapeutic targets. We used HeLa human cancer cells expressing high levels of CXCR4 endogenously. We found that CXCL12 promotes their migration in Boyden chamber assays and single cell tracking. CXCL12 activated mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) potently in a pertussis-sensitive fashion. Inhibition of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) by rapamycin [drug concentration causing 50% inhibition (IC50) = 5 nM] and mTORC1/mTORC2 by Torin2 (IC50 = 6 nM), or by knocking down key mTORC1/2 components, Raptor and Rictor, respectively, decreased directional cell migration toward CXCL12. We developed a CXCR4-mediated spontaneous metastasis model by implanting HeLa cells in the tongue of SCID-NOD mice, in which 80% of the animals develop lymph node metastasis. It is surprising that mTORC1 disruption by Raptor knockdown was sufficient to reduce tumor growth by 60% and spontaneous metastasis by 72%, which were nearly abolished by rapamycin. In contrast, disrupting mTORC2 had no effect in tumor growth or metastasis compared with control short hairpin RNAs. These data suggest that mTORC1 may represent a suitable therapeutic target in human malignancies using CXCR4 for their metastatic spread. .
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Dillenburg-Pilla
- *Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, and Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, U. S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Vyomesh Patel
- *Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, and Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, U. S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Constantinos M Mikelis
- *Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, and Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, U. S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Carlos Rodrigo Zárate-Bladés
- *Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, and Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, U. S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Colleen L Doçi
- *Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, and Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, U. S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Panomwat Amornphimoltham
- *Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, and Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, U. S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- *Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, and Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, U. S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Daniel Martin
- *Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, and Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, U. S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kantima Leelahavanichkul
- *Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, and Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, U. S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Robert T Dorsam
- *Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, and Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, U. S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Andrius Masedunskas
- *Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, and Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, U. S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Roberto Weigert
- *Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, and Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, U. S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Alfredo A Molinolo
- *Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, and Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, U. S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - J Silvio Gutkind
- *Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, and Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, U. S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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116
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Purdy JG, Shenk T, Rabinowitz JD. Fatty acid elongase 7 catalyzes lipidome remodeling essential for human cytomegalovirus replication. Cell Rep 2015; 10:1375-85. [PMID: 25732827 PMCID: PMC4354725 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection rewires host cell metabolism, up-regulating flux from glucose into acetyl-CoA to feed fatty acid metabolism, with saturated very long-chain fatty acids (VLFCA) required for production of infectious virion progeny. The human genome encodes seven elongase enzymes (ELOVL) that extend long chain fatty acids into VLCFA. Here we identify ELOVL7 as pivotal for HCMV infection. HCMV induces ELOVL7 by more than 150-fold. This induction is dependent on mTOR and SREBP-1. ELOVL7 knockdown or mTOR inhibition impairs HCMV-induced fatty acid elongation, HCMV particle release, and infectivity per particle. ELOVL7 overexpression enhances HCMV replication. During HCMV infection, mTOR activity is maintained by the viral protein pUL38. Expression of pUL38 is sufficient to induce ELOVL7, and pUL38-deficient virus is partially defective in ELOVL7 induction and fatty acid elongation. Thus, through its ability to modulate mTOR and SREBP-1, HCMV induces ELOVL7 to synthesize the saturated VLCFA required for efficient virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Purdy
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Thomas Shenk
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Joshua D Rabinowitz
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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118
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Li L, Song Y, Wang K, Dong P, Zhang X, Li F, Li Z, Ren M. TOR-inhibitor insensitive-1 (TRIN1) regulates cotyledons greening in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:861. [PMID: 26557124 PMCID: PMC4617058 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Target of Rapamycin (TOR) is an eukaryotic protein kinase and evolutionally conserved from the last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA) to humans. The growing evidences have shown that TOR signaling acts as a central controller of cell growth and development. The downstream effectors of TOR have been well-identified in yeast and animals by using the immunosuppression agent rapamycin. However, less is known about TOR in plants. This is largely due to the fact that plants are insensitive to rapamycin. In this study, AZD8055 (AZD), the novel ATP-competitive inhibitor of TOR, was employed to decipher the downstream effectors of TOR in Arabidopsis. One AZD insensitive mutant, T O R - i nhibitor i n sensitive- 1 (trin1), was screened from 10,000 EMS-induced mutation seeds. The cotyledons of trin1 can turn green when its seeds were germinated on ½ MS medium supplemented with 2 μM AZD, whereas the cotyledons greening of wild-type (WT) can be completely blocked at this concentration. Through genetic mapping, TRIN1 was mapped onto the long arm of chromosome 2, between markers SGCSNP26 and MI277. Positional cloning revealed that TRIN1 was an allele of ABI4, which encoded an ABA-regulated AP2 domain transcription factor. Plants containing P35S::TRIN1 or P35S::TRIN1-GUS were hypersensitive to AZD treatment and displayed the opposite phenotype observed in trin1. Importantly, GUS signaling was significantly enhanced in P35S::TRIN1-GUS transgenic plants in response to AZD treatment, indicating that suppression of TOR resulted in the accumulation of TRIN1. These observations revealed that TOR controlled seed-to-seedling transition by negatively regulating the stability of TRIN1 in Arabidopsis. For the first time, TRIN1, the downstream effector of TOR signaling, was identified through a chemical genetics approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linxuan Li
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing UniversityChongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Maozhi Ren
| | - Yun Song
- Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, the State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyHenan, China
- *Correspondence: Maozhi Ren
| | - Kai Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Pan Dong
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Xueyan Zhang
- Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, the State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyHenan, China
| | - Fuguang Li
- Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, the State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyHenan, China
| | - Zhengguo Li
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Maozhi Ren
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing UniversityChongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Maozhi Ren
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119
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mTOR kinase: a possible pharmacological target in the management of chronic pain. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:394257. [PMID: 25685786 PMCID: PMC4313067 DOI: 10.1155/2015/394257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pain represents a major public health problem worldwide. Current pharmacological treatments for chronic pain syndromes, including neuropathic pain, are only partially effective, with significant pain relief achieved in 40-60% of patients. Recent studies suggest that the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase and downstream effectors may be implicated in the development of chronic inflammatory, neuropathic, and cancer pain. The expression and activity of mTOR have been detected in peripheral and central regions involved in pain transmission. mTOR immunoreactivity was found in primary sensory axons, in dorsal root ganglia (DRG), and in dorsal horn neurons. This kinase is a master regulator of protein synthesis, and it is critically involved in the regulation of several neuronal functions, including the synaptic plasticity that is a major mechanism leading to the development of chronic pain. Enhanced activation of this pathway is present in different experimental models of chronic pain. Consistently, pharmacological inhibition of the kinase activity turned out to have significant antinociceptive effects in several experimental models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. We will review the main evidence from animal and human studies supporting the hypothesis that mTOR may be a novel pharmacological target for the management of chronic pain.
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120
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Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) has emerged as a potential target for drug development, particularly due to the fact that it plays such a crucial role in cancer biology. In addition, next-generation mTOR inhibitors have become available, marking an exciting new phase in mTOR-based therapy. However, the verdict on their therapeutic efectiveness remains unclear. Here we review phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mTOR signaling as one of the primary mechanisms for sustaining tumor outgrowth and metastasis, recent advances in the development of mTOR inhibitors, and current studies addressing mTOR activation/inhibition in colorectal cancer (CRC). We will also discuss our recent comparative study of diferent mTOR inhibitors in a population of colon cancer stem cells (CSCs), and current major challenges for achieving individualized drug therapy using kinase inhibitors.
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121
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Simioni C, Cani A, Martelli AM, Zauli G, Tabellini G, McCubrey J, Capitani S, Neri LM. Activity of the novel mTOR inhibitor Torin-2 in B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia and its therapeutic potential to prevent Akt reactivation. Oncotarget 2014; 5:10034-47. [PMID: 25296981 PMCID: PMC4259403 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling cascade is a key regulatory pathway controlling cell growth and survival, and its dysregulation is a reported feature of B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-pre ALL). Torin-2 is a novel, second-generation ATP-competitive inhibitor that is potent and selective for mTOR with a superior pharmacokinetic profile to previous inhibitors. It has been shown that Torin-2 displayed dramatic antiproliferative activity across a panel of cancer cell lines. To investigate if Torin-2 could represent a new option for the treatment of B-pre ALL, we tested its activity on a panel of B-pre ALL cell lines. In all of them Torin-2 showed a powerful cytotoxic activity, inhibiting the growth of each cell line in a dose-dependent manner, with an IC₅₀ in the nanomolar range. Torin-2 caused both apoptosis and autophagy, induced cell cycle arrest in G₀/G₁ phase and affected both mTORC1 and mTORC2 activities as assessed by their specific substrate dephosphorylation. Torin-2 alone suppressed feedback activation of PI3K/Akt, whereas the mTORC1 inhibitor RAD001 required the addition of the Akt inhibitor MK-2206 to achieve the same effect. These pharmacological strategies targeting PI3K/Akt/mTOR at different points of the signaling pathway cascade might represent a new promising therapeutic strategy for treatment of B-pre ALL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Simioni
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alice Cani
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alberto M. Martelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giorgio Zauli
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giovanna Tabellini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - James McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Silvano Capitani
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- LTTA Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luca M. Neri
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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122
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The structural basis for mTOR function. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 36:91-101. [PMID: 25289568 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) related protein kinases (PIKKs) are a family of protein kinases with a diverse range of vital cellular functions. Recent high-resolution crystal structures of the protein kinase mTOR suggest general architectural principles that are likely to be common to all of the PIKKs. Furthermore, the structures make clear the close relationship of the PIKKs to the PI3Ks. However, the structures also make clear the unique features of mTOR that enable its substrate specificity. The active site is deeply recessed and flanked by structural elements unique to the PIKKs, namely, the FRB domain, the LST8 binding element, and a C-terminal stretch of helices known as the FATC domain. The FRB has a conserved element in it that is part of a bipartite substrate recognition mechanism that is probably characteristic of all of the PIKKs. The FRB also binds the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin that has been referred to as an allosteric inhibitor, implying that this inhibitor is actually a competitive inhibitor of the protein substrate. This bipartite substrate-binding site also helps clarify how rapamycin can result in substrate-specific inhibition.
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123
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Steiner JL, Lang CH. Alcohol impairs skeletal muscle protein synthesis and mTOR signaling in a time-dependent manner following electrically stimulated muscle contraction. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 117:1170-9. [PMID: 25257868 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00180.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol (EtOH) decreases protein synthesis and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-mediated signaling and blunts the anabolic response to growth factors in skeletal muscle. The purpose of the current investigation was to determine whether acute EtOH intoxication antagonizes the contraction-induced increase in protein synthesis and mTOR signaling in skeletal muscle. Fasted male mice were injected intraperitoneally with 3 g/kg EtOH or saline (control), and the right hindlimb was electrically stimulated (10 sets of 6 contractions). The gastrocnemius muscle complex was collected 30 min, 4 h, or 12 h after stimulation. EtOH decreased in vivo basal protein synthesis (PS) in the nonstimulated muscle compared with time-matched Controls at 30 min, 4 h, and 12 h. In Control, but not EtOH, PS was decreased 15% after 30 min. In contrast, PS was increased in Control 4 h poststimulation but remained unchanged in EtOH. Last, stimulation increased PS 10% in Control and EtOH at 12 h, even though the absolute rate remained reduced by EtOH. The stimulation-induced increase in the phosphorylation of S6K1 Thr(421)/Ser(424) (20-52%), S6K1 Thr(389) (45-57%), and its substrate rpS6 Ser(240/244) (37-72%) was blunted by EtOH at 30 min, 4 h, and 12 h. Phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 Ser(65) was also attenuated by EtOH (61%) at 4 h. Conversely, phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase Thr(202)/Tyr(204) was increased by stimulation in Control and EtOH mice at 30 min but only in Control at 4 h. Our data indicate that acute EtOH intoxication suppresses muscle protein synthesis for at least 12 h and greatly impairs contraction-induced changes in synthesis and mTOR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Steiner
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Charles H Lang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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124
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Francipane MG, Lagasse E. Selective targeting of human colon cancer stem-like cells by the mTOR inhibitor Torin-1. Oncotarget 2014; 4:1948-62. [PMID: 24185040 PMCID: PMC3875761 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) is incurable for most patients. Since mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) has been suggested as a crucial modulator of tumor biology, we aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of mTOR targeting for CRC therapy. To this purpose, we analyzed mTOR expression and the effect of mTOR inhibition in cancer stem-like cells isolated from three human metastatic CRCs (CoCSCs). CoCSCs exhibited a strong mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2) expression, and a rare expression of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1). This latter correlated with differentiation, being expressed in CoCSC-derived xenografts. We indicate Serum/glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) as the possible main mTORC2 effector in CoCSCs, as highlighted by the negative effect on cancer properties following its knockdown. mTOR inhibitors affected CoCSCs differently, resulting in proliferation, autophagy as well as apoptosis induction. The apoptosis-inducing mTOR inhibitor Torin-1 hindered growth, motility, invasion, and survival of CoCSCs in vitro, and suppressed tumor growth in vivo with a concomitant reduction in vessel formation. Torin-1 also affected the expression of markers for cell proliferation, angio-/lympho-genesis, and stemness in vivo, including Ki67, DLL1, DLL4, Notch, Lgr5, and CD44. Importantly, Torin-1 did not affect the survival of normal colon stem cells in vivo, suggesting its selectivity towards cancer cells. Thus, we propose Torin-1 as a powerful drug candidate for metastatic CRC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Giovanna Francipane
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Dalle Pezze P, Nelson G, Otten EG, Korolchuk VI, Kirkwood TBL, von Zglinicki T, Shanley DP. Dynamic modelling of pathways to cellular senescence reveals strategies for targeted interventions. PLoS Comput Biol 2014; 10:e1003728. [PMID: 25166345 PMCID: PMC4159174 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence, a state of irreversible cell cycle arrest, is thought to help protect an organism from cancer, yet also contributes to ageing. The changes which occur in senescence are controlled by networks of multiple signalling and feedback pathways at the cellular level, and the interplay between these is difficult to predict and understand. To unravel the intrinsic challenges of understanding such a highly networked system, we have taken a systems biology approach to cellular senescence. We report a detailed analysis of senescence signalling via DNA damage, insulin-TOR, FoxO3a transcription factors, oxidative stress response, mitochondrial regulation and mitophagy. We show in silico and in vitro that inhibition of reactive oxygen species can prevent loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, whilst inhibition of mTOR shows a partial rescue of mitochondrial mass changes during establishment of senescence. Dual inhibition of ROS and mTOR in vitro confirmed computational model predictions that it was possible to further reduce senescence-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and DNA double-strand breaks. However, these interventions were unable to abrogate the senescence-induced mitochondrial dysfunction completely, and we identified decreased mitochondrial fission as the potential driving force for increased mitochondrial mass via prevention of mitophagy. Dynamic sensitivity analysis of the model showed the network stabilised at a new late state of cellular senescence. This was characterised by poor network sensitivity, high signalling noise, low cellular energy, high inflammation and permanent cell cycle arrest suggesting an unsatisfactory outcome for treatments aiming to delay or reverse cellular senescence at late time points. Combinatorial targeted interventions are therefore possible for intervening in the cellular pathway to senescence, but in the cases identified here, are only capable of delaying senescence onset. Ageing is characterised by a gradual loss of homeostasis within organs, which is known to be driven by the accumulation of senescent cells. Cellular senescence helps prevent cells from becoming cancerous, but their detrimental effect on organ function becomes debilitating once they accumulate. These cells are particularly difficult for the body to remove, and therefore understanding what controls their survival and interactions within the organ is important to combat age-related disease. We present a mathematical model for cellular senescence. This model is used for predicting drug interventions for restoring function in cellular senescence. Whilst these interventions were predicted and tested in vitro, showing improved function and phenotype, none was able to restore cells to a pre-senescent state. Our model includes mitochondria, the power-plants of the cell, and we identify impairment of their turnover coupled with increased mitochondrial biogenesis as a mechanism which explained the long-term failure in drug intervention. Finally, we predict that the system dynamics stabilise in a new late-senescence state, characterised by limited network response to treatment and increased system vulnerability. This study shows formally for the first time the dynamics of cellular senescence as a system network and proves the requirement of early intervention in order to delay cellular senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Dalle Pezze
- Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Centre for Integrated Systems Biology of Ageing and Nutrition, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Glyn Nelson
- Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Centre for Integrated Systems Biology of Ageing and Nutrition, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Elsje G. Otten
- Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Centre for Integrated Systems Biology of Ageing and Nutrition, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Viktor I. Korolchuk
- Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Centre for Integrated Systems Biology of Ageing and Nutrition, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas B. L. Kirkwood
- Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Centre for Integrated Systems Biology of Ageing and Nutrition, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas von Zglinicki
- Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Centre for Integrated Systems Biology of Ageing and Nutrition, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (TvZ); (DPS)
| | - Daryl P. Shanley
- Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Centre for Integrated Systems Biology of Ageing and Nutrition, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (TvZ); (DPS)
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Afzal O, Kumar S, Haider MR, Ali MR, Kumar R, Jaggi M, Bawa S. A review on anticancer potential of bioactive heterocycle quinoline. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 97:871-910. [PMID: 25073919 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 499] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The advent of Camptothecin added a new dimension in the field anticancer drug development containing quinoline motif. Quinoline scaffold plays an important role in anticancer drug development as their derivatives have shown excellent results through different mechanism of action such as growth inhibitors by cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, inhibition of angiogenesis, disruption of cell migration, and modulation of nuclear receptor responsiveness. The anti-cancer potential of several of these derivatives have been demonstrated on various cancer cell lines. In this review we have compiled and discussed specifically the anticancer potential of quinoline derivatives, which could provide a low-height flying bird's eye view of the quinoline derived compounds to a medicinal chemist for a comprehensive and target oriented information for development of clinically viable anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obaid Afzal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Md Rafi Haider
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Md Rahmat Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Manu Jaggi
- Dabur Research Foundation, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sandhya Bawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, New Delhi 110062, India.
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127
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Houédé N, Pourquier P. Targeting the genetic alterations of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway: its potential use in the treatment of bladder cancers. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 145:1-18. [PMID: 24929024 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder is the most frequent tumor of the urinary tract and represents the fifth cause of death by cancer worldwide. The current first line chemotherapy is a combination of cisplatin and gemcitabine with median survival not exceeding 15months. Vinflunine is the only drug approved by EMEA as second-line treatment and few progresses have been made for the past 20years to increase the survival of metastatic patients, especially those who are not eligible for cisplatin-based regimen. The recent studies characterizing the genetic background of urothelial cancers of the bladder, revealed chromosomal alterations that are not seen at the same level in other types of cancers. This is especially the case for mutations of genes involved in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway that occupies a major place in the etiology of these tumors. Here, we describe the mutations leading to constitutive activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and discuss the potential use of the different classes of PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitors in the treatment of urothelial bladder cancers. Despite the recent pivotal study evidencing specific mutations of TSC1 in bladder cancer patients responding to everolimus and the encouraging results obtained with other derivatives than rapalogs, few clinical trials are ongoing in bladder cancers. Because of the genetic complexity of these tumors, the cross-talks of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway with other pathways, and the small number of eligible patients, it will be of utmost importance to carefully choose the drugs or drug combinations to be further tested in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Houédé
- Service d'Oncologie Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nîmes, France; INSERM U896, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier & Université de Montpellier 1, France.
| | - Philippe Pourquier
- Service d'Oncologie Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nîmes, France; INSERM U896, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier & Université de Montpellier 1, France
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128
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Wu H, Wang W, Liu F, Weisberg EL, Tian B, Chen Y, Li B, Wang A, Wang B, Zhao Z, McMillin DW, Hu C, Li H, Wang J, Liang Y, Buhrlage SJ, Liang J, Liu J, Yang G, Brown JR, Treon SP, Mitsiades CS, Griffin JD, Liu Q, Gray NS. Discovery of a potent, covalent BTK inhibitor for B-cell lymphoma. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:1086-91. [PMID: 24556163 PMCID: PMC4027949 DOI: 10.1021/cb4008524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BTK is a member of the TEC family of non-receptor tyrosine kinases whose deregulation has been implicated in a variety of B-cell-related diseases. We have used structure-based drug design in conjunction with kinome profiling and cellular assays to develop a potent, selective, and irreversible BTK kinase inhibitor, QL47, which covalently modifies Cys481. QL47 inhibits BTK kinase activity with an IC50 of 7 nM, inhibits autophosphorylation of BTK on Tyr223 in cells with an EC50 of 475 nM, and inhibits phosphorylation of a downstream effector PLCγ2 (Tyr759) with an EC50 of 318 nM. In Ramos cells QL47 induces a G1 cell cycle arrest that is associated with pronounced degradation of BTK protein. QL47 inhibits the proliferation of B-cell lymphoma cancer cell lines at submicromolar concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wu
- High
Magnetic Field laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mailbox
1110, 350 Shushanhu Road, Hefei 230031, Anhui, P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230036, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Wenchao Wang
- High
Magnetic Field laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mailbox
1110, 350 Shushanhu Road, Hefei 230031, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Feiyang Liu
- High
Magnetic Field laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mailbox
1110, 350 Shushanhu Road, Hefei 230031, Anhui, P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230036, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Ellen L. Weisberg
- Department
of Medical Oncology, Dana−Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Bei Tian
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Science Key Laboratory, Beijing 100730, P. R. China
| | - Yongfei Chen
- High
Magnetic Field laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mailbox
1110, 350 Shushanhu Road, Hefei 230031, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Binhua Li
- High
Magnetic Field laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mailbox
1110, 350 Shushanhu Road, Hefei 230031, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Aoli Wang
- High
Magnetic Field laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mailbox
1110, 350 Shushanhu Road, Hefei 230031, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Beilei Wang
- High
Magnetic Field laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mailbox
1110, 350 Shushanhu Road, Hefei 230031, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Zhao
- High
Magnetic Field laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mailbox
1110, 350 Shushanhu Road, Hefei 230031, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Douglas W. McMillin
- Department
of Medical Oncology, Dana−Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Chen Hu
- High
Magnetic Field laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mailbox
1110, 350 Shushanhu Road, Hefei 230031, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Hong Li
- High
Magnetic Field laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mailbox
1110, 350 Shushanhu Road, Hefei 230031, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Jinhua Wang
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, SGM 628, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Yanke Liang
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, SGM 628, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Sara J. Buhrlage
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, SGM 628, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Junting Liang
- Key
Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical
Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 350 Shushanhu Road, Hefei 230031, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Jing Liu
- High
Magnetic Field laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mailbox
1110, 350 Shushanhu Road, Hefei 230031, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Guang Yang
- Department
of Medical Oncology, Dana−Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Bing Center
for Waldenström’s Macroglobulinemia, Dana−Farber Cancer Institute, M547, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jennifer R. Brown
- Department
of Medical Oncology, Dana−Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Steven P. Treon
- Department
of Medical Oncology, Dana−Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Bing Center
for Waldenström’s Macroglobulinemia, Dana−Farber Cancer Institute, M547, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Constantine S. Mitsiades
- Department
of Medical Oncology, Dana−Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - James D. Griffin
- Department
of Medical Oncology, Dana−Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Qingsong Liu
- High
Magnetic Field laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mailbox
1110, 350 Shushanhu Road, Hefei 230031, Anhui, P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230036, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Nathanael S. Gray
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, SGM 628, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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129
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Predicting mTOR inhibitors with a classifier using recursive partitioning and Naïve Bayesian approaches. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95221. [PMID: 24819222 PMCID: PMC4018356 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a central controller of cell growth, proliferation, metabolism, and angiogenesis. Thus, there is a great deal of interest in developing clinical drugs based on mTOR. In this paper, in silico models based on multi-scaffolds were developed to predict mTOR inhibitors or non-inhibitors. Methods First 1,264 diverse compounds were collected and categorized as mTOR inhibitors and non-inhibitors. Two methods, recursive partitioning (RP) and naïve Bayesian (NB), were used to build combinatorial classification models of mTOR inhibitors versus non-inhibitors using physicochemical descriptors, fingerprints, and atom center fragments (ACFs). Results A total of 253 models were constructed and the overall predictive accuracies of the best models were more than 90% for both the training set of 964 and the external test set of 300 diverse compounds. The scaffold hopping abilities of the best models were successfully evaluated through predicting 37 new recently published mTOR inhibitors. Compared with the best RP and Bayesian models, the classifier based on ACFs and Bayesian shows comparable or slightly better in performance and scaffold hopping abilities. A web server was developed based on the ACFs and Bayesian method (http://rcdd.sysu.edu.cn/mtor/). This web server can be used to predict whether a compound is an mTOR inhibitor or non-inhibitor online. Conclusion In silico models were constructed to predict mTOR inhibitors using recursive partitioning and naïve Bayesian methods, and a web server (mTOR Predictor) was also developed based on the best model results. Compound prediction or virtual screening can be carried out through our web server. Moreover, the favorable and unfavorable fragments for mTOR inhibitors obtained from Bayesian classifiers will be helpful for lead optimization or the design of new mTOR inhibitors.
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130
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Weisberg E, Nonami A, Chen Z, Liu F, Zhang J, Sattler M, Nelson E, Cowens K, Christie AL, Mitsiades C, Wong KK, Liu Q, Gray N, Griffin JD. Identification of Wee1 as a novel therapeutic target for mutant RAS-driven acute leukemia and other malignancies. Leukemia 2014; 29:27-37. [PMID: 24791855 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2014.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Direct targeting of rat sarcoma (RAS), which is frequently mutated, has proven to be challenging, and inhibition of individual downstream RAS mediators has resulted in limited clinical efficacy. We designed a chemical screen to identify compounds capable of potentiating mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibition in mutant RAS-positive leukemia, and identified a Wee1 inhibitor. Synergy was observed in both mutant neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog (NRAS)- and mutant kirsten RAS viral oncogene homolog (KRAS)-positive acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) cell lines and primary patient samples. The observed synergy enhanced dephosphorylation of AKT, 4E-binding protein 1 and s6 kinase, and correlated with increased apoptosis. The specificity of Wee1 as the target of MK-1775 was validated by Wee1 knockdown, as well as partial reversal of drug combination-induced apoptosis by a cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) inhibitor. Importantly, we also extended our findings to other mutant RAS-expressing malignancies, including mutant NRAS-positive melanoma, and mutant KRAS-positive colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer and lung cancer. We observed favorable responses with combined Wee1/mTOR inhibition in human cancer cell lines from multiple malignancies, and inhibition of tumor growth in in vivo models of mutant KRAS lung cancer and leukemia. The present study introduces for the first time Wee1 inhibition combined with mTOR inhibition as a novel therapeutic strategy for the selective treatment of mutant RAS-positive leukemia and other mutant RAS-expressing malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Weisberg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Atsushi Nonami
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zhao Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Feiyang Liu
- High Magnetic Field laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Jianming Zhang
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Massachusetts, USA
| | - Martin Sattler
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Erik Nelson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kristen Cowens
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amanda L Christie
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Constantine Mitsiades
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kwok-Kin Wong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Qingsong Liu
- High Magnetic Field laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Nathanael Gray
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Massachusetts, USA
| | - James D Griffin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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131
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MicroRNAs are critical regulators of tuberous sclerosis complex and mTORC1 activity in the size control of the Xenopus kidney. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:6335-40. [PMID: 24733901 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1320577111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are major posttranscriptional regulators of a wide variety of biological processes. However, redundancy among most miRNAs has made it difficult to identify their in vivo functions. We previously demonstrated that global inhibition of miRNA biogenesis in Xenopus resulted in a dramatically smaller pronephric kidney. This suggested that microRNAs play a pivotal role in organ size control. Here we now provide a detailed mechanistic explanation for this phenotype. We identified that the activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) by Insulin and insulin-like growth factor (Igf) 2 is an important regulator in kidney growth, which in turn is modulated by microRNAs. Molecular analyses demonstrate that microRNAs set a threshold for mTORC1 signaling by down-regulating one of its core negative regulators, tuberous sclerosis 1 (Tsc1). Most importantly, this rheostat can be reprogrammed experimentally. Whereas knockdown of miRNAs causes growth arrest, concomitant knockdown of Tsc1 restores mTORC1 activity and proximal tubular size. Together, these data establish a previously unidentified in vivo paradigm for the importance of posttranscriptional regulation in organ size control.
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132
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Codeluppi S, Fernandez-Zafra T, Sandor K, Kjell J, Liu Q, Abrams M, Olson L, Gray NS, Svensson CI, Uhlén P. Interleukin-6 secretion by astrocytes is dynamically regulated by PI3K-mTOR-calcium signaling. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92649. [PMID: 24667246 PMCID: PMC3965459 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
After contusion spinal cord injury (SCI), astrocytes become reactive and form a glial scar. While this reduces spreading of the damage by containing the area of injury, it inhibits regeneration. One strategy to improve the recovery after SCI is therefore to reduce the inhibitory effect of the scar, once the acute phase of the injury has passed. The pleiotropic cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) is secreted immediately after injury and regulates scar formation; however, little is known about the role of IL-6 in the sub-acute phases of SCI. Interestingly, IL-6 also promotes axon regeneration, and therefore its induction in reactive astrocytes may improve regeneration after SCI. We found that IL-6 is expressed by astrocytes and neurons one week post-injury and then declines. Using primary cultures of rat astrocytes we delineated the molecular mechanisms that regulate IL-6 expression and secretion. IL-6 expression requires activation of p38 and depends on NF-κB transcriptional activity. Activation of these pathways in astrocytes occurs when the PI3K-mTOR-AKT pathway is inhibited. Furthermore, we found that an increase in cytosolic calcium concentration was necessary for IL-6 secretion. To induce IL-6 secretion in astrocytes, we used torin2 and rapamycin to block the PI3K-mTOR pathway and increase cytosolic calcium, respectively. Treating injured animals with torin2 and rapamycin for two weeks, starting two weeks after injury when the scar has been formed, lead to a modest effect on mechanical hypersensitivity, limited to the period of treatment. These data, taken together, suggest that treatment with torin2 and rapamycin induces IL-6 secretion by astrocytes and may contribute to the reduction of mechanical hypersensitivity after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Codeluppi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Teresa Fernandez-Zafra
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katalin Sandor
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jacob Kjell
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Qingsong Liu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mathew Abrams
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Olson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nathanael S. Gray
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Camilla I. Svensson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Uhlén
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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133
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Zhong HJ, Leung KH, Liu LJ, Lu L, Chan DSH, Leung CH, Ma DL. Antagonism of mTOR Activity by a Kinetically Inert Rhodium(III) Complex. Chempluschem 2014; 79:508-511. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201400014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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134
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Chemical signatures and new drug targets for gametocytocidal drug development. Sci Rep 2014; 4:3743. [PMID: 24434750 PMCID: PMC3894558 DOI: 10.1038/srep03743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Control of parasite transmission is critical for the eradication of malaria. However, most antimalarial drugs are not active against P. falciparum gametocytes, responsible for the spread of malaria. Consequently, patients can remain infectious for weeks after the clearance of asexual parasites and clinical symptoms. Here we report the identification of 27 potent gametocytocidal compounds (IC50 < 1 μM) from screening 5,215 known drugs and compounds. All these compounds were active against three strains of gametocytes with different drug sensitivities and geographical origins, 3D7, HB3 and Dd2. Cheminformatic analysis revealed chemical signatures for P. falciparum sexual and asexual stages indicative of druggability and suggesting potential targets. Torin 2, a top lead compound (IC50 = 8 nM against gametocytes in vitro), completely blocked oocyst formation in a mouse model of transmission. These results provide critical new leads and potential targets to expand the repertoire of malaria transmission-blocking reagents.
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135
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Grzmil M, Huber RM, Hess D, Frank S, Hynx D, Moncayo G, Klein D, Merlo A, Hemmings BA. MNK1 pathway activity maintains protein synthesis in rapalog-treated gliomas. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:742-54. [PMID: 24401275 DOI: 10.1172/jci70198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
High levels of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) activity in malignant gliomas promote tumor progression, suggesting that targeting mTORC1 has potential as a therapeutic strategy. Remarkably, clinical trials in patients with glioma revealed that rapamycin analogs (rapalogs) have limited efficacy, indicating activation of resistance mechanisms. Targeted depletion of MAPK-interacting Ser/Thr kinase 1 (MNK1) sensitizes glioma cells to the mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin through an indistinct mechanism. Here, we analyzed how MNK1 and mTORC1 signaling pathways regulate the assembly of translation initiation complexes, using the cap analog m7GTP to enrich for initiation complexes in glioma cells followed by mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics. Association of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) with eIF4E-binding protein 1 (4EBP1) was regulated by the mTORC1 pathway, whereas pharmacological blocking of MNK activity by CGP57380 or MNK1 knockdown, along with mTORC1 inhibition by RAD001, increased 4EBP1 binding to eIF4E. Furthermore, combined MNK1 and mTORC1 inhibition profoundly inhibited 4EBP1 phosphorylation at Ser65, protein synthesis and proliferation in glioma cells, and reduced tumor growth in an orthotopic glioblastoma (GBM) mouse model. Immunohistochemical analysis of GBM samples revealed increased 4EBP1 phosphorylation. Taken together, our data indicate that rapalog-activated MNK1 signaling promotes glioma growth through regulation of 4EBP1 and indicate a molecular cross-talk between the mTORC1 and MNK1 pathways that has potential to be exploited therapeutically.
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136
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Han K, Jaimovich A, Dey G, Ruggero D, Meyuhas O, Sonenberg N, Meyer T. Parallel measurement of dynamic changes in translation rates in single cells. Nat Methods 2014; 11:86-93. [PMID: 24213167 PMCID: PMC4039304 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.2729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Protein concentrations are often regulated by dynamic changes in translation rates. Nevertheless, it has been challenging to directly monitor changes in translation in living cells. We have developed a reporter system to measure real-time changes of translation rates in human or mouse individual cells by conjugating translation regulatory motifs to sequences encoding a nuclear targeted fluorescent protein and a controllable destabilization domain. Application of the method showed that individual cells undergo marked fluctuations in the translation rate of mRNAs whose 5' terminal oligopyrimidine (5' TOP) motif regulates the synthesis of ribosomal proteins. Furthermore, we show that small reductions in amino acid levels signal through different mTOR-dependent pathways to control TOP mRNA translation, whereas larger reductions in amino acid levels control translation through eIF2A. Our study demonstrates that dynamic measurements of single-cell activities of translation regulatory motifs can be used to identify and investigate fundamental principles of translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyuho Han
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Ariel Jaimovich
- 1] Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA. [2] Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Gautam Dey
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Davide Ruggero
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Oded Meyuhas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Institute for Medical Research, Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nahum Sonenberg
- 1] Department of Biochemistry, McGill University Montreal, Quebec, Canada. [2] Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tobias Meyer
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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137
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Abstract
The atypical serine/threonine kinase mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) is a central regulator of cell growth and metabolism. mTOR is part of two multisubunit signalling complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2. Although many aspects of mTOR signalling are understood, the lack of high-resolution structures impairs a detailed understanding of complex assembly, function and regulation. The structure of the kinase domain is of special interest for the development of mTOR inhibitors as anti-cancer agents. A homology model of the mTOR kinase domain was derived from the structure of PI3Ks (phosphoinositide 3-kinases). More recently, the crystal structure of the catalytic domain of human mTOR was determined, providing long-awaited structural insight into the architecture of mTOR. Interestingly, the homology model predicted several aspects of the crystal structure. In the present paper, we revisit the homology model in the context of the now available crystal structure of the mTOR kinase domain.
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138
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Montané MH, Menand B. ATP-competitive mTOR kinase inhibitors delay plant growth by triggering early differentiation of meristematic cells but no developmental patterning change. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:4361-74. [PMID: 23963679 PMCID: PMC3808319 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The TOR (target of rapamycin) protein, a large phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-like protein kinase (PIKK) that is conserved in eukaryotes and is a central regulator of growth and metabolism. The analysis of function of TOR in plant growth and development has been limited by the fact that plants are very poorly sensitive to rapamycin. As the kinase domain of TOR is highly conserved, this study analysed the dose-dependent effect of three sets of first- and second-generation ATP-competitive inhibitors (called asTORis for active-site TOR inhibitors) recently developed for the human TOR kinase on Arabidopsis thaliana growth. All six asTORis inhibited plant root growth in a dose-dependent manner, with 50% growth inhibitory doses (GI50) of <10 μM and <1 μM for the first- and second-generation inhibitors, respectively, similarly to the values in mammalian cells. A genetic approach further demonstrated that only asTORis inhibited root growth in an AtTOR gene-dosage-dependent manner. AsTORis decreased the length of: (i) the meristematic zone (MZ); (ii) the division zone in the MZ; (iii) epidermal cells in the elongation zone; and (iv) root hair cells. Whereas meristematic cells committed to early differentiation, the pattern of cell differentiation was not affected per se. AsTORis-induced root hair growth phenotype was shown to be specific by using other growth inhibitors blocking the cell cycle or translation. AsTORis dose-dependent inhibition of growth and root hairs was also observed in diverse groups of flowering plants, indicating that asTORis can be used to study the TOR pathway in other angiosperms, including crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Hélène Montané
- Aix-Marseille Université, Laboratoire de Génétique et Biophysique des Plantes, Marseille, F-13009, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales, Marseille, F-13009, France
- Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut de Biologie Environnementale et Biotechnologie, Marseille, F-13009, France
| | - Benoît Menand
- Aix-Marseille Université, Laboratoire de Génétique et Biophysique des Plantes, Marseille, F-13009, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales, Marseille, F-13009, France
- Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut de Biologie Environnementale et Biotechnologie, Marseille, F-13009, France
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed.
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139
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Hwang JH, Jiang T, Kulkarni S, Faure N, Schaffhausen BS. Protein phosphatase 2A isoforms utilizing Aβ scaffolds regulate differentiation through control of Akt protein. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:32064-73. [PMID: 24052256 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.497644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) regulates almost all cell signaling pathways. It consists of a scaffolding A subunit to which a catalytic C subunit and one of many regulatory B subunits bind. Of the more than 80 PP2A isoforms, 10% use Aβ as a scaffold. This study demonstrates the isoform-specific function of the A scaffold subunits. Polyomaviruses have shown the importance of phosphotyrosine, PI3K, and p53 in transformation. Comparisons of polyoma and SV40 small T antigens implicate Aβ in the control of differentiation. Knockdown of Aβ enhanced differentiation. Akt signaling regulated differentiation; its activation or inhibition promoted or blocked it, respectively. Aβ bound Akt. Enhancement of PP2A Aβ/Akt interaction by polyoma small T antigen increased turnover of Akt Ser-473 phosphorylation. Conversely, knockdown of Aβ promoted Akt activity and reduced turnover of phosphate at Ser-473 of Akt. These data provide new insight into the regulation of Akt, a protein of extreme importance in cancer. Furthermore, our results suggest that the role for Aβ in differentiation and perhaps tumor suppression may lie partly in its ability to negatively regulate Akt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin H Hwang
- From the Department of Developmental, Molecular & Chemical Biology
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140
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Habib A, Karmali V, Polavarapu R, Akahori H, Cheng Q, Pachura K, Kolodgie FD, Finn AV. Sirolimus-FKBP12.6 impairs endothelial barrier function through protein kinase C-α activation and disruption of the p120-vascular endothelial cadherin interaction. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:2425-31. [PMID: 23887639 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.301659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sirolimus (SRL) is an immunosuppressant drug used to prevent rejection in organ transplantation and neointimal hyperplasia when delivered from drug-eluting stents. Major side effects of SRL include edema and local collection of intimal lipid deposits at drug-eluting stent sites, suggesting that SRL impairs endothelial barrier function (EBF). The aim of this study was to address the role of SRL on impaired EBF and the potential mechanisms involved. APPROACH AND RESULTS Cultured human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) and intact human and mouse endothelium was examined to determine the effect of SRL, which binds FKBP12.6 to inhibit the mammalian target of rapamycin, on EBF. EBF, measured by transendothelial electrical resistance, was impaired in HAECs when treated with SRL or small interfering RNA for FKBP12.6 and reversed when pretreated with ryanodine, a stabilizer of ryanodine receptor 2 intracellular calcium release channels. Intracellular calcium increased in HAECs treated with SRL and normalized with ryanodine pretreatment. SRL-treated HAECs demonstrated increases in protein kinase C-α phosphorylation, a calcium sensitive serine/threonine kinase important in vascular endothelial (VE) cadherin barrier function through its interaction with p120-catenin (p120). Immunostaining of HAECs, human coronary and mouse aortic endothelium treated with SRL showed disruption of p120-VE cadherin interaction treated with SRL. SRL impairment of HAEC EBF was reduced with protein kinase C-α small interfering RNA. Mice treated with SRL demonstrated increased vascular permeability by Evans blue albumin extravasation in the lungs, heart, and aorta. CONCLUSIONS SRL-FKBP12.6 impairs EBF by activation of protein kinase C-α and downstream disruption of the p120-VE cadherin interaction in vascular endothelium. These data suggest this mechanism may be an important contributor of SRL side effects related to impaired EBF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwer Habib
- From the Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (A.H., V.K., R.P., H.A., K.P., A.V.F.); and CV Path Institute, Inc, Gaithersburg, MD (Q.C., F.D.K.)
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141
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Lee W, Ortwine DF, Bergeron P, Lau K, Lin L, Malek S, Nonomiya J, Pei Z, Robarge KD, Schmidt S, Sideris S, Lyssikatos JP. A hit to lead discovery of novel N-methylated imidazolo-, pyrrolo-, and pyrazolo-pyrimidines as potent and selective mTOR inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:5097-104. [PMID: 23932790 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A series of N-7-methyl-imidazolopyrimidine inhibitors of the mTOR kinase have been designed and prepared, based on the hypothesis that the N-7-methyl substituent on imidazolopyrimidine would impart selectivity for mTOR over the related PI3Kα and δ kinases. The corresponding N-Me substituted pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidines and pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidines also show potent mTOR inhibition with selectivity toward both PI3α and δ kinases. The most potent compound synthesized is pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidine 21c. Compound 21c shows a Ki of 2 nM against mTOR inhibition, remarkable selectivity (>2900×) over PI3 kinases, and excellent potency in cell-based assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Lee
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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142
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Welker ME, Kulik G. Recent syntheses of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:4063-91. [PMID: 23735831 PMCID: PMC3711139 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.04.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the syntheses of PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors that have been reported outside of the patent literature in the last 5years but is largely centered on synthetic work reported in 2011 and 2012. While focused on syntheses of inhibitors, some information on in vitro and in vivo testing of compounds is also included. Many of these reported compounds are reversible, competitive adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding inhibitors, so given the structural similarities of many of these compounds to the adenine core, this review presents recent work on inhibitors based on where the synthetic chemistry was started, that is, inhibitor syntheses which started with purines/pyrimidines are followed by inhibitor syntheses which began with pyridines, pyrazines, azoles, and triazines then moves to inhibitors which bear no structural resemblance to adenine: liphagal, wortmannin and quercetin analogs. The review then finishes with a short section on recent syntheses of phosphotidyl inositol (PI) analogs since competitive PI binding inhibitors represent an alternative to the competitive ATP binding inhibitors which have received the most attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Welker
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, PO Box 7486, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA.
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143
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Torins are potent antimalarials that block replenishment of Plasmodium liver stage parasitophorous vacuole membrane proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E2838-47. [PMID: 23836641 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1306097110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Residence within a customized vacuole is a highly successful strategy used by diverse intracellular microorganisms. The parasitophorous vacuole membrane (PVM) is the critical interface between Plasmodium parasites and their possibly hostile, yet ultimately sustaining, host cell environment. We show that torins, developed as ATP-competitive mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase inhibitors, are fast-acting antiplasmodial compounds that unexpectedly target the parasite directly, blocking the dynamic trafficking of the Plasmodium proteins exported protein 1 (EXP1) and upregulated in sporozoites 4 (UIS4) to the liver stage PVM and leading to efficient parasite elimination by the hepatocyte. Torin2 has single-digit, or lower, nanomolar potency in both liver and blood stages of infection in vitro and is likewise effective against both stages in vivo, with a single oral dose sufficient to clear liver stage infection. Parasite elimination and perturbed trafficking of liver stage PVM-resident proteins are both specific aspects of torin-mediated Plasmodium liver stage inhibition, indicating that torins have a distinct mode of action compared with currently used antimalarials.
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144
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Sun SY. mTOR kinase inhibitors as potential cancer therapeutic drugs. Cancer Lett 2013; 340:1-8. [PMID: 23792225 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) plays a critical role in the positive regulation of cell growth and survival primarily through direct interaction with raptor (forming mTORC complex 1; mTORC1) or rictor (forming mTOR complex 2; mTORC2). The mTOR axis is often activated in many types of cancer and thus has become an attractive cancer therapeutic target. The modest clinical anticancer activity of conventional mTOR allosteric inhibitors, rapamycin and its analogs (rapalogs), which preferentially inhibit mTORC1, in most types of cancer, has encouraged great efforts to develop mTOR kinase inhibitors (TORKinibs) that inhibit both mTORC1 and mTORC2, in the hope of developing a novel generation of mTOR inhibitors with better therapeutic efficacy than rapalogs. Several TORKinibs have been developed and actively studied pre-clinically and clinically. This review will highlight recent advances in the development and research of TORKinibs and discuss some potential issues or challenges in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yong Sun
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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145
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Kuriyama M, Matsuo S, Shinozawa M, Onomura O. Ether-Imidazolium Carbenes for Suzuki–Miyaura Cross-Coupling of Heteroaryl Chlorides with Aryl/Heteroarylboron Reagents. Org Lett 2013; 15:2716-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol4010189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masami Kuriyama
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Seira Matsuo
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Mina Shinozawa
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Osamu Onomura
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
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146
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Lv X, Ma X, Hu Y. Furthering the design and the discovery of small molecule ATP-competitive mTOR inhibitors as an effective cancer treatment. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 8:991-1012. [PMID: 23668243 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2013.800479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase, which is the key component of two distinct signaling complexes in cells; these complexes are the mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and the mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2). Given the importance of these complexes in cellular growth, survival, motility, proliferation, protein synthesis and transcription, it is not surprising that they are impacted in multiple types of cancer. Studies on a number of ATP-competitive mTOR inhibitors have suggested that these inhibitors have a therapeutic superiority to rapalogs (rapamycin analogs) in a number of cancers. AREAS COVERED This review provides insight into the binding of mTOR inhibitors with the ATP-binding site, for the benefit of future mTOR inhibitor design and discovery. The authors, furthermore, deduce that a hypothetical binding mode is from docking studies, co-crystal structures and the structure-activity relationships (SARs). The authors also highlight the preclinical and clinical development of hit/lead compounds, and the selectivity for representative mTOR inhibitors. EXPERT OPINION The structural analysis of mTOR is hampered by its large size and complexity. Further exploration of mTOR inhibitors may therefore require the combination of structure-based drug design (SBDD, based on the mTOR homology models), fragment-based drug design (FBDD) and analog synthesis. Recent studies suggested that the global inhibition of PI3Ks may be harmful to organisms. Therefore, the future discovery of dual mTOR/PI3K inhibitors needs to ensure that inhibitors are both efficacious and have reduced adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Lv
- Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ZJU-ENS Joint Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Hangzhou 310058, China
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147
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Yang H, Rudge DG, Koos JD, Vaidialingam B, Yang HJ, Pavletich NP. mTOR kinase structure, mechanism and regulation. Nature 2013; 497:217-23. [PMID: 23636326 PMCID: PMC4512754 DOI: 10.1038/nature12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 738] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a phosphoinositide 3-kinase-related protein kinase, controls cell growth in response to nutrients and growth factors and is frequently deregulated in cancer. Here we report co-crystal structures of a complex of truncated mTOR and mammalian lethal with SEC13 protein 8 (mLST8) with an ATP transition state mimic and with ATP-site inhibitors. The structures reveal an intrinsically active kinase conformation, with catalytic residues and a catalytic mechanism remarkably similar to canonical protein kinases. The active site is highly recessed owing to the FKBP12-rapamycin-binding (FRB) domain and an inhibitory helix protruding from the catalytic cleft. mTOR-activating mutations map to the structural framework that holds these elements in place, indicating that the kinase is controlled by restricted access. In vitro biochemistry shows that the FRB domain acts as a gatekeeper, with its rapamycin-binding site interacting with substrates to grant them access to the restricted active site. Rapamycin-FKBP12 inhibits the kinase by directly blocking substrate recruitment and by further restricting active-site access. The structures also reveal active-site residues and conformational changes that underlie inhibitor potency and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijuan Yang
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
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148
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Liu Q, Xu C, Kirubakaran S, Zhang X, Hur W, Liu Y, Kwiatkowski NP, Wang J, Westover KD, Gao P, Ercan D, Niepel M, Thoreen CC, Kang SA, Patricelli MP, Wang Y, Tupper T, Altabef A, Kawamura H, Held KD, Chou DM, Elledge SJ, Janne PA, Wong KK, Sabatini DM, Gray NS. Characterization of Torin2, an ATP-competitive inhibitor of mTOR, ATM, and ATR. Cancer Res 2013; 73:2574-86. [PMID: 23436801 PMCID: PMC3760004 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-1702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
mTOR is a highly conserved serine/threonine protein kinase that serves as a central regulator of cell growth, survival, and autophagy. Deregulation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway occurs commonly in cancer and numerous inhibitors targeting the ATP-binding site of these kinases are currently undergoing clinical evaluation. Here, we report the characterization of Torin2, a second-generation ATP-competitive inhibitor that is potent and selective for mTOR with a superior pharmacokinetic profile to previous inhibitors. Torin2 inhibited mTORC1-dependent T389 phosphorylation on S6K (RPS6KB1) with an EC(50) of 250 pmol/L with approximately 800-fold selectivity for cellular mTOR versus phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K). Torin2 also exhibited potent biochemical and cellular activity against phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase-like kinase (PIKK) family kinases including ATM (EC(50), 28 nmol/L), ATR (EC(50), 35 nmol/L), and DNA-PK (EC(50), 118 nmol/L; PRKDC), the inhibition of which sensitized cells to Irradiation. Similar to the earlier generation compound Torin1 and in contrast to other reported mTOR inhibitors, Torin2 inhibited mTOR kinase and mTORC1 signaling activities in a sustained manner suggestive of a slow dissociation from the kinase. Cancer cell treatment with Torin2 for 24 hours resulted in a prolonged block in negative feedback and consequent T308 phosphorylation on Akt. These effects were associated with strong growth inhibition in vitro. Single-agent treatment with Torin2 in vivo did not yield significant efficacy against KRAS-driven lung tumors, but the combination of Torin2 with mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK) inhibitor AZD6244 yielded a significant growth inhibition. Taken together, our findings establish Torin2 as a strong candidate for clinical evaluation in a broad number of oncologic settings where mTOR signaling has a pathogenic role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsong Liu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA, 02115
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Chunxiao Xu
- Ludwig Center at Dana-Farber–Harvard Cancer Center, Departments of Medicine and Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA, 02115
| | - Sivapriya Kirubakaran
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA, 02115
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA, 02115
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Wooyoung Hur
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA, 02115
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Yan Liu
- Ludwig Center at Dana-Farber–Harvard Cancer Center, Departments of Medicine and Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA, 02115
| | - Nicholas P. Kwiatkowski
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA, 02115
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Jinhua Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA, 02115
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | - Peng Gao
- Ludwig Center at Dana-Farber–Harvard Cancer Center, Departments of Medicine and Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA, 02115
| | - Dalia Ercan
- Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Mario Niepel
- Center for Cell Decision Processes, Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115
| | - Carson C. Thoreen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA, 02115
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Seong A. Kang
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Koch Center for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | | | - Yuchuan Wang
- Lurie Family Imaging Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02115
| | - Tanya Tupper
- Lurie Family Imaging Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02115
| | - Abigail Altabef
- Ludwig Center at Dana-Farber–Harvard Cancer Center, Departments of Medicine and Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA, 02115
| | - Hidemasa Kawamura
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Kathryn D. Held
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Danny M. Chou
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Stephen J. Elledge
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Pasi A. Janne
- Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Kwok-Kin Wong
- Ludwig Center at Dana-Farber–Harvard Cancer Center, Departments of Medicine and Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA, 02115
| | - David M. Sabatini
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Koch Center for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Nathanael S. Gray
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA, 02115
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
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149
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Estrada AA, Shore DG, Blackwood E, Chen YH, Deshmukh G, Ding X, DiPasquale AG, Epler JA, Friedman LS, Koehler MFT, Liu L, Malek S, Nonomiya J, Ortwine DF, Pei Z, Sideris S, St-Jean F, Trinh L, Truong T, Lyssikatos JP. Pyrimidoaminotropanes as Potent, Selective, and Efficacious Small Molecule Kinase Inhibitors of the Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR). J Med Chem 2013; 56:3090-101. [DOI: 10.1021/jm400194n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Antonio G. DiPasquale
- X-ray Crystallographic Facility, University of California—Berkeley, 32 Lewis
Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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150
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Takeuchi CS, Kim BG, Blazey CM, Ma S, Johnson HWB, Anand NK, Arcalas A, Baik TG, Buhr CA, Cannoy J, Epshteyn S, Joshi A, Lara K, Lee MS, Wang L, Leahy JW, Nuss JM, Aay N, Aoyama R, Foster P, Lee J, Lehoux I, Munagala N, Plonowski A, Rajan S, Woolfrey J, Yamaguchi K, Lamb P, Miller N. Discovery of a novel class of highly potent, selective, ATP-competitive, and orally bioavailable inhibitors of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). J Med Chem 2013; 56:2218-34. [PMID: 23394126 DOI: 10.1021/jm3007933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel, highly potent, selective, and ATP-competitive mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors based on a benzoxazepine scaffold have been identified. Lead optimization resulted in the discovery of inhibitors with low nanomolar activity and greater than 1000-fold selectivity over the closely related PI3K kinases. Compound 28 (XL388) inhibited cellular phosphorylation of mTOR complex 1 (p-p70S6K, pS6, and p-4E-BP1) and mTOR complex 2 (pAKT (S473)) substrates. Furthermore, this compound displayed good pharmacokinetics and oral exposure in multiple species with moderate bioavailability. Oral administration of compound 28 to athymic nude mice implanted with human tumor xenografts afforded significant and dose-dependent antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig S Takeuchi
- Department of Drug Discovery, Exelixis , 169 Harbor Way, South San Francisco, California 94083, USA
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