101
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Chen M, Vijay V, Shi Q, Liu Z, Fang H, Tong W. FDA-approved drug labeling for the study of drug-induced liver injury. Drug Discov Today 2011; 16:697-703. [PMID: 21624500 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Revised: 04/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a leading cause of drugs failing during clinical trials and being withdrawn from the market. Comparative analysis of drugs based on their DILI potential is an effective approach to discover key DILI mechanisms and risk factors. However, assessing the DILI potential of a drug is a challenge with no existing consensus methods. We proposed a systematic classification scheme using FDA-approved drug labeling to assess the DILI potential of drugs, which yielded a benchmark dataset with 287 drugs representing a wide range of therapeutic categories and daily dosage amounts. The method is transparent and reproducible with a potential to serve as a common practice to study the DILI of marketed drugs for supporting drug discovery and biomarker development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjun Chen
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
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102
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Usui T, Hashizume T, Katsumata T, Yokoi T, Komuro S. In Vitro Investigation of the Glutathione Transferase M1 and T1 Null Genotypes as Risk Factors for Troglitazone-Induced Liver Injury. Drug Metab Dispos 2011; 39:1303-10. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.038661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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103
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Lv H, Liu L, Palacios G, Chen X. Metabolomic analysis characterizes tissue specific indomethacin-induced metabolic perturbations of rats. Analyst 2011; 136:2260-9. [PMID: 21483902 DOI: 10.1039/c1an15126f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the promising metabolomic approach integrating with ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) was applied to characterize the tissue specific metabolic perturbation of rats that was induced by indomethacin. The selective pattern recognition analyses were applied to analyze global metabolic profiling of urine of rats treated by indomethacin at an acute dosage of reference that has been proven to induce tissue disorders in rats, evaluated throughout the time-course of -24-72 h. The results preliminarily revealed that modifications of amino acid metabolism, fatty acid metabolism and energetically associated metabolic pathways accounted for metabolic perturbation of the rats that was induced by indomethacin. Furthermore, IPA was applied to deeply analyze the biomarkers and their relations with the metabolic perturbations evidenced by pattern recognition analyses. Specific biochemical functions affected by indomethacin suggested that there is an important correlation of its effects in kidney and liver metabolism, based on the determined metabolites and their pathway-based analysis. The IPA correlation of the three major biomarkers, identified as creatinine, prostaglandin E2 and guanosine, suggested that the administration of indomethacin induced certain levels of toxicity in the kidneys and liver. The changes in the levels of biomarker metabolites allowed the phenotypical determination of the metabolic perturbations induced by indomethacin in a time-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Lv
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1301 Morris Park Avenue, Price Center Room 368, New York, New York 10461, USA.
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104
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Nakayama S, Takakusa H, Watanabe A, Miyaji Y, Suzuki W, Sugiyama D, Shiosakai K, Honda K, Okudaira N, Izumi T, Okazaki O. Combination of GSH Trapping and Time-Dependent Inhibition Assays as a Predictive Method of Drugs Generating Highly Reactive Metabolites. Drug Metab Dispos 2011; 39:1247-54. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.039180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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105
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Park BK, Boobis A, Clarke S, Goldring CEP, Jones D, Kenna JG, Lambert C, Laverty HG, Naisbitt DJ, Nelson S, Nicoll-Griffith DA, Obach RS, Routledge P, Smith DA, Tweedie DJ, Vermeulen N, Williams DP, Wilson ID, Baillie TA. Managing the challenge of chemically reactive metabolites in drug development. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2011; 10:292-306. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd3408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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106
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Wang J, Collis A. Maximizing the outcome of early ADMET models: strategies to win the drug-hunting battles? Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2011; 7:381-6. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2011.562199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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107
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Purpose-driven biomaterials research in liver-tissue engineering. Trends Biotechnol 2011; 29:110-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2010.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Revised: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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108
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Laine JE, Auriola S, Pasanen M, Juvonen RO. d-Isomer of gly-tyr-pro-cys-pro-his-pro peptide: A novel and sensitive in vitro trapping agent to detect reactive metabolites by electrospray mass spectrometry. Toxicol In Vitro 2011; 25:411-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Revised: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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109
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Guengerich FP. Mechanisms of Drug Toxicity and Relevance to Pharmaceutical Development. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2011; 26:3-14. [DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.dmpk-10-rv-062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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110
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Elmore CS, Dorff PN, Richard Heys J. Syntheses of the tricyclic cores of clozapine, dibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepin-11(10H)-one, and dibenzo[b,f][1,4]oxazepin-11(10H)-one in C-14 labeled form by [14C]carbonylation. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.1802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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111
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Ikeda T. Drug-induced idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity: prevention strategy developed after the troglitazone case. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2010; 26:60-70. [PMID: 21178300 DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.dmpk-10-rv-090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Troglitazone induced an idiosyncratic, hepatocellular injury-type hepatotoxicity in humans. Statistically, double null genotype of glutathione S-transferase isoforms, GSTT1 and GSTM1, was a risk factor, indicating a low activity of the susceptible patients in scavenging chemically reactive metabolites. CYP3A4 and CYP2C8 were involved in the metabolic activation and CYP3A4 was inducible by repeated administrations of troglitazone. The genotype analysis, however, indicated that the metabolic idiosyncrasy resides in the degradation of but not in the production of the toxic metabolites of troglitazone. Antibody against hepatic aldolase B was detected in the case patients, suggesting involvement of immune reaction in the toxic mechanism. Troglitazone induced apoptotic cell death in human hepatocytes at a high concentration, and this property may have served as the immunological danger signal, which is thought to play an important role in activating immune reactions. Hypothesis is proposed in analogy to the virus-induced hepatitis. After the troglitazone-case, pharmaceutical companies implemented screening systems for chemically reactive metabolites at early stage of drug development, taking both the amount of covalent binding to the proteins in vitro and the assumed clinical dose level into consideration. At the post-marketing stage, gene analyses of the case patients, if any, to find pharmacogenetic biomarkers could be a powerful tool for contraindicating to the risky patients.
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112
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Dorff PN, Powell ME, Elmore CS. Synthesis of [13C5] and [carbonyl-14C]-5-chlorofuran-2-carboxylic acid. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.1829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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113
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Risk assessment and mitigation strategies for reactive metabolites in drug discovery and development. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 192:65-71. [PMID: 21074519 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Revised: 10/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Drug toxicity is a leading cause of attrition of candidate drugs during drug development as well as of withdrawal of drugs post-licensing due to adverse drug reactions in man. These adverse drug reactions cause a broad range of clinically severe conditions including both highly reproducible and dose dependent toxicities as well as relatively infrequent and idiosyncratic adverse events. The underlying risk factors can be split into two groups: (1) drug-related and (2) patient-related. The drug-related risk factors include metabolic factors that determine the propensity of a molecule to form toxic reactive metabolites (RMs), and the RM and non-RM mediated mechanisms which cause cell and tissue injury. Patient related risk factors may vary markedly between individuals, and encompass genetic and non-genetic processes, e.g. environmental, that influence the disposition of drugs and their metabolites, the nature of the adverse responses elicited and the resulting biological consequences. We describe a new strategy, which builds upon the strategies used currently within numerous pharmaceutical companies to avoid and minimize RM formation during drug discovery, and that is intended to reduce the likelihood that candidate drugs will cause toxicity in the human population. The new strategy addresses drug-related safety hazards, but not patient-related risk factors. A common target organ of toxicity is the liver and to decrease the likelihood that candidate drugs will cause liver toxicity (both non-idiosyncratic and idiosyncratic), we propose use of an in vitro Hepatic Liability Panel alongside in vitro methods for the detection of RMs. This will enable design and selection of compounds in discovery that have reduced propensity to cause liver toxicity. In vitro Hepatic Liability is assessed using toxicity assays that quantify: CYP 450 dependent and CYP 450 independent cell toxicity; mitochondrial impairment; and inhibition of the Bile Salt Export Pump. Prior to progression into development, a Hepatotoxicity Hazard Matrix combines data from the Hepatic Liability Panel with the Estimated RM Body Burden. The latter is defined as the level of covalent binding of radiolabelled drug to human hepatocyte proteins in vitro adjusted for the predicted human dose. We exemplify the potential value of this approach by consideration of the thiazolidinedione class of drugs.
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114
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Kalgutkar AS. Handling reactive metabolite positives in drug discovery: What has retrospective structure-toxicity analyses taught us? Chem Biol Interact 2010; 192:46-55. [PMID: 20833160 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Revised: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Because of the inability to predict and quantify the risk of idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions (IADRs) and because reactive metabolites (RMs) as opposed to the parent molecules from which they are derived are thought to be responsible for the pathogenesis of some IADRs, procedures (RM trapping/covalent binding) are being incorporated into the discovery screening funnel early-on to assess the risk of RM formation. Utility of the methodology in structure-toxicity relationships and scope in abrogating RM formation at the lead optimization stage are discussed in this article. Interpretation of the output from RM assessment assays, however, is confounded by the fact that many successfully marketed drugs are false positives. Therefore, caution must be exercised in deprioritizing a compound based on a positive result, so that the development of a useful and potentially profitable compound won't be unnecessarily halted. Risk mitigation strategies (e.g., competing detoxication pathways, low daily dose, etc.) when selecting RM positives for clinical development are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit S Kalgutkar
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism Department, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
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115
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Kale VM, Hsiao CJJ, Boelsterli UA. Nimesulide-induced electrophile stress activates Nrf2 in human hepatocytes and mice but is not sufficient to induce hepatotoxicity in Nrf2-deficient mice. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 23:967-76. [PMID: 20405857 DOI: 10.1021/tx100063z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nimesulide is a widely prescribed nitroaromatic sulfoanilide-type nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that, despite its favorable safety profile, has been associated with rare cases of idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (DILI). Because reactive metabolites have been implicated in DILI, we aimed at investigating whether hepatic bioactivation of nimesulide produces a protein-reactive intermediate in hepatocytes. Also, we explored whether nimesulide can activate the transcription factor Nrf2 that would protect from drug-induced hepatocyte injury. We found that [(14)C]-nimesulide covalently bound to human liver microsomes (<50 pmol/mg under standard conditions) or immortalized human hepatocytes in a sulfaphenazole-sensitive, rifampicin-inducible manner; yet the overall extent of binding was modest. Although exposure of hepatocytes to nimesulide was not associated with increased net levels of superoxide anion, nimesulide (100 microM, 24 h) caused nuclear translocation of Nrf2 in a sulfaphenazole-sensitive manner, indicating a role of electrophilic metabolites. However, knockdown of Nrf2 with siRNA did not make the cells more sensitive to nimesulide-induced cell injury. Similarly, exposure of wild-type C57BL/6x129 Sv mice to nimesulide (100 mg/kg/day, po, for 5 days) was associated with nuclear translocation of immunoreactive Nrf2 in a small number of hepatocytes and induced >2-fold the expression levels of the Nrf2-target gene Nqo1 in wild-type but not Nrf2-null mice. Nimesulide administered to Nrf2(-/-) knockout mice did not cause increases in serum ALT activity or any apparent histopathological signs of liver injury. In conclusion, these data indicate that nimesulide is bioactivated by CYP2C to a protein-reactive electrophilic intermediate that activates the Nrf2 pathway even at nontoxic exposure levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay M Kale
- University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
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116
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Martínek V, Sklenář J, Dračínský M, Šulc M, Hofbauerová K, Bezouška K, Frei E, Stiborová M. Glycosylation Protects Proteins against Free Radicals Generated from Toxic Xenobiotics. Toxicol Sci 2010; 117:359-74. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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117
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Moore CD, Reilly CA, Yost GS. CYP3A4-Mediated oxygenation versus dehydrogenation of raloxifene. Biochemistry 2010; 49:4466-75. [PMID: 20405834 DOI: 10.1021/bi902213r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Raloxifene was approved in 2007 by the FDA for the chemoprevention of breast cancer in postmenopausal women at high risk for invasive breast cancer. Approval was based in part on the improved safety profile for raloxifene relative to the standard treatment of tamoxifen. However, recent studies have demonstrated the ability of raloxifene to form reactive intermediates and act as a mechanism-based inhibitor of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) by forming adducts with the apoprotein. However, previous studies could not differentiate between dehydrogenation to a diquinone methide and the more common oxygenation pathway to an arene oxide as the most likely intermediate to inactivate CYP3A4. In the current work, (18)O-incorporation studies were utilized to carefully elucidate CYP3A4-mediated oxygenation versus dehydrogenation of raloxifene. These studies established that 3'-hydroxyraloxifene is produced exclusively via CYP3A4-mediated oxygenation and provide convincing evidence for the mechanism of CYP3A4-mediated dehydrogenation of raloxifene to a reactive diquinone methide, while excluding the alternative arene oxide pathway. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that 7-hydroxyraloxifene, which was previously believed to be a typical O(2)-derived metabolite of CYP3A4, is in fact produced by a highly unusual hydrolysis pathway from a putative ester, formed by the conjugation of raloxifene diquinone methide with a carboxylic acid moiety of CYP3A4, or other proteins in the reconstituted system. These findings not only confirm CYP3A4-mediated dehydrogenation of raloxifene to a reactive diquinone methide but also suggest a novel route of raloxifene toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad D Moore
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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118
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Hu Y, Yang S, Shilliday FB, Heyde BR, Mandrell KM, Robins RH, Xie J, Reding MT, Lai Y, Thompson DC. Novel Metabolic Bioactivation Mechanism for a Series of Anti-Inflammatory Agents (2,5-Diaminothiophene Derivatives) Mediated by Cytochrome P450 Enzymes. Drug Metab Dispos 2010; 38:1522-31. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.110.032581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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119
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Kalgutkar AS, Griffith DA, Ryder T, Sun H, Miao Z, Bauman JN, Didiuk MT, Frederick KS, Zhao SX, Prakash C, Soglia JR, Bagley SW, Bechle BM, Kelley RM, Dirico K, Zawistoski M, Li J, Oliver R, Guzman-Perez A, Liu KKC, Walker DP, Benbow JW, Morris J. Discovery Tactics To Mitigate Toxicity Risks Due to Reactive Metabolite Formation with 2-(2-Hydroxyaryl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one Derivatives, Potent Calcium-Sensing Receptor Antagonists and Clinical Candidate(s) for the Treatment of Osteoporosis. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 23:1115-26. [DOI: 10.1021/tx100137n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amit S. Kalgutkar
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism Department and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - David A. Griffith
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism Department and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Tim Ryder
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism Department and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Hao Sun
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism Department and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Zhuang Miao
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism Department and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Jonathan N. Bauman
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism Department and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Mary T. Didiuk
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism Department and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Kosea S. Frederick
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism Department and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Sabrina X. Zhao
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism Department and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Chandra Prakash
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism Department and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - John R. Soglia
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism Department and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Scott W. Bagley
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism Department and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Bruce M. Bechle
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism Department and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Ryan M. Kelley
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism Department and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Kenneth Dirico
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism Department and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Michael Zawistoski
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism Department and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Jianke Li
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism Department and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Robert Oliver
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism Department and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Angel Guzman-Perez
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism Department and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Kevin K. C. Liu
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism Department and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Daniel P. Walker
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism Department and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - John W. Benbow
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism Department and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Joel Morris
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism Department and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340
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120
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Integrated systems for quantifying metabolite biomarkers of hepatic bioactivation in patients. Bioanalysis 2010; 2:693-7. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.10.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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121
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Grillo MP, Wait JCM, Tadano Lohr M, Khera S, Benet LZ. Stereoselective flunoxaprofen-S-acyl-glutathione thioester formation mediated by acyl-CoA formation in rat hepatocytes. Drug Metab Dispos 2010; 38:133-42. [PMID: 19786506 PMCID: PMC2802421 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.109.029371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 09/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Flunoxaprofen (FLX) is a chiral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that was withdrawn from clinical use because of concerns of potential hepatotoxicity. FLX undergoes highly stereoselective chiral inversion mediated through the FLX-S-acyl-CoA thioester (FLX-CoA) in favor of the (R)-(-)-isomer. Acyl-CoA thioester derivatives of acidic drugs are chemically reactive species that are known to transacylate protein nucleophiles and glutathione (GSH). In this study, we investigated the relationship between the stereoselective metabolism of (R)-(-)- and (S)-(+)-FLX to FLX-CoA and the subsequent transacylation of GSH forming FLX-S-acyl-glutathione (FLX-SG) in incubations with rat hepatocytes in suspension. Thus, when hepatocytes (2 million cells/ml) were treated with (R)-(-)- or (S)-(+)-FLX (100 microM), both FLX-CoA and FLX-SG were detected by sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry techniques. However, these derivatives were observed primarily from (R)-(-)-FLX incubation extracts, for which the formation rates of FLX-CoA and FLX-SG were rapid, reaching maximum concentrations of 42 and 2.8 nM, respectively, after 6 min of incubation. Incubations with (S)-(+)-FLX over 60 min displayed 8.1 and 2.7% as much FLX-CoA and FLX-SG area under the concentration versus time curves, respectively, compared with corresponding incubations with (R)-(-)-FLX. Coincubation of lauric acid (1000 microM) with (R)-(-)-FLX (10 microM) led to the complete inhibition of FLX-CoA formation and a 98% inhibition of FLX-SG formation. Reaction of authentic (R,S)-FLX-CoA (2 microM) with GSH (10 mM) in buffer (pH 7.4, 37 degrees C) showed the quantitative formation of FLX-SG after 3 h of incubation. Together, these results demonstrate the stereoselective transacylation of GSH in hepatocyte incubations containing (R)-(-)-FLX, which is consistent with bioactivation by stereoselective (R)-FLX-CoA formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Grillo
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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122
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Ma X, Chan ECY. Fluorescence-Based Liver Microsomal Assay for Screening of Pharmaceutical Reactive Metabolites Using a Glutathione Conjugated 96-Well Plate. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 21:46-55. [DOI: 10.1021/bc900289m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117576
| | - Eric Chun Yong Chan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117576
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123
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Tang W, Lu AY. Metabolic bioactivation and drug-related adverse effects: current status and future directions from a pharmaceutical research perspective. Drug Metab Rev 2009; 42:225-49. [DOI: 10.3109/03602530903401658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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124
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Usui T, Mise M, Hashizume T, Yabuki M, Komuro S. Evaluation of the potential for drug-induced liver injury based on in vitro covalent binding to human liver proteins. Drug Metab Dispos 2009; 37:2383-92. [PMID: 19720731 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.109.028860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prediction of idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is difficult, and the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. However, many drugs causing DILI are considered to form reactive metabolites and covalently bind to cellular macromolecules in the liver. The objective of this study was to clarify whether the risk of idiosyncratic DILI can be estimated by comparing in vitro covalent binding (CB) levels among 12 positive compounds (acetaminophen, alpidem, bromfenac, carbamazepine, diclofenac, flutamide, imipramine, nefazodone, tacrine, ticlopidine, tienilic acid, and troglitazone) for DILI and 12 negative compounds (acetylsalicylic acid, caffeine, dexamethasone, losartan, ibuprofen, paroxetine, pioglitazone, rosiglitazone, sertraline, theophylline, venlafaxine, and zolpidem). After incubation with human liver microsomes in the presence of NADPH, there was a large overlap in the distribution of CB amounts between the positive and negative groups. On addition of UDP-glucuronic acid (UDPGA) as a cofactor for glucuronidation, the CB levels of bromfenac and diclofenac were increased. With addition of nucleophilic glutathione (GSH), values for most compounds were decreased. However, separation of the two groups on the basis of CB could not be improved by UDPGA or GSH. Furthermore, CB with human hepatocytes also failed to discriminate positive from negative compounds. Therefore, the CB amount alone is not sufficient for risk assessment of DILI. In contrast, when the CB amount was multiplied by the maximum daily dose, which may reflect maximum hepatic exposure, the two groups did become discriminated. Taken together, our findings suggest that the combination of CB amount and daily dose can estimate the risk of idiosyncratic DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Usui
- Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Kasugade-naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-0022, Japan
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125
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Frederick K, Maurer T, Kalgutkar A, Royer L, Francone O, Winter S, Terra S, Chen D, Gao X. Pharmacokinetics, disposition and lipid-modulating activity of 5-{2-[4-(3,4-difluorophenoxy)-phenyl]-ethylsulfamoyl}-2-methyl-benzoic acid, a potent and subtype-selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α agonist in preclinical species and human. Xenobiotica 2009; 39:766-81. [DOI: 10.1080/00498250903121796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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126
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Nakayama S, Atsumi R, Takakusa H, Kobayashi Y, Kurihara A, Nagai Y, Nakai D, Okazaki O. A Zone Classification System for Risk Assessment of Idiosyncratic Drug Toxicity Using Daily Dose and Covalent Binding. Drug Metab Dispos 2009; 37:1970-7. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.109.027797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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127
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MacDonald JS, Robertson RT. Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century: A View from the Pharmaceutical Industry. Toxicol Sci 2009; 110:40-6. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfp088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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128
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Synergistic drug-cytokine induction of hepatocellular death as an in vitro approach for the study of inflammation-associated idiosyncratic drug hepatotoxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009; 237:317-30. [PMID: 19362101 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2008] [Revised: 03/29/2009] [Accepted: 04/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Idiosyncratic drug hepatotoxicity represents a major problem in drug development due to inadequacy of current preclinical screening assays, but recently established rodent models utilizing bacterial LPS co-administration to induce an inflammatory background have successfully reproduced idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity signatures for certain drugs. However, the low-throughput nature of these models renders them problematic for employment as preclinical screening assays. Here, we present an analogous, but high-throughput, in vitro approach in which drugs are administered to a variety of cell types (primary human and rat hepatocytes and the human HepG2 cell line) across a landscape of inflammatory contexts containing LPS and cytokines TNF, IFN gamma, IL-1 alpha, and IL-6. Using this assay, we observed drug-cytokine hepatotoxicity synergies for multiple idiosyncratic hepatotoxicants (ranitidine, trovafloxacin, nefazodone, nimesulide, clarithromycin, and telithromycin) but not for their corresponding non-toxic control compounds (famotidine, levofloxacin, buspirone, and aspirin). A larger compendium of drug-cytokine mix hepatotoxicity data demonstrated that hepatotoxicity synergies were largely potentiated by TNF, IL-1 alpha, and LPS within the context of multi-cytokine mixes. Then, we screened 90 drugs for cytokine synergy in human hepatocytes and found that a significantly larger fraction of the idiosyncratic hepatotoxicants (19%) synergized with a single cytokine mix than did the non-hepatotoxic drugs (3%). Finally, we used an information theoretic approach to ascertain especially informative subsets of cytokine treatments for most highly effective construction of regression models for drug- and cytokine mix-induced hepatotoxicities across these cell systems. Our results suggest that this drug-cytokine co-treatment approach could provide a useful preclinical tool for investigating inflammation-associated idiosyncratic drug hepatotoxicity.
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129
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Tzouros M, Pähler A. A Targeted Proteomics Approach to the Identification of Peptides Modified by Reactive Metabolites. Chem Res Toxicol 2009; 22:853-62. [DOI: 10.1021/tx800426x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Tzouros
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Non-Clinical Safety, Pharmaceuticals Division, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Axel Pähler
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Non-Clinical Safety, Pharmaceuticals Division, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
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130
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Gan J, Ruan Q, He B, Zhu M, Shyu WC, Humphreys WG. In Vitro Screening of 50 Highly Prescribed Drugs for Thiol Adduct Formation—Comparison of Potential for Drug-Induced Toxicity and Extent of Adduct Formation. Chem Res Toxicol 2009; 22:690-8. [DOI: 10.1021/tx800368n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Gan
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Qian Ruan
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Bing He
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Mingshe Zhu
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Wen C. Shyu
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - W. Griffith Humphreys
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
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131
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Baillie TA. Approaches to the Assessment of Stable and Chemically Reactive Drug Metabolites in Early Clinical Trials. Chem Res Toxicol 2009; 22:263-6. [DOI: 10.1021/tx800439k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Baillie
- School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Box 357631, Seattle, Washington 98195-7631
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132
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Boyer D, Bauman JN, Walker DP, Kapinos B, Karki K, Kalgutkar AS. Utility of MetaSite in Improving Metabolic Stability of the Neutral Indomethacin Amide Derivative and Selective Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitor 2-(1-(4-Chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-N-phenethyl-acetamide. Drug Metab Dispos 2009; 37:999-1008. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.108.026112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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133
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Chapter 22 Safety Testing of Drug Metabolites. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(09)04422-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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