101
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Fuciman M, Enriquez MM, Polívka T, Dall'Osto L, Bassi R, Frank HA. Role of xanthophylls in light harvesting in green plants: a spectroscopic investigation of mutant LHCII and Lhcb pigment-protein complexes. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:3834-49. [PMID: 22372667 DOI: 10.1021/jp210042z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The spectroscopic properties and energy transfer dynamics of the protein-bound chlorophylls and xanthophylls in monomeric, major LHCII complexes, and minor Lhcb complexes from genetically altered Arabidopsis thaliana plants have been investigated using both steady-state and time-resolved absorption and fluorescence spectroscopic methods. The pigment-protein complexes that were studied contain Chl a, Chl b, and variable amounts of the xanthophylls, zeaxanthin (Z), violaxanthin (V), neoxanthin (N), and lutein (L). The complexes were derived from mutants of plants denoted npq1 (NVL), npq2lut2 (Z), aba4npq1lut2 (V), aba4npq1 (VL), npq1lut2 (NV), and npq2 (LZ). The data reveal specific singlet energy transfer routes and excited state spectra and dynamics that depend on the xanthophyll present in the complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Fuciman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
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102
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Liao PN, Pillai S, Kloz M, Gust D, Moore AL, Moore TA, Kennis JTM, van Grondelle R, Walla PJ. On the role of excitonic interactions in carotenoid-phthalocyanine dyads and implications for photosynthetic regulation. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2012; 111:237-243. [PMID: 21948493 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-011-9690-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In two recent studies, energy transfer was reported in certain phthalocyanine-carotenoid dyads between the optically forbidden first excited state of carotenoids (Car S(1)) and phthalocyanines (Pcs) in the direction Pc → Car S(1) (Kloz et al., J Am Chem Soc 133:7007-7015, 2011) as well as in the direction Car S(1) → Pc (Liao et al., J Phys Chem A 115:4082-4091, 2011). In this article, we show that the extent of this energy transfer in both directions is closely correlated in these dyads. This correlation and the additional observation that Car S(1) is instantaneously populated after Pc excitation provides evidence that in these compounds excitonic interactions can occur. Besides pure energy transfer and electron transfer, this is the third type of tetrapyrrole-carotenoid interaction that has been shown to occur in these model compounds and that has previously been proposed as a photosynthetic regulation mechanism. We discuss the implications of these models for photosynthetic regulation. The findings are also discussed in the context of a model in which both electronic states are disordered and in which the strength of the electronic coupling determines whether energy transfer, excitonic coupling, or electron transfer occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pen-Nan Liao
- Department for Biophysical Chemistry, Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hans-Sommer-Strasse 10, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
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103
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Müh F, Renger T. Refined structure-based simulation of plant light-harvesting complex II: linear optical spectra of trimers and aggregates. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2012; 1817:1446-60. [PMID: 22387396 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2012.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Linear optical spectra of solubilized trimers and small lamellar aggregates of the major light-harvesting complex II (LHCII) of higher plants are simulated employing excitonic couplings and site energies of chlorophylls (Chls) computed on the basis of the two crystal structures by a combined quantum chemical/electrostatic approach. A good agreement between simulation and experiment is achieved (except for the circular dichroism in the Chl b region), if vibronic transitions of Chls are taken into account. Site energies are further optimized by refinement fits of optical spectra. The differences between refined and directly calculated values are not significant enough to decide, whether the crystal structures are closer to trimers or aggregates. Changes in the linear dichroism spectrum upon aggregation are related to site energy shifts of Chls b601, b607, a603, a610, and a613, and are interpreted in terms of conformational changes of violaxanthin and the two luteins involving their ionone rings. Chl a610 is the energy sink at 77K in both conformations. An analysis of absorption spectra of trimers perpendicular and parallel to the C(3)-axis (van Amerongen et al. Biophys. J. 67 (1994) 837-847) shows that only Chl a604 close to neoxanthin is significantly reoriented in trimers compared to the crystal structures. Whether this pigment is orientated in aggregates as in the crystal structures, can presently not be determined faithfully. To finally decide about pigment reorientations that could be of relevance for non-photochemical quenching, further polarized absorption and fluorescence measurements of aggregates or detergent-depleted LHCII would be helpful. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Photosynthesis Research for Sustainability: from Natural to Artificial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Müh
- Johannes Kepler Universitat Linz, Linz, Austria.
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104
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Thilagam A. Non-Hermitian exciton dynamics in a photosynthetic unit system. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:065104. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3684654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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105
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Schlau-Cohen GS, Fleming GR. Structure, Dynamics, and Function in the Major Light-Harvesting Complex of Photosystem II. Aust J Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1071/ch12022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In natural light-harvesting systems, pigment-protein complexes (PPC) convert sunlight to chemical energy with near unity quantum efficiency. PPCs exhibit emergent properties that cannot be simply extrapolated from knowledge of their component parts. In this Perspective, we examine the design principles of PPCs, focussing on the major light-harvesting complex of Photosystem II (LHCII), the most abundant PPC in green plants. Studies using two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy (2DES) provide an incisive tool to probe the electronic, energetic, and spatial landscapes that enable the efficiency observed in photosynthetic light-harvesting. Using the information about energy transfer pathways, quantum effects, and excited state geometry contained within 2D spectra, the excited state properties can be linked back to the molecular structure. This understanding of the structure-function relationships of natural systems constitutes a step towards a blueprint for the construction of artificial light-harvesting devices that can reproduce the efficacy of natural systems.
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106
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Yao K, Liu C, Chen Y, Chen L, Li F, Liu K, Sun R, Wang P, Yang C. Integration of light-harvesting complexes into the polymer bulk heterojunction P3HT/PCBM device for efficient photovoltaic cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm16616j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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107
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Wahadoszamen M, Berera R, Ara AM, Romero E, van Grondelle R. Identification of two emitting sites in the dissipative state of the major light harvesting antenna. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 14:759-66. [PMID: 22120671 DOI: 10.1039/c1cp23059j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In order to cope with the deleterious effects of excess light, photosynthetic organisms have developed remarkable strategies where the excess energy is dissipated as heat by the antenna system. In higher plants one main player in the process is the major light harvesting antenna of Photosystem II (PSII), LHCII. In this paper we applied Stark fluorescence spectroscopy to LHCII in different quenching states to investigate the possible contribution of charge-transfer states to the quenching. We find that in the quenched state the fluorescence displays a remarkable sensitivity to the applied electric field. The resulting field-induced emission spectra reveal the presence of two distinct energy dissipating sites both characterized by a strong but spectrally very different response to the applied electric field. We propose the two states to originate from chlorophyll-chlorophyll and chlorophyll-carotenoid charge transfer interactions coupled to the chlorophyll exciton state in the terminal emitter locus and discuss these findings in the light of the different models proposed to be responsible for energy dissipation in photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Wahadoszamen
- Division of Physics and Astronomy, Department of Biophysics, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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108
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Tian L, van Stokkum IHM, Koehorst RBM, Jongerius A, Kirilovsky D, van Amerongen H. Site, Rate, and Mechanism of Photoprotective Quenching in Cyanobacteria. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:18304-11. [DOI: 10.1021/ja206414m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lijin Tian
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8128, 6700 ET, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivo H. M. van Stokkum
- Biophysics Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, VU University, DeBoelelaan1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob B. M. Koehorst
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8128, 6700 ET, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aniek Jongerius
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8128, 6700 ET, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Diana Kirilovsky
- Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Institut de Biologie et Technologies de Saclay and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Herbert van Amerongen
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8128, 6700 ET, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- MicroSpectroscopy Centre, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8128, 6700 ET, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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109
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Marin A, Passarini F, van Stokkum IHM, van Grondelle R, Croce R. Minor complexes at work: light-harvesting by carotenoids in the photosystem II antenna complexes CP24 and CP26. Biophys J 2011; 100:2829-38. [PMID: 21641329 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2011.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant photosynthesis relies on the capacity of chlorophylls and carotenoids to absorb light. One of the roles of carotenoids is to harvest green-blue light and transfer the excitation energy to the chlorophylls. The corresponding dynamics were investigated here for the first time, to our knowledge, in the CP26 and CP24 minor antenna complexes. The results for the two complexes differ substantially. In CP26 fast transfer (80 fs) occurs from the carotenoid S(2) state to chlorophylls a absorbing at 675 and 678 nm, whereas transfer from the hot S(1) state to the lowest energy chlorophylls is observed in <1 ps. In CP24, energy transfer from the S(2) state leads in 80 fs to the population of chlorophylls b and high-energy chlorophylls a absorbing at 670 nm, whereas the low-energy chlorophylls a are populated only in several picoseconds. The results suggest that CP26 has a structural and functional organization similar to that of LHCII, whereas CP24 differs substantially from the other Lhc complexes, especially regarding the lutein L1 binding domain. No energy transfer from the carotenoid S(1) state to chlorophylls was observed in either complex, suggesting that this state is energetically below the chlorophyll Qy state and therefore may play a role in the quenching of chlorophyll excitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Marin
- Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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110
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Novoderezhkin V, Marin A, van Grondelle R. Intra- and inter-monomeric transfers in the light harvesting LHCII complex: the Redfield-Förster picture. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:17093-103. [PMID: 21866281 DOI: 10.1039/c1cp21079c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We further develop the model of energy transfer in the LHCII trimer based on a quantitative fit of the linear spectra (including absorption (OD), linear dichroism (LD), circular dichroism (CD), and fluorescence (FL)) and transient absorption (TA) kinetics upon 650 nm and 662 nm excitation. The spectral shapes and relaxation/migration rates have been calculated using the combined Redfield-Förster approach capable of correctly describing fast relaxation within strongly coupled chlorophyll (Chl) a and b clusters and slow migration between them. Within each monomeric subunit of the trimeric complex there is fast (sub-ps) conversion from Chl's b to Chl's a at the stromal side accompanied by slow (>10 ps) equilibration between the stromal- and lumenal-side Chl a clusters in combination with slow (>13 ps) population of Chl's a from the 'bottleneck' Chl a604 site. The connection between monomeric subunits is determined by exciton coupling between the stromal-side Chl's b from the two adjacent subunits (Chl b601'-608-609 cluster) making a simultaneous fast (sub-ps) population of the Chl's a possible from both subunits. Final equilibration occurs via slow (>20 ps) migration between the Chl a clusters located on different monomeric subunits. This migration includes up-hill transfers from the red-most Chl a610-611-612 clusters located at the peripheral side in each subunit to the Chl a602-603 dimers located at the inner side of the trimeric LHCII complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Novoderezhkin
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119992, Moscow, Russia.
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111
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Ilioaia C, Johnson MP, Liao PN, Pascal AA, van Grondelle R, Walla PJ, Ruban AV, Robert B. Photoprotection in plants involves a change in lutein 1 binding domain in the major light-harvesting complex of photosystem II. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:27247-54. [PMID: 21646360 PMCID: PMC3149318 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.234617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) is the fundamental process by which plants exposed to high light intensities dissipate the potentially harmful excess energy as heat. Recently, it has been shown that efficient energy dissipation can be induced in the major light-harvesting complexes of photosystem II (LHCII) in the absence of protein-protein interactions. Spectroscopic measurements on these samples (LHCII gels) in the quenched state revealed specific alterations in the absorption and circular dichroism bands assigned to neoxanthin and lutein 1 molecules. In this work, we investigate the changes in conformation of the pigments involved in NPQ using resonance Raman spectroscopy. By selective excitation we show that, as well as the twisting of neoxanthin that has been reported previously, the lutein 1 pigment also undergoes a significant change in conformation when LHCII switches to the energy dissipative state. Selective two-photon excitation of carotenoid (Car) dark states (Car S(1)) performed on LHCII gels shows that the extent of electronic interactions between Car S(1) and chlorophyll states correlates linearly with chlorophyll fluorescence quenching, as observed previously for isolated LHCII (aggregated versus trimeric) and whole plants (with versus without NPQ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Ilioaia
- From the Commisariat à l'Energie Atomique, Institut de Biologie et Technologies de Saclay and CNRS URA 2096, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
- the Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew P. Johnson
- the School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End, Bancroft Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Pen-Nan Liao
- the Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hans-Sommer-Strasse 10, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany, and
| | - Andrew A. Pascal
- From the Commisariat à l'Energie Atomique, Institut de Biologie et Technologies de Saclay and CNRS URA 2096, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Rienk van Grondelle
- the Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J. Walla
- the Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hans-Sommer-Strasse 10, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany, and
- the Department of Spectroscopy and Photochemical Kinetics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexander V. Ruban
- the School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End, Bancroft Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno Robert
- From the Commisariat à l'Energie Atomique, Institut de Biologie et Technologies de Saclay and CNRS URA 2096, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
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112
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Croce R, van Amerongen H. Light-harvesting and structural organization of Photosystem II: From individual complexes to thylakoid membrane. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2011; 104:142-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2011.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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113
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Ballottari M, Girardon J, Dall'osto L, Bassi R. Evolution and functional properties of photosystem II light harvesting complexes in eukaryotes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2011; 1817:143-57. [PMID: 21704018 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Photoautotrophic organisms, the major agent of inorganic carbon fixation into biomass, convert light energy into chemical energy. The first step of photosynthesis consists of the absorption of solar energy by pigments binding protein complexes named photosystems. Within photosystems, a family of proteins called Light Harvesting Complexes (LHC), responsible for light harvesting and energy transfer to reaction centers, has evolved along with eukaryotic organisms. Besides light absorption, these proteins catalyze photoprotective reactions which allowed functioning of oxygenic photosynthetic machinery in the increasingly oxidant environment. In this work we review current knowledge of LHC proteins serving Photosystem II. Balance between light harvesting and photoprotection is critical in Photosystem II, due to the lower quantum efficiency as compared to Photosystem I. In particular, we focus on the role of each antenna complex in light harvesting, energy transfer, scavenging of reactive oxygen species, chlorophyll triplet quenching and thermal dissipation of excess energy. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Photosystem II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Ballottari
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Ca' Vignal 1, Strada le Grazie 15, I-37134 Verona, Italy
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114
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van Oort B, Maréchal A, Ruban AV, Robert B, Pascal AA, de Ruijter NCA, van Grondelle R, van Amerongen H. Different crystal morphologies lead to slightly different conformations of light-harvesting complex II as monitored by variations of the intrinsic fluorescence lifetime. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:12614-22. [PMID: 21670839 DOI: 10.1039/c1cp20331b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In 2005, it was found that the fluorescence of crystals of the major light-harvesting complex LHCII of green plants is significantly quenched when compared to the fluorescence of isolated LHCII (A. A. Pascal et al., Nature, 2005, 436, 134-137). The Raman spectrum of crystallized LHCII was also found to be different from that of isolated LHCII but very similar to that of aggregated LHCII, which has often been considered a good model system for studying nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ), the major protection mechanism of plants against photodamage in high light. It was proposed that in the crystal LHCII adopts a similar (quenching) conformation as during NPQ and indeed similar changes in the Raman spectrum were observed during NPQ in vivo (A. V. Ruban et al., Nature, 2007, 450, 575-579). We now compared the fluorescence of various types of crystals, differing in morphology and age. Each type gave rise to its own characteristic mono-exponential fluorescence lifetime, which was 5 to 10 times shorter than that of isolated LHCII. This indicates that fluorescence is not quenched by random impurities and packing defects (as proposed recently by T. Barros et al., EMBO Journal, 2009, 28, 298-306), but that LHCII adopts a particular structure in each crystal type, that leads to fluorescence quenching. Most interestingly, the extent of quenching appears to depend on the crystal morphology, indicating that also the crystal structure depends on this crystal morphology but at the moment no data are available to correlate the crystals' structural changes to changes in fluorescence lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart van Oort
- VU University Amsterdam, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Physics and Astronomy, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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115
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Wientjes E, van Stokkum IHM, van Amerongen H, Croce R. Excitation-energy transfer dynamics of higher plant photosystem I light-harvesting complexes. Biophys J 2011; 100:1372-80. [PMID: 21354411 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2011.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosystem I (PSI) plays a major role in the light reactions of photosynthesis. In higher plants, PSI is composed of a core complex and four outer antennas that are assembled as two dimers, Lhca1/4 and Lhca2/3. Time-resolved fluorescence measurements on the isolated dimers show very similar kinetics. The intermonomer transfer processes are resolved using target analysis. They occur at rates similar to those observed in transfer to the PSI core, suggesting competition between the two transfer pathways. It appears that each dimer is adopting various conformations that correspond to different lifetimes and emission spectra. A special feature of the Lhca complexes is the presence of an absorption band at low energy, originating from an excitonic state of a chlorophyll dimer, mixed with a charge-transfer state. These low-energy bands have high oscillator strengths and they are superradiant in both Lhca1/4 and Lhca2/3. This challenges the view that the low-energy charge-transfer state always functions as a quencher in plant Lhc's and it also challenges previous interpretations of PSI kinetics. The very similar properties of the low-energy states of both dimers indicate that the organization of the involved chlorophylls should also be similar, in disagreement with the available structural data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Wientjes
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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116
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Alemán EA, Manríquez Rocha J, Wongwitwichote W, Godínez Mora-Tovar LA, Modarelli DA. Spectroscopy of Free-Base N-Confused Tetraphenylporphyrin Radical Anion and Radical Cation. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:6456-71. [DOI: 10.1021/jp200411q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elvin A. Alemán
- Department of Chemistry and The Center for Laser and Optical Spectroscopy, Knight Chemical Laboratory, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3601, United States
| | - Juan Manríquez Rocha
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Electroquímica S.C., Parque Tecnológico Querétaro Sanfandila, C.P. 76703, Pedro Escobedo, Querétaro, México
| | - Wongwit Wongwitwichote
- Department of Chemistry and The Center for Laser and Optical Spectroscopy, Knight Chemical Laboratory, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3601, United States
| | - Luis Arturo Godínez Mora-Tovar
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Electroquímica S.C., Parque Tecnológico Querétaro Sanfandila, C.P. 76703, Pedro Escobedo, Querétaro, México
| | - David A. Modarelli
- Department of Chemistry and The Center for Laser and Optical Spectroscopy, Knight Chemical Laboratory, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3601, United States
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117
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Caffarri S, Broess K, Croce R, van Amerongen H. Excitation energy transfer and trapping in higher plant Photosystem II complexes with different antenna sizes. Biophys J 2011; 100:2094-103. [PMID: 21539776 PMCID: PMC3149253 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2011.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed picosecond fluorescence measurements on well-defined Photosystem II (PSII) supercomplexes from Arabidopsis with largely varying antenna sizes. The average excited-state lifetime ranged from 109 ps for PSII core to 158 ps for the largest C(2)S(2)M(2) complex in 0.01% α-DM. Excitation energy transfer and trapping were investigated by coarse-grained modeling of the fluorescence kinetics. The results reveal a large drop in free energy upon charge separation (>700 cm(-1)) and a slow relaxation of the radical pair to an irreversible state (∼150 ps). Somewhat unexpectedly, we had to reduce the energy-transfer and charge-separation rates in complexes with decreasing size to obtain optimal fits. This strongly suggests that the antenna system is important for plant PSII integrity and functionality, which is supported by biochemical results. Furthermore, we used the coarse-grained model to investigate several aspects of PSII functioning. The excitation trapping time appears to be independent of the presence/absence of most of the individual contacts between light-harvesting complexes in PSII supercomplexes, demonstrating the robustness of the light-harvesting process. We conclude that the efficiency of the nonphotochemical quenching process is hardly dependent on the exact location of a quencher within the supercomplexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Caffarri
- Aix Marseille Université, Laboratoire de Génétique et Biophysique des Plantes, Marseille, France
- CEA, DSV, iBEB, Marseille, France
- CNRS, UMR6191 Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales, Marseille, France
| | - Koen Broess
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roberta Croce
- Groningen University, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Herbert van Amerongen
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Microspectroscopy Center, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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118
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Kloz M, Pillai S, Kodis G, Gust D, Moore TA, Moore AL, van Grondelle R, Kennis JTM. Carotenoid Photoprotection in Artificial Photosynthetic Antennas. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:7007-15. [DOI: 10.1021/ja1103553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Kloz
- Biophysics Section, Departments of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, VU University, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Smitha Pillai
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and The Center for Bioenergy and Photosynthesis, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1605, United States
| | - Gerdenis Kodis
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and The Center for Bioenergy and Photosynthesis, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1605, United States
| | - Devens Gust
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and The Center for Bioenergy and Photosynthesis, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1605, United States
| | - Thomas A. Moore
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and The Center for Bioenergy and Photosynthesis, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1605, United States
| | - Ana L. Moore
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and The Center for Bioenergy and Photosynthesis, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1605, United States
| | - Rienk van Grondelle
- Biophysics Section, Departments of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, VU University, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John T. M. Kennis
- Biophysics Section, Departments of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, VU University, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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119
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Marin A, Passarini F, Croce R, van Grondelle R. Energy transfer pathways in the CP24 and CP26 antenna complexes of higher plant photosystem II: a comparative study. Biophys J 2011; 99:4056-65. [PMID: 21156149 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2010.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antenna complexes are key components of plant photosynthesis, the process that converts sunlight, CO2, and water into oxygen and sugars. We report the first (to our knowledge) femtosecond transient absorption study on the light-harvesting pigment-protein complexes CP26 (Lhcb5) and CP24 (Lhcb6) of Photosystem II. The complexes are excited at three different wavelengths in the chlorophyll (Chl) Qy region. Both complexes show a single subpicosecond Chl b to Chl a transfer process. In addition, a reduction in the population of the intermediate states (in the 660-670 nm range) as compared to light-harvesting complex II is correlated in CP26 to the absence of both Chls a604 and b605. However, Chl forms around 670 nm are still present in the Chl a Qy range, which undergoes relaxation with slow rates (10-15 ps). This reduction in intermediate-state amplitude CP24 shows a distinctive narrow band at 670 nm connected with Chls b and decaying to the low-energy Chl a states in 3-5 ps. This 670 nm band, which is fully populated in 0.6 ps together with the Chl a low-energy states, is proposed to originate from Chl 602 or 603. In this study, we monitored the energy flow within two minor complexes, and our results may help elucidate these structures in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Marin
- Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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120
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Liao PN, Pillai S, Gust D, Moore TA, Moore AL, Walla PJ. Two-Photon Study on the Electronic Interactions between the First Excited Singlet States in Carotenoid−Tetrapyrrole Dyads. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:4082-91. [DOI: 10.1021/jp1122486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pen-Nan Liao
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Department for Biophysical Chemistry, Hans-Sommer-Strasse 10, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Smitha Pillai
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Center for Bioenergy and Photosynthesis, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Devens Gust
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Center for Bioenergy and Photosynthesis, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Thomas A. Moore
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Center for Bioenergy and Photosynthesis, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Ana L. Moore
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Center for Bioenergy and Photosynthesis, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Peter J. Walla
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Department for Biophysical Chemistry, Hans-Sommer-Strasse 10, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Spectroscopy and Photochemical Kinetics, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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121
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Nakamura R, Nakagawa K, Nango M, Hashimoto H, Yoshizawa M. Dark Excited States of Carotenoid Regulated by Bacteriochlorophyll in Photosynthetic Light Harvesting. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:3233-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp111718k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Nakamura
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
- JST, CREST, 4-1-8 Hon-chou, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Katsunori Nakagawa
- JST, CREST, 4-1-8 Hon-chou, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- Department of Life and Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Mamoru Nango
- JST, CREST, 4-1-8 Hon-chou, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- Department of Life and Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Hideki Hashimoto
- JST, CREST, 4-1-8 Hon-chou, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yoshizawa
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
- JST, CREST, 4-1-8 Hon-chou, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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122
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King JT, Baiz CR, Kubarych KJ. Solvent-dependent spectral diffusion in a hydrogen bonded "vibrational aggregate". J Phys Chem A 2011; 114:10590-604. [PMID: 20831231 DOI: 10.1021/jp106142u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy (2DIR) is used to measure the viscosity-dependent spectral diffusion of a model vibrational probe, Mn(2)(CO)(10) (dimanganese decacarbonyl, DMDC), in a series of alcohols with time scales ranging from 2.67 ps in methanol to 5.33 ps in 1-hexanol. Alcohol-alkane solvent mixtures were found to produce indistinguishable linear IR spectra, while still demonstrating viscosity-dependent spectral diffusion. Using a vibrational exciton model to characterize the inhomogeneous energy landscape, several analogies emerge with multichromophoric electronic systems, such as J-aggregates and light-harvesting protein complexes. An excitonic, local vibrational mode Hamiltonian parametrized to reproduce the vibrational structure of DMDC serves as a starting point from which site energies (i.e., local carbonyl frequencies) are given Gaussian distributed disorder. The model gives excellent agreement with both the linear IR spectrum and the inhomogeneous widths extracted from 2DIR, indicating the system can be considered to be a "vibrational aggregate." This model naturally leads to exchange narrowing due to disorder-induced exciton localization, producing line widths consistent with our 1D and 2D measurements. Further, the diagonal disorder alone effectively reduces the molecular symmetry, leading to the appearance of Raman bands in the IR spectrum in accord with the measurements. Here, we show that the static inhomogeneity of the excitonic model with disorder successfully captures the essential details of the 1D spectrum while predicting the degree of IR activity of forbidden modes as well as the inhomogeneous widths and relative magnitudes of the transition moments.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T King
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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123
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Arellano JB, Melø TB, Fyfe PK, Cogdell RJ, Naqvi KR. Multichannel Flash Spectroscopy of the Reaction Centers of Wild-type and Mutant Rhodobacter sphaeroides: BacteriochlorophyllB-mediated Interaction Between the Carotenoid Triplet and the Special Pair¶†. Photochem Photobiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2004.tb09859.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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124
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Telfer SG, McLean TM, Waterland MR. Exciton coupling in coordination compounds. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:3097-108. [DOI: 10.1039/c0dt01226b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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125
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Liao PN, Holleboom CP, Wilk L, Kühlbrandt W, Walla PJ. Correlation of Car S1 → Chl with Chl → Car S1 Energy Transfer Supports the Excitonic Model in Quenched Light Harvesting Complex II. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:15650-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jp1034163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pen-Nan Liao
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Department for Biophysical Chemistry, Hans-Sommer-Strasse 10, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Department of Structural Biology, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 3, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany, and Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Spectroscopy and Photochemical Kinetics, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christoph-Peter Holleboom
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Department for Biophysical Chemistry, Hans-Sommer-Strasse 10, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Department of Structural Biology, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 3, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany, and Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Spectroscopy and Photochemical Kinetics, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Laura Wilk
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Department for Biophysical Chemistry, Hans-Sommer-Strasse 10, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Department of Structural Biology, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 3, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany, and Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Spectroscopy and Photochemical Kinetics, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Werner Kühlbrandt
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Department for Biophysical Chemistry, Hans-Sommer-Strasse 10, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Department of Structural Biology, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 3, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany, and Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Spectroscopy and Photochemical Kinetics, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Peter J. Walla
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Department for Biophysical Chemistry, Hans-Sommer-Strasse 10, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Department of Structural Biology, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 3, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany, and Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Spectroscopy and Photochemical Kinetics, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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126
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Krüger TPJ, Novoderezhkin VI, Ilioaia C, van Grondelle R. Fluorescence spectral dynamics of single LHCII trimers. Biophys J 2010; 98:3093-101. [PMID: 20550923 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2010.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Revised: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-molecule spectroscopy was employed to elucidate the fluorescence spectral heterogeneity and dynamics of individual, immobilized trimeric complexes of the main light-harvesting complex of plants in solution near room temperature. Rapid reversible spectral shifts between various emitting states, each of which was quasi-stable for seconds to tens of seconds, were observed for a fraction of the complexes. Most deviating states were characterized by the appearance of an additional, red-shifted emission band. Reversible shifts of up to 75 nm were detected. By combining modified Redfield theory with a disordered exciton model, fluorescence spectra with peaks between 670 nm and 705 nm could be explained by changes in the realization of the static disorder of the pigment-site energies. Spectral bands beyond this wavelength window suggest the presence of special protein conformations. We attribute the large red shifts to the mixing of an excitonic state with a charge-transfer state in two or more strongly coupled chlorophylls. Spectral bluing is explained by the formation of an energy trap before excitation energy equilibration is completed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjaart P J Krüger
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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127
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Energy transfer processes in the isolated core antenna complexes CP43 and CP47 of photosystem II. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2010; 1797:1606-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Revised: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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128
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Premvardhan L, Robert B, Beer A, Büchel C. Pigment organization in fucoxanthin chlorophyll a/c2 proteins (FCP) based on resonance Raman spectroscopy and sequence analysis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2010; 1797:1647-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Revised: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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129
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Effect of xanthophyll composition on the chlorophyll excited state lifetime in plant leaves and isolated LHCII. Chem Phys 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2009.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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130
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Liao PN, Bode S, Wilk L, Hafi N, Walla PJ. Correlation of electronic carotenoid–chlorophyll interactions and fluorescence quenching with the aggregation of native LHC II and chlorophyll deficient mutants. Chem Phys 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2010.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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131
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132
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Chábera P, Fuciman M, Razi Naqvi K, Polívka T. Ultrafast dynamics of hydrophilic carbonyl carotenoids – Relation between structure and excited-state properties in polar solvents. Chem Phys 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2010.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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133
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Stahl AD, Di Donato M, van Stokkum I, van Grondelle R, Groot ML. A femtosecond visible/visible and visible/mid-infrared transient absorption study of the light harvesting complex II. Biophys J 2010; 97:3215-23. [PMID: 20006959 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2009.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Revised: 08/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Light harvesting complex II (LHCII) is the most abundant protein in the thylakoid membrane of higher plants and green algae. LHCII acts to collect solar radiation, transferring this energy mainly toward photosystem II, with a smaller amount going to photosystem I; it is then converted into a chemical, storable form. We performed time-resolved femtosecond visible pump/mid-infrared probe and visible pump/visible probe absorption difference spectroscopy on purified LHCII to gain insight into the energy transfer in this complex occurring in the femto-picosecond time regime. We find that information derived from mid-infrared spectra, together with structural and modeling information, provides a unique visualization of the flow of energy via the bottleneck pigment chlorophyll a604.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas D Stahl
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Physics and Astronomy, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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134
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Pang Y, Jones GA, Prantil MA, Fleming GR. Unusual Relaxation Pathway from the Two-Photon Excited First Singlet State of Carotenoids. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:2264-73. [DOI: 10.1021/ja908472y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoonsoo Pang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Garth A. Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Matthew A. Prantil
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Graham R. Fleming
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
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135
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Passarini F, Wientjes E, van Amerongen H, Croce R. Photosystem I light-harvesting complex Lhca4 adopts multiple conformations: Red forms and excited-state quenching are mutually exclusive. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2010; 1797:501-8. [PMID: 20097154 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Revised: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In this work we have investigated the origin of the multi-exponential fluorescence decay and of the short excited-state lifetime of Lhca4. Lhca4 is the antenna complex of Photosystem I which accommodates the red-most chlorophyll forms and it has been proposed that these chlorophylls can play a role in fluorescence quenching. Here we have compared the fluorescence decay of Lhca4 with that of several Lhca4 mutants that are affected in their red form content. The results show that neither the multi-exponentiality of the decay nor the fluorescence quenching is due to the red forms. The data indicate that Lhca4 exists in multiple conformations. The presence of the red forms, which are very sensitive to changes in the environment, allows to spectrally resolve the different conformations: a "blue" conformation with a short lifetime and a "red" one with a long lifetime. This finding strongly supports the idea that the members of the Lhc family are able to adopt different conformations associated with their light-harvesting and photoprotective roles. The ratio between the conformations is modified by the substitution of lutein by violaxanthin. Finally, it is demonstrated that the red forms cannot be present in the quenched conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Passarini
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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136
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Pang Y, Fleming GR. Branching relaxation pathways from the hot S2 state of 8′-apo-β-caroten-8′-al. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:6782-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c001322f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoonsoo Pang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, USA
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137
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Bonetti C, Alexandre MTA, van Stokkum IHM, Hiller RG, Groot ML, van Grondelle R, Kennis JTM. Identification of excited-state energy transfer and relaxation pathways in the peridinin–chlorophyll complex: an ultrafast mid-infrared study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:9256-66. [DOI: 10.1039/b923695c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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138
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Dreuw A, Harbach PHP, Mewes JM, Wormit M. Quantum chemical excited state calculations on pigment–protein complexes require thorough geometry re-optimization of experimental crystal structures. Theor Chem Acc 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-009-0680-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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139
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Pang Y, Prantil MA, Van Tassle AJ, Jones GA, Fleming GR. Excited-State Dynamics of 8′-Apo-β-caroten-8′-al and 7′,7′-Dicyano-7′-apo-β-carotene Studied by Femtosecond Time-Resolved Infrared Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:13086-95. [DOI: 10.1021/jp905758e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoonsoo Pang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Matthew A. Prantil
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Aaron J. Van Tassle
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Garth A. Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Graham R. Fleming
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
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140
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Passarini F, Wientjes E, Hienerwadel R, Croce R. Molecular basis of light harvesting and photoprotection in CP24: unique features of the most recent antenna complex. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:29536-46. [PMID: 19700403 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.036376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
CP24 is a minor antenna complex of Photosystem II, which is specific for land plants. It has been proposed that this complex is involved in the process of excess energy dissipation, which protects plants from photodamage in high light conditions. Here, we have investigated the functional architecture of the complex, integrating mutation analysis with time-resolved spectroscopy. A comprehensive picture is obtained about the nature, the spectroscopic properties, and the role in the quenching in solution of the pigments in the individual binding sites. The lowest energy absorption band in the chlorophyll a region corresponds to chlorophylls 611/612, and it is not the site of quenching in CP24. Chlorophylls 613 and 614, which are present in the major light-harvesting complex of Photosystem appear to be absent in CP24. In contrast to all other light-harvesting complexes, CP24 is stable when the L1 carotenoid binding site is empty and upon mutations in the third helix, whereas mutations in the first helix strongly affect the folding/stability of the pigment-protein complex. The absence of lutein in L1 site does not have any effect on the quenching, whereas substitution of violaxanthin in the L2 site with lutein or zeaxanthin results in a complex with enhanced quenched fluorescence. Triplet-minus-singlet measurements indicate that zeaxanthin and lutein in site L2 are located closer to chlorophylls than violaxanthin, thus suggesting that they can act as direct quenchers via a strong interaction with a neighboring chlorophyll. The results provide the molecular basis for the zeaxanthin-dependent quenching in isolated CP24.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Passarini
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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141
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142
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Berera R, van Grondelle R, Kennis JTM. Ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy: principles and application to photosynthetic systems. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2009; 101:105-18. [PMID: 19578970 PMCID: PMC2744833 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-009-9454-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Accepted: 06/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The photophysical and photochemical reactions, after light absorption by a photosynthetic pigment-protein complex, are among the fastest events in biology, taking place on timescales ranging from tens of femtoseconds to a few nanoseconds. The advent of ultrafast laser systems that produce pulses with femtosecond duration opened up a new area of research and enabled investigation of these photophysical and photochemical reactions in real time. Here, we provide a basic description of the ultrafast transient absorption technique, the laser and wavelength-conversion equipment, the transient absorption setup, and the collection of transient absorption data. Recent applications of ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy on systems with increasing degree of complexity, from biomimetic light-harvesting systems to natural light-harvesting antennas, are presented. In particular, we will discuss, in this educational review, how a molecular understanding of the light-harvesting and photoprotective functions of carotenoids in photosynthesis is accomplished through the application of ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudi Berera
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute of Biology and Technology of Saclay, CEA (Commissariat a l’Energie Atomique), URA 2096 CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), 91191 Gif/Yvette, France
| | - Rienk van Grondelle
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John T. M. Kennis
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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143
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Berghuis BA, Spruijt RB, Koehorst RBM, van Hoek A, Laptenok SP, van Oort B, van Amerongen H. Exploring the structure of the N-terminal domain of CP29 with ultrafast fluorescence spectroscopy. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2009; 39:631-8. [PMID: 19639311 PMCID: PMC2841283 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-009-0519-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Revised: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 07/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A high-throughput Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) study was performed on the approximately 100 amino acids long N-terminal domain of the photosynthetic complex CP29 of higher plants. For this purpose, CP29 was singly mutated along its N-terminal domain, replacing one-by-one native amino acids by a cysteine, which was labeled with a BODIPY fluorescent probe, and reconstituted with the natural pigments of CP9, chlorophylls and xanthophylls. Picosecond fluorescence experiments revealed rapid energy transfer (~20–70 ps) from BODIPY at amino-acid positions 4, 22, 33, 40, 56, 65, 74, 90, and 97 to Chl a molecules in the hydrophobic part of the protein. From the energy transfer times, distances were estimated between label and chlorophyll molecules, using the Förster equation. When the label was attached to amino acids 4, 56, and 97, it was found to be located very close to the protein core (~15 Å), whereas labels at positions 15, 22, 33, 40, 65, 74, and 90 were found at somewhat larger distances. It is concluded that the entire N-terminal domain is in close contact with the hydrophobic core and that there is no loop sticking out into the stroma. Most of the results support a recently proposed topological model for the N-terminus of CP29, which was based on electron-spin-resonance measurements on spin-labeled CP29 with and without its natural pigment content. The present results lead to a slight refinement of that model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojk A Berghuis
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, 6700 ET Wageningen, The Netherlands
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144
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Pieper J, Rätsep M, Irrgang KD, Freiberg A. Chromophore−Chromophore and Chromophore−Protein Interactions in Monomeric Light-Harvesting Complex II of Green Plants Studied by Spectral Hole Burning and Fluorescence Line Narrowing. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:10870-80. [DOI: 10.1021/jp900836p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Pieper
- Max-Volmer-Laboratories for Biophysical Chemistry, Technical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany, Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia, Department of Life Science & Technology, Laboratory of Biochemistry, University for Applied Sciences, Berlin, Germany, and Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Margus Rätsep
- Max-Volmer-Laboratories for Biophysical Chemistry, Technical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany, Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia, Department of Life Science & Technology, Laboratory of Biochemistry, University for Applied Sciences, Berlin, Germany, and Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Klaus-Dieter Irrgang
- Max-Volmer-Laboratories for Biophysical Chemistry, Technical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany, Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia, Department of Life Science & Technology, Laboratory of Biochemistry, University for Applied Sciences, Berlin, Germany, and Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Arvi Freiberg
- Max-Volmer-Laboratories for Biophysical Chemistry, Technical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany, Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia, Department of Life Science & Technology, Laboratory of Biochemistry, University for Applied Sciences, Berlin, Germany, and Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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145
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On the regulation of photosynthesis by excitonic interactions between carotenoids and chlorophylls. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:12311-6. [PMID: 19617542 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0903536106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective 2-photon excitation (TPE) of carotenoid dark states, Car S(1), shows that in the major light-harvesting complex of photosystem II (LHCII), the extent of electronic interactions between carotenoid dark states (Car S(1)) and chlorophyll (Chl) states, phi(Coupling)(Car S(1)-Chl), correlates linearly with chlorophyll fluorescence quenching under different experimental conditions. Simultaneously, a linear correlation between both Chl fluorescence quenching and phi(Coupling)(Car S(1)-Chl) with the intensity of red-shifted bands in the Chl Q(y) and carotenoid absorption was also observed. These results suggest quenching excitonic Car S(1)-Chl states as origin for the observed effects. Furthermore, real time measurements of the light-dependent down- and up-regulation of the photosynthetic activity and phi(Coupling)(Car S(1)-Chl) in wild-type and mutant (npq1, npq2, npq4, lut2 and WT+PsbS) Arabidopsis thaliana plants reveal that also in vivo the quenching parameter NPQ correlates always linearly with the extent of electronic Car S(1)-Chl interactions in any adaptation status. Our in vivo measurements with Arabidopsis variants show that during high light illumination, phi(Coupling)(Car S(1)-Chl) depends on the presence of PsbS and zeaxanthin (Zea) in an almost identical way as NPQ. In summary, these results provide clear evidence for a very close link between electronic Car S(1)-Chl interactions and the regulation of photosynthesis. These findings support a photophysical mechanism in which short-living, low excitonic carotenoid-chlorophyll states serve as traps and dissipation valves for excess excitation energy.
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146
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Polívka T, Balashov SP, Chábera P, Imasheva ES, Yartsev A, Sundström V, Lanyi JK. Femtosecond carotenoid to retinal energy transfer in xanthorhodopsin. Biophys J 2009; 96:2268-77. [PMID: 19289053 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2009.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2008] [Revised: 12/17/2008] [Accepted: 01/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthorhodopsin of the extremely halophilic bacterium Salinibacter ruber represents a novel antenna system. It consists of a carbonyl carotenoid, salinixanthin, bound to a retinal protein that serves as a light-driven transmembrane proton pump similar to bacteriorhodopsin of archaea. Here we apply the femtosecond transient absorption technique to reveal the excited-state dynamics of salinixanthin both in solution and in xanthorhodopsin. The results not only disclose extremely fast energy transfer rates and pathways, they also reveal effects of the binding site on the excited-state properties of the carotenoid. We compared the excited-state dynamics of salinixanthin in xanthorhodopsin and in NaBH(4)-treated xanthorhodopsin. The NaBH(4) treatment prevents energy transfer without perturbing the carotenoid binding site, and allows observation of changes in salinixanthin excited-state dynamics related to specific binding. The S(1) lifetimes of salinixanthin in untreated and NaBH(4)-treated xanthorhodopsin were identical (3 ps), confirming the absence of the S(1)-mediated energy transfer. The kinetics of salinixanthin S(2) decay probed in the near-infrared region demonstrated a change of the S(2) lifetime from 66 fs in untreated xanthorhodopsin to 110 fs in the NaBH(4)-treated protein. This corresponds to a salinixanthin-retinal energy transfer time of 165 fs and an efficiency of 40%. In addition, binding of salinixanthin to xanthorhodopsin increases the population of the S(*) state that decays in 6 ps predominantly to the ground state, but a small fraction (<10%) of the S(*) state generates a triplet state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Polívka
- Institute of Physical Biology, University of South Bohemia, Nové Hrady, Czech Republic.
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147
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Barros T, Kühlbrandt W. Crystallisation, structure and function of plant light-harvesting Complex II. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2009; 1787:753-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2009.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2009] [Revised: 03/12/2009] [Accepted: 03/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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148
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Broess K, Borst JW, van Amerongen H. Applying two-photon excitation fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy to study photosynthesis in plant leaves. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2009; 100:89-96. [PMID: 19468857 PMCID: PMC2693770 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-009-9431-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2008] [Accepted: 04/27/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates to which extent two-photon excitation (TPE) fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy can be applied to study picosecond fluorescence kinetics of individual chloroplasts in leaves. Using femtosecond 860 nm excitation pulses, fluorescence lifetimes can be measured in leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana and Alocasia wentii under excitation-annihilation free conditions, both for the F (0)- and the F (m)-state. The corresponding average lifetimes are approximately 250 ps and approximately 1.5 ns, respectively, similar to those of isolated chloroplasts. These values appear to be the same for chloroplasts in the top, middle, and bottom layer of the leaves. With the spatial resolution of approximately 500 nm in the focal (xy) plane and 2 microm in the z direction, it appears to be impossible to fully resolve the grana stacks and stroma lamellae, but variations in the fluorescence lifetimes, and thus of the composition on a pixel-to-pixel base can be observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen Broess
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, PO Box 8128, 6700 ET Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Willem Borst
- MicroSpectroscopy Centre, Wageningen University, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Herbert van Amerongen
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, PO Box 8128, 6700 ET Wageningen, The Netherlands
- MicroSpectroscopy Centre, Wageningen University, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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149
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Excitation energy transfer and carotenoid radical cation formation in light harvesting complexes - a theoretical perspective. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2009; 1787:738-46. [PMID: 19366605 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2009.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2008] [Revised: 01/29/2009] [Accepted: 01/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Light harvesting complexes have been identified in all chlorophyll-based photosynthetic organisms. Their major function is the absorption of light and its transport to the reaction centers, however, they are also involved in excess energy quenching, the so-called non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). In particular, electron transfer and the resulting formation of carotenoid radical cations have recently been discovered to play an important role during NPQ in green plants. Here, the results of our theoretical investigations of carotenoid radical cation formation in the major light harvesting complex LHC-II of green plants are reported. The carotenoids violaxanthin, zeaxanthin and lutein are considered as potential quenchers. In agreement with experimental results, it is shown that zeaxanthin cannot quench isolated LHC-II complexes. Furthermore, subtle structural differences in the two lutein binding pockets lead to substantial differences in the excited state properties of the two luteins. In addition, the formation mechanism of carotenoid radical cations in light harvesting complexes LH2 and LH1 of purple bacteria is studied. Here, the energetic position of the S(1) state of the involved carotenoids neurosporene, spheroidene, spheroidenone and spirilloxanthin seems to determine the occurrence of radical cations in these LHCs upon photo-excitation. An elaborate pump-deplete-probe experiment is suggested to challenge the proposed mechanism.
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150
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Barros T, Royant A, Standfuss J, Dreuw A, Kühlbrandt W. Crystal structure of plant light-harvesting complex shows the active, energy-transmitting state. EMBO J 2009; 28:298-306. [PMID: 19131972 PMCID: PMC2637333 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2008.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2008] [Accepted: 12/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants dissipate excess excitation energy as heat by non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). NPQ has been thought to resemble in vitro aggregation quenching of the major antenna complex, light harvesting complex of photosystem II (LHC-II). Both processes are widely believed to involve a conformational change that creates a quenching centre of two neighbouring pigments within the complex. Using recombinant LHC-II lacking the pigments implicated in quenching, we show that they have no particular role. Single crystals of LHC-II emit strong, orientation-dependent fluorescence with an emission maximum at 680 nm. The average lifetime of the main 680 nm crystal emission at 100 K is 1.31 ns, but only 0.39 ns for LHC-II aggregates under identical conditions. The strong emission and comparatively long fluorescence lifetimes of single LHC-II crystals indicate that the complex is unquenched, and that therefore the crystal structure shows the active, energy-transmitting state of LHC-II. We conclude that quenching of excitation energy in the light-harvesting antenna is due to the molecular interaction with external pigments in vitro or other pigment-protein complexes such as PsbS in vivo, and does not require a conformational change within the complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Barros
- Department of Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Antoine Royant
- Laboratoire de Cristallogenèse et Cristallographie des Protéines, Institut de Biologie Structurale J-P Ebel, UMR 5075 CNRS–CEA–UJF, Grenoble, France
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France
| | - Jörg Standfuss
- Department of Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Werner Kühlbrandt
- Department of Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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