101
|
Spencer JR, Fanale FP. New models for the origin of Valles Marineris closed depressions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jb095ib09p14301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
102
|
Christensen PR. Global albedo variations on Mars: Implications for active aeolian transport, deposition, and erosion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1029/jb093ib07p07611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
103
|
|
104
|
|
105
|
Evans LG, Squyres SW. Investigation of Martian H2O and Co2via orbital gamma ray spectroscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1029/jb092ib09p09153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
106
|
Pollack JB, Kasting JF, Richardson SM, Poliakoff K. The case for a wet, warm climate on early Mars. ICARUS 1987; 71:203-224. [PMID: 11539035 DOI: 10.1016/0019-1035(87)90147-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Theoretical arguments are presented in support of the idea that Mars possessed a dense CO2 atmosphere and a wet, warm climate early in its history. Calculations with a one-dimensional radiative-convective climate model indicate that CO2 pressures between 1 and 5 bars would have been required to keep the surface temperature above the freezing point of water early in the planet's history. The higher value corresponds to globally and orbitally averaged conditions and a 30% reduction in solar luminosity; the lower value corresponds to conditions at the equator during perihelion at times of high orbital eccentricity and the same reduced solar luminosity. The plausibility of such a CO2 greenhouse is tested by formulating a simple model of the CO2 geochemical cycle on early Mars. By appropriately scaling the rate of silicate weathering on present Earth, we estimate a weathering time constant of the order of several times 10(7) years for early Mars. Thus, a dense atmosphere could have persisted for a geologically significant time period (approximately 10(9) years) only if atmospheric CO2 was being continuously resupplied. The most likely mechanism by which this might have been accomplished is the thermal decomposition of carbonate rocks induced directly and indirectly (through burial) by intense, global-scale volcanism. For plausible values of the early heat flux, the recycling time constant is also of the order of several times 10(7) years. The amount of CO2 dissolved in standing bodies of water was probably small; thus, the total surficial CO2 inventory required to maintain these conditions was approximately 2 to 10 bars. The amount of CO2 in Mars' atmosphere would eventually have dwindled, and the climate cooled, as the planet's internal heat engine ran down. A test for this theory will be provided by spectroscopic searches for carbonates in Mars' crust.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J B Pollack
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
107
|
Nash DB. Mid-infrared reflectance spectra (2.3-22 mu) of sulfur, gold, KBr, MgO, and halon. APPLIED OPTICS 1986; 25:2427. [PMID: 18231511 DOI: 10.1364/ao.25.002427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
|
108
|
|
109
|
Adams JB, Smith MO, Johnson PE. Spectral mixture modeling: A new analysis of rock and soil types at the Viking Lander 1 Site. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1029/jb091ib08p08098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 860] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
110
|
Generalized Mathematical Models for the Fractional Evolution of Vapor from Magmas in Terrestrial Planetary Crusts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4612-4928-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
111
|
|
112
|
Boslough MB, Venturini EL, Morosin B, Graham RA, Williamson DL. Physical properties of shocked and thermally altered nontronite: Implications for the Martian surface. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1029/jb091ib13p0e207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
113
|
Newsom HE, Graup G, Sewards T, Keil K. Fluidization and hydrothermal alteration of the Suevite deposit at the Ries Crater, West Germany, and implications for Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1029/jb091ib13p0e239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
114
|
Banin A, Margulies L, Chen Y. Iron-montmorillonite: a spectral analog of Martian soil. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH 1985; 90 Suppl Pt 2:C771-4. [PMID: 11542022 DOI: 10.1029/jb090is02p0c771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Light absorption and reflectance by smectite clays containing various adsorbed ions were measured in the UV, VIS, and NIR ranges and compared to Martian dust and surface soil spectra. Structural iron in the octahedral sheet of smectites is responsible for a characteristic absorption feature in the UV at 240-260 nm, resulting from an O2 --> Fe3+ charge transfer that is similar to one observed in the Martian spectrum. Adsorbed iron affects, via crystal field absorptions, the reflectance of montmorillonite in the VIS and NIR (to 1.3 micrometers), causing stronger absorption and higher opacity in the wavelength range 0.4-0.6 micrometer, without developing any specific pronounced absorption feature. In both general appearance and presence of, or lack of, spectral features, the iron-montmorillonite reflectance spectra in the VIS and NIR are similar to the Martian spectra. At present, however, spectral similarity cannot be used as the sole criterion for constraining Martian mineralogy since several other minerals, other than Fe-smectites, show sufficient similitude to the Martian spectra; other properties have to be explored and combined to obtain a definitive identification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Banin
- Extraterrestrial Research Division, NASA-Ames Research Center, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
115
|
Carroll MR, Rutherford MJ. Sulfide and sulfate saturation in hydrous silicate melts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1029/jb090is02p0c601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
116
|
Moskowitz BM, Hargraves RB. Magnetic Cristobalite (?): A Possible New Magnetic Phase Produced by the Thermal Decomposition of Nontronite. Science 1984; 225:1152-4. [PMID: 17782422 DOI: 10.1126/science.225.4667.1152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged heat treatment (> 1 hour) of nontronite (an iron-rich smectite clay) at 900 degrees to 1000 degrees C produces a phase with some unusual magnetic properties. This new phase has a Curie temperature of 200 degrees to 220 degrees C, extremely high remanent coercivities in excess of 800 milliteslas, and a room-temperature coercivity dependent on the magnitude of the applied field during previous thermomagnetic cycling from above 220 degrees C. X-ray and magnetic analyses suggest that an iron-substituted cristobalite could be responsible, in part, for these observations. Formation of this magnetic cristobalite, however, may require topotactic growth from a smectite precursor.
Collapse
|
117
|
Banin A, Margulies L. Simulation of Viking biology experiments suggests smectites not palagonites, as martian soil analogues. Nature 1983. [DOI: 10.1038/305523a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
118
|
Clifford SM, Hillel D. The stability of ground ice in the equatorial region of Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1029/jb088ib03p02456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
119
|
Pang KD, Chun SFS, Ajello JM, Nansheng Z, Minji L. Organic and inorganic interpretations of the martian UV–IR reflectance spectrum. Nature 1982. [DOI: 10.1038/295043a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
120
|
McCord TB, Singer RB, Hawke BR, Adams JB, Evans DL, Head JW, Mouginis-Mark PJ, Pieters CM, Huguenin RL, Zisk SH. Mars: Definition and characterization of global surface units with emphasis on composition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1029/jb087ib12p10129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
121
|
Weldon RJ, Thomas WM, Boslough MB, Ahrens TJ. Shock-induced color changes in nontronite: Implications for the Martian fines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1029/jb087ib12p10102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
122
|
Allen CC, Gooding JL, Keil K. Hydrothermally altered impact melt rock and breccia: Contributions to the soil of Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1029/jb087ib12p10083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
123
|
Singer RB. Spectral evidence for the mineralogy of high-albedo soils and dust on Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1029/jb087ib12p10159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
124
|
McCord TB, Clark RN, Singer RB. Mars: Near-infrared spectral reflectance of surface regions and compositional implications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1029/jb087ib04p03021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
125
|
Christensen PR. Martian dust mantling and surface composition: Interpretation of thermophysical properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1029/jb087ib12p09985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
126
|
Sherman DM, Burns RG, Burns VM. Spectral characteristics of the iron oxides with application to the Martian bright region mineralogy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1029/jb087ib12p10169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
127
|
Clark BC, Baird AK, Weldon RJ, Tsusaki DM, Schnabel L, Candelaria MP. Chemical composition of Martian fines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1029/jb087ib12p10059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
128
|
|
129
|
Moskowitz BM, Hargraves RB. Magnetic changes accompanying the thermal decomposition of nontronite (in air) and its relevance to Martian mineralogy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1029/jb087ib12p10115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
130
|
|
131
|
Reck RA, Hummel JR. Influence of aerosol optical properties on surface temperatures computed with a radiative-convective model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/0004-6981(81)90159-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
132
|
|
133
|
Clark BC, Kenley SL, O'Brien DL, Huss GR, Mack R, Baird AK. Heterogeneous phase reactions of Martian volatiles with putative regolith minerals. J Mol Evol 1979; 14:91-102. [PMID: 522162 DOI: 10.1007/bf01732371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The chemical reactivity of several minerals thought to be present in Martian fines is tested with respect to gases known in the Martian atmosphere. In these experiments, liquid water is excluded from the system, environmental temperatures are maintained below 0 degrees C, and the solar illumination spectrum is stimulated in the visible and UV using a Xenon arc lamp. Reactions are detected by mass spectrometric analysis of the gas phase over solid samples. No reactions were detected for Mars nominal gas over sulfates, nitrates, chloride, nontronite clay, or magnetitie. Oxidation was not observed for basaltic glass, nontronite, and magnetite. However, experiments incorporating SO2 gas--an expected product of volcanism and intrusive volatile release--gave positive results. Displacement of CO2 by SO2 occurred in all four carbonates tested. These reactions are catalyzed by irradiation with the solar simulator. A calcium nitrate hydrate released NO2 in the presence of SO2. These results have implications for cycling of atmospheric CO2, H2O, and N2 through the regolith.
Collapse
|
134
|
Hubbard JS. Laboratory simulations of the pyrolytic release experiments: an interim report. J Mol Evol 1979; 14:211-21. [PMID: 522153 DOI: 10.1007/bf01732379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
135
|
Margulis L, Mazur P, Barghoorn ES, Halvorson HO, Jukes TH, Kaplan IR. The Viking Mission: implications for life on Mars. J Mol Evol 1979; 14:223-32. [PMID: 522154 DOI: 10.1007/bf01732380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The results of the Viking Biology experiments are best explained by non-biological phenomena: The interaction of the reagents with the materials comprising the regolith. Conditions of water activity, temperature, availability of carbon sources and others in most regions of the planet are too extreme for survival and growth of any known Earth microorganisms. Although the possibility persists that some very unusual form of life is somewhere on that planet the evidence is best interpreted as negative. Even though there is no evidence for current life on Mars, whether or not life ever originated there is not known.
Collapse
|
136
|
Banin A, Rishpon J. Smectite clays in Mars soil: evidence for their presence and role in Viking biology experimental results. J Mol Evol 1979; 14:133-52. [PMID: 42807 DOI: 10.1007/bf01732373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Various chemical, physical and geological observations indicate that smectite clays are probably the major components of the Martian soil. Satisfactory ground-based chemical simulation of the Viking biology experimental results was obtained with the smectite clays nontronite and montmorillonite when they contained iron and hydrogen as adsorbed ions. Radioactive gas was released from the medium solution used in the Viking Labeled Release (LR) experiment when interacted with the clays, at rates and quantities similar to those measured by Viking on Mars. Heating of the active clay (mixed with soluble salts) to 160 degrees C in CO2 atmosphere reduced the decomposition activity considerably, again, as was observed on Mars. The decomposition reaction in LR experiment is postulated to be iron-catalyzed formate decomposition on the clay surface. The main features of the Viking Pyrolytic Release (PR) experiment were also simulated recently (Hubbard, 1979) which the iron clays, including a relatively low '1st peak' and significant '2nd peak'. The accumulated observations on various Martian soil properties and the results of simulation experiments, thus indicate that smectite clays are major and active components of the Martian soil. It now appears that many of the results of the Viking biology experiments can be explained on the basis of their surface activity in catalysis and adsorption.
Collapse
|
137
|
|
138
|
|
139
|
|
140
|
Moore HJ, Spitzer CR, Bradford KZ, Cates PM, Hutton RE, Shorthill RW. Sample fields of the Viking Landers, physical properties, and aeolian processes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1029/jb084ib14p08365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
141
|
Biemann K, Lavoie JM. Some final conclusions and supporting experiments related to the search for organic compounds on the surface of Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1029/jb084ib14p08385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
142
|
|
143
|
Fanale FP, Cannon WA. Mars: CO2adsorption and capillary condensation on clays—significance for volatile storage and atmospheric history. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1029/jb084ib14p08404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
144
|
|
145
|
Singer RB, McCord TB, Clark RN, Adams JB, Huguenin RL. Mars surface composition from reflectance spectroscopy: A summary. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1029/jb084ib14p08415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
146
|
Hargraves RB, Collinson DW, Arvidson RE, Cates PM. Viking Magnetic Properties Experiment: Extended mission results. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1029/jb084ib14p08379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
147
|
Hunt GE. Thermal infrared properties of the Martian atmosphere: 4. Predictions of the presence of dust and ice clouds from Viking IRTM spectral measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1029/jb084ib06p02865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
148
|
|
149
|
Keil K, Clark BC, Baird AK, Toulmin P, Rose HJ. Zur chemie der marsoberfläche. Naturwissenschaften 1978. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00368561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|