101
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Lee KY, Kim I, Kim SE, Jeong DW, Kim JJ, Rhim H, Ahn JP, Park SH, Choi HJ. Vertical nanowire probes for intracellular signaling of living cells. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2014; 9:56. [PMID: 24484729 PMCID: PMC3917366 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-9-56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The single living cell action potential was measured in an intracellular mode by using a vertical nanoelectrode. For intracellular interfacing, Si nanowires were vertically grown in a controlled manner, and optimum conditions, such as diameter, length, and nanowire density, were determined by culturing cells on the nanowires. Vertical nanowire probes were then fabricated with a complimentary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) process including sequential deposition of the passivation and electrode layers on the nanowires, and a subsequent partial etching process. The fabricated nanowire probes had an approximately 60-nm diameter and were intracellular. These probes interfaced with a GH3 cell and measured the spontaneous action potential. It successfully measured the action potential, which rapidly reached a steady state with average peak amplitude of approximately 10 mV, duration of approximately 140 ms, and period of 0.9 Hz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Young Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
- Spin Convergence Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 139-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Ilsoo Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Eun Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Du-Won Jeong
- Department of Physics, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Jin Kim
- Department of Physics, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyewhon Rhim
- Center for Chemoinformatics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 139-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Pyeong Ahn
- Advanced Analysis Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 139-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Han Park
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Heon-Jin Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
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102
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Elsayed M, Merkel OM. Nanoimprinting of topographical and 3D cell culture scaffolds. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2014; 9:349-66. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.13.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix exhibits several nanostructures such as fibers, filaments, nanopores and ridges that can be mimicked by topographical and 3D substrates for cell and tissue cultures for an environment closer to in vivo conditions. This review summarizes and discusses a growing number of reports employing nanoimprint lithography to obtain such scaffolds. The different nanoimprint lithography methods as well as their advantages and disadvantages are described and special attention is paid to cell culture applications. We discuss the impact of materials, nanotopography, size, geometry, fabrication method, and cell type on growth guidance and differentiation. We present examples of cell guidance, inhibition of cell growth, cell pinning and engineering of 3D cell sheets or spheroids. As current applications are limited and not systematically compared for various cell types, this review only suggests promising substrates for particular applications. Future possible directions are also proposed in which this field may proceed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Elsayed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Olivia M Merkel
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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103
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Pham VTH, Truong VK, Mainwaring DE, Guo Y, Baulin VA, Al Kobaisi M, Gervinskas G, Juodkazis S, Zeng WR, Doran PP, Crawford RJ, Ivanova EP. Nanotopography as a trigger for the microscale, autogenous and passive lysis of erythrocytes. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:2819-2826. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb00239c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A mechano-responsive topology provides a highly active yet autogenous surface for erythrocyte lysis towards microfluidic haematology platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vy T. H. Pham
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology
- School of Science
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology
- Swinburne University of Technology
- Hawthorn, Australia
| | - Vi Khanh Truong
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology
- School of Science
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology
- Swinburne University of Technology
- Hawthorn, Australia
| | - David E. Mainwaring
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology
- School of Science
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology
- Swinburne University of Technology
- Hawthorn, Australia
| | - Yachong Guo
- Department d'Enginyeria Quimica
- Universitat Rovira I Virgili
- , Spain
| | | | - Mohammad Al Kobaisi
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology
- School of Science
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology
- Swinburne University of Technology
- Hawthorn, Australia
| | - Gediminas Gervinskas
- Centre for Micro-Photonics
- School of Science
- Faculty of Science
- Engineering and Technology
- Swinburne University of Technology
| | - Saulius Juodkazis
- Centre for Micro-Photonics
- School of Science
- Faculty of Science
- Engineering and Technology
- Swinburne University of Technology
| | - Wendy R. Zeng
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology
- School of Science
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology
- Swinburne University of Technology
- Hawthorn, Australia
| | - Pauline P. Doran
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology
- School of Science
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology
- Swinburne University of Technology
- Hawthorn, Australia
| | - Russell J. Crawford
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology
- School of Science
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology
- Swinburne University of Technology
- Hawthorn, Australia
| | - Elena P. Ivanova
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology
- School of Science
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology
- Swinburne University of Technology
- Hawthorn, Australia
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104
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Persson H, Købler C, Mølhave K, Samuelson L, Tegenfeldt JO, Oredsson S, Prinz CN. Fibroblasts cultured on nanowires exhibit low motility, impaired cell division, and DNA damage. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:4006-16, 3905. [PMID: 23813871 PMCID: PMC4282547 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201300644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nanowires are commonly used as tools for interfacing living cells, acting as biomolecule-delivery vectors or electrodes. It is generally assumed that the small size of the nanowires ensures a minimal cellular perturbation, yet the effects of nanowires on cell migration and proliferation remain largely unknown. Fibroblast behaviour on vertical nanowire arrays is investigated, and it is shown that cell motility and proliferation rate are reduced on nanowires. Fibroblasts cultured on long nanowires exhibit failed cell division, DNA damage, increased ROS content and respiration. Using focused ion beam milling and scanning electron microscopy, highly curved but intact nuclear membranes are observed, showing no direct contact between the nanowires and the DNA. The nanowires possibly induce cellular stress and high respiration rates, which trigger the formation of ROS, which in turn results in DNA damage. These results are important guidelines to the design and interpretation of experiments involving nanowire-based transfection and electrical characterization of living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Persson
- The Nanometer Structure Consortium, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 LundSweden
- Division of Solid State Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden. E-mail:
| | - Carsten Købler
- Center for Electron Nanoscopy, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 345E, 2800 Kongens LyngbyDenmark
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 345E, 2800 Kongens LyngbyDenmark
| | - Kristian Mølhave
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 345E, 2800 Kongens LyngbyDenmark
| | - Lars Samuelson
- The Nanometer Structure Consortium, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 LundSweden
- Division of Solid State Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden. E-mail:
| | - Jonas O Tegenfeldt
- The Nanometer Structure Consortium, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 LundSweden
- Division of Solid State Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden. E-mail:
| | - Stina Oredsson
- The Nanometer Structure Consortium, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 LundSweden
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, 223 62 LundSweden
| | - Christelle N Prinz
- The Nanometer Structure Consortium, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 LundSweden
- Neuronano Research Center, Lund University, Sölvegatan 19, 221 84 LundSweden
- Division of Solid State Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden. E-mail:
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105
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Kim MH, Park M, Kang K, Choi IS. Neurons on nanometric topographies: insights into neuronal behaviors in vitro. Biomater Sci 2013; 2:148-155. [PMID: 32481875 DOI: 10.1039/c3bm60255a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Topography, the physical characteristics of an environment, is one of the most prominent stimuli neurons can encounter in the body. Many aspects of neurons and neuronal behavior are affected by the size, shape, and pattern of the physical features of the environment. A recent increase in the use of nanometric topographies, due to improved fabrication techniques, has resulted in new findings on neuronal behavior and development. Factors such as neuron adhesion, neurite alignment, and even the rate of neurite formation have all been highlighted through nanotopographies as complex phenomena that are driven by intricate intracellular mechanisms. Nanotopographies are suitable platforms, not only for fundamental studies on neuronal development, but also in practical applications, including multielectrode array devices and neuro-regenerative medicine. We reviewed recent publications that address the effects of nanotopography on neurons and categorized the observed behaviors as adherence, directional guidance, or accelerated outgrowth. We also discussed possible biological mechanisms of the molecular and cellular responses to topography, and suggested future perspectives for this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Hee Kim
- Center for Cell-Encapsulation Research and Molecular-Level Interface Research Center, Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
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106
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Kim SY, Yang EG. Collective behaviors of mammalian cells on amine-coated silicon nanowires. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 24:455704. [PMID: 24140651 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/24/45/455704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Intensive studies with vertical nanowire (NW) arrays have illustrated broad implications for manipulating mammalian cells in vitro, but how cellular responses are influenced by the presence of NWs has not been thoroughly investigated. Here, we address collective cellular behaviors, including surface area of cells, membrane trafficking, focal adhesion distribution and dynamics, and cytoskeletal protein distribution on amine-coated silicon (Si) NWs with different physical properties. The degree of HeLa cell spreading was inversely proportional to the surface area occupied by the NWs, which was not affected by manipulation of membrane trafficking dynamics. In the presence of a diffusive focal complex around the NWs, strong, well organized focal adhesion was hardly visible on the NWs, implying that the cells were interacting weakly with the NW-embedded surface. Furthermore, we found that actin filament formation of the cells on long NWs was not favorable, and this could explain our observation of reduced cell spreading, as well as the decreased number of focal adhesion complexes. Taken together, our results suggest that cells can survive on silicon NWs by adjusting their morphology and adhesion behavior through actively organizing these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Yeon Kim
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Korea
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107
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Bonde S, Berthing T, Madsen MH, Andersen TK, Buch-Månson N, Guo L, Li X, Badique F, Anselme K, Nygård J, Martinez KL. Tuning InAs nanowire density for HEK293 cell viability, adhesion, and morphology: perspectives for nanowire-based biosensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:10510-9. [PMID: 24074264 DOI: 10.1021/am402070k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Arrays of nanowires (NWs) are currently being established as vehicles for molecule delivery and electrical- and fluorescence-based platforms in the development of biosensors. It is conceivable that NW-based biosensors can be optimized through increased understanding of how the nanotopography influences the interfaced biological material. Using state-of-the-art homogenous NW arrays allow for a systematic investigation of how the broad range of NW densities used by the community influences cells. Here it is demonstrated that indium arsenide NW arrays provide a cell-promoting surface, which affects both cell division and focal adhesion up-regulation. Furthermore, a systematic variation in NW spacing affects both the detailed cell morphology and adhesion properties, where the latter can be predicted based on changes in free-energy states using the proposed theoretical model. As the NW density influences cellular parameters, such as cell size and adhesion tightness, it will be important to take NW density into consideration in the continued development of NW-based platforms for cellular applications, such as molecule delivery and electrical measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bonde
- Bionanotechnology and Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Nano-science Center, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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108
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Li J, Han Q, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Dong M, Besenbacher F, Yang R, Wang C. Optical regulation of protein adsorption and cell adhesion by photoresponsive GaN nanowires. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:9816-9822. [PMID: 24073887 DOI: 10.1021/am403070g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Interfacing nanowires with living cells is attracting more and more interest due to the potential applications, such as cell culture engineering and drug delivery. We report on the feasibility of using photoresponsive semiconductor gallium nitride (GaN) nanowires (NWs) for regulating the behaviors of biomolecules and cells at the nano/biointerface. The GaN NWs have been fabricated by a facile chemical vapor deposition method. The superhydrophobicity to superhydrophilicity transition of the NWs is achieved by UV illumination. Bovine serum albumin adsorption could be modulated by photoresponsive GaN NWs. Tunable cell detachment and adhesion are also observed. The mechanism of the NW surface responsible for modulating both of protein adsorption and cell adhesion is discussed. These observations of the modulation effects on protein adsorption and cell adhesion by GaN NWs could provide a novel approach toward the regulation of the behaviors of biomolecules and cells at the nano/biointerface, which may be of considerable importance in the development of high-performance semiconductor nanowire-based biomedical devices for cell culture engineering, bioseparation, and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingying Li
- CAS Key Lab for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
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109
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Taskin MB, Sasso L, Dimaki M, Svendsen WE, Castillo-León J. Combined cell culture-biosensing platform using vertically aligned patterned peptide nanofibers for cellular studies. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:3323-8. [PMID: 23537161 DOI: 10.1021/am400390g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
This Article presents the development of a combined cell culture-biosensing platform using vertically aligned self-assembled peptide nanofibers. Peptide nanofibers were patterned on a microchip containing gold microelectrodes to provide the cells with a 3D environment enabling them to grow and proliferate. Gold microelectrodes were functionalized with conductive polymers for the electrochemical detection of dopamine released from PC12 cells. The combined cell culture-biosensing platform assured a close proximity of the release site, the cells and the active surface of the sensor, thereby rendering it possible to avoid a loss of sensitivity because of the diffusion of the sample. The obtained results showed that the peptide nanofibers were suitable as a cell culturing substrate for PC12 cells. The peptide nanofibers could be employed as an alternative biological material to increase the adherence properties of PC12 cells. Dopamine was amperometrically detected at a value of 168 fmole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet B Taskin
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsted Plads 345B. 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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110
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Robinson JT, Jorgolli M, Park H. Nanowire electrodes for high-density stimulation and measurement of neural circuits. Front Neural Circuits 2013; 7:38. [PMID: 23486552 PMCID: PMC3594763 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2013.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) that can precisely monitor and control neural activity will likely require new hardware with improved resolution and specificity. New nanofabricated electrodes with feature sizes and densities comparable to neural circuits may lead to such improvements. In this perspective, we review the recent development of vertical nanowire (NW) electrodes that could provide highly parallel single-cell recording and stimulation for future BMIs. We compare the advantages of these devices and discuss some of the technical challenges that must be overcome for this technology to become a platform for next-generation closed-loop BMIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Robinson
- Departments of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Bioengineering, Rice University Houston, TX, USA
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111
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Nanowire-based electrode for acute in vivo neural recordings in the brain. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56673. [PMID: 23431387 PMCID: PMC3576334 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We present an electrode, based on structurally controlled nanowires, as a first step towards developing a useful nanostructured device for neurophysiological measurements in vivo. The sensing part of the electrode is made of a metal film deposited on top of an array of epitaxially grown gallium phosphide nanowires. We achieved the first functional testing of the nanowire-based electrode by performing acute in vivo recordings in the rat cerebral cortex and withstanding multiple brain implantations. Due to the controllable geometry of the nanowires, this type of electrode can be used as a model system for further analysis of the functional properties of nanostructured neuronal interfaces in vivo.
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112
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Mumm F, Beckwith KM, Bonde S, Martinez KL, Sikorski P. A transparent nanowire-based cell impalement device suitable for detailed cell-nanowire interaction studies. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:263-72. [PMID: 23034997 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201201314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A method to fabricate inexpensive and transparent nanowire impalement devices is invented based on CuO nanowire arrays grown by thermal oxidation. By employing a novel process the nanowires are transferred to a transparent, cell-compatible epoxy membrane. Cargo delivery and detailed cell-nanowire interaction studies are performed, revealing that the cell plasma membrane tightly wraps the nanowires, while cell membrane penetration is not observed. The presented device offers an efficient investigation platform for further optimization, leading towards a simple and versatile impalement delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Mumm
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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113
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Na YR, Kim SY, Gaublomme JT, Shalek AK, Jorgolli M, Park H, Yang EG. Probing enzymatic activity inside living cells using a nanowire-cell "sandwich" assay. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:153-8. [PMID: 23244056 PMCID: PMC3541459 DOI: 10.1021/nl3037068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Developing a detailed understanding of enzyme function in the context of an intracellular signal transduction pathway requires minimally invasive methods for probing enzyme activity in situ. Here, we describe a new method for monitoring enzyme activity in living cells by sandwiching live cells between two vertical silicon nanowire (NW) arrays. Specifically, we use the first NW array to immobilize the cells and then present enzymatic substrates intracellularly via the second NW array by utilizing the NWs' ability to penetrate cellular membranes without affecting cells' viability or function. This strategy, when coupled with fluorescence microscopy and mass spectrometry, enables intracellular examination of protease, phosphatase, and protein kinase activities, demonstrating the assay's potential in uncovering the physiological roles of various enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ran Na
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, South Korea
| | - So Yeon Kim
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, South Korea
| | - Jellert T. Gaublomme
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Alex K. Shalek
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Marsela Jorgolli
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, 17 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Hongkun Park
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, 17 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Eun Gyeong Yang
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, South Korea
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114
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115
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Hanson L, Lin ZC, Xie C, Cui Y, Cui B. Characterization of the cell-nanopillar interface by transmission electron microscopy. NANO LETTERS 2012; 12:5815-20. [PMID: 23030066 DOI: 10.1021/nl303163y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Vertically aligned nanopillars can serve as excellent electrical, optical and mechanical platforms for biological studies. However, revealing the nature of the interface between the cell and the nanopillar is very challenging. In particular, a matter of debate is whether the cell membrane remains intact around the nanopillar. Here we present a detailed characterization of the cell-nanopillar interface by transmission electron microscopy. We examined cortical neurons growing on nanopillars with diameter 50-500 nm and heights 0.5-2 μm. We found that on nanopillars less than 300 nm in diameter, the cell membrane wraps around the entirety of the nanopillar without the nanopillar penetrating into the interior of the cell. On the other hand, the cell sits on top of arrays of larger, closely spaced nanopillars. We also observed that the membrane-surface gap of both cell bodies and neurites is smaller for nanopillars than for a flat substrate. These results support a tight interaction between the cell membrane and the nanopillars and previous findings of excellent sealing in electrophysiology recordings using nanopillar electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Hanson
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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116
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Nguyen TD, Deshmukh N, Nagarah JM, Kramer T, Purohit PK, Berry MJ, McAlpine MC. Piezoelectric nanoribbons for monitoring cellular deformations. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 7:587-93. [PMID: 22796742 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2012.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Methods for probing mechanical responses of mammalian cells to electrical excitations can improve our understanding of cellular physiology and function. The electrical response of neuronal cells to applied voltages has been studied in detail, but less is known about their mechanical response to electrical excitations. Studies using atomic force microscopes (AFMs) have shown that mammalian cells exhibit voltage-induced mechanical deflections at nanometre scales, but AFM measurements can be invasive and difficult to multiplex. Here we show that mechanical deformations of neuronal cells in response to electrical excitations can be measured using piezoelectric PbZr(x)Ti(1-x)O(3) (PZT) nanoribbons, and we find that cells deflect by 1 nm when 120 mV is applied to the cell membrane. The measured cellular forces agree with a theoretical model in which depolarization caused by an applied voltage induces a change in membrane tension, which results in the cell altering its radius so that the pressure remains constant across the membrane. We also transfer arrays of PZT nanoribbons onto a silicone elastomer and measure mechanical deformations on a cow lung that mimics respiration. The PZT nanoribbons offer a minimally invasive and scalable platform for electromechanical biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh D Nguyen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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117
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Kwiat M, Elnathan R, Pevzner A, Peretz A, Barak B, Peretz H, Ducobni T, Stein D, Mittelman L, Ashery U, Patolsky F. Highly ordered large-scale neuronal networks of individual cells - toward single cell to 3D nanowire intracellular interfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2012; 4:3542-9. [PMID: 22724437 DOI: 10.1021/am300602e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The use of artificial, prepatterned neuronal networks in vitro is a promising approach for studying the development and dynamics of small neural systems in order to understand the basic functionality of neurons and later on of the brain. The present work presents a high fidelity and robust procedure for controlling neuronal growth on substrates such as silicon wafers and glass, enabling us to obtain mature and durable neural networks of individual cells at designed geometries. It offers several advantages compared to other related techniques that have been reported in recent years mainly because of its high yield and reproducibility. The procedure is based on surface chemistry that allows the formation of functional, tailormade neural architectures with a micrometer high-resolution partition, that has the ability to promote or repel cells attachment. The main achievements of this work are deemed to be the creation of a large scale neuronal network at low density down to individual cells, that develop intact typical neurites and synapses without any glia-supportive cells straight from the plating stage and with a relatively long term survival rate, up to 4 weeks. An important application of this method is its use on 3D nanopillars and 3D nanowire-device arrays, enabling not only the cell bodies, but also their neurites to be positioned directly on electrical devices and grow with registration to the recording elements underneath.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moria Kwiat
- School of Chemistry, The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, ‡Department of Physiology, Sackler Medical School, and §Department of Neurobiology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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118
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Peer E, Artzy-Schnirman A, Gepstein L, Sivan U. Hollow nanoneedle array and its utilization for repeated administration of biomolecules to the same cells. ACS NANO 2012; 6:4940-4946. [PMID: 22632128 DOI: 10.1021/nn300443h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel hollow nanoneedle array (NNA) device capable of simultaneously delivering diverse cargo into a group of cells in a culture over prolonged periods. The silica needles are fed by a common reservoir whose content can be replenished and modified in real time while maintaining contact with the same cells. The NNA, albeit its submicrometer features, is fabricated in a silicon-on-insulator wafer using conventional, large scale, silicon technology. 3T3-NIH fibroblast cells and HEK293 human embryonic kidney cells are shown to grow and proliferate successfully on the NNAs. Cargo delivery from the reservoir through the needles to a group of HEK293 cells in the culture is demonstrated by repeated administration of fluorescently labeled dextran to the same cells and transfection with DNA coding for red fluorescent protein. The capabilities demonstrated by the NNA device open the door to large scale studies of the effect of selected cells on their environment as encountered, for instance, in the study of cell-fate decisions, the role of cell-autonomous versus nonautonomous mechanisms in developmental biology, and in the study of excitable cell-networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elad Peer
- Russel Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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119
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Lee SK, Kim GS, Wu Y, Kim DJ, Lu Y, Kwak M, Han L, Hyung JH, Seol JK, Sander C, Gonzalez A, Li J, Fan R. Nanowire substrate-based laser scanning cytometry for quantitation of circulating tumor cells. NANO LETTERS 2012; 12:2697-704. [PMID: 22646476 PMCID: PMC3381426 DOI: 10.1021/nl2041707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We report on the development of a nanowire substrate-enabled laser scanning imaging cytometry for rare cell analysis in order to achieve quantitative, automated, and functional evaluation of circulating tumor cells. Immuno-functionalized nanowire arrays have been demonstrated as a superior material to capture rare cells from heterogeneous cell populations. The laser scanning cytometry method enables large-area, automated quantitation of captured cells and rapid evaluation of functional cellular parameters (e.g., size, shape, and signaling protein) at the single-cell level. This integrated platform was first tested for capture and quantitation of human lung carcinoma cells from a mixture of tumor cells and leukocytes. We further applied it to the analysis of rare tumor cells spiked in fresh human whole blood (several cells per mL) that emulate metastatic cancer patient blood and demonstrated the potential of this technology for analyzing circulating tumor cells in the clinical settings. Using a high-content image analysis algorithm, cellular morphometric parameters and fluorescence intensities can be rapidly quantitated in an automated, unbiased, and standardized manner. Together, this approach enables informative characterization of captured cells in situ and potentially allows for subclassification of circulating tumor cells, a key step toward the identification of true metastasis-initiating cells. Thus, this nanoenabled platform holds great potential for studying the biology of rare tumor cells and for differential diagnosis of cancer progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Kwon Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Department of Semiconductor Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Korea
| | - Gil-Sung Kim
- Department of Semiconductor Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Korea
| | - Yu Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Dong-Joo Kim
- Department of Semiconductor Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Korea
| | - Yao Lu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Minsuk Kwak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Lin Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Jung-Hwan Hyung
- Department of Semiconductor Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Korea
| | - Jin-Kyeong Seol
- Department of Semiconductor Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Korea
| | - Chantal Sander
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Anjelica Gonzalez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Neuropathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Rong Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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120
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Interactions of neurons with topographic nano cues affect branching morphology mimicking neuron–neuron interactions. J Mol Histol 2012; 43:437-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s10735-012-9422-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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121
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122
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Xie C, Lin Z, Hanson L, Cui Y, Cui B. Intracellular recording of action potentials by nanopillar electroporation. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 7:185-90. [PMID: 22327876 PMCID: PMC3356686 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2012.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Action potentials have a central role in the nervous system and in many cellular processes, notably those involving ion channels. The accurate measurement of action potentials requires efficient coupling between the cell membrane and the measuring electrodes. Intracellular recording methods such as patch clamping involve measuring the voltage or current across the cell membrane by accessing the cell interior with an electrode, allowing both the amplitude and shape of the action potentials to be recorded faithfully with high signal-to-noise ratios. However, the invasive nature of intracellular methods usually limits the recording time to a few hours, and their complexity makes it difficult to simultaneously record more than a few cells. Extracellular recording methods, such as multielectrode arrays and multitransistor arrays, are non-invasive and allow long-term and multiplexed measurements. However, extracellular recording sacrifices the one-to-one correspondence between the cells and electrodes, and also suffers from significantly reduced signal strength and quality. Extracellular techniques are not, therefore, able to record action potentials with the accuracy needed to explore the properties of ion channels. As a result, the pharmacological screening of ion-channel drugs is usually performed by low-throughput intracellular recording methods. The use of nanowire transistors, nanotube-coupled transistors and micro gold-spine and related electrodes can significantly improve the signal strength of recorded action potentials. Here, we show that vertical nanopillar electrodes can record both the extracellular and intracellular action potentials of cultured cardiomyocytes over a long period of time with excellent signal strength and quality. Moreover, it is possible to repeatedly switch between extracellular and intracellular recording by nanoscale electroporation and resealing processes. Furthermore, vertical nanopillar electrodes can detect subtle changes in action potentials induced by drugs that target ion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Xie
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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123
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Sanatinia R, Swillo M, Anand S. Surface second-harmonic generation from vertical GaP nanopillars. NANO LETTERS 2012; 12:820-6. [PMID: 22214365 DOI: 10.1021/nl203866y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We report on the experimental observation and analysis of second-harmonic generation (SHG) from vertical GaP nanopillars. Periodic arrays of GaP nanopillars with varying diameters ranging from 100 to 250 nm were fabricated on (100) undoped GaP substrate by nanosphere lithography and dry etching. We observed a strong dependence of the SHG intensity on pillar diameter. Analysis of surface and bulk contributions to SHG from the pillars including the calculations of the electric field profiles and coupling efficiencies is in very good agreement with the experimental data. Complementary measurements of surface optical phonons by Raman spectroscopy are also in agreement with the calculated field intensities at the surface. Finally, polarization of the measured light is used to distinguish between the bulk and surface SHG from GaP nanopillars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Sanatinia
- School of Information and Communication Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Electrum 229, S-164 40 Kista, Sweden.
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124
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Baranes K, Chejanovsky N, Alon N, Sharoni A, Shefi O. Topographic cues of nano-scale height direct neuronal growth pattern. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012; 109:1791-7. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 01/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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125
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Pal P. Biophysics at the cutting edge: a report from the 55th Annual Meeting of the Biophysical Society. ACS Chem Biol 2011; 6:395-400. [PMID: 21595492 DOI: 10.1021/cb200127u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prithwish Pal
- Electronic BioSciences, San Diego, California 92121, USA.
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126
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Abstract
Observing individual molecules in a complex environment by fluorescence microscopy is becoming increasingly important in biological and medical research, for which critical reduction of observation volume is required. Here, we demonstrate the use of vertically aligned silicon dioxide nanopillars to achieve below-the-diffraction-limit observation volume in vitro and inside live cells. With a diameter much smaller than the wavelength of visible light, a transparent silicon dioxide nanopillar embedded in a nontransparent substrate restricts the propagation of light and affords evanescence wave excitation along its vertical surface. This effect creates highly confined illumination volume that selectively excites fluorescence molecules in the vicinity of the nanopillar. We show that this nanopillar illumination can be used for in vitro single-molecule detection at high fluorophore concentrations. In addition, we demonstrate that vertical nanopillars interface tightly with live cells and function as highly localized light sources inside the cell. Furthermore, specific chemical modification of the nanopillar surface makes it possible to locally recruit proteins of interest and simultaneously observe their behavior within the complex, crowded environment of the cell.
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