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Schroeder A, Heller DA, Winslow MM, Dahlman JE, Pratt GW, Langer R, Jacks T, Anderson DG. Treating metastatic cancer with nanotechnology. Nat Rev Cancer 2011; 12:39-50. [PMID: 22193407 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 787] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis accounts for the vast majority of cancer deaths. The unique challenges for treating metastases include their small size, high multiplicity and dispersion to diverse organ environments. Nanoparticles have many potential benefits for diagnosing and treating metastatic cancer, including the ability to transport complex molecular cargoes to the major sites of metastasis, such as the lungs, liver and lymph nodes, as well as targeting to specific cell populations within these organs. This Review highlights the research, opportunities and challenges for integrating engineering sciences with cancer biology and medicine to develop nanotechnology-based tools for treating metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avi Schroeder
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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102
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Baclayon M, Shoemaker GK, Uetrecht C, Crawford SE, Estes MK, Prasad BVV, Heck AJR, Wuite GJL, Roos WH. Prestress strengthens the shell of Norwalk virus nanoparticles. NANO LETTERS 2011; 11:4865-9. [PMID: 21967663 PMCID: PMC4059365 DOI: 10.1021/nl202699r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the influence of the protruding domain of Norwalk virus-like particles (NVLP) on its overall structural and mechanical stability. Deletion of the protruding domain yields smooth mutant particles and our AFM nanoindentation measurements show a surprisingly altered indentation response of these particles. Notably, the brittle behavior of the NVLP as compared to the plastic behavior of the mutant reveals that the protruding domain drastically changes the capsid's material properties. We conclude that the protruding domain introduces prestress, thereby increasing the stiffness of the NVLP and effectively stabilizing the viral nanoparticles. Our results exemplify the variety of methods that nature has explored to improve the mechanical properties of viral capsids, which in turn provides new insights for developing rationally designed, self-assembled nanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Baclayon
- Natuur- en Sterrenkunde and LaserLab, VU University, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Glen K. Shoemaker
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Group, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte Uetrecht
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Group, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - B. V. Venkataram Prasad
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Albert J. R. Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Group, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs J. L. Wuite
- Natuur- en Sterrenkunde and LaserLab, VU University, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter H. Roos
- Natuur- en Sterrenkunde and LaserLab, VU University, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Corresponding Author Tel: +31 20 59 87838.
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103
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Buré C, Marceau P, Meudal H, Delmas AF. Synthesis and analytical investigation of C-terminally modified peptide aldehydes and ketone: application to oxime ligation. J Pept Sci 2011; 18:147-54. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.1429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Buré
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire CNRS UPR4301; affiliated to the University of Orléans and INSERM; rue Charles Sadron 45071 Orléans cedex 2 France
- Present address: Chimie et Biologie des Membranes et des Nanoobjets (CBMN) - UMR 5248 Centre de Génomique Fonctionnelle BP 68; Université Bordeaux 2 Victor Segalen; 146, rue Léo Saignat 33076 Bordeaux Cedex France
| | - Philippe Marceau
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire CNRS UPR4301; affiliated to the University of Orléans and INSERM; rue Charles Sadron 45071 Orléans cedex 2 France
| | - Hervé Meudal
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire CNRS UPR4301; affiliated to the University of Orléans and INSERM; rue Charles Sadron 45071 Orléans cedex 2 France
| | - Agnès F. Delmas
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire CNRS UPR4301; affiliated to the University of Orléans and INSERM; rue Charles Sadron 45071 Orléans cedex 2 France
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Abstract
The capsids of most plant viruses are simple and robust structures consisting of multiple copies of one or a few types of protein subunit arranged with either icosahedral or helical symmetry. In many cases, capsids can be produced in large quantities either by the infection of plants or by the expression of the subunit(s) in a variety of heterologous systems. In view of their relative simplicity, stability and ease of production, plant virus particles or virus-like particles (VLPs) have attracted attention as potential reagents for applications in bionanotechnology. As a result, plant virus particles have been subjected to both genetic and chemical modification, have been used to encapsulate foreign material and have, themselves, been incorporated into supramolecular structures.
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Algar WR, Prasuhn DE, Stewart MH, Jennings TL, Blanco-Canosa JB, Dawson PE, Medintz IL. The controlled display of biomolecules on nanoparticles: a challenge suited to bioorthogonal chemistry. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:825-58. [PMID: 21585205 DOI: 10.1021/bc200065z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Interest in developing diverse nanoparticle (NP)-biological composite materials continues to grow almost unabated. This is motivated primarily by the desire to simultaneously exploit the properties of both NP and biological components in new hybrid devices or materials that can be applied in areas ranging from energy harvesting and nanoscale electronics to biomedical diagnostics. The utility and effectiveness of these composites will be predicated on the ability to assemble these structures with control over NP/biomolecule ratio, biomolecular orientation, biomolecular activity, and the separation distance within the NP-bioconjugate architecture. This degree of control will be especially critical in creating theranostic NP-bioconjugates that, as a single vector, are capable of multiple functions in vivo, including targeting, image contrast, biosensing, and drug delivery. In this review, a perspective is given on current and developing chemistries that can provide improved control in the preparation of NP-bioconjugates. The nanoscale properties intrinsic to several prominent NP materials are briefly described to highlight the motivation behind their use. NP materials of interest include quantum dots, carbon nanotubes, viral capsids, liposomes, and NPs composed of gold, lanthanides, silica, polymers, or magnetic materials. This review includes a critical discussion on the design considerations for NP-bioconjugates and the unique challenges associated with chemistry at the biological-nanoscale interface-the liabilities of traditional bioconjugation chemistries being particularly prominent therein. Select bioorthogonal chemistries that can address these challenges are reviewed in detail, and include chemoselective ligations (e.g., hydrazone and Staudinger ligation), cycloaddition reactions in click chemistry (e.g., azide-alkyne cyclyoaddition, tetrazine ligation), metal-affinity coordination (e.g., polyhistidine), enzyme driven modifications (e.g., HaloTag, biotin ligase), and other site-specific chemistries. The benefits and liabilities of particular chemistries are discussed by highlighting relevant NP-bioconjugation examples from the literature. Potential chemistries that have not yet been applied to NPs are also discussed, and an outlook on future developments in this field is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Russ Algar
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Optical Sciences Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue S.W., Washington, DC 20375, United States
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106
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Cho CF, Ablack A, Leong HS, Zijlstra A, Lewis J. Evaluation of nanoparticle uptake in tumors in real time using intravital imaging. J Vis Exp 2011:2808. [PMID: 21730939 PMCID: PMC3197055 DOI: 10.3791/2808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Current technologies for tumor imaging, such as ultrasound, MRI, PET and CT, are unable to yield high-resolution images for the assessment of nanoparticle uptake in tumors at the microscopic level1,2,3, highlighting the utility of a suitable xenograft model in which to perform detailed uptake analyses. Here, we use high-resolution intravital imaging to evaluate nanoparticle uptake in human tumor xenografts in a modified, shell-less chicken embryo model. The chicken embryo model is particularly well-suited for these in vivo analyses because it supports the growth of human tumors, is relatively inexpensive and does not require anesthetization or surgery 4,5. Tumor cells form fully vascularized xenografts within 7 days when implanted into the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) 6. The resulting tumors are visualized by non-invasive real-time, high-resolution imaging that can be maintained for up to 72 hours with little impact on either the host or tumor systems. Nanoparticles with a wide range of sizes and formulations administered distal to the tumor can be visualized and quantified as they flow through the bloodstream, extravasate from leaky tumor vasculature, and accumulate at the tumor site. We describe here the analysis of nanoparticles derived from Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) decorated with near-infrared fluorescent dyes and/or polyethylene glycol polymers (PEG) 7, 8, 9,10,11. Upon intravenous administration, these viral nanoparticles are rapidly internalized by endothelial cells, resulting in global labeling of the vasculature both outside and within the tumor7,12. PEGylation of the viral nanoparticles increases their plasma half-life, extends their time in the circulation, and ultimately enhances their accumulation in tumors via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect 7, 10,11. The rate and extent of accumulation of nanoparticles in a tumor is measured over time using image analysis software. This technique provides a method to both visualize and quantify nanoparticle dynamics in human tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choi-Fong Cho
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario
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107
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Bronstein LM. Virus-based nanoparticles with inorganic cargo: what does the future hold? SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2011; 7:1609-1618. [PMID: 21520496 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201001992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2010] [Revised: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
An analysis of the accumulated knowledge on virus-based nanoparticles (VNPs) consisting of virus protein capsids and inorganic cargo, such as nanoparticles (NPs), nanowires, and thin layers, is presented. Virus capsids (VCs) can serve either as templates or nanoreactors when inorganic materials are formed outside or inside VCs. The third possibility is when inorganic NPs nucleate the formation of VCs. The structural and mechanistic studies of VNP formation are paving the way to a better understating of virus structure and behavior, and these facilitate promising applications of VNPs in biomedical and materials research.
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108
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Steinmetz NF, Ablack AL, Hickey JL, Ablack J, Manocha B, Mymryk JS, Luyt LG, Lewis JD. Intravital imaging of human prostate cancer using viral nanoparticles targeted to gastrin-releasing Peptide receptors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2011; 7:1664-72. [PMID: 21520408 PMCID: PMC3163449 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201000435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Revised: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Multivalent nanoparticles have several key advantages in terms of solubility, binding avidity, and uptake, making them particularly well suited to molecular imaging applications. Herein is reported the stepwise synthesis and characterization of NIR viral nanoparticles targeted to gastrin-releasing peptide receptors that are over-expressed in human prostate cancers. The pan-bombesin analogue, [β-Ala11, Phe13, Nle14]bombesin-(7-14), is conjugated to cowpea mosaic virus particles functionalized with an NIR dye (Alexa Fluor 647) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) using the copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction. Targeting and uptake in human PC-3 prostate cells is demonstrated in vitro. Tumor homing is observed using human prostate tumor xenografts on the chicken chorioallantoic membrane model using intravital imaging. Further development of this viral nanoparticle platform may open the door to potential clinical noninvasive molecular imaging strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jailal Ablack
- Department of Oncology, London Regional Cancer Program, 790 Commissioners Rd. E., London, Ontario N6A 4L6, Canada
| | - Bhavik Manocha
- Translational Prostate Cancer Research Group London Regional Cancer Program, Room A4-823, 790 Commissioners Rd. E., London, Ontario N6A 4L6, Canada
| | - Joe S. Mymryk
- Department of Oncology, London Regional Cancer Program, 790 Commissioners Rd. E., London, Ontario N6A 4L6, Canada
| | - Leonard G. Luyt
- Department of Chemistry University of Western Ontario London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
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109
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Pokorski JK, Breitenkamp K, Liepold LO, Qazi S, Finn MG. Functional virus-based polymer-protein nanoparticles by atom transfer radical polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:9242-5. [PMID: 21627118 DOI: 10.1021/ja203286n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Viruses and virus-like particles (VLPs) are useful tools in biomedical research. Their defined structural attributes make them attractive platforms for engineered interactions over large molecular surface areas. In this report, we describe the use of VLPs as multivalent macroinitiators for atom transfer radical polymerization. The introduction of chemically reactive monomers during polymerization provides a robust platform for post-synthetic modification via the copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction. These results provide the basis to construct nanoparticle delivery vehicles and imaging agents using protein-polymer conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan K Pokorski
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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110
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Yildiz I, Shukla S, Steinmetz NF. Applications of viral nanoparticles in medicine. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2011; 22:901-8. [PMID: 21592772 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2011.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Several nanoparticle platforms are currently being developed for applications in medicine, including both synthetic materials and naturally occurring bionanomaterials such as viral nanoparticles (VNPs) and their genome-free counterparts, virus-like particles (VLPs). A broad range of genetic and chemical engineering methods have been established that allow VNP/VLP formulations to carry large payloads of imaging reagents or drugs. Furthermore, targeted VNPs and VLPs can be generated by including peptide ligands on the particle surface. In this article, we highlight state-of-the-art virus engineering principles and discuss recent advances that bring potential biomedical applications a step closer. Viral nanotechnology has now come of age and it will not be long before these formulations assume a prominent role in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Yildiz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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111
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Keum JW, Hathorne AP, Bermudez H. Controlling forces and pathways in self-assembly using viruses and DNA. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 3:282-97. [PMID: 21384560 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The ability of both viruses and DNA to self-assemble in solution has continues to enable numerous applications at the nanoscale. Here we review the relevant interactions dictating the assembly of these structures, as well as discussing how they can be exploited experimentally. Because self-assembly is a process, we discuss various strategies for achieving spatial and temporal control. Finally, we highlight a few examples of recent advances that exploit the features of these nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Won Keum
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
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112
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Chelebaeva E, Larionova J, Guari Y, Ferreira RAS, Carlos LD, Trifonov AA, Kalaivani T, Lascialfari A, Guérin C, Molvinger K, Datas L, Maynadier M, Gary-Bobo M, Garcia M. Nanoscale coordination polymers exhibiting luminescence properties and NMR relaxivity. NANOSCALE 2011; 3:1200-1210. [PMID: 21258695 DOI: 10.1039/c0nr00709a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This article presents the first example of ultra-small (3-4 nm) magneto-luminescent cyano-bridged coordination polymer nanoparticles Ln0.33(3+)Gdx3+/[Mo(CN)8]3- (Ln=Eu (x=0.34), Tb (x=0.35)) enwrapped by a natural biocompatible polymer chitosan. The aqueous colloidal solutions of these nanoparticles present a luminescence characteristic of the corresponding lanthanides (5D0→7F0-4 (Eu3+) or the 5D4→7F6-2 (Tb3+)) under UV excitation and a green luminescence of the chitosan shell under excitation in the visible region. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) efficiency, i.e. the nuclear relaxivity, measurements performed for Ln0.33(3+)Gdx3+/[Mo(CN)8]3- nanoparticles show r1p and r2p relaxivities slightly higher than or comparable to the ones of the commercial paramagnetic compounds Gd-DTPA® or Omniscan® indicating that our samples may potentially be considered as a positive contrast agent for MRI. The in vitro studies performed on these nanoparticles show that they maybe internalized into human cancer and normal cells and well detected by fluorescence at the single cell level. They present high stability even at low pH and lack of cytotoxicity both in human cancer and normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Chelebaeva
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, UMR5253, Chimie Moléculaire et Organisation du Solide, Université Montpellier II, Place E. Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier cedex 5, France
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113
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Abstract
Viral nanotechnology is an emerging and highly interdisciplinary field in which viral nanoparticles (VNPs) are applied in diverse areas such as electronics, energy and next-generation medical devices. VNPs have been developed as candidates for novel materials, and are often described as "programmable" because they can be modified and functionalized using a number of techniques. In this review, we discuss the concepts and methods that allow VNPs to be engineered, including (i) bioconjugation chemistries, (ii) encapsulation techniques, (iii) mineralization strategies, and (iv) film and hydrogel development. With all these techniques in hand, the potential applications of VNPs are limited only by the imagination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan K. Pokorski
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Nicole F. Steinmetz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Center for Imaging Research, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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114
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Steinmetz NF, Cho CF, Ablack A, Lewis JD, Manchester M. Cowpea mosaic virus nanoparticles target surface vimentin on cancer cells. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2011; 6:351-64. [PMID: 21385137 PMCID: PMC3436905 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.10.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Vimentin, a type III intermediate filament, is upregulated during epithelial-mesenchymal transition and tumor progression. Vimentin is surface-expressed on cells involved in inflammation; the function remains unknown. We investigated the expression of surface vimentin on cancer cells and evaluated targeting nanoparticles to tumors exploiting vimentin. MATERIALS & METHODS Cowpea mosaic virus nanoparticles that interact with surface vimentin were used as probes. Tumor homing was tested using the chick chorioallantoic membrane model with human tumor xenografts. RESULTS & DISCUSSION Surface vimentin levels varied during cell cycle and among the cell lines tested. Surface vimentin expression correlated with cowpea mosaic virus uptake, underscoring the utility of cowpea mosaic virus to detect invasive cancer cells. Targeting to tumor xenografts was observed; homing was based on the enhanced permeability and retention effect. Our data provide novel insights into the role of surface vimentin in cancer and targeting nanoparticles in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department for Cell Biology, Center for Integrative Molecular Biosciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Center for Imaging Research, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Choi-Fong Cho
- Translational Prostate Cancer Research Group, London Regional Cancer Program, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Amber Ablack
- Translational Prostate Cancer Research Group, London Regional Cancer Program, London, ON, Canada
| | - John D Lewis
- Translational Prostate Cancer Research Group, London Regional Cancer Program, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Marianne Manchester
- Department for Cell Biology, Center for Integrative Molecular Biosciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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115
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Banerjee D, Harfouche R, Sengupta S. Nanotechnology-mediated targeting of tumor angiogenesis. Vasc Cell 2011; 3:3. [PMID: 21349160 PMCID: PMC3039831 DOI: 10.1186/2045-824x-3-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is disregulated in many diseased states, most notably in cancer. An emerging strategy for the development of therapies targeting tumor-associated angiogenesis is to harness the potential of nanotechnology to improve the pharmacology of chemotherapeutics, including anti-angiogenic agents. Nanoparticles confer several advantages over that of free drugs, including their capability to carry high payloads of therapeutic agents, confer increased half-life and reduced toxicity to the drugs, and provide means for selective targeting of the tumor tissue and vasculature. The plethora of nanovectors available, in addition to the various methods available to combine them with anti-angiogenic drugs, allows researchers to fine-tune the pharmacological profile of the drugs ad infinitum. Use of nanovectors has also opened up novel avenues for non-invasive imaging of tumor angiogenesis. Herein, we review the types of nanovector and therapeutic/diagnostic agent combinations used in targeting tumor angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deboshri Banerjee
- BWH-HST Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard-MIT Division of Health Science and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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116
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Banerjee D, Sengupta S. Nanoparticles in Cancer Chemotherapy. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2011; 104:489-507. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-416020-0.00012-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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117
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Aljabali AAA, Barclay JE, Lomonossoff GP, Evans DJ. Virus templated metallic nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2010; 2:2596-2600. [PMID: 20877898 DOI: 10.1039/c0nr00525h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Plant viruses are considered as nanobuilding blocks that can be used as synthons or templates for novel materials. Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) particles have been shown to template the fabrication of metallic nanoparticles by an electroless deposition metallization process. Palladium ions were electrostatically bound to the virus capsid and, when reduced, acted as nucleation sites for the subsequent metal deposition from solution. The method, although simple, produced highly monodisperse metallic nanoparticles with a diameter of ca. ≤35 nm. CPMV-templated particles were prepared with cobalt, nickel, iron, platinum, cobalt-platinum and nickel-iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa A A Aljabali
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
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118
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Koudelka KJ, Manchester M. Chemically modified viruses: principles and applications. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2010; 14:810-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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119
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Intravital imaging of embryonic and tumor neovasculature using viral nanoparticles. Nat Protoc 2010; 5:1406-17. [PMID: 20671724 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2010.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Viral nanoparticles are a novel class of biomolecular agents that take advantage of the natural circulatory and targeting properties of viruses to allow the development of therapeutics, vaccines and imaging tools. We have developed a multivalent nanoparticle platform based on the cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) that facilitates particle labeling at high density with fluorescent dyes and other functional groups. Compared with other technologies, CPMV-based viral nanoparticles are particularly suited for long-term intravital vascular imaging because of their biocompatibility and retention in the endothelium with minimal side effects. The stable, long-term labeling of the endothelium allows the identification of vasculature undergoing active remodeling in real time. In this study, we describe the synthesis, purification and fluorescent labeling of CPMV nanoparticles, along with their use for imaging of vascular structure and for intravital vascular mapping in developmental and tumor angiogenesis models. Dye-labeled viral nanoparticles can be synthesized and purified in a single day, and imaging studies can be conducted over hours, days or weeks, depending on the application.
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