101
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Albertazzi L, Storti B, Brondi M, Sulis Sato S, Ratto GM, Signore G, Beltram F. Synthesis, cellular delivery and in vivo application of dendrimer-based pH sensors. J Vis Exp 2013. [PMID: 24056638 DOI: 10.3791/50545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of fluorescent indicators represented a revolution for life sciences. Genetically encoded and synthetic fluorophores with sensing abilities allowed the visualization of biologically relevant species with high spatial and temporal resolution. Synthetic dyes are of particular interest thanks to their high tunability and the wide range of measureable analytes. However, these molecules suffer several limitations related to small molecule behavior (poor solubility, difficulties in targeting, often no ratiometric imaging allowed). In this work we introduce the development of dendrimer-based sensors and present a procedure for pH measurement in vitro, in living cells and in vivo. We choose dendrimers as ideal platform for our sensors for their many desirable properties (monodispersity, tunable properties, multivalency) that made them a widely used scaffold for several biomedical devices. The conjugation of fluorescent pH indicators to the dendrimer scaffold led to an enhancement of their sensing performances. In particular dendrimers exhibit reduced cell leakage, improved intracellular targeting and allow ratiometric measurements. These novel sensors were successfully employed to measure pH in living HeLa cells and in vivo in mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Albertazzi
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems & Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology & NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR
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102
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Boni A, Albertazzi L, Innocenti C, Gemmi M, Bifone A. Water dispersal and functionalization of hydrophobic iron oxide nanoparticles with lipid-modified poly(amidoamine) dendrimers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:10973-10979. [PMID: 23721318 DOI: 10.1021/la400791a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A novel and facile method for water dispersal of hydrophobic iron oxide nanoparticles based on the amphiphilic PAMAM-C12 dendrimer is described. Stable and highly concentrated water dispersions of multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles were obtained with this single-step approach, and showed interesting relaxometric properties for MRI applications. Importantly, this method does not require substitution of the native hydrophobic capping under nonmild reaction conditions, thus preserving the structural and magnetic properties of the nanoparticles, and extending the possibility of conjugation with thermally labile groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Boni
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
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103
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Yabbarov NG, Posypanova GA, Vorontsov EA, Popova ON, Severin ES. Targeted delivery of doxorubicin: Drug delivery system based on PAMAM dendrimers. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2013; 78:884-94. [DOI: 10.1134/s000629791308004x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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104
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Viologen-phosphorus dendrimers exhibit minor toxicity against a murine neuroblastoma cell line. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2013; 18:459-78. [PMID: 23893290 PMCID: PMC6275709 DOI: 10.2478/s11658-013-0100-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendrimers containing viologen (derivatives of 4,4′-bipyridyl) units in their structure have been demonstrated to exhibit antiviral activity against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1). It has also recently been revealed that novel dendrimers with both viologen units and phosphorus groups in their structure show different antimicrobial, cytotoxic and hemotoxic properties, and have the ability to influence the activity of cholinesterases and to inhibit α-synuclein fibrillation. Since the influence of viologen-phosphorus structures on basic cellular processes had not been investigated, we examined the impact of such macromolecules on the murine neuroblastoma cell line (N2a). We selected three water-soluble viologen-phosphorus (VPD) dendrimers, which differ in their core structure, number of viologen units and number and type of surface groups, and analyzed several aspects of the cellular response. These included cell viability, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), alterations in mitochondrial activity, morphological modifications, and the induction of apoptosis and necrosis. The MTT assay results suggest that all of the tested dendrimers are only slightly cytotoxic. Although some changes in ROS formation and mitochondrial function were detected, the three compounds did not induce apoptosis or necrosis. In light of these results, we can assume that the tested VPD are relatively safe for mouse neuroblastoma cells. Although more research on their safety is needed, VPD seem to be promising nanoparticles for further biomedical investigation.
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105
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Nourazarian AR, Najar AG, Farajnia S, Khosroushahi AY, Pashaei-Asl R, Omidi Y. Combined EGFR and c-Src antisense oligodeoxynucleotides encapsulated with PAMAM Denderimers inhibit HT-29 colon cancer cell proliferation. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 13:4751-6. [PMID: 23167414 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.9.4751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer continues to be one of the most common cancers, and the importance and necessity of new therapies needs to be stressed. The most important proto-oncogen factors for colon cancer appear to be epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR, and c-Src with high expression and activity leading to tumor growth and ultimately to colon cancer progression. Application of c-Src and EGFR antisense agents simultaneously should theoretically therefore have major benefit. In the present study, anti-EGFR and c-Src specific antisense oligodeoxynucleotides were combined in a formulation using PAMAM dendrimers as a carrier. Nano drug entry into cells was confirmed by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy imaging and real time PCR showed gene expression of c-Src and EGFR, as well as downstream STAT5 and MAPK-1 with the tumor suppressor gene P53 to all be downregulated. EGFR and c-Src protein expression was also reduced when assessed by western blotting techniques. The effect of the antisense oligonucleotide on HT29 cell proliferation was determined by MTT assay, reduction beijng observed after 48 hours. In summary, nano-drug, anti-EGFR and c-Src specific antisense oligodeoxynucleotides were effectively transferred into HT-29 cells and inhibited gene expression in target cells. Based on the results of this study it appears that the use of antisense EGFR and c-Src simultaneously might have a significant effect on colon cancer growth by down regulation of EGFR and its downstream genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Reza Nourazarian
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Tabriz, Iran
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106
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Avlonitis N, Debunne M, Aslam T, McDonald N, Haslett C, Dhaliwal K, Bradley M. Highly specific, multi-branched fluorescent reporters for analysis of human neutrophil elastase. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:4414-8. [PMID: 23715090 DOI: 10.1039/c3ob40212f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Human neutrophil elastase (HNE) is a serine protease implicated in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic inflammatory disease. Here a series of, internally quenched, single fluorophore fluorescent reporters were synthesised that allowed the rapid, highly specific and sensitive analysis of HNE activity over closely related proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolaos Avlonitis
- EaStChem, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, EH9 3JJ, Edinburgh, UK
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107
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Polyamidoamine dendrimer impairs mitochondrial oxidation in brain tissue. J Nanobiotechnology 2013; 11:9. [PMID: 23556550 PMCID: PMC3630003 DOI: 10.1186/1477-3155-11-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The potential nanocarrier polyamidoamine (PAMAM) generation 5 (G5-NH2) dendrimer has been shown to evoke lasting neuronal depolarization and cell death in a concentration-dependent manner. In this study we explored the early progression of G5-NH2 action in brain tissue on neuronal and astroglial cells. Results In order to describe early mechanisms of G5-NH2 dendrimer action in brain tissue we assessed G5-NH2 trafficking, free intracellular Ca2+ and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΨMITO) changes in the rat hippocampal slice by microfluorimetry. With the help of fluorescent dye conjugated G5-NH2, we observed predominant appearance of the dendrimer in the plasma membrane of pyramidal neurons and glial cells within 30 min. Under this condition, G5-NH2 evoked robust intracellular Ca2+ enhancements and ΨMITO depolarization both in pyramidal neurons and astroglial cells. Intracellular Ca2+ enhancements clearly preceded ΨMITO depolarization in astroglial cells. Comparing activation dynamics, neurons and glia showed prevalence of lasting and transient ΨMITO depolarization, respectively. Transient as opposed to lasting ΨMITO changes to short-term G5-NH2 application suggested better survival of astroglia, as observed in the CA3 stratum radiatum area. We also showed that direct effect of G5-NH2 on astroglial ΨMITO was significantly enhanced by neuron-astroglia interaction, subsequent to G5-NH2 evoked neuronal activation. Conclusion These findings indicate that the interaction of the PAMAM dendrimer with the plasma membrane leads to robust activation of neurons and astroglial cells, leading to mitochondrial depolarization. Distinguishable dynamics of mitochondrial depolarization in neurons and astroglia suggest that the enhanced mitochondrial depolarization followed by impaired oxidative metabolism of neurons may be the primary basis of neurotoxicity.
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108
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Akhtar S, Chandrasekhar B, Attur S, Yousif MHM, Benter IF. On the nanotoxicity of PAMAM dendrimers: Superfect® stimulates the EGFR-ERK1/2 signal transduction pathway via an oxidative stress-dependent mechanism in HEK 293 cells. Int J Pharm 2013; 448:239-46. [PMID: 23538097 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers are cationic branch-like macromolecules that may serve as drug delivery systems for gene-based therapies such as RNA interference. For their safe use in the clinic, they should ideally only enhance drug delivery to target tissues and exhibit no adverse effects. However, little is known about their toxicological profiles in terms of their interactions with cellular signal transduction pathways such as the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). The EGFR is an important signaling cascade that regulates cell growth, differentiation, migration, survival and apoptosis. Here, we investigated the impact of naked, unmodified Superfect (SF), a commercially available generation 6 PAMAM dendrimer, on the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase-extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling pathway in human embryonic kidney (HEK 293) cells. At concentrations routinely used for transfection, SF exhibited time and dose-dependent stimulation of EGFR and ERK1/2 phosphorylation whereas AG1478, a selective EGFR tyrosine kinase antagonist, inhibited EGFR-ERK1/2 signaling. SF-induced phosphorylation of EGFR for 1h was partly reversible upon removal of the dendrimer and examination of cells 24 later. Co-treatment of SF with epidermal growth factor (EGF) ligand resulted in greater EGFR stimulation than either agent alone implying that the stimulatory effects of SF and the ligand are synergistic. Dendrimer-induced stimulation of EGFR-ERK1/2 signaling could be attenuated by the antioxidants apocynin, catalase and tempol implying that an oxidative stress dependent mechanism was involved. These results show for the first time that PAMAM dendrimers, aside from their ability to improve drug delivery, can modulate the important EGFR-ERK1/2 cellular signal transduction pathway - a novel finding that may have a bearing on their safe application as drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saghir Akhtar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait.
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109
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Cerqueira SR, Oliveira JM, Silva NA, Leite-Almeida H, Ribeiro-Samy S, Almeida A, Mano JF, Sousa N, Salgado AJ, Reis RL. Microglia response and in vivo therapeutic potential of methylprednisolone-loaded dendrimer nanoparticles in spinal cord injury. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:738-749. [PMID: 23161735 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201201888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The control and manipulation of cells that trigger secondary mechanisms following spinal cord injury (SCI) is one of the first opportunities to minimize its highly detrimental outcomes. Herein, the ability of surface-engineered carboxymethylchitosan/polyamidoamine (CMCht/PAMAM) dendrimer nanoparticles to intracellularly deliver methylprednisolone (MP) to glial cells, allowing a controlled and sustained release of this corticosteroid in the injury site, is investigated. The negatively charged MP-loaded CMCht/PAMAM dendrimer nanoparticles with sizes of 109 nm enable a MP sustained release, which is detected for a period of 14 days by HPLC. In vitro studies in glial primary cultures show that incubation with 200 μg mL(-1) nanoparticles do not affect the cells' viability or proliferation, while allowing the entire population to internalize the nanoparticles. At higher concentrations, microglial cell viability is proven to be affected in response to the MP amount released. Following lateral hemisection lesions in rats, nanoparticle uptake by the spinal tissue is observed 3 h after administration. Moreover, significant differences in the locomotor output between the controls and the MP-loaded nanoparticle-treated animals one month after the lesion are observed. Therefore, MP-loaded CMCht/PAMAM dendrimer nanoparticles may prove to be useful in the reduction of the secondary injury following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana R Cerqueira
- 3B's Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandra, S. Cláudio do Barco, 4806-909 Caldas das Taipas, Guimarães, Portugal.
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110
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Usui K, Kikuchi T, Mie M, Kobatake E, Mihara H. Systematic screening of the cellular uptake of designed alpha-helix peptides. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:2560-7. [PMID: 23498920 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The cellular penetration (CP) activity of functional molecules has attracted significant attention as one of the most promising new approaches for drug delivery. In particular, cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have been studied extensively in cellular engineering. Because there have been few large-scale systematic studies to identify peptide sequences with optimal CP activity or that are suitable for further applications in cell engineering, such as cell-specific penetration and cell-selective culture, we screened and compared the cellular uptake (CU) activity of 54 systematically designed α-helical peptides in HeLa cells. Furthermore, the CU activity of 24 designed peptides was examined in four cell lines using a cell fingerprinting technique and statistical approaches. The CU activities in various cells depended on amino acid residues of peptide sequences as well as charge, α-helical content and hydrophobicity of the peptides. Notably, the mutation of a single residue significantly altered the CU ability of a peptide, highlighting the variability of cell uptake mechanisms. Moreover, these results demonstrated the feasibility of cell-selective culture by conducting cell-selective permeation and death in cultures containing two cell types. These studies may lead to further peptide library design and screening for new classes of CPPs with useful functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Usui
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan.
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111
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Kambhampati SP, Kannan RM. Dendrimer nanoparticles for ocular drug delivery. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2013; 29:151-65. [PMID: 23410062 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2012.0232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Eye is a unique organ of perfection and complexity, and is a microcosm of the body in many ways. It represents a great opportunity for nanomedicine, since it is readily accessible-allowing for direct drug/gene delivery to maximize the therapeutic effect and minimize side effects. The development of appropriate delivery systems that can sustain and deliver therapeutics to the target tissues is a key challenge that can be addressed by nanotechnology. Dendrimers are tree-like, nanostructured polymers that have received significant attention as ocular drug delivery systems, due to their well-defined size, tailorable structure, and potentially favorable ocular biodistribution. In this review, we highlight recent developments in dendrimer-based ocular therapies for both anterior and posterior segment diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva P Kambhampati
- Department of Ophthalmology, Center for Nanomedicine, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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112
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Pearson RM, Patra N, Hsu HJ, Uddin S, Král P, Hong S. Positively Charged Dendron Micelles Display Negligible Cellular Interactions. ACS Macro Lett 2013; 2:77-81. [PMID: 23355959 DOI: 10.1021/mz300533w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PEGylated dendron-based copolymers (PDC) with different end-group functionalities (-NH(2), -COOH, and -Ac) were synthesized and self-assembled into dendron micelles to investigate the effect of terminal surface charges on size, morphology, and cellular interactions of the micelles. All of the dendron micelles exhibited similar sizes (20-60 nm) and spherical morphologies, as measured using dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy, respectively. The cellular interactions of dendron micelles were evaluated using confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. Surprisingly, although amine-terminated dendrimers are known to strongly interact with cells non-specifically, all of the surface-modified dendron micelles exhibited charge-independent low-levels of cellular interaction. The unexpected results, particularly from the amine-terminated dendron micelles, could be attributed to: i) minimal end-group effects, as each PDC has an approximately 10-fold lower charge-number-to-molecular-weight ratio compared to the dendrimer; and ii) intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonding between positively charged terminal groups with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) backbones, which leads to the sequestration of the charges, as demonstrated by atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. With the narrow size distribution, uniform morphologies, and low levels of non-specific cellular interactions, the dendron micelles offer a promising drug delivery platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M. Pearson
- Departments
of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, ‡Bioengineering, §Chemistry, and ∥Physics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
60612, United States
| | - Niladri Patra
- Departments
of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, ‡Bioengineering, §Chemistry, and ∥Physics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
60612, United States
| | - Hao-jui Hsu
- Departments
of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, ‡Bioengineering, §Chemistry, and ∥Physics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
60612, United States
| | - Sayam Uddin
- Departments
of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, ‡Bioengineering, §Chemistry, and ∥Physics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
60612, United States
| | - Petr Král
- Departments
of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, ‡Bioengineering, §Chemistry, and ∥Physics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
60612, United States
| | - Seungpyo Hong
- Departments
of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, ‡Bioengineering, §Chemistry, and ∥Physics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
60612, United States
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113
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Kuan SL, Stöckle B, Reichenwallner J, Ng DYW, Wu Y, Doroshenko M, Koynov K, Hinderberger D, Müllen K, Weil T. Dendronized albumin core-shell transporters with high drug loading capacity. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:367-76. [PMID: 23210662 DOI: 10.1021/bm301531c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We describe the synthesis of a core-shell biohybrid consisting of a human serum albumin (HSA) core that serves as a reservoir for lipophilic molecules and a cationized shell region consisting of ethynyl-G2.0-PAMAM or ethynyl-G3.0-PAMAM dendrons. The binding capacity of lipophilic guests was quantified applying electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, and five to six out of seven pockets were still available compared with HSA. The attachment of ethynyl-G2.0-PAMAM dendrons to HSA yielded a nontoxic core-shell macromolecule that was clearly uptaken by A549 human epithelial cells due to the presence of the dendritic PAMAM shell. Significantly higher loading of doxorubicin was observed for dendronized G2-DHSA compared with the native protein due to the availability of binding pockets of the HSA core, and interaction with the dendritic shell. Dendronized G2-DHSA-doxorubicin displayed significant cytotoxicity resulting from high drug loading and high stability under different conditions, thus demonstrating its great potential as a transporter for drug molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seah Ling Kuan
- Institute of Organic Chemistry III, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, Germany
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114
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Eggimann GA, Buschor S, Darbre T, Reymond JL. Convergent synthesis and cellular uptake of multivalent cell penetrating peptides derived from Tat, Antp, pVEC, TP10 and SAP. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:6717-33. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob41023d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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115
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Albertazzi L, Mickler FM, Pavan GM, Salomone F, Bardi G, Panniello M, Amir E, Kang T, Killops KL, Bräuchle C, Amir RJ, Hawker CJ. Enhanced bioactivity of internally functionalized cationic dendrimers with PEG cores. Biomacromolecules 2012; 13:4089-97. [PMID: 23140570 PMCID: PMC3524974 DOI: 10.1021/bm301384y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid dendritic-linear block copolymers based on a 4-arm poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) core were synthesized using an accelerated AB2/CD2 dendritic growth approach through orthogonal amine/epoxy and thiol-yne chemistries. The biological activity of these 4-arm and the corresponding 2-arm hybrid dendrimers revealed an enhanced, dendritic effect with an exponential increase in cell internalization concomitant with increasing amine end groups and low cytotoxicity. Furthermore, the ability of these hybrid dendrimers to induce endosomal escape combined with their facile and efficient synthesis makes them attractive platforms for gene transfection. The 4-arm-based dendrimer showed significantly improved DNA binding and gene transfection capabilities in comparison with the 2-arm derivative. These results combined with the MD simulation indicate a significant effect of both the topology of the PEG core and the multivalency of these hybrid macromolecules on their DNA binding and delivery capablities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Albertazzi
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5121, USA
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and CNR-INFM, and IIT@NEST, Center for Nanotechnology Innovation, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Frauke M. Mickler
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Center for NanoScience (CeNS) and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Butenandtstr. 5-13, D-81377, München, Germany
| | - Giovanni M. Pavan
- Laboratory of Applied Mathematics and Physics (LaMFI),University of Applied Sciences of Southern Switzerland (SUPSI), Centro Galleria 2, Manno, 6928, Switzerland
| | - Fabrizio Salomone
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and CNR-INFM, and IIT@NEST, Center for Nanotechnology Innovation, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bardi
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and CNR-INFM, and IIT@NEST, Center for Nanotechnology Innovation, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Mariangela Panniello
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and CNR-INFM, and IIT@NEST, Center for Nanotechnology Innovation, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elizabeth Amir
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5121, USA
| | - Taegon Kang
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5121, USA
| | - Kato L. Killops
- US Army RDECOM Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010
| | - Christoph Bräuchle
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Center for NanoScience (CeNS) and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Butenandtstr. 5-13, D-81377, München, Germany
| | - Roey J. Amir
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5121, USA
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Craig J. Hawker
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5121, USA
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116
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Albertazzi L, Gherardini L, Brondi M, Sulis Sato S, Bifone A, Pizzorusso T, Ratto GM, Bardi G. In Vivo Distribution and Toxicity of PAMAM Dendrimers in the Central Nervous System Depend on Their Surface Chemistry. Mol Pharm 2012; 10:249-60. [DOI: 10.1021/mp300391v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Albertazzi
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation
@NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127
Pisa, Italy
- Laboratorio
NEST, Scuola Normale
Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lisa Gherardini
- Institute of Neuroscience—CNR,
Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Institute of Clinical Physiology—CNR,
Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Marco Brondi
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation
@NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127
Pisa, Italy
- Laboratorio
NEST, Scuola Normale
Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sebastian Sulis Sato
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation
@NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127
Pisa, Italy
- Laboratorio
NEST, Scuola Normale
Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Angelo Bifone
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation
@NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127
Pisa, Italy
| | - Tommaso Pizzorusso
- Institute of Neuroscience—CNR,
Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Department of Psychology, University
of Florence, Via di San Niccolò, 89a-95 50125 Florence, Italy
| | - Gian Michele Ratto
- Laboratorio
NEST, Scuola Normale
Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Institute of Nanoscience—CNR,
Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bardi
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation
@NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127
Pisa, Italy
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117
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Asaftei S, Huskens D, Schols D. HIV-1 X4 activities of polycationic "viologen" based dendrimers by interaction with the chemokine receptor CXCR4: study of structure-activity relationship. J Med Chem 2012; 55:10405-13. [PMID: 23157587 DOI: 10.1021/jm301337y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of "viologen" based dendrimers with polycationic scaffold carrying 10, 18, 26, 42, and 90 charges per molecule were used to determine the structure-activity relationship (SAR) with regard to HIV-1 inhibitory activity. The studies involved five compounds with a high activity against HIV-1 already utilized in our previous study (1) and five new dendrimers. Such dendrimers block HIV-1 entry into the cell, indicating that they bind to HIV-1 surface proteins and/or on the host cell receptors required for entry. The increasing positive character of dendrimers leads to more cytotoxicity. The 10 charges dendrimers (1, 6) have less influence on the cell viability but low inhibition of the binding of the CXCR4 mAb clone 1D9. Thus, dendrimers with 18 charges (2, 7) are the most promising CXCR4 imaging probes. We report the design, synthesis, and biological activity of new HIV-1 inhibitors that are conceptually distinct from those of the existing HIV-1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Asaftei
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 7, D-49069 Osnabrück, Germany.
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118
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Zeng X, Zhang Y, Nyström AM. Endocytic uptake and intracellular trafficking of bis-MPA-based hyperbranched copolymer micelles in breast cancer cells. Biomacromolecules 2012; 13:3814-22. [PMID: 23035906 DOI: 10.1021/bm301281k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dendrimers and their less well-defined cousins, hyperbranched polymers, are widely investigated as scaffold materials in tissue engineering, as drug delivery agents, and in diagnostic imaging applications. Despite the large interest of using these unique materials as polymer-based nanoparticles in biomedical applications, a clear understanding of the cellular uptake and transport of these polyester-based nanoparticles is still lacking. The objective of this study is to evaluate the cellular uptake profiles and intracellular trafficking of polymer micelles built from the hyperbranched polyester Boltorn, fitted with poly(ethylene glycol) and fluorescent groups in MDA-MB468 breast cancer cells. Results show that the uptake of these nanoparticles correlated positively to both time and concentration, and that the uptake of the nanoparticles was energy dependent. These polyesterbased nanoparticles appear to translocate across cells via clathrin- and macropinocytosis-mediated endocytosis. Observations of the intracellular trafficking of the nanoparticles indicate that particles could be released from early endosomes after being internalized, and the particles exhibit perinuclear localization. The uptake behavior of the nanoparticles was further evaluated in a range of cell lines. These results allow the generation of the knowledge base required to design polyester-based nanocarriers that can be used efficiently and specifically for drug delivery applications and imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghui Zeng
- Swedish Medical Nanoscience Center, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 8, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
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119
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Abstract
Dendritic polymers have attracted a great deal of scientific interest due to their well-defined unique structure and capability to be multifunctionalized. Here we present a comprehensive overview of various dendrimer-based nanomaterials that are currently being investigated for therapeutic delivery and diagnostic applications. Through a critical review of the old and new dendritic designs, we highlight the advantages and disadvantages of these systems and their structure-biological property relationships. This article also focuses on the major challenges facing the clinical translation of these nanomaterials and how these challenges are being (or should be) addressed, which will greatly benefit the overall progress of dendritic materials for theranostics.
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120
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Carberry TP, Tarallo R, Falanga A, Finamore E, Galdiero M, Weck M, Galdiero S. Dendrimer functionalization with a membrane-interacting domain of herpes simplex virus type 1: towards intracellular delivery. Chemistry 2012; 18:13678-85. [PMID: 22968943 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201202358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A poly(amide)-based dendrimer was synthesized and functionalized with the membrane-interacting peptide gH(625-644) (gH625) derived from the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) envelope glycoprotein H, which has previously been shown to assist in delivering large cargoes across the cellular membrane. We demonstrate that the attachment of the gH625 peptide sequence to the termini of a dendrimer allows the conjugate to penetrate into the cellular matrix, whereas the unfunctionalized dendrimer is excluded from translocation. The peptide-functionalized dendrimer is rapidly taken into the cells mainly through a non-active translocation mechanism. Our results suggest that the presented peptidodendrimeric scaffold may be a promising material for efficient drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom P Carberry
- Molecular Design Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, NY 10003, USA
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121
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Akesson A, Lind TK, Barker R, Hughes A, Cárdenas M. Unraveling dendrimer translocation across cell membrane mimics. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:13025-33. [PMID: 22891930 DOI: 10.1021/la3027144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers are promising candidates in several applications within the medical field. However, it is still to date not fully understood whether they are able to passively translocate across lipid bilayers. Recently, we used fluorescence microscopy to show that PAMAM dendrimers induced changes in the permeability of lipid membranes but the dendrimers themselves could not translocate to be released into the vesicle lumen. Because of the lack of resolution, these experiments could not assess whether the dendrimers were able to translocate but remained attached to the membrane. Using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring and neutron reflectivity, a structural investigation was performed to determine how dendrimers interact with zwitterionic and negatively charged lipid bilayers. We hereby show that dendrimers adsorb on top of lipid bilayers without significant dendrimer translocation, regardless of the lipid membrane surface charge. Thus, most likely dendrimers are actively transported through cell membranes by protein-mediated endocytosis in agreement with previous cell studies. Finally, the higher activity of PAMAM dendrimers for phosphoglycerol-containing membranes is in line with their high antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Akesson
- Institute of Chemistry and Nano-Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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122
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Shenoi RA, Narayanannair JK, Hamilton JL, Lai BFL, Horte S, Kainthan RK, Varghese JP, Rajeev KG, Manoharan M, Kizhakkedathu JN. Branched Multifunctional Polyether Polyketals: Variation of Ketal Group Structure Enables Unprecedented Control over Polymer Degradation in Solution and within Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:14945-57. [DOI: 10.1021/ja305080f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh A. Shenoi
- Centre for Blood Research and
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
V6T 1Z3
| | | | - Jasmine L. Hamilton
- Centre for Blood Research and
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
V6T 1Z3
| | - Benjamin F. L. Lai
- Centre for Blood Research and
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
V6T 1Z3
| | - Sonja Horte
- Centre for Blood Research and
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
V6T 1Z3
| | - Rajesh K. Kainthan
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, 300 Third Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts
02142, United States
| | - Jos P. Varghese
- Sanmar Speciality Chemicals Ltd., Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Muthiah Manoharan
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, 300 Third Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts
02142, United States
| | - Jayachandran N. Kizhakkedathu
- Centre for Blood Research and
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
V6T 1Z3
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British
Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
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123
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Hötzer B, Medintz IL, Hildebrandt N. Fluorescence in nanobiotechnology: sophisticated fluorophores for novel applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2012; 8:2297-326. [PMID: 22678833 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201200109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Nanobiotechnology is one of the fastest growing and broadest-ranged interdisciplinary subfields of the nanosciences. Countless hybrid bio-inorganic composites are currently being pursued for various uses, including sensors for medical and diagnostic applications, light- and energy-harvesting devices, along with multifunctional architectures for electronics and advanced drug-delivery. Although many disparate biological and nanoscale materials will ultimately be utilized as the functional building blocks to create these devices, a common element found among a large proportion is that they exert or interact with light. Clearly continuing development will rely heavily on incorporating many different types of fluorophores into these composite materials. This review covers the growing utility of different classes of fluorophores in nanobiotechnology, from both a photophysical and a chemical perspective. For each major structural or functional class of fluorescent probe, several representative applications are provided, and the necessary technological background for acquiring the desired nano-bioanalytical information are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Hötzer
- NanoBioPhotonics, Institut d'Electronique Fondamentale, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
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124
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Polymeric nanocarriers for controlled and enhanced delivery of therapeutic agents to the CNS. Ther Deliv 2012; 3:875-87. [DOI: 10.4155/tde.12.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymeric nanocarriers are versatile structures that can be engineered to obtain high drug loading, good delivery yields and tunable release kinetics. Moreover, the particle surface can be modified for selective targeting of organs or tissues. In particular, polymeric nanocarriers can be conjugated with functional groups promoting translocation through the blood–brain barrier, thus providing a promising system to deliver therapeutic agents and/or diagnostic probes to the brain. Here we review recent literature on the preparation and characterization of polymeric nanoparticles as potential agents for drug delivery to the CNS, with an emphasis on materials chemistry and functionalization strategies for improved selectivity and delivery. Finally, we underline the immunotoxicological aspects of this class of nanostructured materials in view of potential clinical applications.
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125
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Petkau-Milroy K, Sonntag MH, van Onzen AHAM, Brunsveld L. Supramolecular Polymers as Dynamic Multicomponent Cellular Uptake Carriers. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:8086-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja3029075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Petkau-Milroy
- Laboratory
of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Michael H. Sonntag
- Laboratory
of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Arthur H. A. M. van Onzen
- Laboratory
of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Luc Brunsveld
- Laboratory
of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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126
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Albertazzi L, Fernandez-Villamarin M, Riguera R, Fernandez-Megia E. Peripheral functionalization of dendrimers regulates internalization and intracellular trafficking in living cells. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:1059-68. [PMID: 22482890 DOI: 10.1021/bc300079h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
GATG (gallic acid-triethylene glycol) dendrimers represent appealing nanostructures for biomedical applications. The incorporation of specific ligands and targeting and imaging agents on their surface has resulted in promising tools in diagnosis and drug delivery. With the aim to further explore the versatility of GATG dendrimers in the biomedical field, in this work we study the effect of peripheral substitution on their uptake and intracellular trafficking in living cells. To this end, peripheral groups with different physicochemical properties and biological relevance have been installed on the surface of GATG dendrimers, and their interactions, uptake efficacy, and specificity for certain cell populations studied by confocal microscopy. Finally, this information was used to design a pH-sensitive drug delivery system for the selective release of cargo molecules inside cells after lysosomal localization. These results along with the easy functionalization and modular architecture of GATG dendrimers reveal these systems as promising nanotools in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Albertazzi
- NEST , Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
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127
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Cerqueira SR, Silva BL, Oliveira JM, Mano JF, Sousa N, Salgado AJ, Reis RL. Multifunctionalized CMCht/PAMAM dendrimer nanoparticles modulate the cellular uptake by astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in primary cultures of glial cells. Macromol Biosci 2012; 12:591-7. [PMID: 22411735 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201100294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency of the treatments involving CNS disorders is commonly diminished by the toxicity, reduced stability and lack of targeting of the administered neuroactive compounds. In this study, we have successfully multifunctionalized CMCht/PAMAM dendrimer nanoparticles by coupling the CD11b antibody and loading MP into the nanoparticles. The modification of the new antibody-conjugated nanoparticles was confirmed by S-TEM observation and (1) H NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. Cytotoxicity assays revealed that the conjugates did not affect the viability of both primary cultures of glial and microglial cells. Trace analyses of FITC-labelled nanoparticles revealed that the uptake of antibody-conjugated nanoparticles was conserved in microglial cells but significantly decreased in astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Thus, this study demonstrates that antibody conjugation contributes to a modulation of the internalization of these nanocarriers by different cell types, which might be of relevance for specific targeting of CNS cell populations.
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128
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Potential use of folate-polyethylene glycol (PEG)-appended dendrimer (G3) conjugate with α-cyclodextrin as DNA carriers to tumor cells. Cancer Gene Ther 2012; 19:358-66. [DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2012.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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129
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Feliu N, Walter MV, Montañez MI, Kunzmann A, Hult A, Nyström A, Malkoch M, Fadeel B. Stability and biocompatibility of a library of polyester dendrimers in comparison to polyamidoamine dendrimers. Biomaterials 2012; 33:1970-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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130
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Kuil J, Buckle T, Oldenburg J, Yuan H, Josephson L, van Leeuwen FW. Hybrid peptide dendrimers for imaging of chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) expression. Mol Pharm 2011; 8:2444-53. [PMID: 22085282 PMCID: PMC3711081 DOI: 10.1021/mp200401p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), which is overexpressed in many types of cancer, is an emerging target in the field of molecular imaging and therapeutics. The CXCR4 binding of several peptides, including the cyclic Ac-TZ14011, has already been validated. In this study mono-, di- and tetrameric Ac-TZ14011-containing dendrimers were prepared and functionalized with a multimodal (hybrid) label, consisting of a Cy5.5-like fluorophore and a DTPA chelate. Confocal microscopy revealed that all three dendrimers were membrane bound at 4 °C, consistent with CXCR4 binding in vitro. The unlabeled dimer and tetramer had a somewhat lower affinity for CXCR4 than the unlabeled monomer. However, when labeled with the multimodal label the CXCR4 affinity of the dimer and tetramer was considerably higher compared to that of the labeled monomer. On top of that, biodistribution studies revealed that the additional peptides in the dimer and tetramer reduced nonspecific muscle uptake. Thus, multimerization of the cyclic Ac-TZ14011 peptide reduces the negative influence of the multimodal label on the receptor affinity and the biodistribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joeri Kuil
- Division of Diagnostic Oncology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tessa Buckle
- Division of Diagnostic Oncology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joppe Oldenburg
- Division of Diagnostic Oncology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hushan Yuan
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Building 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Lee Josephson
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Building 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Fijs W.B. van Leeuwen
- Division of Diagnostic Oncology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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131
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Mehrmohamamdi M, Qu M, Ma LL, Romanovicz DK, Johnston KP, Sokolov KV, Emelianov SY. Pulsed magneto-motive ultrasound imaging to detect intracellular trafficking of magnetic nanoparticles. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 22:415105. [PMID: 21926454 PMCID: PMC3471148 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/22/41/415105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
As applications of nanoparticles in medical imaging and biomedicine rapidly expand, the interactions of nanoparticles with living cells have become an area of active interest. For example, intracellular accumulation of nanoparticles-an important part of cell-nanoparticle interaction-has been well studied using plasmonic nanoparticles and optical or optics-based techniques due to the change in optical properties of the nanoparticle aggregates. However, magnetic nanoparticles, despite their wide range of clinical applications, do not exhibit plasmonic-resonant properties and therefore their intracellular aggregation cannot be detected by optics-based imaging techniques. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of a novel imaging technique-pulsed magneto-motive ultrasound (pMMUS)-to identify intracellular accumulation of endocytosed magnetic nanoparticles. In pMMUS imaging a focused, high intensity, pulsed magnetic field is used to excite the cells labeled with magnetic nanoparticles, and ultrasound imaging is then used to monitor the mechanical response of the tissue. We demonstrated previously that clusters of magnetic nanoparticles amplify the pMMUS signal in comparison to the signal from individual nanoparticles. Here we further demonstrate that pMMUS imaging can identify interaction between magnetic nanoparticles and living cells, i.e. intracellular accumulation of nanoparticles within the cells. The results of our study suggest that pMMUS imaging can not only detect the presence of magnetic nanoparticles but also provides information about their intracellular accumulation non-invasively and in real-time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Min Qu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Li L. Ma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Dwight K. Romanovicz
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Keith P. Johnston
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Konstantin V. Sokolov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Imaging Physics, Division of Diagnostic Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stanislav Y. Emelianov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Imaging Physics, Division of Diagnostic Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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132
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Monteagudo S, Pérez-Martínez FC, Pérez-Carrión MD, Guerra J, Merino S, Sánchez-Verdú MP, Ceña V. Inhibition of p42 MAPK using a nonviral vector-delivered siRNA potentiates the anti-tumor effect of metformin in prostate cancer cells. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2011; 7:493-506. [PMID: 21995500 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.11.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this work was to study if a G1-polyamidoamine dendrimer/siRNA dendriplex can remove the p42 MAPK protein in prostate cancer cells and to potentiate the anti-tumoral effect of the antidiabetic drug metformin and taxane docetaxel. MATERIAL & METHODS The dendriplex uptake was studied using flow cytometry analysis. Transfection efficiency was determined by measuring p42 MAPK mRNA and protein levels. Anti-tumoral effects were determined by measuring cellular proliferation and damage. RESULTS The dendriplex siRNA/G1-polyamidoamine dendrimer decreased both p42 MAPK mRNA and protein levels by more than 80%, which potentiates the anti-tumoral effects of metformin. CONCLUSION Blockade of the MAPK pathway using a dendrimer-vehiculized siRNA to block the MAPK signaling pathway in prostate cancer cells can potentiate the anti-tumoral activity of anticancer drugs, indicating that the combination of siRNA-mediated blockade of survival signals plus anti-tumoral therapy might be a useful approach for cancer therapy.
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133
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Yuan W, Zhang J, Wei J, Yuan H, Ren J. Synthesis, characterization, and properties of tunable thermosensitive amphiphilic dendrimer-star copolymers with Y-shaped arms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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134
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Kuil J, Steunenberg P, Chin PTK, Oldenburg J, Jalink K, Velders AH, van Leeuwen FWB. Peptide-functionalized luminescent iridium complexes for lifetime imaging of CXCR4 expression. Chembiochem 2011; 12:1897-903. [PMID: 21739561 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201100271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is over-expressed in 23 types of cancer in which it plays a role in, among others, the metastatic spread. For this reason it is a potential biomarker for the field of diagnostic oncology. The antagonistic Ac-TZ14011 peptide, which binds to CXCR4, has been conjugated to luminescent iridium dyes to allow for CXCR4 visualization. The iridium dyes are cyclometalated octahedral iridium(III) 2-phenylpyridine complexes that can be functionalized with one, two or three targeting Ac-TZ14011 peptides. Confocal microscopy and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) showed that the peptide-iridium complex conjugates can be used to visualize CXCR4 expression in tumor cells. The CXCR4 receptor affinity and specific cell binding of the mono-, di- and trimeric peptide derivatives were assessed by using flow cytometry. The three derivatives possessed nanomolar receptor affinity and could distinguish between cell lines with different CXCR4 expression levels. This yields the first example of a neutral iridium(III) complex functionalized with peptides for FLIM-based visualization of a cancer associated membrane receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joeri Kuil
- Division of Diagnostic Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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135
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Nyitrai G, Kékesi O, Pál I, Keglevich P, Csíki Z, Fügedi P, Simon Á, Fitos I, Németh K, Visy J, Tárkányi G, Kardos J. Assessing toxicity of polyamidoamine dendrimers by neuronal signaling functions. Nanotoxicology 2011; 6:576-86. [DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2011.591511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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136
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Chen Y, Zhou L, Pang Y, Huang W, Qiu F, Jiang X, Zhu X, Yan D, Chen Q. Photoluminescent hyperbranched poly(amido amine) containing β-cyclodextrin as a nonviral gene delivery vector. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:1162-70. [PMID: 21528927 DOI: 10.1021/bc200010w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Hyperbranched poly(amido amine)s (HPAAs) containing different amounts of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) (HPAA-CDs) were synthesized in one-pot by Michael addition copolymerization of N,N'-methylene bisacrylamide, 1-(2-aminoethyl)piperazine, and mono-6-deoxy-6-ethylenediamino-β-CD. In comparison to pure HPAA, the fluorescence intensity of HPAA-CDs was enhanced significantly while the cytotoxicity became lower. Ascribed to plenty of amino groups and strong photoluminescence, HPAA-CDs could be used as nonviral gene delivery vectors, and the corresponding gene transfection was evaluated. The experimental results indicated that HPAA-CDs condensed the plasmid DNA very well. By utilizing the fluorescent properties of HPAA-CDs, the cellular uptake and gene transfection processes were tracked by flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy without any fluorescent labeling. The transfection efficiencies of HPAA-CDs were similar to that of pure HPAA. In addition, the inner cavities of β-CDs in HPAA-CDs could be used to encapsulate drugs through host--guest interaction. Therefore, the HPAA-CDs may have potential application in the combination of gene therapy and chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
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137
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Amir RJ, Albertazzi L, Willis J, Khan A, Kang T, Hawker CJ. Multifunctional trackable dendritic scaffolds and delivery agents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:3425-9. [PMID: 21391296 PMCID: PMC3491073 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201007427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Revised: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roey J. Amir
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5121, USA, Fax: (+1-805) 893-8797
| | - Lorenzo Albertazzi
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5121, USA, Fax: (+1-805) 893-8797. NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and CNR-INFM, and IIT@NEST, Center for Nanotechnology Innovation, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Jenny Willis
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5121, USA, Fax: (+1-805) 893-8797
| | - Anzar Khan
- Department of Materials, Institute of Polymers, ETH-Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, HCl H-520, 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Taegon Kang
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5121, USA, Fax: (+1-805) 893-8797
| | - Craig J. Hawker
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5121, USA, Fax: (+1-805) 893-8797
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138
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Medina SH, Tekumalla V, Chevliakov MV, Shewach DS, Ensminger WD, El-Sayed MEH. N-acetylgalactosamine-functionalized dendrimers as hepatic cancer cell-targeted carriers. Biomaterials 2011; 32:4118-29. [PMID: 21429574 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.11.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for novel polymeric carriers that can selectively deliver a large dose of chemotherapeutic agents into hepatic cancer cells to achieve high therapeutic activity with minimal systemic side effects. PAMAM dendrimers are characterized by a unique branching architecture and a large number of chemical surface groups suitable for coupling of chemotherapeutic agents. In this article, we report the coupling of N-acetylgalactosamine (NAcGal) to generation 5 (G5) of poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM-NH₂) dendrimers via peptide and thiourea linkages to prepare NAcGal-targeted carriers used for targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic agents into hepatic cancer cells. We describe the uptake of NAcGal-targeted and non-targeted G5 dendrimers into hepatic cancer cells (HepG2) as a function of G5 concentration and incubation time. We examine the contribution of the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) to the internalization of NAcGal-targeted dendrimers into hepatic cancer cells through a competitive inhibition assay. Our results show that uptake of NAcGal-targeted G5 dendrimers into hepatic cancer cells occurs via ASGPR-mediated endocytosis. Internalization of these targeted carriers increased with the increase in G5 concentration and incubation time following Michaelis-Menten kinetics characteristic of receptor-mediated endocytosis. These results collectively indicate that G5-NAcGal conjugates function as targeted carriers for selective delivery of chemotherapeutic agents into hepatic cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott H Medina
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cellular Engineering and Nano-Therapeutics Laboratory, University of Michigan, 1101 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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139
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Amir RJ, Albertazzi L, Willis J, Khan A, Kang T, Hawker CJ. Multifunctional Trackable Dendritic Scaffolds and Delivery Agents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201007427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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140
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Mugabe C, Matsui Y, So AI, Gleave ME, Heller M, Zeisser-Labouèbe M, Heller L, Chafeeva I, Brooks DE, Burt HM. In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Intravesical Docetaxel Loaded Hydrophobically Derivatized Hyperbranched Polyglycerols in an Orthotopic Model of Bladder Cancer. Biomacromolecules 2011; 12:949-60. [DOI: 10.1021/bm101316q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alan I. So
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Markus Heller
- The Centre for Drug Research and Development, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Lindsay Heller
- The Centre for Drug Research and Development, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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141
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Albertazzi L, Storti B, Marchetti L, Beltram F. Delivery and subcellular targeting of dendrimer-based fluorescent pH sensors in living cells. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:18158-67. [PMID: 21141854 DOI: 10.1021/ja105689u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis and targeted delivery of dendrimer-based fluorescent biosensors in living HeLa cells are reported. Following electroporation dendrimers are shown to display specific subcellular localization depending on their size and surface charge and this property is preserved when they are functionalized with sensing moieties. We analyze the case of double dendrimer conjugation with pH-sensitive and pH-insensitive molecules leading to the realization of ratiometric pH sensors that are calibrated in vitro and in living cells. By tuning the physicochemical properties of the dendrimer scaffold sensors can be targeted to specific cellular compartments allowing selective pH measurements in different organelles in living cells. In order to demonstrate the modularity of this approach we present three different pH sensors with tuned H(+) affinity by appropriately choosing the pH-sensitive dye. We argue that the present methodology represents a general approach toward the realization of targetable ratiometric sensors suitable to monitor biologically relevant ions or molecules in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Albertazzi
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
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142
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Paleos CM, Tsiourvas D, Sideratou Z, Tziveleka LA. Drug delivery using multifunctional dendrimers and hyperbranched polymers. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2010; 7:1387-98. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2010.534981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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143
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Mukherjee SP, Lyng FM, Garcia A, Davoren M, Byrne HJ. Mechanistic studies of in vitro cytotoxicity of poly(amidoamine) dendrimers in mammalian cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2010; 248:259-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2010.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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144
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Jacobson KA. GPCR ligand-dendrimer (GLiDe) conjugates: future smart drugs? Trends Pharmacol Sci 2010; 31:575-9. [PMID: 20961625 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Unlike nanocarriers that are intended to release their drug cargo at the site of action, biocompatibile polyamidoamine (PAMAM) conjugates are designed to act at cell surface G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) without drug release. These multivalent GPCR ligand-dendrimer (GLiDe) conjugates display qualitatively different pharmacological properties in comparison with monomeric drugs. They might be useful as novel tools to study GPCR homodimers and heterodimers as well as higher aggregates. The structure of the conjugate determines the profile of biological activity, receptor selectivity, and physical properties such as water solubility. Prosthetic groups for characterization and imaging of receptors can be introduced without loss of affinity. The feasibility of targeting multiple adenosine and P2Y receptors for synergistic effects has been shown. Testing in vivo will be needed to explore the effects on pharmacokinetics and tissue targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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