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Ouyang W, Wientjes E, van der Putten PEL, Caracciolo L, Zhao R, Agho C, Chiurazzi MJ, Bongers M, Struik PC, van Amerongen H, Yin X. Roles for leakiness and O 2 evolution in explaining lower-than-theoretical quantum yields of photosynthesis in the PEP-CK subtype of C 4 plants. New Phytol 2024; 242:431-443. [PMID: 38406986 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Theoretically, the PEP-CK C4 subtype has a higher quantum yield of CO2 assimilation (Φ CO 2 ) than NADP-ME or NAD-ME subtypes because ATP required for operating the CO2-concentrating mechanism is believed to mostly come from the mitochondrial electron transport chain (mETC). However, reportedΦ CO 2 is not higher in PEP-CK than in the other subtypes. We hypothesise, more photorespiration, associated with higher leakiness and O2 evolution in bundle-sheath (BS) cells, cancels out energetic advantages in PEP-CK species. Nine species (two to four species per subtype) were evaluated by gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, and two-photon microscopy to estimate the BS conductance (gbs) and leakiness using a biochemical model. Average gbs estimates were 2.9, 4.8, and 5.0 mmol m-2 s-1 bar-1, and leakiness values were 0.129, 0.179, and 0.180, in NADP-ME, NAD-ME, and PEP-CK species, respectively. The BS CO2 level was somewhat higher, O2 level was marginally lower, and thus, photorespiratory loss was slightly lower, in NADP-ME than in NAD-ME and PEP-CK species. Differences in these parameters existed among species within a subtype, and gbs was co-determined by biochemical decarboxylating sites and anatomical characteristics. Our hypothesis and results partially explain variations in observedΦ CO 2 , but suggest that PEP-CK species probably use less ATP from mETC than classically defined PEP-CK mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Ouyang
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 430, 6700 AK, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- School of Agriculture, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650504, Yunnan, China
| | - Emilie Wientjes
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 8128, 6700 ET, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter E L van der Putten
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 430, 6700 AK, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ludovico Caracciolo
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 8128, 6700 ET, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ruixuan Zhao
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 430, 6700 AK, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- School of Agriculture, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650504, Yunnan, China
| | - Collins Agho
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 430, 6700 AK, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Maurizio Junior Chiurazzi
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 430, 6700 AK, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marius Bongers
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 430, 6700 AK, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Paul C Struik
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 430, 6700 AK, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Herbert van Amerongen
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 8128, 6700 ET, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Xinyou Yin
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 430, 6700 AK, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Bos PR, Berentsen J, Wientjes E. Expansion microscopy resolves the thylakoid structure of spinach. Plant Physiol 2023; 194:347-358. [PMID: 37792700 PMCID: PMC10756755 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
The light-harvesting reactions of photosynthesis take place on the thylakoid membrane inside chloroplasts. The thylakoid membrane is folded into appressed membranes, the grana, and nonappressed membranes that interconnect the grana, the stroma lamellae. This folding is essential for the correct functioning of photosynthesis. Electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy are commonly used to study the thylakoid membrane, but these techniques have limitations in visualizing a complete chloroplast and its organization. To overcome this limitation, we applied expansion microscopy (ExM) on isolated chloroplasts. ExM is a technique that involves physically expanding a sample in a swellable hydrogel to enhance the spatial resolution of fluorescence microscopy. Using all-protein staining, we visualized the 3D structure of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) thylakoids in detail. We were able to resolve stroma lamellae that were 60 nm apart and observe their helical wrapping around the grana. Furthermore, we accurately measured the dimensions of grana from top views of chloroplasts, which allow for precise determination of the granum diameter. Our results demonstrate that ExM is a fast and reliable technique for studying thylakoid organization in great detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R Bos
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen 6700 ET, The Netherlands
| | - Jarne Berentsen
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen 6700 ET, The Netherlands
| | - Emilie Wientjes
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen 6700 ET, The Netherlands
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Schiphorst C, Koeman C, Caracciolo L, Staring K, Theeuwen TPJM, Driever SM, Harbinson J, Wientjes E. The effects of different daily irradiance profiles on Arabidopsis growth, with special attention to the role of PsbS. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1070218. [PMID: 36968375 PMCID: PMC10035889 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1070218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In nature, light is never constant, while in the controlled environments used for vertical farming, in vitro propagation, or plant production for scientific research, light intensity is often kept constant during the photoperiod. To investigate the effects on plant growth of varying irradiance during the photoperiod, we grew Arabidopsis thaliana under three irradiance profiles: a square-wave profile, a parabolic profile with gradually increasing and subsequently decreasing irradiance, and a regime comprised of rapid fluctuations in irradiance. The daily integral of irradiance was the same for all three treatments. Leaf area, plant growth rate, and biomass at time of harvest were compared. Plants grown under the parabolic profile had the highest growth rate and biomass. This could be explained by a higher average light-use efficiency for carbon dioxide fixation. Furthermore, we compared the growth of wild type plants with that of the PsbS-deficient mutant npq4. PsbS triggers the fast non-photochemical quenching process (qE) that protects PSII from photodamage during sudden increases in irradiance. Based mainly on field and greenhouse experiments, the current consensus is that npq4 mutants grow more slowly in fluctuating light. However, our data show that this is not the case for several forms of fluctuating light conditions under otherwise identical controlled-climate room conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christo Schiphorst
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Cas Koeman
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ludovico Caracciolo
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Koen Staring
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Steven M. Driever
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jeremy Harbinson
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Emilie Wientjes
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Verhoeven D, van Amerongen H, Wientjes E. Single chloroplast in folio imaging sheds light on photosystem energy redistribution during state transitions. Plant Physiol 2023; 191:1186-1198. [PMID: 36478277 PMCID: PMC9922397 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Oxygenic photosynthesis is driven by light absorption in photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII). A balanced excitation pressure between PSI and PSII is required for optimal photosynthetic efficiency. State transitions serve to keep this balance. If PSII is overexcited in plants and green algae, a mobile pool of light-harvesting complex II (LHCII) associates with PSI, increasing its absorption cross-section and restoring the excitation balance. This is called state 2. Upon PSI overexcitation, this LHCII pool moves to PSII, leading to state 1. Whether the association/dissociation of LHCII with the photosystems occurs between thylakoid grana and thylakoid stroma lamellae during state transitions or within the same thylakoid region remains unclear. Furthermore, although state transitions are thought to be accompanied by changes in thylakoid macro-organization, this has never been observed directly in functional leaves. In this work, we used confocal fluorescence lifetime imaging to quantify state transitions in single Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) chloroplasts in folio with sub-micrometer spatial resolution. The change in excitation-energy distribution between PSI and PSII was investigated at a range of excitation wavelengths between 475 and 665 nm. For all excitation wavelengths, the PSI/(PSI + PSII) excitation ratio was higher in state 2 than in state 1. We next imaged the local PSI/(PSI + PSII) excitation ratio for single chloroplasts in both states. The data indicated that LHCII indeed migrates between the grana and stroma lamellae during state transitions. Finally, fluorescence intensity images revealed that thylakoid macro-organization is largely unaffected by state transitions. This single chloroplast in folio imaging method will help in understanding how plants adjust their photosynthetic machinery to ever-changing light conditions.
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Bos PR, Schiphorst C, Kercher I, Buis S, de Jong D, Vunderink I, Wientjes E. Spectral diversity of photosystem I from flowering plants. Photosynth Res 2023; 155:35-47. [PMID: 36260271 PMCID: PMC9792416 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-022-00971-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Photosystem I and II (PSI and PSII) work together to convert solar energy into chemical energy. Whilst a lot of research has been done to unravel variability of PSII fluorescence in response to biotic and abiotic factors, the contribution of PSI to in vivo fluorescence measurements has often been neglected or considered to be constant. Furthermore, little is known about how the absorption and emission properties of PSI from different plant species differ. In this study, we have isolated PSI from five plant species and compared their characteristics using a combination of optical and biochemical techniques. Differences have been identified in the fluorescence emission spectra and at the protein level, whereas the absorption spectra were virtually the same in all cases. In addition, the emission spectrum of PSI depends on temperature over a physiologically relevant range from 280 to 298 K. Combined, our data show a critical comparison of the absorption and emission properties of PSI from various plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R Bos
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8128, 6700 ET, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christo Schiphorst
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8128, 6700 ET, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ian Kercher
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8128, 6700 ET, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sieka Buis
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8128, 6700 ET, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Djanick de Jong
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8128, 6700 ET, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Igor Vunderink
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8128, 6700 ET, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Emilie Wientjes
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8128, 6700 ET, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Arshad R, Saccon F, Bag P, Biswas A, Calvaruso C, Bhatti AF, Grebe S, Mascoli V, Mahbub M, Muzzopappa F, Polyzois A, Schiphorst C, Sorrentino M, Streckaité S, van Amerongen H, Aro EM, Bassi R, Boekema EJ, Croce R, Dekker J, van Grondelle R, Jansson S, Kirilovsky D, Kouřil R, Michel S, Mullineaux CW, Panzarová K, Robert B, Ruban AV, van Stokkum I, Wientjes E, Büchel C. A kaleidoscope of photosynthetic antenna proteins and their emerging roles. Plant Physiol 2022; 189:1204-1219. [PMID: 35512089 PMCID: PMC9237682 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic light-harvesting antennae are pigment-binding proteins that perform one of the most fundamental tasks on Earth, capturing light and transferring energy that enables life in our biosphere. Adaptation to different light environments led to the evolution of an astonishing diversity of light-harvesting systems. At the same time, several strategies have been developed to optimize the light energy input into photosynthetic membranes in response to fluctuating conditions. The basic feature of these prompt responses is the dynamic nature of antenna complexes, whose function readily adapts to the light available. High-resolution microscopy and spectroscopic studies on membrane dynamics demonstrate the crosstalk between antennae and other thylakoid membrane components. With the increased understanding of light-harvesting mechanisms and their regulation, efforts are focusing on the development of sustainable processes for effective conversion of sunlight into functional bio-products. The major challenge in this approach lies in the application of fundamental discoveries in light-harvesting systems for the improvement of plant or algal photosynthesis. Here, we underline some of the latest fundamental discoveries on the molecular mechanisms and regulation of light harvesting that can potentially be exploited for the optimization of photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rameez Arshad
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc 783 71, Czech Republic
- Electron Microscopy Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Saccon
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Pushan Bag
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden
| | - Avratanu Biswas
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Claudio Calvaruso
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt 60438, Germany
| | - Ahmad Farhan Bhatti
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Steffen Grebe
- Department of Life Technologies, MolecularPlant Biology, University of Turku, Turku FI–20520, Finland
| | - Vincenzo Mascoli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Moontaha Mahbub
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Department of Botany, Jagannath University, Dhaka 1100, Bangladesh
| | - Fernando Muzzopappa
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette 1198, France
| | - Alexandros Polyzois
- Université de Paris, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, CiTCoM UMR 8038 CNRS, Paris 75006, France
| | | | - Mirella Sorrentino
- Photon Systems Instruments, spol. s.r.o., Drásov, Czech Republic
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Simona Streckaité
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette 1198, France
| | | | - Eva-Mari Aro
- Department of Life Technologies, MolecularPlant Biology, University of Turku, Turku FI–20520, Finland
| | - Roberto Bassi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Egbert J Boekema
- Electron Microscopy Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Roberta Croce
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Dekker
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Rienk van Grondelle
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Jansson
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden
| | - Diana Kirilovsky
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette 1198, France
| | - Roman Kouřil
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc 783 71, Czech Republic
| | - Sylvie Michel
- Université de Paris, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, CiTCoM UMR 8038 CNRS, Paris 75006, France
| | - Conrad W Mullineaux
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Klára Panzarová
- Photon Systems Instruments, spol. s.r.o., Drásov, Czech Republic
| | - Bruno Robert
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette 1198, France
| | - Alexander V Ruban
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Ivo van Stokkum
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Emilie Wientjes
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Claudia Büchel
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt 60438, Germany
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Schiphorst C, Achterberg L, Gómez R, Koehorst R, Bassi R, van Amerongen H, Dall’Osto L, Wientjes E. The role of light-harvesting complex I in excitation energy transfer from LHCII to photosystem I in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 2022; 188:2241-2252. [PMID: 34893885 PMCID: PMC8968287 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis powers nearly all life on Earth. Light absorbed by photosystems drives the conversion of water and carbon dioxide into sugars. In plants, photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII) work in series to drive the electron transport from water to NADP+. As both photosystems largely work in series, a balanced excitation pressure is required for optimal photosynthetic performance. Both photosystems are composed of a core and light-harvesting complexes (LHCI) for PSI and LHCII for PSII. When the light conditions favor the excitation of one photosystem over the other, a mobile pool of trimeric LHCII moves between both photosystems thus tuning their antenna cross-section in a process called state transitions. When PSII is overexcited multiple LHCIIs can associate with PSI. A trimeric LHCII binds to PSI at the PsaH/L/O site to form a well-characterized PSI-LHCI-LHCII supercomplex. The binding site(s) of the "additional" LHCII is still unclear, although a mediating role for LHCI has been proposed. In this work, we measured the PSI antenna size and trapping kinetics of photosynthetic membranes from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants. Membranes from wild-type (WT) plants were compared to those of the ΔLhca mutant that completely lacks the LHCI antenna. The results showed that "additional" LHCII complexes can transfer energy directly to the PSI core in the absence of LHCI. However, the transfer is about two times faster and therefore more efficient, when LHCI is present. This suggests LHCI mediates excitation energy transfer from loosely bound LHCII to PSI in WT plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christo Schiphorst
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, 6700 ET Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Luuk Achterberg
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, 6700 ET Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rodrigo Gómez
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Rob Koehorst
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, 6700 ET Wageningen, The Netherlands
- MicroSpectroscopy Research Facility, Wageningen University, 6700 ET Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roberto Bassi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Herbert van Amerongen
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, 6700 ET Wageningen, The Netherlands
- MicroSpectroscopy Research Facility, Wageningen University, 6700 ET Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Luca Dall’Osto
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
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Sattari Vayghan H, Nawrocki WJ, Schiphorst C, Tolleter D, Hu C, Douet V, Glauser G, Finazzi G, Croce R, Wientjes E, Longoni F. Photosynthetic Light Harvesting and Thylakoid Organization in a CRISPR/Cas9 Arabidopsis Thaliana LHCB1 Knockout Mutant. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:833032. [PMID: 35330875 PMCID: PMC8940271 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.833032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Light absorbed by chlorophylls of Photosystems II and I drives oxygenic photosynthesis. Light-harvesting complexes increase the absorption cross-section of these photosystems. Furthermore, these complexes play a central role in photoprotection by dissipating the excess of absorbed light energy in an inducible and regulated fashion. In higher plants, the main light-harvesting complex is trimeric LHCII. In this work, we used CRISPR/Cas9 to knockout the five genes encoding LHCB1, which is the major component of LHCII. In absence of LHCB1, the accumulation of the other LHCII isoforms was only slightly increased, thereby resulting in chlorophyll loss, leading to a pale green phenotype and growth delay. The Photosystem II absorption cross-section was smaller, while the Photosystem I absorption cross-section was unaffected. This altered the chlorophyll repartition between the two photosystems, favoring Photosystem I excitation. The equilibrium of the photosynthetic electron transport was partially maintained by lower Photosystem I over Photosystem II reaction center ratio and by the dephosphorylation of LHCII and Photosystem II. Loss of LHCB1 altered the thylakoid structure, with less membrane layers per grana stack and reduced grana width. Stable LHCB1 knockout lines allow characterizing the role of this protein in light harvesting and acclimation and pave the way for future in vivo mutational analyses of LHCII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Sattari Vayghan
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Wojciech J. Nawrocki
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Christo Schiphorst
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Dimitri Tolleter
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, IRIG, LPCV, Grenoble, France
| | - Chen Hu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Véronique Douet
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Gaëtan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Finazzi
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, IRIG, LPCV, Grenoble, France
| | - Roberta Croce
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Emilie Wientjes
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Fiamma Longoni
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Bhatti AF, Kirilovsky D, van Amerongen H, Wientjes E. State transitions and photosystems spatially resolved in individual cells of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus. Plant Physiol 2021; 186:569-580. [PMID: 33576804 PMCID: PMC8154081 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
State transitions are a low-light acclimation response through which the excitation of Photosystem I (PSI) and Photosystem II (PSII) is balanced; however, our understanding of this process in cyanobacteria remains poor. Here, picosecond fluorescence kinetics was recorded for the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus using fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM), both upon chlorophyll a and phycobilisome (PBS) excitation. Fluorescence kinetics of single cells obtained using FLIM were compared with those of ensembles of cells obtained with time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. The global distribution of PSI and PSII and PBSs was mapped making use of their fluorescence kinetics. Both radial and lateral heterogeneity were found in the distribution of the photosystems. State transitions were studied at the level of single cells. FLIM results show that PSII quenching occurs in all cells, irrespective of their state (I or II). In S. elongatus cells, this quenching is enhanced in State II. Furthermore, the decrease of PSII fluorescence in State II was homogeneous throughout the cells, despite the inhomogeneous PSI/PSII ratio. Finally, some disconnected PBSs were resolved in most State II cells. Taken together our data show that PSI is enriched in the inner thylakoid, while state transitions occur homogeneously throughout the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Farhan Bhatti
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Diana Kirilovsky
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (12BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Herbert van Amerongen
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- MicroSpectroscopy Research Facility, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Emilie Wientjes
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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10
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Puppe J, Liu X, Ratz L, Bartke L, van de Ven M, Vliet MH, Wientjes E, van der Gulden H, Zevenhoven J, Hahnen E, Malter W, Wessels LFA, Schmutzler R, Mallmann P, Reinhardt C, Linn S, Jonkers J. Double BRCA1 and BRCA2 inactivation is epistatic in mammary tumorigenesis and treatment response to PARP-inhibition and platinum drugs. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1717868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J Puppe
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Frauenheilkunde, Uniklinik Köln
| | - X Liu
- Netherlands Cancer Institute
| | - L Ratz
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Frauenheilkunde, Uniklinik Köln
| | - L Bartke
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Frauenheilkunde, Uniklinik Köln
| | | | | | | | | | | | - E Hahnen
- Zentrum Familiärer Brust- und Eierstockkrebs, Uniklinik Köln
| | - W Malter
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Frauenheilkunde, Uniklinik Köln
| | | | - R Schmutzler
- Zentrum Familiärer Brust- und Eierstockkrebs, Uniklinik Köln
| | - P Mallmann
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Frauenheilkunde, Uniklinik Köln
| | | | - S Linn
- Netherlands Cancer Institute
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11
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Bhatti AF, Choubeh RR, Kirilovsky D, Wientjes E, van Amerongen H. State transitions in cyanobacteria studied with picosecond fluorescence at room temperature. Biochim Biophys Acta Bioenerg 2020; 1861:148255. [PMID: 32619427 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2020.148255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria can rapidly regulate the relative activity of their photosynthetic complexes photosystem I and II (PSI and PSII) in response to changes in the illumination conditions. This process is known as state transitions. If PSI is preferentially excited, they go to state I whereas state II is induced either after preferential excitation of PSII or after dark adaptation. Different underlying mechanisms have been proposed in literature, in particular i) reversible shuttling of the external antenna complexes, the phycobilisomes, between PSI and PSII, ii) reversible spillover of excitation energy from PSII to PSI, iii) a combination of both and, iv) increased excited-state quenching of the PSII core in state II. Here we investigated wild-type and mutant strains of Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942 and Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 using time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy at room temperature. Our observations support model iv, meaning that increased excited-state quenching of the PSII core occurs in state II thereby balancing the photochemistry of photosystems I and II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Farhan Bhatti
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Diana Kirilovsky
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (12BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Emilie Wientjes
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Herbert van Amerongen
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands; MicroSpectroscopy Research Facility, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Wientjes
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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13
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López‐Martínez M, López‐Ortiz M, Antinori ME, Wientjes E, Nin‐Hill A, Rovira C, Croce R, Díez‐Pérez I, Gorostiza P. Electrochemically Gated Long‐Distance Charge Transport in Photosystem I. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201904374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Montse López‐Martínez
- Department of Material Science and Physical ChemistryUniversity of Barcelona Martí i Franquès, 1 08028 Barcelona Spain
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC)The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Baldiri Reixac 10–12 08028 Barcelona Spain
- Network Biomedical Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN) 28029 Madrid Spain
- Present address: Institut für Angewandte PhysikTU Wien Vienna Austria
| | - Manuel López‐Ortiz
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC)The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Baldiri Reixac 10–12 08028 Barcelona Spain
- Network Biomedical Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN) 28029 Madrid Spain
| | - Maria Elena Antinori
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC)The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Baldiri Reixac 10–12 08028 Barcelona Spain
- Present address: Smart Materials, NanophysicsIstituto Italiano di Tecnologia Genova Italy
| | - Emilie Wientjes
- Laboratory of BiophysicsWageningen University 6700 ET Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Alba Nin‐Hill
- Inorganic and Organic Chemistry Department & Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (IQTCUB)University of Barcelona (UB) Martí i Franquès, 1 Barcelona 08028 Spain
| | - Carme Rovira
- Inorganic and Organic Chemistry Department & Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (IQTCUB)University of Barcelona (UB) Martí i Franquès, 1 Barcelona 08028 Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) 08010 Barcelona Spain
| | - Roberta Croce
- Biophysics of Photosynthesis. Dep. Physics and AstronomyFaculty of SciencesVrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1081 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Ismael Díez‐Pérez
- Department of Material Science and Physical ChemistryUniversity of Barcelona Martí i Franquès, 1 08028 Barcelona Spain
- Present address: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural & Mathematical SciencesKing's College London London UK
| | - Pau Gorostiza
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC)The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Baldiri Reixac 10–12 08028 Barcelona Spain
- Network Biomedical Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN) 28029 Madrid Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) 08010 Barcelona Spain
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14
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López-Martínez M, López-Ortiz M, Antinori ME, Wientjes E, Nin-Hill A, Rovira C, Croce R, Díez-Pérez I, Gorostiza P. Electrochemically Gated Long-Distance Charge Transport in Photosystem I. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:13280-13284. [PMID: 31310425 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201904374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The transport of electrons along photosynthetic and respiratory chains involves a series of enzymatic reactions that are coupled through redox mediators, including proteins and small molecules. The use of native and synthetic redox probes is key to understanding charge transport mechanisms and to the design of bioelectronic sensors and solar energy conversion devices. However, redox probes have limited tunability to exchange charge at the desired electrochemical potentials (energy levels) and at different protein sites. Herein, we take advantage of electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (ECSTM) to control the Fermi level and nanometric position of the ECSTM probe in order to study electron transport in individual photosystem I (PSI) complexes. Current-distance measurements at different potentiostatic conditions indicate that PSI supports long-distance transport that is electrochemically gated near the redox potential of P700, with current extending farther under hole injection conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montse López-Martínez
- Department of Material Science and Physical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès, 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Network Biomedical Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Present address: Institut für Angewandte Physik, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Manuel López-Ortiz
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Network Biomedical Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Elena Antinori
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Present address: Smart Materials, Nanophysics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Emilie Wientjes
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, 6700 ET, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alba Nin-Hill
- Inorganic and Organic Chemistry Department & Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (IQTCUB), University of Barcelona (UB), Martí i Franquès, 1, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Carme Rovira
- Inorganic and Organic Chemistry Department & Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (IQTCUB), University of Barcelona (UB), Martí i Franquès, 1, Barcelona, 08028, Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roberta Croce
- Biophysics of Photosynthesis. Dep. Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ismael Díez-Pérez
- Department of Material Science and Physical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès, 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Present address: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural & Mathematical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Pau Gorostiza
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Network Biomedical Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), 08010, Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Bos P, Oosterwijk A, Koehorst R, Bader A, Philippi J, van Amerongen H, Wientjes E. Digitonin-sensitive LHCII enlarges the antenna of Photosystem I in stroma lamellae of Arabidopsis thaliana after far-red and blue-light treatment. Biochim Biophys Acta Bioenerg 2019; 1860:651-658. [PMID: 31299182 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Light drives photosynthesis. In plants it is absorbed by light-harvesting antenna complexes associated with Photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII). As PSI and PSII work in series, it is important that the excitation pressure on the two photosystems is balanced. When plants are exposed to illumination that overexcites PSII, a special pool of the major light-harvesting complex LHCII is phosphorylated and moves from PSII to PSI (state 2). If instead PSI is over-excited the LHCII complex is dephosphorylated and moves back to PSII (state 1). Recent findings have suggested that LHCII might also transfer energy to PSI in state 1. In this work we used a combination of biochemistry and (time-resolved) fluorescence spectroscopy to investigate the PSI antenna size in state 1 and state 2 for Arabidopsis thaliana. Our data shows that 0.7 ± 0.1 unphosphorylated LHCII trimers per PSI are present in the stroma lamellae of state-1 plants. Upon transition to state 2 the antenna size of PSI in the stroma membrane increases with phosphorylated LHCIIs to a total of 1.2 ± 0.1 LHCII trimers per PSI. Both phosphorylated and unphosphorylated LHCII function as highly efficient PSI antenna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bos
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8128, 6700 ET Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Anniek Oosterwijk
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8128, 6700 ET Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rob Koehorst
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8128, 6700 ET Wageningen, the Netherlands; MicroSpectroscopy Research Facility, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8128, 6700 ET Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Arjen Bader
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8128, 6700 ET Wageningen, the Netherlands; MicroSpectroscopy Research Facility, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8128, 6700 ET Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - John Philippi
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8128, 6700 ET Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Herbert van Amerongen
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8128, 6700 ET Wageningen, the Netherlands; MicroSpectroscopy Research Facility, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8128, 6700 ET Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Emilie Wientjes
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8128, 6700 ET Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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16
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Johnson MP, Wientjes E. The relevance of dynamic thylakoid organisation to photosynthetic regulation. Biochim Biophys Acta Bioenerg 2019; 1861:148039. [PMID: 31228404 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2019.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The higher plant chloroplast thylakoid membrane system performs the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. These provide the ATP and NADPH required for the fixation of CO2 into biomass by the Calvin-Benson cycle and a range of other metabolic reactions in the stroma. Land plants are frequently challenged by fluctuations in their environment, such as light, nutrient and water availability, which can create a mismatch between the amounts of ATP and NADPH produced and the amounts required by the downstream metabolism. Left unchecked, such imbalances can lead to the production of reactive oxygen species that damage the plant and harm productivity. Fortunately, plants have evolved a complex range of regulatory processes to avoid or minimize such deleterious effects by controlling the efficiency of light harvesting and electron transfer in the thylakoid membrane. Generally the regulation of the light reactions has been studied and conceptualised at the microscopic level of protein-protein and protein-ligand interactions, however in recent years dynamic changes in the thylakoid macrostructure itself have been recognised to play a significant role in regulating light harvesting and electron transfer. Here we review the evidence for the involvement of macrostructural changes in photosynthetic regulation and review the techniques that brought this evidence to light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Johnson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom.
| | - Emilie Wientjes
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, the Netherlands
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17
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Duan HG, Prokhorenko VI, Cogdell RJ, Ashraf K, Stevens AL, Wientjes E, Croce R, Thorwart M, Miller RJD. Lack of long-lived quantum coherence in the photosynthetic energy transfer. EPJ Web Conf 2019. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201920509035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We have studied the FMO, LHCII and PSII reaction center complex by electronic 2D spectroscopy. At ambient temperature the electronic coherences are too short lived to play any functional role in the natural energy transfer.
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18
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Ranjbar Choubeh R, Wientjes E, Struik PC, Kirilovsky D, van Amerongen H. State transitions in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus 7942 involve reversible quenching of the photosystem II core. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics 2018; 1859:1059-1066. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Farooq S, Chmeliov J, Wientjes E, Koehorst R, Bader A, Valkunas L, Trinkunas G, van Amerongen H. Dynamic feedback of the photosystem II reaction centre on photoprotection in plants. Nat Plants 2018; 4:225-231. [PMID: 29610535 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-018-0127-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Photosystem II of higher plants is protected against light damage by thermal dissipation of excess excitation energy, a process that can be monitored through non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence. When the light intensity is lowered, non-photochemical quenching largely disappears on a time scale ranging from tens of seconds to many minutes. With the use of picosecond fluorescence spectroscopy, we demonstrate that one of the underlying mechanisms is only functional when the reaction centre of photosystem II is closed, that is when electron transfer is blocked and the risk of photodamage is high. This is accompanied by the appearance of a long-wavelength fluorescence band. As soon as the reaction centre reopens, this quenching, together with the long-wavelength fluorescence, disappears instantaneously. This allows plants to maintain a high level of photosynthetic efficiency even in dangerous high-light conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shazia Farooq
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jevgenij Chmeliov
- Institute of Chemical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Department of Molecular Compound Physics, Centre for Physical Sciences and Technology, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Emilie Wientjes
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rob Koehorst
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Arjen Bader
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- MicroSpectroscopy Research Facility, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Leonas Valkunas
- Institute of Chemical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Department of Molecular Compound Physics, Centre for Physical Sciences and Technology, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Gediminas Trinkunas
- Department of Molecular Compound Physics, Centre for Physical Sciences and Technology, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Herbert van Amerongen
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
- MicroSpectroscopy Research Facility, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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20
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Wientjes E, Philippi J, Borst JW, van Amerongen H. Imaging the Photosystem I/Photosystem II chlorophyll ratio inside the leaf. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics 2017; 1858:259-265. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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21
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Bos I, Bland KM, Tian L, Croce R, Frankel LK, van Amerongen H, Bricker TM, Wientjes E. Multiple LHCII antennae can transfer energy efficiently to a single Photosystem I. Biochim Biophys Acta Bioenerg 2017; 1858:371-378. [PMID: 28237494 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Photosystems I and II (PSI and PSII) work in series to drive oxygenic photosynthesis. The two photosystems have different absorption spectra, therefore changes in light quality can lead to imbalanced excitation of the photosystems and a loss in photosynthetic efficiency. In a short-term adaptation response termed state transitions, excitation energy is directed to the light-limited photosystem. In higher plants a special pool of LHCII antennae, which can be associated with either PSI or PSII, participates in these state transitions. It is known that one LHCII antenna can associate with the PsaH site of PSI. However, membrane fractions were recently isolated in which multiple LHCII antennae appear to transfer energy to PSI. We have used time-resolved fluorescence-streak camera measurements to investigate the energy transfer rates and efficiency in these membrane fractions. Our data show that energy transfer from LHCII to PSI is relatively slow. Nevertheless, the trapping efficiency in supercomplexes of PSI with ~2.4 LHCIIs attached is 94%. The absorption cross section of PSI can thus be increased with ~65% without having significant loss in quantum efficiency. Comparison of the fluorescence dynamics of PSI-LHCII complexes, isolated in a detergent or located in their native membrane environment, indicates that the environment influences the excitation energy transfer rates in these complexes. This demonstrates the importance of studying membrane protein complexes in their natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Bos
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8128, 6700 ET Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kaitlyn M Bland
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States
| | - Lijin Tian
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Institute for Lasers, Life and Biophotonics, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roberta Croce
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Institute for Lasers, Life and Biophotonics, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laurie K Frankel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States
| | - Herbert van Amerongen
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8128, 6700 ET Wageningen, The Netherlands; MicroSpectroscopy Centre, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8128, 6700 ET Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Terry M Bricker
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States
| | - Emilie Wientjes
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8128, 6700 ET Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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22
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Iermak I, Vink J, Bader AN, Wientjes E, van Amerongen H. Visualizing heterogeneity of photosynthetic properties of plant leaves with two-photon fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy. Biochim Biophys Acta 2016; 1857:1473-1478. [PMID: 27239747 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Two-photon fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) was used to analyse the distribution and properties of Photosystem I (PSI) and Photosystem II (PSII) in palisade and spongy chloroplasts of leaves from the C3 plant Arabidopsis thaliana and the C4 plant Miscanthus x giganteus. This was achieved by separating the time-resolved fluorescence of PSI and PSII in the leaf. It is found that the PSII antenna size is larger on the abaxial side of A. thaliana leaves, presumably because chloroplasts in the spongy mesophyll are "shaded" by the palisade cells. The number of chlorophylls in PSI on the adaxial side of the A. thaliana leaf is slightly higher. The C4 plant M. x giganteus contains both mesophyll and bundle sheath cells, which have a different PSI/PSII ratio. It is shown that the time-resolved fluorescence of bundle sheath and mesophyll cells can be analysed separately. The relative number of chlorophylls, which belong to PSI (as compared to PSII) in the bundle sheath cells is at least 2.5 times higher than in mesophyll cells. FLIM is thus demonstrated to be a useful technique to study the PSI/PSII ratio and PSII antenna size in well-defined regions of plant leaves without having to isolate pigment-protein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ievgeniia Iermak
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8128, 6700 ET Wageningen, The Netherlands; BioSolar Cells Project Office, P.O. Box 98, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jochem Vink
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8128, 6700 ET Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen N Bader
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8128, 6700 ET Wageningen, The Netherlands; MicroSpectroscopy Centre, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8128, 6700 ET Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Emilie Wientjes
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8128, 6700 ET Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Herbert van Amerongen
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8128, 6700 ET Wageningen, The Netherlands; BioSolar Cells Project Office, P.O. Box 98, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands; MicroSpectroscopy Centre, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8128, 6700 ET Wageningen, The Netherlands
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23
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Wientjes E, Renger J, Cogdell R, van Hulst NF. Pushing the Photon Limit: Nanoantennas Increase Maximal Photon Stream and Total Photon Number. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:1604-9. [PMID: 27082249 PMCID: PMC4864408 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Nanoantennas are well-known for their effective role in fluorescence enhancement, both in excitation and emission. Enhancements of 3-4 orders of magnitude have been reported. Yet in practice, the photon emission is limited by saturation due to the time that a molecule spends in singlet and especially triplet excited states. The maximal photon stream restricts the attainable enhancement. Furthermore, the total number of photons emitted is limited by photobleaching. The limited brightness and observation time are a drawback for applications, especially in biology. Here we challenge this photon limit, showing that nanoantennas can actually increase both saturation intensity and photostability. So far, this limit-shifting role of nanoantennas has hardly been explored. Specifically, we demonstrate that single light-harvesting complexes, under saturating excitation conditions, show over a 50-fold antenna-enhanced photon emission stream, with 10-fold more total photons, up to 10(8) detected photons, before photobleaching. This work shows yet another facet of the great potential of nanoantennas in the world of single-molecule biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Wientjes
- ICFO − Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Renger
- ICFO − Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of
Light, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Richard Cogdell
- Glasgow Biomedical Research
Building, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - Niek F. van Hulst
- ICFO − Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA
− Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
- E-mail:
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Le Quiniou C, Tian L, Drop B, Wientjes E, van Stokkum IHM, van Oort B, Croce R. PSI-LHCI of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: Increasing the absorption cross section without losing efficiency. Biochim Biophys Acta 2015; 1847:458-467. [PMID: 25681242 PMCID: PMC4547092 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Photosystem I (PSI) is an essential component of photosynthetic membranes. Despite the high sequence and structural homologies, its absorption properties differ substantially in algae, plants and cyanobacteria. In particular it is characterized by the presence of low-energy chlorophylls (red forms), the number and the energy of which vary in different organisms. The PSI-LHCI (PSI-light harvesting complex I) complex of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (C.r.) is significantly larger than that of plants, containing five additional light-harvesting complexes (together binding≈65 chlorophylls), and contains red forms with higher energy than plants. To understand how these differences influence excitation energy transfer and trapping in the system, we studied two PSI-LHCI C.r. particles, differing in antenna size and red-form content, using time-resolved fluorescence and compared them to plant PSI-LHCI. The excited state kinetics in C.r. shows the same average lifetime (50 ps) as in plants suggesting that the effect of antenna enlargement is compensated by higher energy red forms. The system equilibrates very fast, indicating that all Lhcas are well-connected, despite their long distance to the core. The differences between C.r. PSI-LHCI with and without Lhca2 and Lhca9 show that these Lhcas bind red forms, although not the red-most. The red-most forms are in (or functionally close to) other Lhcas and slow down the trapping, but hardly affect the quantum efficiency, which remains as high as 97% even in a complex that contains 235 chlorophylls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clotilde Le Quiniou
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Institute for Lasers, Life and Biophotonics Amsterdam, LaserLaB Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lijin Tian
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Institute for Lasers, Life and Biophotonics Amsterdam, LaserLaB Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bartlomiej Drop
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Institute for Lasers, Life and Biophotonics Amsterdam, LaserLaB Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emilie Wientjes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Institute for Lasers, Life and Biophotonics Amsterdam, LaserLaB Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ivo H M van Stokkum
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Institute for Lasers, Life and Biophotonics Amsterdam, LaserLaB Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart van Oort
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Institute for Lasers, Life and Biophotonics Amsterdam, LaserLaB Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roberta Croce
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Institute for Lasers, Life and Biophotonics Amsterdam, LaserLaB Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Wientjes E, Renger J, Curto AG, Cogdell R, van Hulst NF. Strong antenna-enhanced fluorescence of a single light-harvesting complex shows photon antibunching. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4236. [PMID: 24953833 PMCID: PMC4083440 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The nature of the highly efficient energy transfer in photosynthetic light-harvesting complexes is a subject of intense research. Unfortunately, the low fluorescence efficiency and limited photostability hampers the study of individual light-harvesting complexes at ambient conditions. Here we demonstrate an over 500-fold fluorescence enhancement of light-harvesting complex 2 (LH2) at the single-molecule level by coupling to a gold nanoantenna. The resonant antenna produces an excitation enhancement of circa 100 times and a fluorescence lifetime shortening to ~\n20 ps. The radiative rate enhancement results in a 5.5-fold-improved fluorescence quantum efficiency. Exploiting the unique brightness, we have recorded the first photon antibunching of a single light-harvesting complex under ambient conditions, showing that the 27 bacteriochlorophylls coordinated by LH2 act as a non-classical single-photon emitter. The presented bright antenna-enhanced LH2 emission is a highly promising system to study energy transfer and the role of quantum coherence at the level of single complexes. Quantum processes may have an important role in photosynthetic light-harvesting complexes, but their low fluorescence efficiency impedes studies. By coupling them to gold nanoantennas, Wientjes et al. show over 500 times enhancement of fluorescence from single molecules of light-harvesting complex 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Wientjes
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, Mediterranean Technology Park, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Jan Renger
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, Mediterranean Technology Park, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Alberto G Curto
- 1] ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, Mediterranean Technology Park, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain [2] Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Richard Cogdell
- Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Biomedical Research Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Niek F van Hulst
- 1] ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, Mediterranean Technology Park, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain [2] ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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Wientjes E, Renger J, Curto AG, Cogdell R, van Hulst NF. Nanoantenna enhanced emission of light-harvesting complex 2: the role of resonance, polarization, and radiative and non-radiative rates. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:24739-46. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp03636k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Nanoantennae show potential for photosynthesis research: by resonant near-field coupling to light-harvesting complexes both the localized excitation field and the quantum efficiency are enhanced, resulting in bright photon emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Wientjes
- ICFO – Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques
- Mediterranean Technology Park
- 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jan Renger
- ICFO – Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques
- Mediterranean Technology Park
- 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto G. Curto
- ICFO – Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques
- Mediterranean Technology Park
- 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials
- Stanford University
| | - Richard Cogdell
- Biomedical Research Building
- Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences
- University of Glasgow
- Glasgow, UK
| | - Niek F. van Hulst
- ICFO – Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques
- Mediterranean Technology Park
- 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA – Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats
- 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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Wientjes E, Drop B, Kouřil R, Boekema EJ, Croce R. During state 1 to state 2 transition in Arabidopsis thaliana, the photosystem II supercomplex gets phosphorylated but does not disassemble. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:32821-6. [PMID: 24097972 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.511691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are exposed to continuous changes in light quality and quantity that challenge the performance of the photosynthetic apparatus and have evolved a series of mechanisms to face this challenge. In this work, we have studied state transitions, the process that redistributes the excitation pressure between photosystems I and II (PSI/PSII) by the reversible association of LHCII, the major antenna complex of higher plants, with either one of them upon phosphorylation/dephosphorylation. By combining biochemical analysis and electron microscopy, we have studied the effect of state transitions on the composition and organization of photosystem II in Arabidopsis thaliana. Two LHCII trimers (called trimers M and S) are part of the PSII supercomplex, whereas up to two more are loosely associated with PSII in state 1 in higher plants (called "extra" trimers). Here, we show that the LHCII from the extra pool migrates to PSI in state 2, thus leaving the PSII supercomplex and the semicrystalline PSII arrays intact. In state 2, not only is the mobile LHCII phosphorylated, but also the LHCII in the PSII supercomplexes. This demonstrates that PSII phosphorylation is not sufficient for disconnecting LHCII trimers S and M from PSII and for their migration to PSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Wientjes
- From the Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Wientjes E, van Amerongen H, Croce R. Quantum yield of charge separation in photosystem II: functional effect of changes in the antenna size upon light acclimation. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:11200-8. [PMID: 23534376 DOI: 10.1021/jp401663w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have studied thylakoid membranes of Arabidopsis thaliana acclimated to different light conditions and have related protein composition to excitation energy transfer and trapping kinetics in Photosystem II (PSII). In high light: the plants have reduced amounts of the antenna complexes LHCII and CP24, the overall trapping time of PSII is only ∼180 ps, and the quantum efficiency reaches a value of 91%. In low light: LHCII is upregulated, the PSII lifetime becomes ∼310 ps, and the efficiency decreases to 84%. This difference is largely caused by slower excitation energy migration to the reaction centers in low-light plants due to the LHCII trimers that are not part of the C2S2M2 supercomplex. This pool of "extra" LHCII normally transfers energy to both photosystems, whereas it transfers only to PSII upon far-red light treatment (state 1). It is shown that in high light the reduction of LHCII mainly concerns the LHCII-M trimers, while the pool of "extra" LHCII remains intact and state transitions continue to occur. The obtained values for the efficiency of PSII are compared with the values of Fv/Fm, a parameter that is widely used to indicate the PSII quantum efficiency, and the observed differences are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Wientjes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam , 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Hogewoning SW, Wientjes E, Douwstra P, Trouwborst G, van Ieperen W, Croce R, Harbinson J. Photosynthetic quantum yield dynamics: from photosystems to leaves. Plant Cell 2012; 24:1921-35. [PMID: 22623496 PMCID: PMC3442578 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.097972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the wavelength dependence of the quantum yield for CO(2) fixation (α) and its acclimation to the growth-light spectrum are quantitatively addressed, combining in vivo physiological and in vitro molecular methods. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) was grown under an artificial sunlight spectrum, shade light spectrum, and blue light, and the quantum yield for photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII) electron transport and α were simultaneously measured in vivo at 20 different wavelengths. The wavelength dependence of the photosystem excitation balance was calculated from both these in vivo data and in vitro from the photosystem composition and spectroscopic properties. Measuring wavelengths overexciting PSI produced a higher α for leaves grown under the shade light spectrum (i.e., PSI light), whereas wavelengths overexciting PSII produced a higher α for the sun and blue leaves. The shade spectrum produced the lowest PSI:PSII ratio. The photosystem excitation balance calculated from both in vivo and in vitro data was substantially similar and was shown to determine α at those wavelengths where absorption by carotenoids and nonphotosynthetic pigments is insignificant (i.e., >580 nm). We show quantitatively that leaves acclimate their photosystem composition to their growth light spectrum and how this changes the wavelength dependence of the photosystem excitation balance and quantum yield for CO(2) fixation. This also proves that combining different wavelengths can enhance quantum yields substantially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander W Hogewoning
- Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Light energy harvested by the pigments in Photosystem I (PSI) is used for charge separation in the reaction center (RC), after which the positive charge resides on a special chlorophyll dimer called P700. In studies on the PSI trapping kinetics, P700(+) is usually chemically reduced to re-open the RCs. So far, the information available about the reduction rate and possible chlorophyll fluorescence quenching effects of these reducing agents is limited. This information is indispensible to estimate the fraction of open RCs under known experimental conditions. Moreover, it would be important to understand if these reagents have a chlorophyll fluorescence quenching effects to avoid the introduction of exogenous singlet excitation quenching in the measurements. In this study, we investigated the effect of the commonly used reducing agent phenazine methosulfate (PMS) on the RC and fluorescence emission of higher plant PSI-LHCI. We measured the P700(+) reduction rate for different PMS concentrations, and show that we can give a reliable estimation on the fraction of closed RCs based on these rates. The data show that PMS is quenching chlorophyll fluorescence emission. Finally, we determined that the fluorescence quantum yield of PSI with closed RCs is 4% higher than if the RCs are open.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Wientjes
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Wientjes E, van Stokkum IHM, van Amerongen H, Croce R. Excitation-energy transfer dynamics of higher plant photosystem I light-harvesting complexes. Biophys J 2011; 100:1372-80. [PMID: 21354411 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2011.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosystem I (PSI) plays a major role in the light reactions of photosynthesis. In higher plants, PSI is composed of a core complex and four outer antennas that are assembled as two dimers, Lhca1/4 and Lhca2/3. Time-resolved fluorescence measurements on the isolated dimers show very similar kinetics. The intermonomer transfer processes are resolved using target analysis. They occur at rates similar to those observed in transfer to the PSI core, suggesting competition between the two transfer pathways. It appears that each dimer is adopting various conformations that correspond to different lifetimes and emission spectra. A special feature of the Lhca complexes is the presence of an absorption band at low energy, originating from an excitonic state of a chlorophyll dimer, mixed with a charge-transfer state. These low-energy bands have high oscillator strengths and they are superradiant in both Lhca1/4 and Lhca2/3. This challenges the view that the low-energy charge-transfer state always functions as a quencher in plant Lhc's and it also challenges previous interpretations of PSI kinetics. The very similar properties of the low-energy states of both dimers indicate that the organization of the involved chlorophylls should also be similar, in disagreement with the available structural data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Wientjes
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Müller MG, Lambrev P, Reus M, Wientjes E, Croce R, Holzwarth AR. Singlet Energy Dissipation in the Photosystem II Light-Harvesting Complex Does Not Involve Energy Transfer to Carotenoids. Chemphyschem 2010; 11:1289-96. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200900852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Passarini F, Wientjes E, van Amerongen H, Croce R. Photosystem I light-harvesting complex Lhca4 adopts multiple conformations: Red forms and excited-state quenching are mutually exclusive. Biochim Biophys Acta 2010; 1797:501-8. [PMID: 20097154 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Revised: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In this work we have investigated the origin of the multi-exponential fluorescence decay and of the short excited-state lifetime of Lhca4. Lhca4 is the antenna complex of Photosystem I which accommodates the red-most chlorophyll forms and it has been proposed that these chlorophylls can play a role in fluorescence quenching. Here we have compared the fluorescence decay of Lhca4 with that of several Lhca4 mutants that are affected in their red form content. The results show that neither the multi-exponentiality of the decay nor the fluorescence quenching is due to the red forms. The data indicate that Lhca4 exists in multiple conformations. The presence of the red forms, which are very sensitive to changes in the environment, allows to spectrally resolve the different conformations: a "blue" conformation with a short lifetime and a "red" one with a long lifetime. This finding strongly supports the idea that the members of the Lhc family are able to adopt different conformations associated with their light-harvesting and photoprotective roles. The ratio between the conformations is modified by the substitution of lutein by violaxanthin. Finally, it is demonstrated that the red forms cannot be present in the quenched conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Passarini
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Passarini F, Wientjes E, Hienerwadel R, Croce R. Molecular basis of light harvesting and photoprotection in CP24: unique features of the most recent antenna complex. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:29536-46. [PMID: 19700403 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.036376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
CP24 is a minor antenna complex of Photosystem II, which is specific for land plants. It has been proposed that this complex is involved in the process of excess energy dissipation, which protects plants from photodamage in high light conditions. Here, we have investigated the functional architecture of the complex, integrating mutation analysis with time-resolved spectroscopy. A comprehensive picture is obtained about the nature, the spectroscopic properties, and the role in the quenching in solution of the pigments in the individual binding sites. The lowest energy absorption band in the chlorophyll a region corresponds to chlorophylls 611/612, and it is not the site of quenching in CP24. Chlorophylls 613 and 614, which are present in the major light-harvesting complex of Photosystem appear to be absent in CP24. In contrast to all other light-harvesting complexes, CP24 is stable when the L1 carotenoid binding site is empty and upon mutations in the third helix, whereas mutations in the first helix strongly affect the folding/stability of the pigment-protein complex. The absence of lutein in L1 site does not have any effect on the quenching, whereas substitution of violaxanthin in the L2 site with lutein or zeaxanthin results in a complex with enhanced quenched fluorescence. Triplet-minus-singlet measurements indicate that zeaxanthin and lutein in site L2 are located closer to chlorophylls than violaxanthin, thus suggesting that they can act as direct quenchers via a strong interaction with a neighboring chlorophyll. The results provide the molecular basis for the zeaxanthin-dependent quenching in isolated CP24.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Passarini
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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van Oort B, Murali S, Wientjes E, Koehorst RB, Spruijt RB, van Hoek A, Croce R, van Amerongen H. Ultrafast resonance energy transfer from a site-specifically attached fluorescent chromophore reveals the folding of the N-terminal domain of CP29. Chem Phys 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2008.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Wientjes E, Oostergetel GT, Jansson S, Boekema EJ, Croce R. The role of Lhca complexes in the supramolecular organization of higher plant photosystem I. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:7803-10. [PMID: 19139095 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m808395200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, Photosystem I supercomplexes have been purified from Lhca-deficient lines of Arabidopsis thaliana using a mild detergent treatment that does not induce loss of outer antennas. The complexes have been studied by integrating biochemical analysis with electron microscopy. This allows the direct correlation of changes in protein content with changes in supramolecular structure of Photosystem I to get information about the position of the individual Lhca subunits, the association of the antenna to the core, and the influence of the individual subunits on the stability of the system. Photosystem I complexes with only two or three antenna complexes were purified, showing that the binding of Lhca1/4 and Lhca2/3 dimers to the core is not interdependent, although weak binding of Lhca2/3 to the core is stabilized by the presence of Lhca4. Moreover, Lhca2 and Lhca4 can be associated with the core in the absence of their "dimeric partners." The structure of Photosystem I is very rigid, and the absence of one antenna complex leaves a "hole" in the structure that cannot be filled by other Lhcas, clearly indicating that the docking sites for the individual subunits are highly specific. There is, however, an exception to the rule: Lhca5 can substitute for Lhca4, yielding highly stable PSI supercomplexes with a supramolecular organization identical to the WT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Wientjes
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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Miloslavina Y, Wehner A, Lambrev PH, Wientjes E, Reus M, Garab G, Croce R, Holzwarth AR. Far-red fluorescence: a direct spectroscopic marker for LHCII oligomer formation in non-photochemical quenching. FEBS Lett 2008; 582:3625-31. [PMID: 18834884 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2008] [Revised: 09/18/2008] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Time-resolved fluorescence on oligomers of the main light-harvesting complex from higher plants indicate that in vitro oligomerization leads to the formation of a weakly coupled inter-trimer chlorophyll-chlorophyll (Chl) exciton state which converts in tens of ps into a state which is spectrally broad and has a strongly far-red enhanced fluorescence spectrum. Both its lifetime and spectrum show striking similarity with a 400ps fluorescence component appearing in intact leaves of Arabidopsis when non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) is induced. The fluorescence components with high far-red/red ratio are thus a characteristic marker for NPQ conditions in vivo. The far-red emitting state is shown to be an emissive Chl-Chl charge transfer state which plays a crucial part in the quenching.
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