101
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Chaaya N, Battle AR, Johnson LR. An update on contextual fear memory mechanisms: Transition between Amygdala and Hippocampus. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 92:43-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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102
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Memory reconsolidation and extinction of fear conditioning induced different Arc/Arg3.1 expression. Neuroreport 2018; 29:1036-1045. [DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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103
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Capelo AM, Albuquerque PB, Cadavid S. Exploring the role of context on the existing evidence for reconsolidation of episodic memory. Memory 2018; 27:280-294. [PMID: 30084743 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2018.1507040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has provided evidence for memory modifications when a post-reactivation treatment (e.g., drugs, new learning) interferes with the memory re-stabilisation (reconsolidation) process. This finding contradicts the long-standing consolidation theory and has high practical and theoretical implications. With an object-learning paradigm, it was shown that episodic memory is highly susceptible to interfering material presented after its reactivation [Hupbach, A., Gomez, R., Hardt, O., & Nadel, L. (2007). Reconsolidation of episodic memories: A subtle reminder triggers integration of new information. Learning & Memory, 14, 47-53. doi: 10.1101/lm.365707 ]. The reactivation of a learned list (List 1) before a second learned list (List 2) led to intrusion errors from List 2 when trying to recall List 1, but not vice-versa. Their work has been widely cited and their findings have been explained according to reconsolidation theory. For the first time, we systematically explored the role of retrieval context as an alternative explanation for Hupbach's results. Our results showed that the intrusion effect occurs independently of the retrieval context (Experiment 1). Additionally, even when the intrusion rate probability is increased (i.e., List 1 memory test is performed in the List 2 learning context), the groups that did not reactivate the original list did not commit intrusion errors (Experiment 2). In sum, we found that the intrusion effect critically depends on the presence of reactivation, discarding alternative interpretations of the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Capelo
- a Psychology Department , University of Minho , Braga , Portugal
| | | | - Sara Cadavid
- b School of Medicine and Health Sciences , Universidad del Rosario , Bogota , Colombia
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104
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Sekeres MJ, Winocur G, Moscovitch M. The hippocampus and related neocortical structures in memory transformation. Neurosci Lett 2018; 680:39-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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105
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Sheldon S, Chu S, Nitschke JP, Pruessner JC, Bartz JA. The dynamic interplay between acute psychosocial stress, emotion and autobiographical memory. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8684. [PMID: 29875390 PMCID: PMC5989264 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26890-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Although acute psychosocial stress can impact autobiographical memory retrieval, the nature of this effect is not entirely clear. One reason for this ambiguity is because stress can have opposing effects on the different stages of autobiographical memory retrieval. We addressed this issue by testing how acute stress affects three stages of the autobiographical memory retrieval - accessing, recollecting and reconsolidating a memory. We also investigate the influence of emotion valence on this effect. In a between-subjects design, participants were first exposed to an acute psychosocial stressor or a control task. Next, the participants were shown positive, negative or neutral retrieval cues and asked to access and describe autobiographical memories. After a three to four day delay, participants returned for a second session in which they described these autobiographical memories. During initial retrieval, stressed participants were slower to access memories than were control participants; moreover, cortisol levels were positively associated with response times to access positively-cued memories. There were no effects of stress on the amount of details used to describe memories during initial retrieval, but stress did influence memory detail during session two. During session two, stressed participants recovered significantly more details, particularly emotional ones, from the remembered events than control participants. Our results indicate that the presence of stress impairs the ability to access consolidated autobiographical memories; moreover, although stress has no effect on memory recollection, stress alters how recollected experiences are reconsolidated back into memory traces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Signy Sheldon
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, 2001 McGill College, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1G1, Canada.
| | - Sonja Chu
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, 2001 McGill College, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1G1, Canada
| | - Jonas P Nitschke
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, 2001 McGill College, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1G1, Canada
| | - Jens C Pruessner
- Department of Psychology, University of Constance, Universitätsstraße 10, Konstanz, 78464, Germany
| | - Jennifer A Bartz
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, 2001 McGill College, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1G1, Canada
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106
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Bartels RM, Harkins L, Harrison SC, Beard N, Beech AR. The effect of bilateral eye-movements versus no eye-movements on sexual fantasies. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2018; 59:107-114. [PMID: 29331440 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Bilateral eye-movements (EMs) and visual mental imagery both require working memory resources. When performed together, they compete for these resources, which can cause various forms of mental imagery to become impaired (e.g., less vivid). This study aimed to examine whether EMs impair sexual fantasies (a form of mental imagery) in the same manner. METHODS Eighty undergraduates (40 males, 40 females) took part in four counterbalanced conditions: (1) EMs and an experience-based sexual fantasy; (2) EMs and an imagination-based sexual fantasy; (3) experience-based sexual fantasy only; and (4) imagination-based sexual fantasy only. In each condition, the vividness, emotionality, and arousability of the sexual fantasy were rated pre- and post-task. All three variables were predicted to decrease in the EM conditions. RESULTS Sexual fantasies were reported as less vivid, positive, and arousing after performing concurrent EMs relative to fantasising only, for both memory- and imagination-based sexual fantasies. There were no gender differences. Demand did not appear to account for the effects. LIMITATIONS Self-report measures were used rather than objective measures. Working memory taxation and capacity were not directly assessed. Also, negatively appraised sexual fantasies were not targeted and a 'no intervention' control was not included. CONCLUSIONS Bilateral EMs were effective at impairing the phenomenological properties of sexual mental imagery, extending the literature on EM effects. Given the potential clinical implications, future research should focus on validating and extending these results, for example, by targeting negatively appraised sexual fantasies (including problematic and offense-related) and incorporating a 'no intervention' condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross M Bartels
- School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, UK.
| | - Leigh Harkins
- Faculty of Social Science and Humanities, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON, Canada.
| | | | - Nikki Beard
- School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, UK.
| | - Anthony R Beech
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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107
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Kochli DE, Campbell TL, Hollingsworth EW, Lab RS, Postle AF, Perry MM, Mordzinski VM, Quinn JJ. Combined administration of MK-801 and cycloheximide produces a delayed potentiation of fear discrimination memory extinction. Behav Neurosci 2018; 132:99-105. [PMID: 29672107 DOI: 10.1037/bne0000232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mixed evidence exists regarding the role of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in memory reconsolidation. We provide no evidence that NMDA receptors are involved with memory reconsolidation, but instead demonstrate that prereactivation systemic MK-801 injection, combined with postreactivation intrabasolateral amygdala (BLA) cycloheximide infusion, produces a delayed potentiation of extinction learning. These data suggest that an interaction between NMDA antagonism and protein synthesis inhibition may enhance extinction by exerting effects outside of the intended reconsolidation manipulation window. The present work demonstrates a novel pharmacological enhancement of extinction, and underscores the importance of employing proper control procedures in reconsolidation research. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Kochli
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience & Behavior, Miami University
| | - Tiffany L Campbell
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience & Behavior, Miami University
| | | | - Rain S Lab
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience & Behavior, Miami University
| | - Abagail F Postle
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience & Behavior, Miami University
| | - Megan M Perry
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience & Behavior, Miami University
| | | | - Jennifer J Quinn
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience & Behavior, Miami University
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108
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Sossin WS. Memory Synapses Are Defined by Distinct Molecular Complexes: A Proposal. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2018; 10:5. [PMID: 29695960 PMCID: PMC5904272 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2018.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Synapses are diverse in form and function. While there are strong evidential and theoretical reasons for believing that memories are stored at synapses, the concept of a specialized “memory synapse” is rarely discussed. Here, we review the evidence that memories are stored at the synapse and consider the opposing possibilities. We argue that if memories are stored in an active fashion at synapses, then these memory synapses must have distinct molecular complexes that distinguish them from other synapses. In particular, examples from Aplysia sensory-motor neuron synapses and synapses on defined engram neurons in rodent models are discussed. Specific hypotheses for molecular complexes that define memory synapses are presented, including persistently active kinases, transmitter receptor complexes and trans-synaptic adhesion proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne S Sossin
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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109
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Lavazza A. Memory-Modulation: Self-Improvement or Self-Depletion? Front Psychol 2018; 9:469. [PMID: 29674992 PMCID: PMC5895654 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Autobiographical memory is fundamental to the process of self-construction. Therefore, the possibility of modifying autobiographical memories, in particular with memory-modulation and memory-erasing, is a very important topic both from the theoretical and from the practical point of view. The aim of this paper is to illustrate the state of the art of some of the most promising areas of memory-modulation and memory-erasing, considering how they can affect the self and the overall balance of the “self and autobiographical memory” system. Indeed, different conceptualizations of the self and of personal identity in relation to autobiographical memory are what makes memory-modulation and memory-erasing more or less desirable. Because of the current limitations (both practical and ethical) to interventions on memory, I can only sketch some hypotheses. However, it can be argued that the choice to mitigate painful memories (or edit memories for other reasons) is somehow problematic, from an ethical point of view, according to some of the theories of the self and personal identity in relation to autobiographical memory, in particular for the so-called narrative theories of personal identity, chosen here as the main case of study. Other conceptualizations of the “self and autobiographical memory” system, namely the constructivist theories, do not have this sort of critical concerns. However, many theories rely on normative (and not empirical) conceptions of the self: for them, the actions aimed at mitigating or removing specific (negative) memories can be seen either as an improvement or as a depletion or impairment of the self.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Lavazza
- Neuroethics, Centro Universitario Internazionale, Arezzo, Italy
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110
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111
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Iyadurai L, Blackwell SE, Meiser-Stedman R, Watson PC, Bonsall MB, Geddes JR, Nobre AC, Holmes EA. Preventing intrusive memories after trauma via a brief intervention involving Tetris computer game play in the emergency department: a proof-of-concept randomized controlled trial. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:674-682. [PMID: 28348380 PMCID: PMC5822451 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
After psychological trauma, recurrent intrusive visual memories may be distressing and disruptive. Preventive interventions post trauma are lacking. Here we test a behavioural intervention after real-life trauma derived from cognitive neuroscience. We hypothesized that intrusive memories would be significantly reduced in number by an intervention involving a computer game with high visuospatial demands (Tetris), via disrupting consolidation of sensory elements of trauma memory. The Tetris-based intervention (trauma memory reminder cue plus c. 20 min game play) vs attention-placebo control (written activity log for same duration) were both delivered in an emergency department within 6 h of a motor vehicle accident. The randomized controlled trial compared the impact on the number of intrusive trauma memories in the subsequent week (primary outcome). Results vindicated the efficacy of the Tetris-based intervention compared with the control condition: there were fewer intrusive memories overall, and time-series analyses showed that intrusion incidence declined more quickly. There were convergent findings on a measure of clinical post-trauma intrusion symptoms at 1 week, but not on other symptom clusters or at 1 month. Results of this proof-of-concept study suggest that a larger trial, powered to detect differences at 1 month, is warranted. Participants found the intervention easy, helpful and minimally distressing. By translating emerging neuroscientific insights and experimental research into the real world, we offer a promising new low-intensity psychiatric intervention that could prevent debilitating intrusive memories following trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Iyadurai
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - S E Blackwell
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - R Meiser-Stedman
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - P C Watson
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK
| | - M B Bonsall
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - J R Geddes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - A C Nobre
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - E A Holmes
- Division of Psychology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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112
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Çalışkan G, Stork O. Hippocampal network oscillations as mediators of behavioural metaplasticity: Insights from emotional learning. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2018; 154:37-53. [PMID: 29476822 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Behavioural metaplasticity is evident in experience-dependent changes of network activity patterns in neuronal circuits that connect the hippocampus, amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex. These limbic regions are key structures of a brain-wide neural network that translates emotionally salient events into persistent and vivid memories. Communication in this network by-and-large depends on behavioural state-dependent rhythmic network activity patterns that are typically generated and/or relayed via the hippocampus. In fact, specific hippocampal network oscillations have been implicated to the acquisition, consolidation and retrieval, as well as the reconsolidation and extinction of emotional memories. The hippocampal circuits that contribute to these network activities, at the same time, are subject to both Hebbian and non-Hebbian forms of plasticity during memory formation. Further, it has become evident that adaptive changes in the hippocampus-dependent network activity patterns provide an important means of adjusting synaptic plasticity. We here summarise our current knowledge on how these processes in the hippocampus in interaction with amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex mediate the formation and persistence of emotional memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gürsel Çalışkan
- Department of Genetics & Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Oliver Stork
- Department of Genetics & Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
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113
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Weisman JS, Rodebaugh TL. Exposure therapy augmentation: A review and extension of techniques informed by an inhibitory learning approach. Clin Psychol Rev 2018; 59:41-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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114
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Lux V, Masseck OA, Herlitze S, Sauvage MM. Optogenetic Destabilization of the Memory Trace in CA1: Insights into Reconsolidation and Retrieval Processes. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:841-851. [PMID: 26620265 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactivation of memory can cause instability necessitating the reconsolidation of the trace. This process can be blocked by amnestic treatments administered after memory reactivation resulting in subsequent memory deficits. While the basolateral amygdala (BLA) is known to be crucial for reconsolidation, evidence for a contribution of the hippocampal CA1 region has only started to accumulate. Moreover, the effect of a reconsolidation blockade in CA1 has only been evaluated behaviorally, and it is unknown whether this manipulation has a long-term effect on neuronal activity. We combined optogenetic and high-resolution molecular imaging techniques to inhibit cell firing in CA1 following the reactivation of a fear memory in mice, evaluated memory performance and imaged neuronal activity the next day upon reexposure to the conditioning context. Blocking memory reconsolidation led to severe memory impairments that were associated with reduced neuronal activity not only in CA1 but also in CA3 and the BLA. Thus, our results indicate that CA1 is necessary for reconsolidation and suggest the involvement of a CA3-CA1-BLA network in the retrieval of contextual fear memory. Further investigations of this network might contribute to the validation of new brain targets for the treatment of pathologies such as posttraumatic stress disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Lux
- Functional Architecture of Memory unit, Mercator Research Group, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Olivia A Masseck
- Department of General Zoology and Neurobiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Stefan Herlitze
- Department of General Zoology and Neurobiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Magdalena M Sauvage
- Functional Architecture of Memory unit, Mercator Research Group, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
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115
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Effects of prediction error on post-retrieval extinction of fear to compound stimuli. ACTA PSYCHOLOGICA SINICA 2018. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1041.2018.00739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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116
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Bleichmar H. Making conscious the unconscious in order to modify unconscious processing: Some mechanisms of therapeutic change. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOANALYSIS 2017; 85:1379-400. [PMID: 15801514 DOI: 10.1516/pdak-m065-jeuj-j7eq] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This paper examines some of the mechanisms through which interpretation aimed primarily at increasing conscious awareness can nonetheless produce unconscious changes, the latter being deemed the basic aim of psychoanalysis. The concept of valency or motivational weight of the interpretation is proposed to assess which forces of the various motivational systems the interpretation mobilizes (hetero/self-preservation, sensual/sexual, attachment, narcissistic, psychobiological regulation etc.), on which of the above-mentioned systems interpretation relies, and which would oppose therapeutic intervention and why. Certain conditions are also analyzed that could explain the so-called 'change through the analytic relationship', pointing out that, despite the major differences between this form of change and change through interpretation, both of them would share certain mechanisms. This conclusion leads to the need to qualify the idea that interpretation would be exclusively aimed at declarative memory, with no effects upon procedural memory. The paper examines the potential consequences for therapeutic techniques derived from recent findings in neuroscience on so-called labile state memory, and proposes the coupling of experiences as one of the analytical instruments used for therapeutic change. A clinical vignette is included to illustrate some of the theoretical and technical aspects considered.
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117
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Zhu H, Zhou Y, Liu Z, Chen X, Li Y, Liu X, Ma L. β1-Adrenoceptor in the Central Amygdala Is Required for Unconditioned Stimulus-Induced Drug Memory Reconsolidation. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2017; 21:267-280. [PMID: 29216351 PMCID: PMC5838817 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyx104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug memories become labile and reconsolidated after retrieval by presentation of environmental cues (conditioned stimulus) or drugs (unconditioned stimulus). Whether conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus retrieval trigger different memory reconsolidation processes is not clear. METHODS Protein synthesis inhibitor or β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) antagonist was systemically administrated or intra-central amygdala infused immediately after cocaine reexposure in cocaine-conditioned place preference or self-administration mice models. β-ARs were selectively knocked out in the central amygdala to further confirm the role of β-adrenergic receptor in cocaine reexposure-induced memory reconsolidation of cocaine-conditioned place preference. RESULTS Cocaine reexposure triggered de novo protein synthesis dependent memory reconsolidation of cocaine-conditioned place preference. Cocaine-priming-induced reinstatement was also impaired with post cocaine retrieval manipulation, in contrast to the relapse behavior with post context retrieval manipulation. Cocaine retrieval, but not context retrieval, induced central amygdala activation. Protein synthesis inhibitor or β1-adrenergic receptor antagonist infused in the central amygdala after cocaine retrieval, but not context retrieval, inhibited memory reconsolidation and reinstatement. β1-adrenergic receptor knockout in the central amygdala suppressed cocaine retrieval-triggered memory reconsolidation and reinstatement of cocaine conditioned place preference. β1-adrenergic receptor antagonism after cocaine retrieval also impaired reconsolidation and reinstatement of cocaine self-administration. CONCLUSIONS Cocaine reward memory triggered by unconditioned stimulus retrieval is distinct from conditioned stimulus retrieval. Unconditioned stimulus retrieval induced reconsolidation of cocaine reward memory depends on β1-adrenergic signaling in the central amygdala. Post unconditioned stimulus retrieval manipulation can prevent drug memory reconsolidation and relapse to cocaine, thus providing a potential strategy for the prevention of substance addiction. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT It is well known that drug memories become labile and reconsolidated upon retrieval by the presentation of conditioned stimulus (CS) or unconditioned stimulus (US). Whether CS and US retrieval trigger different memory reconsolidation processes is unknown. In this study, we found that US retrieval, but not CS retrieval, triggered memory reconsolidation of cocaine-conditioned place preference dependent on β1-AR and de novo protein synthesis in the central amygdala. Furthermore, cocaine priming-induced reinstatement was impaired with post US retrieval manipulation in contrast to the relapse behavior with post CS retrieval manipulation. In cocaine self-administration, β1-AR antagonism after US retrieval also impaired reconsolidation and reinstatement. Our study indicates that reconsolidation of cocaine reward memory triggered by US retrieval is distinct from CS retrieval. US retrieval induced reconsolidation of cocaine reward memory depends on β1-adrenergic signaling in the central amygdala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiwen Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and the Institutes of Brain Science, and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, and Pharmacology Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiming Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and the Institutes of Brain Science, and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, and Pharmacology Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyuan Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and the Institutes of Brain Science, and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, and Pharmacology Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and the Institutes of Brain Science, and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, and Pharmacology Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqing Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and the Institutes of Brain Science, and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, and Pharmacology Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and the Institutes of Brain Science, and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, and Pharmacology Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Correspondence: Lan Ma, PhD, The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and the Institutes of Brain Science, and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, China; Xing Liu, MD, Pharmacology Research Center, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, China (; )
| | - Lan Ma
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and the Institutes of Brain Science, and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, and Pharmacology Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Correspondence: Lan Ma, PhD, The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and the Institutes of Brain Science, and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, China; Xing Liu, MD, Pharmacology Research Center, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, China (; )
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118
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Keyan D, Bryant RA. Acute physical exercise in humans enhances reconsolidation of emotional memories. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017; 86:144-151. [PMID: 28963883 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that when a memory is reactivated through retrieval, it becomes temporarily vulnerable to environmental or pharmacological manipulation, which can consequently update or strengthen the memory. Physical exercise has been shown to modulate the maintenance of fear memories in animals following memory reactivation. This study investigated the effect of intense exercise in modulating the reconsolidation of trauma memories. Fifty-four undergraduate students watched a trauma film depicting the aftermath of a highway car crash. Two days later, participants engaged in either (a) 20-25min of incremental cycling following a memory reactivation induction (Reactivation/Exercise), (b) 20-25min of mild cycling (Reactivation/No Exercise) following memory reactivation, or (c) 20-25min of incremental cycling but no memory reactivation (No Reactivation/Exercise). Saliva samples were collected to index salivary amylase and cortisol at baseline and post activity. Participants completed memory questionnaires relating to declarative and intrusive memory recall two days after memory reactivation. Reactivation/Exercise participants recalled more central details of the trauma film relative to other participants. Increased cortisol predicted better total memory recall in the Reactivation/Exercise, but not in the other conditions. These findings suggest that intense exercise during the period of memory reactivation enhances subsequent trauma memory, and provides human evidence consistent with recent findings of exercise-induced fear reconsolidation in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharani Keyan
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Richard A Bryant
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, NSW, 2052, Australia.
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119
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Kaur S, Kaur A, Singh G, Bhatti R. Mercurius solubilis attenuates scopolamine-induced memory deficits and enhances the motor coordination in mice. Int J Neurosci 2017; 128:219-230. [DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2017.1382494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simranjeet Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Anudeep Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Gurjit Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Rajbir Bhatti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
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120
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Machado I, Schiöth HB, Lasaga M, Scimonelli T. IL-1β reduces GluA1 phosphorylation and its surface expression during memory reconsolidation and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone can modulate these effects. Neuropharmacology 2017; 128:314-323. [PMID: 29042315 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory cytokines can affect cognitive processes such as learning and memory. Particularly, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) influences hippocampus-dependent memories. We previously reported that administration of IL-1β in dorsal hippocampus impaired contextual fear memory reconsolidation. This effect was reversed by the melanocortin alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH). Our results also demonstrated that IL-1β produced a significant decrease in glutamate release from dorsal hippocampus synaptosomes after reactivation of the fear memory. Therefore, we investigated whether IL-1β administration can affect GluA1 AMPA subunit phosphorylation, surface expression, and total expression during reconsolidation of a contextual fear memory. Also, we studied the modulatory effect of α-MSH. We found that IL-1β reduced phosphorylation of this subunit at Serine 831 and Serine 845 60 min after contextual fear memory reactivation. The intrahippocampal administration of IL-1β after memory reactivation also induced a decrease in surface expression and total expression of GluA1. α-MSH prevented the effect of IL-1β on GluA1 phosphorylation in Serine 845, but not in Serine 831. Moreover, treatment with α-MSH also prevented the effect of the cytokine on GluA1 surface and total expression after memory reactivation. Our results demonstrated that IL-1β regulates phosphorylation of GluA1 and may thus play an important role in modulation of AMPAR function and synaptic plasticity in the brain. These findings further illustrate the importance of IL-1β in cognition processes dependent on the hippocampus, and also reinforced the fact that α-MSH can reverse IL-1β effects on memory reconsolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Machado
- IFEC-CONICET, Depto. de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Helgi B Schiöth
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Mercedes Lasaga
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas INBIOMED UBA-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Teresa Scimonelli
- IFEC-CONICET, Depto. de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina.
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121
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Activating attachment representations during memory retrieval modulates intrusive traumatic memories. Conscious Cogn 2017; 55:197-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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122
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Roy DS, Tonegawa S. Manipulating memory in space and time. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2017.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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123
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Rich MT, Torregrossa MM. Molecular and synaptic mechanisms regulating drug-associated memories: Towards a bidirectional treatment strategy. Brain Res Bull 2017; 141:58-71. [PMID: 28916448 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The successful treatment of substance use disorders is dependent on the establishment of a long-term abstinent state. Relapse can be suppressed by interfering with memories of drug use that are evoked by re-exposure to drug-associated contexts and cues. Two strategies for accomplishing this goal are either to prevent drug-memory reconsolidation or to induce the formation of a competing, extinction memory. However, clinical attempts to prolong abstinence by behavioral modification of drug-related memories have had limited success. One approach to improve behavioral treatment strategies is to identify the molecular mechanisms that regulate these memory processes and then use pharmacological tools as supplements to improve efficacy. Still, due to the involvement of several overlapping signaling cascades in both reconsolidation and extinction, it is difficult to specifically modify one of the two processes. For example, attempting to elicit extinction may instead initiate reconsolidation, resulting in the unintentional strengthening of drug-related memories. A better approach is to identify diverging components of the two processes, whereby a single medication would simultaneously weaken reconsolidation and enhance extinction. This review will provide an overview of the neural substrates that are involved in the regulation of drug-associated memories, and will discuss emerging approaches to pharmacologically weaken these memories, including recent efforts to precisely and bidirectionally target reconsolidation and extinction. Ultimately, pharmacologically-enhanced memory-based approaches have the potential to produce more informed relapse-prevention therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Rich
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O'Hara St., Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, 4200 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, United States; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, 4400 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, United States.
| | - Mary M Torregrossa
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, 4200 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, United States.
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124
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Calpain-GRIP Signaling in Nucleus Accumbens Core Mediates the Reconsolidation of Drug Reward Memory. J Neurosci 2017; 37:8938-8951. [PMID: 28821652 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0703-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to drug-paired cues causes drug memories to be in a destabilized state and interfering with memory reconsolidation can inhibit relapse. Calpain, a calcium-dependent neutral cysteine protease, is involved in synaptic plasticity and the formation of long-term fear memory. However, the role of calpain in the reconsolidation of drug reward memory is still unknown. In the present study, using a conditioned place preference (CPP) model, we found that exposure to drug-paired contextual stimuli induced the activation of calpain and decreased the expression of glutamate receptor interacting protein 1 (GRIP1) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) core, but not shell, of male rats. Infusions of calpain inhibitors in the NAc core immediately after retrieval disrupted the reconsolidation of cocaine/morphine cue memory and blocked retrieval-induced calpain activation and GRIP1 degradation. The suppressive effect of calpain inhibitors on the expression of drug-induced CPP lasted for at least 14 d. The inhibition of calpain without retrieval 6 h after retrieval or after exposure to an unpaired context had no effects on the expression of reward memory. Calpain inhibition after retrieval also decreased cocaine seeking in a self-administration model and this effect did not recover spontaneously after 28 d. Moreover, the knock-down of GRIP1 expression in the NAc core by lentivirus-mediated short-hairpin RNA blocked disruption of the reconsolidation of drug cue memories that was induced by calpain inhibitor treatment. These results suggest that calpain activity in the NAc core is crucial for the reconsolidation of drug reward memory via the regulation of GRIP1 expression.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Calpain plays an important role in synaptic plasticity and long-term memory consolidation, however, its role in the reconsolidation of drug cue memory remains unknown. Using conditioned place preference and self-administration procedures, we found that exposure to drug-paired cues induced the activation of calpain and decreased glutamate receptor interacting protein 1 (GRIP1) expression in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) core. The inhibition of calpain activity in the NAc core immediately after retrieval disrupted the reconsolidation of cocaine/morphine cue memory that was blocked by prior GRIP1 knock-down. Our findings indicate that calpain-GRIP signaling is essential for the restabilization process that is associated with drug cue memory and the inhibition of calpain activity may be a novel strategy for the prevention of drug relapse.
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125
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Amancio-Belmont O, Pérez-Vázquez D, Ruiz-Contreras AE, Pérez de la Mora M, Rueda-Orozco PE, Méndez-Díaz M, Prospero-Garcia OE. Chloramphenicol decreases CB1 receptor expression in the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex and prevents amphetamine-induced conditioned place preference in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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126
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Petsophonsakul P, Richetin K, Andraini T, Roybon L, Rampon C. Memory formation orchestrates the wiring of adult-born hippocampal neurons into brain circuits. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 222:2585-2601. [PMID: 28062924 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1359-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
During memory formation, structural rearrangements of dendritic spines provide a mean to durably modulate synaptic connectivity within neuronal networks. New neurons generated throughout the adult life in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus contribute to learning and memory. As these neurons become incorporated into the network, they generate huge numbers of new connections that modify hippocampal circuitry and functioning. However, it is yet unclear as to how the dynamic process of memory formation influences their synaptic integration into neuronal circuits. New memories are established according to a multistep process during which new information is first acquired and then consolidated to form a stable memory trace. Upon recall, memory is transiently destabilized and vulnerable to modification. Using contextual fear conditioning, we found that learning was associated with an acceleration of dendritic spines formation of adult-born neurons, and that spine connectivity becomes strengthened after memory consolidation. Moreover, we observed that afferent connectivity onto adult-born neurons is enhanced after memory retrieval, while extinction training induces a change of spine shapes. Together, these findings reveal that the neuronal activity supporting memory processes strongly influences the structural dendritic integration of adult-born neurons into pre-existing neuronal circuits. Such change of afferent connectivity is likely to impact the overall wiring of hippocampal network, and consequently, to regulate hippocampal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petnoi Petsophonsakul
- Research Center on Animal Cognition, Center for Integrative Biology, Université Paul Sabatier, UMR5169 CNRS, 118, route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Kevin Richetin
- Research Center on Animal Cognition, Center for Integrative Biology, Université Paul Sabatier, UMR5169 CNRS, 118, route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Trinovita Andraini
- Research Center on Animal Cognition, Center for Integrative Biology, Université Paul Sabatier, UMR5169 CNRS, 118, route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse Cedex 9, France
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Laurent Roybon
- Stem Cell Laboratory for CNS Diseases Modeling, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund Stem Cell Center and MultiPark, Lund University, BMC A10, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Claire Rampon
- Research Center on Animal Cognition, Center for Integrative Biology, Université Paul Sabatier, UMR5169 CNRS, 118, route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse Cedex 9, France.
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127
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Escobar C, Ansermet F, Magistretti PJ. A Historical Review of Diachrony and Semantic Dimensions of Trace in Neurosciences and Lacanian Psychoanalysis. Front Psychol 2017; 8:734. [PMID: 28690553 PMCID: PMC5481870 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Experience leaves a trace in the nervous system through plasticity. However, the exact meaning of the mnesic trace is poorly defined in current literature. This article provides a historical review of the term trace in neuroscience and psychoanalysis literature, to highlight two relevant aspects: the diachronic and the semantic dimensions. There has been a general interest in diachrony, or a form of evolution of the trace, but its indissociable semantic dimension remains partially disregarded. Although frequently implied, the diachronic and semantic dimensions of the trace are rarely clearly articulated. We situate this discussion into the classical opposition of syntax, or rules of inscription of the trace in the nervous system, and semantics, or the content of the trace, which takes into consideration the attempt of the human being to build coherence. A general observation is that the study of the term trace follows trends of the thought of the given epoch. This historical analysis also reveals the decay of the idea that the trace is reliable to the experience. From the articulation between neurosciences and psychoanalysis in a historical perspective, this review shows that the trend is to consider trace as a production of the subject, resulting in a permanent rewriting in an attempt to give meaning to the experience. This trend is becoming increasingly evident in light of recent research in neurosciences and psychoanalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Escobar
- Agalma FoundationGeneva, Switzerland.,Centre for Psychiatric Neurosciences, Lausanne University HospitalLausanne, Switzerland
| | - François Ansermet
- Agalma FoundationGeneva, Switzerland.,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of GenevaGeneva, Switzerland
| | - Pierre J Magistretti
- Agalma FoundationGeneva, Switzerland.,Centre for Psychiatric Neurosciences, Lausanne University HospitalLausanne, Switzerland.,Brain Mind Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in LausanneLausanne, Switzerland.,Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyThuwal, Saudi Arabia
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128
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Intrahippocampal injection of Cortistatin-14 impairs recognition memory consolidation in mice through activation of sst 2 , ghrelin and GABA A/B receptors. Brain Res 2017; 1666:38-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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129
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Horsch A, Vial Y, Favrod C, Harari MM, Blackwell SE, Watson P, Iyadurai L, Bonsall MB, Holmes EA. Reducing intrusive traumatic memories after emergency caesarean section: A proof-of-principle randomized controlled study. Behav Res Ther 2017; 94:36-47. [PMID: 28453969 PMCID: PMC5466064 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2017.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Preventative psychological interventions to aid women after traumatic childbirth are needed. This proof-of-principle randomized controlled study evaluated whether the number of intrusive traumatic memories mothers experience after emergency caesarean section (ECS) could be reduced by a brief cognitive intervention. 56 women after ECS were randomized to one of two parallel groups in a 1:1 ratio: intervention (usual care plus cognitive task procedure) or control (usual care). The intervention group engaged in a visuospatial task (computer-game 'Tetris' via a handheld gaming device) for 15 min within six hours following their ECS. The primary outcome was the number of intrusive traumatic memories related to the ECS recorded in a diary for the week post-ECS. As predicted, compared with controls, the intervention group reported fewer intrusive traumatic memories (M = 4.77, SD = 10.71 vs. M = 9.22, SD = 10.69, d = 0.647 [95% CI: 0.106, 1.182]) over 1 week (intention-to-treat analyses, primary outcome). There was a trend towards reduced acute stress re-experiencing symptoms (d = 0.503 [95% CI: -0.032, 1.033]) after 1 week (intention-to-treat analyses). Times series analysis on daily intrusions data confirmed the predicted difference between groups. 72% of women rated the intervention "rather" to "extremely" acceptable. This represents a first step in the development of an early (and potentially universal) intervention to prevent postnatal posttraumatic stress symptoms that may benefit both mother and child. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, www.clinicaltrials.gov, NCT02502513.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Horsch
- Department Woman-Mother-Child, University Hospital Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University Hospital Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Yvan Vial
- Department Woman-Mother-Child, University Hospital Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Céline Favrod
- Department Woman-Mother-Child, University Hospital Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mathilde Morisod Harari
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Simon E Blackwell
- Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Peter Watson
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Emily A Holmes
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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130
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Propranolol Degrades Memory Reconsolidation in Conditions of Single and Multiple Combinations of Tones with Pain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11055-017-0460-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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131
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Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 by SB 216763 affects acquisition at lower doses than expression of amphetamine-conditioned place preference in rats. Behav Pharmacol 2017; 28:262-271. [DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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132
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LaLumiere RT, McGaugh JL, McIntyre CK. Emotional Modulation of Learning and Memory: Pharmacological Implications. Pharmacol Rev 2017; 69:236-255. [PMID: 28420719 DOI: 10.1124/pr.116.013474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Memory consolidation involves the process by which newly acquired information becomes stored in a long-lasting fashion. Evidence acquired over the past several decades, especially from studies using post-training drug administration, indicates that emotional arousal during the consolidation period influences and enhances the strength of the memory and that multiple different chemical signaling systems participate in this process. The mechanisms underlying the emotional influences on memory involve the release of stress hormones and activation of the basolateral amygdala, which work together to modulate memory consolidation. Moreover, work suggests that this amygdala-based memory modulation occurs with numerous types of learning and involves interactions with many different brain regions to alter consolidation. Additionally, studies suggest that emotional arousal and amygdala activity in particular influence synaptic plasticity and associated proteins in downstream brain regions. This review considers the historical understanding for memory modulation and cellular consolidation processes and examines several research areas currently using this foundational knowledge to develop therapeutic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan T LaLumiere
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa (R.T.L.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California (J.L.M.); and School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas-Dallas, Richardson, Texas (C.K.M.)
| | - James L McGaugh
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa (R.T.L.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California (J.L.M.); and School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas-Dallas, Richardson, Texas (C.K.M.)
| | - Christa K McIntyre
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa (R.T.L.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California (J.L.M.); and School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas-Dallas, Richardson, Texas (C.K.M.)
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133
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Eye movement during recall reduces objective memory performance: An extended replication. Behav Res Ther 2017; 92:94-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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134
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Sharp wave ripples during learning stabilize the hippocampal spatial map. Nat Neurosci 2017; 20:845-853. [PMID: 28394323 PMCID: PMC5446786 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive representation of the environment requires a stable hippocampal map but the mechanisms maintaining map representation are unknown. Because sharp wave-ripples (SPW-R) orchestrate both retrospective and prospective spatial information, we hypothesized that disrupting neuronal activity during SPW-Rs affects spatial representation. Mice learned daily a new set of three goal locations on a multi-well maze. We used closed-loop SPW-R detection at goal locations to trigger optogenetic silencing of a subset of CA1 pyramidal neurons. Control place cells (non-silenced or silenced outside SPW-Rs) largely maintained the location of their place fields after learning and showed increased spatial information content. In contrast, the place fields of SPW-R-silenced place cells remapped, and their spatial information remained unaltered. SPW-R silencing did not impact the firing rates or the proportions of place cells. These results suggest that interference with SPW-R-associated activity during learning prevents the stabilization and refinement of the hippocampal map.
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135
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Wammes JD, Fernandes MA. The residual protective effects of enactment. Cognition 2017; 164:87-101. [PMID: 28391135 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Research has demonstrated the importance of the quality of initial retrieval events (Test 1) for performance on later memory tests (Test 2). We explored whether enacting words at encoding, relative to simply reading them, provided protection against the detrimental effects of a degraded retrieval experience, through the addition of motor processing to the extant memory representation. Participants encoded a mixed list of enacted and read words, then completed Test 1, and a later Test 2. Encoding and Test 2 were always completed under full attention (FA). Critically though, Test 1 was completed either under FA, or under divided attention (DA) with a distracting task requiring semantic and phonological processing. We predicted a larger enactment effect following DA relative to FA, indicating greater preservation of enacted words from dual-task interference. In Experiment 1, we demonstrated that the enactment effect was indeed larger following DA than FA, indicating greater preservation of enacted words after dual-task interference. In Experiment 2, we showed that this effect was even more potent over longer time scales, which served as a conceptual replication. In Experiment 3, we showed that enactment provides little to no protection when the distracting task requires motor processing, and in Experiment 4, we returned to the phonological distracting task and showed that in contrast with enactment, generation at encoding does not afford the same protection to memory. Taken together, these finding suggest that enactment renders words relatively immune to the detrimental effects of dual-tasking during testing, through the addition of a different kind, rather than a greater degree, of processing to the memory trace at encoding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Wammes
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, N2L 3G1 Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Myra A Fernandes
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, N2L 3G1 Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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136
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Larrosa PNF, Ojea A, Ojea I, Molina VA, Zorrilla-Zubilete MA, Delorenzi A. Retrieval under stress decreases the long-term expression of a human declarative memory via reconsolidation. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2017; 142:135-145. [PMID: 28285131 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Acute stress impairs memory retrieval of several types of memories. An increase in glucocorticoids, several minutes after stressful events, is described as essential to the impairing retrieval-effects of stressors. Moreover, memory retrieval under stress can have long-term consequences. Through what process does the reactivated memory under stress, despite the disrupting retrieval effects, modify long-term memories? The reconsolidation hypothesis proposes that a previously consolidated memory reactivated by a reminder enters a vulnerability phase (labilization) during which it is transiently sensitive to modulation, followed by a re-stabilization phase. However, previous studies show that the expression of memories during reminder sessions is not a condition to trigger the reconsolidation process since unexpressed memories can be reactivated and labilized. Here we evaluate whether it is possible to reactivate-labilize a memory under the impairing-effects of a mild stressor. We used a paradigm of human declarative memory whose reminder structure allows us to differentiate between a reactivated-labile memory state and a reactivated but non-labile state. Subjects memorized a list of five cue-syllables associated with their respective response-syllables. Seventy-two hours later, results showed that the retrieval of the paired-associate memory was impaired when tested 20min after a mild stressor (cold pressor stress (CPS)) administration, coincident with cortisol levels increase. Then, we investigated the long-term effects of CPS administration prior to the reminder session. Under conditions where the reminder initiates the reconsolidation process, CPS impaired the long-term memory expression tested 24h later. In contrast, CPS did not show effects when administered before a reminder session that does not trigger reconsolidation. Results showed that memory reactivation-labilization occurs even when retrieval was impaired. Memory reactivation under stress could hinder -via reconsolidation- the probability of the traces to be expressed in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Nicolás Fernández Larrosa
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología de la Memoria, Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular y Celular, IFIByNE-CONICET, Pabellón II, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Ojea
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología de la Memoria, Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular y Celular, IFIByNE-CONICET, Pabellón II, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Ignacio Ojea
- Departamento de Matemática, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires - Inst. de Investigaciones Matemáticas "Luis A. Santalo ́", CONICET-UBA, Argentina.
| | - Victor Alejandro Molina
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, IFEC-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - María Aurelia Zorrilla-Zubilete
- Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO - CONICET), Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Alejandro Delorenzi
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología de la Memoria, Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular y Celular, IFIByNE-CONICET, Pabellón II, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria C1428EHA, Argentina.
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137
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Simon KCNS, Gómez RL, Nadel L, Scalf PE. Brain correlates of memory reconsolidation: A role for the TPJ. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2017; 142:154-161. [PMID: 28274825 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we investigate the process by which new experiences reactivate and potentially update old memories. Such memory reconsolidation appears dependent on the extent to which current experience deviates from what is predicted by the reactivated memory (i.e. prediction error). If prediction error is low, the reactivated memory is likely to be updated with new information. If it is high, however, a new, separate, memory is more likely to be formed. The temporal parietal junction TPJ has been shown across a broad range of content areas (attention, social cognition, decision making and episodic memory) to be sensitive to the degree to which current information violates the observer's expectations - in other words, prediction error. In the current paper, we investigate whether the level of TPJ activation during encoding predicts if the encoded information will be used to form a new memory or update a previous memory. We find that high TPJ activation predicts new memory formation. In a secondary analysis, we examine whether reactivation strength - which we assume leads to a strong memory-based prediction - mediates the likelihood that a given individual will use new information to form a new memory rather than update a previous memory. Individuals who strongly reactivate previous memories are less likely to update them than individuals who weakly reactivate them. We interpret this outcome as indicating that strong predictions lead to high prediction error, which favors new memory formation rather than updating of a previous memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine C N S Simon
- Department of Psychology, The University of Arizona, United States; Department of Psychology, Durham University, United Kingdom.
| | - Rebecca L Gómez
- Department of Psychology, The University of Arizona, United States; Department of Psychology, Durham University, United Kingdom
| | - Lynn Nadel
- Department of Psychology, The University of Arizona, United States; Department of Psychology, Durham University, United Kingdom
| | - Paige E Scalf
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, United Kingdom
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138
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Germeroth LJ, Carpenter MJ, Baker NL, Froeliger B, LaRowe SD, Saladin ME. Effect of a Brief Memory Updating Intervention on Smoking Behavior: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Psychiatry 2017; 74:214-223. [PMID: 28146243 PMCID: PMC5930385 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.3148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Recent research on addiction-related memory processes suggests that protracted extinction training following brief cue-elicited memory retrieval (ie, retrieval-extinction [R-E] training) can attenuate/eradicate the ability of cues to elicit learned behaviors. One study reported that cue-elicited craving among detoxified heroin addicts was substantially attenuated following R-E training and through 6-month follow-up. OBJECTIVE To build on these impressive findings by examining whether R-E training could attenuate smoking-related craving and behavior. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This prospective, mixed-design, human laboratory randomized clinical trial took place between December 2013 and September 2015. Participants were recruited in Charleston, South Carolina. Study sessions took place at the Medical University of South Carolina. The participants were 168 screened volunteer smokers, of whom 88 were randomized; 72 of these 88 participants (81.8%) attended all the follow-up sessions through 1 month. The primary eligibility criteria were current nicotine dependence (DSM criteria), smoking 10 or more cigarettes per day, and a willingness to attempt smoking cessation. INTERVENTIONS Participants were randomly assigned to receive either smoking-related memory retrieval followed by extinction training (the R-E group) or nonsmoking-related retrieval followed by extinction training (the NR-E group). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Primary outcomes were cue-elicited craving and physiological responding to familiar and novel cues in the R-E group vs the NR-E group over a 1-month follow-up period. Secondary outcomes were smoking-related behaviors. RESULTS A total of 44 participants were randomly assigned to the R-E group (mean age, 48.3 years; 72.7% male); a total of 44 participants were randomly assigned to the NR-E group, with 43 attending at least 1 training session (mean age, 46.7 years; 55.8% male). The mean craving response to both familiar and novel smoking cues was significantly lower for participants in the R-E group than for participants in the NR-E group at 1-month follow-up (for both cue types: t1225 = 2.1, P = .04, d = 0.44, and Δ = 0.47 [95% CI, 0.04-0.90]). The mean numbers of cigarettes smoked per day at 2 weeks and 1-month were significantly lower for the R-E group than for the NR-E group (treatment main effect: F1,68 = 5.4, P = .02, d = 0.50, and Δ = 2.4 [95% CI, 0.4-4.5]). Significant differences in physiological responses, urine cotinine level, number of days abstinent, lapse, and relapse were not observed between groups (all between P = .06 and .75). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Retrieval-extinction training substantially attenuated craving to both familiar and novel smoking cues and reduced the number of cigarettes smoked per day by participants 1 month after treatment relative to extinction training alone. Between-group differences were not observed for physiological responses, cotinine level, number of days abstinent, relapse, or lapse. In summary, R-E training is a brief behavioral treatment that targets smoking-related memories and has the potential to enhance relapse prevention. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT02154685.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa J. Germeroth
- Department of Health Sciences and Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | - Matthew J. Carpenter
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | - Nathaniel L. Baker
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | - Brett Froeliger
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | - Steven D. LaRowe
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; Mental Health Service Line, Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Michael E. Saladin
- Department of Health Sciences and Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
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139
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Endocannabinoid signaling and memory dynamics: A synaptic perspective. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2017; 138:62-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2016.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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140
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141
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Auchter A, Cormack LK, Niv Y, Gonzalez-Lima F, Monfils MH. Reconsolidation-Extinction Interactions in Fear Memory Attenuation: The Role of Inter-Trial Interval Variability. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:2. [PMID: 28174526 PMCID: PMC5258753 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fear extinction typically results in the formation of a new inhibitory memory that suppresses the original conditioned response. Evidence also suggests that extinction training during a retrieval-induced labile period results in integration of the extinction memory into the original fear memory, rendering the fear memory less susceptible to reinstatement. Here we investigated the parameters by which the retrieval-extinction paradigm was most effective in memory updating. Specifically, we manipulated the inter-trial intervals (ITIs) between conditional stimulus (CS) presentations during extinction, examining how having interval lengths with different degrees of variability affected the strength of memory updating. We showed that randomizing the ITI of CS presentations during extinction led to less return of fear via reinstatement than extinction with a fixed ITI. Subjects who received variable ITIs during extinction also showed higher freezing during the ITI, indicating that the randomization of CS presentations led to a higher general reactivity during extinction, which may be one potential mechanism for memory updating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Auchter
- Department of Psychology, Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at AustinAustin, TX, USA
| | - Lawrence K. Cormack
- Department of Psychology, Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at AustinAustin, TX, USA
| | - Yael Niv
- Department of Psychology and Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton UniversityPrinceton, NJ, USA
| | - Francisco Gonzalez-Lima
- Department of Psychology, Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at AustinAustin, TX, USA
| | - Marie H. Monfils
- Department of Psychology, Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at AustinAustin, TX, USA
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142
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Lukács Á, Kemény F, Lum JAG, Ullman MT. Learning and Overnight Retention in Declarative Memory in Specific Language Impairment. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169474. [PMID: 28046095 PMCID: PMC5207735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined learning and retention in nonverbal and verbal declarative memory in Hungarian children with (n = 21) and without (n = 21) SLI. Recognition memory was tested both 10 minutes and one day after encoding. On nonverbal items, only the children with SLI improved overnight, with no resulting group differences in performance. In the verbal domain, the children with SLI consistently showed worse performance than the typically-developing children, but the two groups showed similar overnight changes. The findings suggest the possibility of spared or even enhanced declarative memory consolidation in SLI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ágnes Lukács
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
- * E-mail: (ÁL); (MU)
| | - Ferenc Kemény
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Jarrad A. G. Lum
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael T. Ullman
- Brain and Language Lab, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ÁL); (MU)
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143
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Hippocampal encoding of interoceptive context during fear conditioning. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e991. [PMID: 28045462 PMCID: PMC5545722 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Rodent models of auditory fear conditioning are often used to understand the molecular mechanisms regulating fear- and anxiety-related behaviors. Conditioning and extinction memories are influenced by contextual cues, and the reinstatement of conditioned fear occurs when the conditioning stimulus is presented in a context different from the extinction context. Although it has been proposed that internal state is a feature of context that could influence extinction, contributions of interoception to conditioning have not been experimentally addressed. Here we use ethanol (EtOH) to show that interoceptive cues are encoded through the hippocampus by mechanisms that involve increased phosphorylation of GluR1 on serine 845, and biophysical alterations in neuronal membranes that facilitate stabilization of surface-located calcium-permeable n-2-amino-3-(5-methyl-3-oxo-1,2-oxazol-4-yl) propanoic acid (AMPA) receptor (AMPAR) into membrane microdomains. Conflicting interoceptive cues during extinction and fear relapse testing resulted in a failure to consolidate extinction that was reversed by the administration of AMPAR antagonists immediately following the retrieval cue.
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144
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James EL, Lau-Zhu A, Tickle H, Horsch A, Holmes EA. Playing the computer game Tetris prior to viewing traumatic film material and subsequent intrusive memories: Examining proactive interference. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2016; 53:25-33. [PMID: 27664818 PMCID: PMC5008913 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Visuospatial working memory (WM) tasks performed concurrently or after an experimental trauma (traumatic film viewing) have been shown to reduce subsequent intrusive memories (concurrent or retroactive interference, respectively). This effect is thought to arise because, during the time window of memory consolidation, the film memory is labile and vulnerable to interference by the WM task. However, it is not known whether tasks before an experimental trauma (i.e. proactive interference) would also be effective. Therefore, we tested if a visuospatial WM task given before a traumatic film reduced intrusions. Findings are relevant to the development of preventative strategies to reduce intrusive memories of trauma for groups who are routinely exposed to trauma (e.g. emergency services personnel) and for whom tasks prior to trauma exposure might be beneficial. METHODS Participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 conditions. In the Tetris condition (n = 28), participants engaged in the computer game for 11 min immediately before viewing a 12-min traumatic film, whereas those in the Control condition (n = 28) had no task during this period. Intrusive memory frequency was assessed using an intrusion diary over 1-week and an Intrusion Provocation Task at 1-week follow-up. Recognition memory for the film was also assessed at 1-week. RESULTS Compared to the Control condition, participants in the Tetris condition did not report statistically significant difference in intrusive memories of the trauma film on either measure. There was also no statistically significant difference in recognition memory scores between conditions. LIMITATIONS The study used an experimental trauma paradigm and findings may not be generalizable to a clinical population. CONCLUSIONS Compared to control, playing Tetris before viewing a trauma film did not lead to a statistically significant reduction in the frequency of later intrusive memories of the film. It is unlikely that proactive interference, at least with this task, effectively influences intrusive memory development. WM tasks administered during or after trauma stimuli, rather than proactively, may be a better focus for intrusive memory amelioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella L. James
- University of Oxford, Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Alex Lau-Zhu
- Medical Research Council [MRC] Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge CB22 7EF, UK
| | - Hannah Tickle
- University of Oxford, Department of Experimental Psychology, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3UD, UK
| | - Antje Horsch
- University of Lausanne, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Lausanne, Switzerland,University of Lausanne, Department of Neonatology, Lausanne, Switzerland,University of Lausanne, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Emily A. Holmes
- University of Oxford, Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK,Corresponding author. Present address: MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge, CB22 7EF, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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145
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The glucocorticoid response in a free-living bird predicts whether long-lasting memories fade or strengthen with time. Anim Behav 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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146
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Morris MC, Hellman N, Abelson JL, Rao U. Cortisol, heart rate, and blood pressure as early markers of PTSD risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 2016; 49:79-91. [PMID: 27623149 PMCID: PMC5079809 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) typically exhibit altered hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) function and sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity. The goals of this study were to determine whether HPA and SNS alterations in the immediate aftermath of trauma predict subsequent PTSD symptom development and whether inconsistencies observed between studies can be explained by key demographic and methodological factors. This work informs secondary prevention of PTSD by identifying subgroups of trauma survivors at risk for PTSD. This meta-analysis (26 studies, N=5186 individuals) revealed that higher heart rate measured soon after trauma exposure was associated with higher PTSD symptoms subsequently (r=0.13). Neither cortisol (r=-0.07) nor blood pressure (diastolic: r=-0.01; systolic: r=0.02) were associated with PTSD symptoms which may be influenced by methodological limitations. Associations between risk markers (heart rate, cortisol, systolic blood pressure) and PTSD symptoms were in the positive direction for younger samples and negative direction for older samples. These findings extend developmental traumatology models of PTSD by revealing an age-related shift in the presentation of early risk markers. More work will be needed to identify risk markers and pathways to PTSD while addressing methodological limitations in order to shape and target preventive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Morris
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, United States; Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, United States; Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States.
| | - Natalie Hellman
- Department of Psychology, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, United States
| | - James L Abelson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Uma Rao
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States; Center for Behavioral Health Research, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
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147
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Reconsolidation-induced memory persistence: Participation of late phase hippocampal ERK activation. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2016; 133:79-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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148
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Dunbar AB, Taylor JR. Inhibition of protein synthesis but not β-adrenergic receptors blocks reconsolidation of a cocaine-associated cue memory. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 23:391-8. [PMID: 27421890 PMCID: PMC4947232 DOI: 10.1101/lm.042838.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Previously consolidated memories have the potential to enter a state of lability upon memory recall, during which time the memory can be altered before undergoing an additional consolidation-like process and being stored again as a long-term memory. Blocking reconsolidation of aberrant memories has been proposed as a potential treatment for psychiatric disorders including addiction. Here we investigated of the effect of systemically administering the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide or the β-adrenergic antagonist propranolol on reconsolidation. Rats were trained to self-administer cocaine, during which each lever press resulted in the presentation of a cue paired with an intravenous infusion of cocaine. After undergoing lever press extinction to reduce operant responding, the cue memory was reactivated and rats were administered systemic injections of propranolol, cycloheximide, or vehicle. Post-reactivation cycloheximide, but not propranolol, resulted in a reactivation-dependent decrease in cue-induced reinstatement, indicative of reconsolidation blockade by protein synthesis inhibition. The present data indicate that systemically targeting protein synthesis as opposed to the β-adrenergic system may more effectively attenuate the reconsolidation of a drug-related memory and decrease drug-seeking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber B Dunbar
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Jane R Taylor
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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149
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailan Hu
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310012, People's Republic of China;
- Center for Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
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150
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Sadeh T, Ozubko JD, Winocur G, Moscovitch M. Forgetting Patterns Differentiate Between Two Forms of Memory Representation. Psychol Sci 2016; 27:810-20. [DOI: 10.1177/0956797616638307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Talya Sadeh
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto
| | - Jason D. Ozubko
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto
| | - Gordon Winocur
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto
- Department of Psychology, Trent University
| | - Morris Moscovitch
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto
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