101
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Nirogi R, Ajjala DR, Kandikere V, Pantangi HR, Jonnala MR, Bhyrapuneni G, Muddana NR, Vurimindi H. LC-MS/MS method for the determination of pitolisant: application to rat pharmacokinetic and brain penetration studies. Biomed Chromatogr 2013; 27:1431-7. [PMID: 23760876 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A simple and sensitive LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for the quantitation of pitolisant, an H3 receptor antagonist/inverse agonist. Acetonitrile protein precipitation technique was used to prepare rat blood and brain tissue homogenate samples by using aripiprazole as internal standard (IS). Chromatographic separation was performed by using Xbridge column (2.1 × 50 mm, 3.5 µm) with a gradient elution program. The mobile phase consists of ammonium formate (10 mm) with 0.2% formic acid and acetonitrile. Multiple reaction monitoring mode was used in positive polarity with a transition of m/z 296.3 → 98.2 for the pitolisant and m/z 448.2 → 285.3 for the IS. The calibration curves were linear in the range of 0.1-100 ng/mL in both the blood and brain homogenate samples. This method was applied to quantify samples obtained from the pharmacokinetic and brain penetration studies in male wistar rats. Mean maximum concentration, area under the curve from zero to infinity and half-life of the pitolisant were found to be 3.4 ± 1.7 ng/mL, 5 ± 4 ng h/mL and 1.9 ± 0.3 h, respectively, after a 3 mg/kg oral dose. The mean calculated concentrations in the brain were found to be 38, 60 and 52 ng/g at 0.5, 1 and 2 h, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramakrishna Nirogi
- Biopharmaceutical Research, Suven Life Sciences Ltd, Serene Chambers, Road 5, Avenue 7, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, 500034, India
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102
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Labeeuw O, Levoin N, Poupardin-Olivier O, Calmels T, Ligneau X, Berrebi-Bertrand I, Robert P, Lecomte JM, Schwartz JC, Capet M. Novel and highly potent histamine H3 receptor ligands. Part 3: An alcohol function to improve the pharmacokinetic profile. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:2548-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.02.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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103
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Simon AC, Loverdo C, Gaffuri AL, Urbanski M, Ladarre D, Carrel D, Rivals I, Leterrier C, Benichou O, Dournaud P, Szabo B, Voituriez R, Lenkei Z. Activation-dependent plasticity of polarized GPCR distribution on the neuronal surface. J Mol Cell Biol 2013; 5:250-65. [PMID: 23585691 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjt014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Directionality of information flow through neuronal networks is sustained at cellular level by polarized neurons. However, specific targeting or anchoring motifs responsible for polarized distribution on the neuronal surface have only been identified for a few neuronal G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Here, through mutational and pharmacological modifications of the conformational state of two model GPCRs, the axonal CB1R cannabinoid and the somatodendritic SSTR2 somatostatin receptors, we show important conformation-dependent variations in polarized distribution. The underlying mechanisms include lower efficiency of conformation-dependent GPCR endocytosis in axons, compared with dendrites, particularly at moderate activation levels, as well as endocytosis-dependent transcytotic delivery of GPCRs from the somatodendritic domain to distal axonal portions, shown by using compartmentalized microfluidic devices. Kinetic modeling predicted that GPCR distribution polarity is highly regulated by steady-state endocytosis, which is conformation dependent and is able to regulate the relative amount of GPCRs targeted to axons and that axonally polarized distribution is an intermediary phenotype that appears at moderate basal activation levels. Indeed, we experimentally show that gradual changes in basal activation-dependent endocytosis lead to highly correlated shifts of polarized GPCR distribution on the neuronal surface, which can even result in a fully reversed polarized distribution of naturally somatodendritic or axonal GPCRs. In conclusion, polarized distribution of neuronal GPCRs may have a pharmacologically controllable component, which, in the absence of dominant targeting motifs, could even represent the principal regulator of sub-neuronal distribution. Consequently, chronic modifications of basal GPCR activation by therapeutic or abused drugs may lead to previously unanticipated changes in brain function through perturbation of polarized GPCR distribution on the neuronal surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne C Simon
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie, CNRS UMR7637, ESPCI-ParisTech, 10 Rue Vauquelin, Paris 75005, France
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104
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Clapp RH, Luckman SM. Proxyfan acts as a neutral antagonist of histamine H3 receptors in the feeding-related hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 167:1099-110. [PMID: 22646302 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02056.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Centrally acting histamine H(3) receptor ligands are proposed as potential treatments for obesity, although the value of inverse agonists at these receptors is still debated. Functional inhibition of H(3) autoreceptors activates neurones in a hypothalamic 'satiety' centre. The H(3) receptor antagonist, proxyfan was used as a tool to assess the action of histaminergic compounds in this model. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We compared the actions of histamine on feeding with those of an H(3) receptor agonist (imetit) and inverse agonist (thioperamide) in rats and mice. Sites of action were identified by immunohistochemistry and the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus (VMN) was investigated using electrophysiological techniques. KEY RESULTS Central histamine or thioperamide decreased fast-induced feeding, whereas imetit increased feeding. Systemic thioperamide entered the brain to activate hypothalamic feeding centres and to reduce feeding without causing any adverse behaviours. Thioperamide activated neurones in the VMN through an action on histamine autoreceptors, whilst imetit had the opposite effect. Proxyfan administered alone did not affect either feeding or electrical activity. However, it blocked the actions of both thioperamide and imetit, acting as a neutral antagonist in this system. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The H(3) receptor inverse agonist, thioperamide, potently reduced appetite without adverse behavioural effects. This action was blocked by proxyfan, acting as a neutral antagonist in this model and, therefore, this compound is useful in determining the selectivity of H(3) receptor-directed drugs. A major action of thioperamide is through presynaptic autoreceptors, inducing stimulation by endogenous histamine of postsynaptic H(1 ) receptors on anorectic hypothalamic neurones.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Clapp
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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105
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Pino-Ángeles A, Reyes-Palomares A, Melgarejo E, Sánchez-Jiménez F. Histamine: an undercover agent in multiple rare diseases? J Cell Mol Med 2013; 16:1947-60. [PMID: 22435405 PMCID: PMC3822965 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2012.01566.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Histamine is a biogenic amine performing pleiotropic effects in humans, involving tasks within the immune and neuroendocrine systems, neurotransmission, gastric secretion, cell life and death, and development. It is the product of the histidine decarboxylase activity, and its effects are mainly mediated through four different G-protein coupled receptors. Thus, histamine-related effects are the results of highly interconnected and tissue-specific signalling networks. Consequently, alterations in histamine-related factors could be an important part in the cause of multiple rare/orphan diseases. Bearing this hypothesis in mind, more than 25 rare diseases related to histamine physiopathology have been identified using a computationally assisted text mining approach. These newly integrated data will provide insight to elucidate the molecular causes of these rare diseases. The data can also help in devising new intervention strategies for personalized medicine for multiple rare diseases.
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106
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Bhowmik M, Khanam R, Vohora D. Histamine H3 receptor antagonists in relation to epilepsy and neurodegeneration: a systemic consideration of recent progress and perspectives. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 167:1398-414. [PMID: 22758607 PMCID: PMC3514756 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02093.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The central histaminergic actions are mediated by H(1) , H(2) , H(3) and H(4) receptors. The histamine H(3) receptor regulates the release of histamine and a number of other neurotransmitters and thereby plays a role in cognitive and homeostatic processes. Elevated histamine levels suppress seizure activities and appear to confer neuroprotection. The H(3) receptors have a number of enigmatic features like constitutive activity, interspecies variation, distinct ligand binding affinities and differential distribution of prototypic splice variants in the CNS. Furthermore, this Gi/Go-protein-coupled receptor modulates several intracellular signalling pathways whose involvement in epilepsy and neurotoxicity are yet to be ascertained and hence represent an attractive target in the search for new anti-epileptogenic drugs. So far, H(3) receptor antagonists/inverse agonists have garnered a great deal of interest in view of their promising therapeutic properties in various CNS disorders including epilepsy and related neurotoxicity. However, a number of experiments have yielded opposing effects. This article reviews recent works that have provided evidence for diverse mechanisms of antiepileptic and neuroprotective effects that were observed in various experimental models both in vitro and in vivo. The likely reasons for the apparent disparities arising from the literature are also discussed with the aim of establishing a more reliable basis for the future use of H(3) receptor antagonists, thus improving their utility in epilepsy and associated neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bhowmik
- Neurobehavioral Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, India
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107
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Gbahou F, Rouleau A, Arrang JM. The histamine autoreceptor is a short isoform of the H₃ receptor. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 166:1860-71. [PMID: 22356432 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01913.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The histamine H(3) receptor was identified as the autoreceptor of brain histaminergic neurons. After its cloning, functional H(3) receptor isoforms generated by a deletion in the third intracellular loop were found in the brain. Here, we determined if this autoreceptor was the long or the short isoform. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We hypothesized that the deletion would affect H(3) receptor stereoselectivity. The effects of the enantiomers of two chiral ligands, N(α)-methyl-α-chloromethylhistamine (N(α) Me-αClMeHA) and sopromidine, were investigated on cAMP formation at the H(3(445)) and H(3(413)) receptor isoforms, common to all species. They were further compared with their effects at autoreceptors. They were also compared on [(35)S]GTPγ[S] binding to membranes of rat cerebral cortex, striatum and hypothalamus, the richest area in autoreceptors. KEY RESULTS The stereoselectivity of N(α) Me-αClMeHA enantiomers as agonists was similar at the H(3(413)) receptor isoform and autoreceptors, but lower at the long isoform. While (S) sopromidine did not discriminate between the isoforms, (R) sopromidine was an antagonist at the H(3(413)) receptor isoform and autoreceptors, but a full agonist at the long isoform. In rat brain, stereoselectivity of N(α) Me-αClMeHA was higher in the hypothalamus than in cerebral cortex or striatum, whereas the opposite pattern was found for sopromidine. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The pharmacological profiles of H(3) receptor isoforms differed markedly, showing that the function of autoreceptors was fulfilled by a short isoform, such as the H(3(413)) receptor. Development of drugs selectively targeting autoreceptors might enhance their therapeutic efficacy and/or decrease incidence of side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Gbahou
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie et Pharmacologie Moléculaire, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences (CPN, U 894), INSERM, Paris, France
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108
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Effects of L-histidine and histamine H3 receptor modulators on ethanol-induced sedation in mice. Behav Brain Res 2012; 238:113-8. [PMID: 23089647 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that the brain histaminergic system and especially the H3 receptors are involved in the regulation of alcohol consumption and alcohol-induced behaviors. Part of this effect might be due to a modulation of ethanol-induced sedation by central histamine. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of several histaminergic drugs on ethanol-induced sedation using the loss of righting reflex experimental protocol in female Swiss mice. A pretreatment with L-histidine, the histamine precursor, significantly reduced ethanol-induced sedation, suggesting that brain histamine protects against the sedative effects of ethanol. In a second set of experiments, several H3 receptor agonists (immepip or imetit) and inverse agonists/antagonists (thioperamide, A331440, or BF2.649) were tested. Surprisingly, both H3 receptor agonists and antagonists potentiated the sedative effects of ethanol. This paradoxical effect might be due to the subtle regulatory actions related to the H3 heteroreceptor function.
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109
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Miura SI, Okabe A, Matsuo Y, Karnik SS, Saku K. Unique binding behavior of the recently approved angiotensin II receptor blocker azilsartan compared with that of candesartan. Hypertens Res 2012; 36:134-9. [PMID: 23034464 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2012.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The angiotensin II type 1 (AT(1)) receptor blocker (ARB) candesartan strongly reduces blood pressure (BP) in patients with hypertension and has been shown to have cardioprotective effects. A new ARB, azilsartan, was recently approved and has been shown to provide a more potent 24-h sustained antihypertensive effect than candesartan. However, the molecular interactions of azilsartan with the AT(1) receptor that could explain its strong BP-lowering activity are not yet clear. To address this issue, we examined the binding affinities of ARBs for the AT(1) receptor and their inverse agonist activity toward the production of inositol phosphate (IP), and we constructed docking models for the interactions between ARBs and the receptor. Azilsartan, unlike candesartan, has a unique moiety, a 5-oxo-1,2,4-oxadiazole, in place of a tetrazole ring. Although the results regarding the binding affinities of azilsartan and candesartan demonstrated that these ARBs interact with the same sites in the AT(1) receptor (Tyr(113), Lys(199) and Gln(257)), the hydrogen bonding between the oxadiazole of azilsartan-Gln(257) is stronger than that between the tetrazole of candesartan-Gln(257), according to molecular docking models. An examination of the inhibition of IP production by ARBs using constitutively active mutant receptors indicated that inverse agonist activity required azilsartan-Gln(257) interaction and that azilsartan had a stronger interaction with Gln(257) than candesartan. Thus, we speculate that azilsartan has a unique binding behavior to the AT(1) receptor due to its 5-oxo-1,2,4-oxadiazole moiety and induces stronger inverse agonism. This property of azilsartan may underlie its previously demonstrated superior BP-lowering efficacy compared with candesartan and other ARBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichiro Miura
- Department of Cardiology, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, Japan.
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110
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Devavry S, Legros C, Brasseur C, Delagrange P, Spadoni G, Cohen W, Malpaux B, Boutin JA, Nosjean O. Description of the constitutive activity of cloned human melatonin receptors hMT(1) and hMT(2) and discovery of inverse agonists. J Pineal Res 2012; 53:29-37. [PMID: 22017484 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2011.00968.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin receptors have been described to activate different G protein-dependent signaling pathways, both in laboratory, heterologous, cellular models and in physiological conditions. Furthermore, the constitutive activity of G protein-coupled receptors has been shown to be key in physiological and pathological conditions. In the case of melatonin receptors, information is rather scare and concerns only MT1 receptors. In the present report, we show that the G protein-coupled melatonin receptors do have a constitutive, nonmelatonin-induced signaling activity using two cellular models of different origins, the Chinese hamster ovary cell line and Neuro2A, a neuroblastoma cell line. Furthermore, we show that this constitutive activity involves mainly Gi proteins, which is consistent with the common knowledge on the melatonin receptors. Importantly, we also describe, for the first time, inverse agonist properties for melatonin ligands. Although it is clear than more in-depth, biochemistry-based studies will be required to better understand by which pathway(s) the constitutively active melatonin receptors transfer melatonin information into intracellular biochemical events; our data open interesting perspectives for understanding the importance of the constitutive activity of melatonin receptors in physiological conditions.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CHO Cells
- Cloning, Molecular
- Cricetinae
- Cricetulus
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go/genetics
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go/metabolism
- Humans
- Melatonin/metabolism
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/agonists
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/genetics
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/metabolism
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/agonists
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/genetics
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Devavry
- INRA, UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France
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111
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Esbenshade TA, Browman KE, Miller TR, Krueger KM, Komater-Roderwald V, Zhang M, Fox GB, Rueter L, Robb HM, Radek RJ, Drescher KU, Fey TA, Bitner RS, Marsh K, Polakowski JS, Zhao C, Cowart MD, Hancock AA, Sullivan JP, Brioni JD. Pharmacological properties and procognitive effects of ABT-288, a potent and selective histamine H3 receptor antagonist. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012; 343:233-45. [PMID: 22815533 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.194126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Blockade of the histamine H(3) receptor (H(3)R) enhances central neurotransmitter release, making it an attractive target for the treatment of cognitive disorders. Here, we present in vitro and in vivo pharmacological profiles for the H(3)R antagonist 2-[4'-((3aR,6aR)-5-methyl-hexahydro-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrrol-1-yl)-biphenyl-4-yl]-2H-pyridazin-3-one (ABT-288). ABT-288 is a competitive antagonist with high affinity and selectivity for human and rat H(3)Rs (K(i) = 1.9 and 8.2 nM, respectively) that enhances the release of acetylcholine and dopamine in rat prefrontal cortex. In rat behavioral tests, ABT-288 improved acquisition of a five-trial inhibitory avoidance test in rat pups (0.001-0.03 mg/kg), social recognition memory in adult rats (0.03-0.1 mg/kg), and spatial learning and reference memory in a rat water maze test (0.1-1.0 mg/kg). ABT-288 attenuated methamphetamine-induced hyperactivity in mice. In vivo rat brain H(3)R occupancy of ABT-288 was assessed in relation to rodent doses and exposure levels in behavioral tests. ABT-288 demonstrated a number of other favorable attributes, including good pharmacokinetics and oral bioavailability of 37 to 66%, with a wide central nervous system and cardiovascular safety margin. Thus, ABT-288 is a selective H(3)R antagonist with broad procognitive efficacy in rodents and excellent drug-like properties that support its advancement to the clinical area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Esbenshade
- Global Pharmaceutical Research Division, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA.
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112
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Halls ML. Constitutive formation of an RXFP1-signalosome: a novel paradigm in GPCR function and regulation. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:1644-1658. [PMID: 21557732 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01470.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The classical second messenger cAMP is important in diverse physiological processes, where its spatial and temporal compartmentalization allows precise control over multiple cellular events. Within this context, G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) govern specialized pools of cAMP, which are functionally specific for the unique cellular effects attributed to a particular system. The relaxin receptor, RXFP1, is a GPCR that exerts pleiotropic physiological effects including a potent anti-fibrotic response, increased cancer metastases, and has efficacy as a vasodilator in heart failure. On a cellular level, relaxin stimulation of RXFP1 results in the activation of multiple G-protein pathways affecting cAMP accumulation. Specificity and diversity in the cAMP signal generated by RXFP1 is controlled by differential G-protein coupling dependent upon the background of cellular expression, and cAMP compartmentalization. Further complexity in cAMP signalling results from the constitutive assembly of an RXFP1-signalosome, which specifically responds to low concentrations of relaxin, and activates a distinct cAMP pathway. The RXFP1-signalosome is a higher-order protein complex that facilitates receptor sensitivity to attomolar concentration of peptide, exhibits constitutive activity and dual coupling to G-proteins and β-arrestins and reveals a concentration-biased agonism mediated by relaxin. The specific and directed formation of GPCR-centered signalosomes allows an even greater spatial and temporal control of cAMP, thus rationalizing the considerable physiological scope of this ubiquitous second messenger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Halls
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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113
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Gaffuri AL, Ladarre D, Lenkei Z. Type-1 cannabinoid receptor signaling in neuronal development. Pharmacology 2012; 90:19-39. [PMID: 22776780 DOI: 10.1159/000339075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The type-1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1R) was initially identified as the neuronal target of Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the major psychoactive substance of marijuana. This receptor is one of the most abundant G-protein-coupled receptors in the adult brain, the target of endocannabinoid ligands and a well-characterized retrograde synaptic regulator. However, CB1Rs are also highly and often transiently expressed in neuronal populations in the embryonic and early postnatal brain, even before the formation of synapses. This suggests important physiological roles for CB1Rs during neuronal development. Several recent reviews have summarized our knowledge about the role of the endocannabinoid (eCB) system in neurodevelopment and neurotransmission by focusing on the metabolism of endocannabinoid molecules. Here, we review current knowledge about the effects of the modulation of CB1R signaling during the different phases of brain development. More precisely, we focus on reports that directly implicate CB1Rs during progenitor cell migration and differentiation, neurite outgrowth, axonal pathfinding and synaptogenesis. Based on theoretical considerations and on the reviewed experimental data, we propose a new model to explain the diversity of experimental findings on eCB signaling on neurite growth and axonal pathfinding. In our model, cell-autonomus and paracrine eCBs acting on CB1Rs are part of a global inhibitory network of cytoskeletal effectors, which act in concert with positive-feedback local-excitation loops, to ultimately yield highly polarized neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Lise Gaffuri
- Neurobiology Laboratory, ESPCI-ParisTech, ESPCI-CNRS UMR 7637, Paris, France
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114
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Vacondio F, Silva C, Flammini L, Ballabeni V, Barocelli E, Mor M. Brain Pharmacokinetics of Non-Imidazole Biphenyl H3 Receptor Antagonists: a Liquid Chromatography/Electrospray-Mass Spectrometry and ex vivo Binding Study in Rats. Chem Biodivers 2012; 9:1231-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201100242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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115
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Wei Z, Wang L, Zhang M, Xuan J, Wang Y, Liu B, Shao L, Li J, Zeng Z, Li T, Liu J, Wang T, Zhang M, Qin S, Xu Y, Feng G, He L, Xing Q. A pharmacogenetic study of risperidone on histamine H3 receptor gene (HRH3) in Chinese Han schizophrenia patients. J Psychopharmacol 2012; 26:813-8. [PMID: 21652606 DOI: 10.1177/0269881111405358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that the human histamine H3 receptor (HRH3) may be involved in the pharmacodynamics of risperidone and influence clinical efficacy. More information on the pharmacogenetics of this receptor may therefore be useful in developing individualized therapy. However, to our knowledge, no study has been reported in this area. The aim of this investigation was to clarify whether H3 receptor polymorphism could affect risperidone efficacy. We genotyped tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the HRH3 gene (rs3787429 and rs3787430) and analyzed their association with the reduction of Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) score in Chinese Han schizophrenia patients (N = 129), following an eight-week period of risperidone monotherapy. The confounding effects of non-genetic factors were estimated, and then the significant one was included as the covariate for adjustment in statistical analysis. Baseline symptom score was the only significant confounding effect and thus the covariate. After adjustment, significant association of HRH3 with antipsychotic efficacy was detected (for rs3787429, p = 0.013, 0.087 after 4 weeks and 8 weeks of treatment, respectively; for rs3787430, p = 0.024, 0.010 after 4 weeks and 8 weeks of treatment, respectively) and stood up to conservative Bonferroni correction. Our results demonstrate that polymorphism of the HRH3 gene may be a potential genetic marker for predicting the therapeutic effect of risperidone, and suggest novel pharmacological links between HRH3 and risperidone. Further studies with larger samples and different ethnic populations are warranted to confirm our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyun Wei
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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116
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Hu WW, Chen Z. Role of histamine and its receptors in cerebral ischemia. ACS Chem Neurosci 2012; 3:238-47. [PMID: 22860191 DOI: 10.1021/cn200126p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Histamine is recognized as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator in the brain, and it plays a major role in the pathogenic progression after cerebral ischemia. Extracellular histamine increases gradually after ischemia, and this may come from histaminergic neurons or mast cells. Histamine alleviates neuronal damage and infarct volume, and it promotes recovery of neurological function after ischemia; the H1, H2, and H3 receptors are all involved. Further studies suggest that histamine alleviates excitotoxicity, suppresses the release of glutamate and dopamine, and inhibits inflammation and glial scar formation. Histamine may also affect cerebral blood flow by targeting to vascular smooth muscle cells, and promote neurogenesis. Moreover, endogenous histamine is an essential mediator in the cerebral ischemic tolerance. Due to its multiple actions, affecting neurons, glia, vascular cells, and inflammatory cells, histamine is likely to be an important target in cerebral ischemia. But due to its low penetration of the blood-brain barrier and its wide actions in the periphery, histamine-related agents, like H3 antagonists and carnosine, show potential for cerebral ischemia therapy. However, important questions about the molecular aspects and pathophysiology of histamine and related agents in cerebral ischemia remain to be answered to form a solid scientific basis for therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical
Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang Province
Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences,
College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical
Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang Province
Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences,
College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
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117
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Staszewski M, Walczyński K. Synthesis and preliminary pharmacological investigation of new N-substituted-N-[ω-(ω-phenoxy-alkylpiperazin-1-yl)alkyl]guanidines as non-imidazole histamine H(3) antagonists. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2012; 345:431-43. [PMID: 22415744 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201100428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Novel, potent non-imidazole histamine H(3) receptor antagonists were prepared. Detailed structure-activity studies revealed that N-(4-trifluoromethylbenzyl)-N-[4-(7-phenoxyheptylpiperazin-1-yl)butyl]guanidine (pA(2) = 8.49 ± 0.05), 1h, and N-(4-nitrobenzyl)-N-[4-(7-phenoxyheptylpiperazin-1-yl)butyl]guanidine (pA(2) = 8.43 ± 0.05), 1l, exhibit high affinity for the H(3) histamine receptor. The most potent antagonists in this series, 1e, 1h, and 1l, were also in vitro tested as H(1) receptor antagonists, showing weak H(1) -antagonistic activity with pA(2) = 6.70 ± 0.09, pA(2) = 6.46 ± 0.09, and pA(2) = 6.65 ± 0.11, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Staszewski
- Department of Synthesis and Technology of Drugs, Medical University, Łódź, Poland
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118
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Ceras J, Cirauqui N, Pérez-Silanes S, Aldana I, Monge A, Galiano S. Novel sulfonylurea derivatives as H3 receptor antagonists. Preliminary SAR studies. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 52:1-13. [PMID: 22444026 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The combination of antagonism at histamine H(3) receptor and the stimulation of insulin secretion have been proposed as an approach to new dual therapeutic agents for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus associated with obesity. We have designed and synthesized a new series of non-imidazole derivatives, based on a basic amine ring connected through an alkyl spacer of variable length to a phenoxysulfonylurea moiety. These compounds were initially evaluated for histamine H(3) receptor binding affinities, suggesting that a propoxy chain linker between the amine and the core ring could be essential for optimal binding affinity. Compound 56, 1-(naphthalen-1-yl)-3-[(p-(3-pyrrolidin-1-ylpropoxy)benzene)]sulfonylurea exhibited the best H(3) antagonism affinity. However, since all these derivatives failed to block K(ATP) channels, the link of these two related moieties should not be considered a good pharmacophore for obtaining new dual H(3) antagonists with insulinotropic activity, suggesting the necessity to propose a new chemical hybrid prototype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Ceras
- Unidad en Investigación y Desarrollo de Medicamentos, Centro de Investigación en Farmacobiología Aplicada (CIFA), Universidad de Navarra, c/Irunlarrea, 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
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119
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Humbert-Claude M, Davenas E, Gbahou F, Vincent L, Arrang JM. Involvement of histamine receptors in the atypical antipsychotic profile of clozapine: a reassessment in vitro and in vivo. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 220:225-41. [PMID: 21912901 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2471-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The basis of the unique clinical profile of the antipsychotic clozapine is not yet elucidated. Brain histamine receptors may play a role in schizophrenia and its treatment, but their involvement in the profile of clozapine remained unknown. OBJECTIVES We explored the properties of clozapine and its two metabolites, N-desmethylclozapine (NDMC) and clozapine N-oxide, at the four human histaminergic receptors. We compared their active concentrations with their blood concentrations in patients treated by clozapine. We investigated the changes in receptor densities induced in rat brain by repeated administration of a therapeutic dose of clozapine. RESULTS Clozapine and NDMC behaved as very potent, and partial, H(1)-receptor inverse agonists, weak, and full, H(2)-receptor inverse agonists, moderate, and protean, H(3)-receptor agonists, and moderate, and partial, H(4)-receptor agonists. Taking into account their micromolar mean blood concentrations found in 75 treated patients, and assuming that they are enriched in human brain as they are in rat brain, a full occupation of H(1)-, H(3)-, and H(4)-receptors, and a partial occupation of H(2) receptors, is expected. In agreement, repeated administration of clozapine at a therapeutic dose (20 mg/kg/day for 20 days) induced an up-regulation of H(1)- and H(2)-receptors in rat brain. CONCLUSIONS Clozapine and its active metabolite NDMC interact with the four human histamine receptors at clinically relevant concentrations. This interaction may substantiate, at least in part, the atypical antipsychotic profile of clozapine, as well as its central and peripheral side effects such as sedation and weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Humbert-Claude
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie et Pharmacologie Moléculaire, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences (CPN, U 894), INSERM, 2 ter rue d'Alésia, 75014 Paris, France
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120
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Raddatz R, Alper RH. Agonist-stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; Chapter 2:Unit2.6. [PMID: 21948168 DOI: 10.1002/0471141755.ph0206s36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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121
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Yasuda N, Akazawa H, Ito K, Shimizu I, Kudo-Sakamoto Y, Yabumoto C, Yano M, Yamamoto R, Ozasa Y, Minamino T, Naito AT, Oka T, Shiojima I, Tamura K, Umemura S, Paradis P, Nemer M, Komuro I. Agonist-Independent Constitutive Activity of Angiotensin II Receptor Promotes Cardiac Remodeling in Mice. Hypertension 2012; 59:627-33. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.175208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The angiotensin II (Ang II) type 1 (AT
1
) receptor mainly mediates the physiological and pathological actions of Ang II, but recent studies have suggested that AT
1
receptor inherently shows spontaneous constitutive activity even in the absence of Ang II in culture cells. To elucidate the role of Ang II–independent AT
1
receptor activation in the pathogenesis of cardiac remodeling, we generated transgenic mice overexpressing AT
1
receptor under the control of α-myosin heavy chain promoter in angiotensinogen-knockout background (AT
1
Tg-AgtKO mice). In AT
1
Tg-AgtKO hearts, redistributions of the Gα
q11
subunit into cytosol and phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases were significantly increased, compared with angiotensinogen-knockout mice hearts, suggesting that the AT
1
receptor is constitutively activated independent of Ang II. As a consequence, AT
1
Tg-AgtKO mice showed spontaneous systolic dysfunction and chamber dilatation, accompanied by severe interstitial fibrosis. Progression of cardiac remodeling in AT
1
Tg-AgtKO mice was prevented by treatment with candesartan, an inverse agonist for the AT
1
receptor, but not by its derivative candesartan-7H, deficient of inverse agonism attributed to a lack of the carboxyl group at the benzimidazole ring. Our results demonstrate that constitutive activity of the AT
1
receptor under basal conditions contributes to the cardiac remodeling even in the absence of Ang II, when the AT
1
receptor is upregulated in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noritaka Yasuda
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Science and Medicine (N.Y., K.I., Ip.S., R.Y., Y.O., T.M.), Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.A, Y.K.-S., C.Y., M.Y., T.O., I.K.) and Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine (A.T.N., Ic.S.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan; Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine (K.T., S.U.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Lady Davis
| | - Hiroshi Akazawa
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Science and Medicine (N.Y., K.I., Ip.S., R.Y., Y.O., T.M.), Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.A, Y.K.-S., C.Y., M.Y., T.O., I.K.) and Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine (A.T.N., Ic.S.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan; Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine (K.T., S.U.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Lady Davis
| | - Kaoru Ito
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Science and Medicine (N.Y., K.I., Ip.S., R.Y., Y.O., T.M.), Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.A, Y.K.-S., C.Y., M.Y., T.O., I.K.) and Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine (A.T.N., Ic.S.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan; Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine (K.T., S.U.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Lady Davis
| | - Ippei Shimizu
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Science and Medicine (N.Y., K.I., Ip.S., R.Y., Y.O., T.M.), Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.A, Y.K.-S., C.Y., M.Y., T.O., I.K.) and Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine (A.T.N., Ic.S.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan; Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine (K.T., S.U.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Lady Davis
| | - Yoko Kudo-Sakamoto
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Science and Medicine (N.Y., K.I., Ip.S., R.Y., Y.O., T.M.), Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.A, Y.K.-S., C.Y., M.Y., T.O., I.K.) and Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine (A.T.N., Ic.S.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan; Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine (K.T., S.U.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Lady Davis
| | - Chizuru Yabumoto
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Science and Medicine (N.Y., K.I., Ip.S., R.Y., Y.O., T.M.), Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.A, Y.K.-S., C.Y., M.Y., T.O., I.K.) and Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine (A.T.N., Ic.S.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan; Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine (K.T., S.U.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Lady Davis
| | - Masamichi Yano
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Science and Medicine (N.Y., K.I., Ip.S., R.Y., Y.O., T.M.), Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.A, Y.K.-S., C.Y., M.Y., T.O., I.K.) and Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine (A.T.N., Ic.S.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan; Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine (K.T., S.U.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Lady Davis
| | - Rie Yamamoto
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Science and Medicine (N.Y., K.I., Ip.S., R.Y., Y.O., T.M.), Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.A, Y.K.-S., C.Y., M.Y., T.O., I.K.) and Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine (A.T.N., Ic.S.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan; Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine (K.T., S.U.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Lady Davis
| | - Yukako Ozasa
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Science and Medicine (N.Y., K.I., Ip.S., R.Y., Y.O., T.M.), Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.A, Y.K.-S., C.Y., M.Y., T.O., I.K.) and Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine (A.T.N., Ic.S.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan; Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine (K.T., S.U.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Lady Davis
| | - Tohru Minamino
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Science and Medicine (N.Y., K.I., Ip.S., R.Y., Y.O., T.M.), Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.A, Y.K.-S., C.Y., M.Y., T.O., I.K.) and Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine (A.T.N., Ic.S.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan; Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine (K.T., S.U.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Lady Davis
| | - Atsuhiko T. Naito
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Science and Medicine (N.Y., K.I., Ip.S., R.Y., Y.O., T.M.), Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.A, Y.K.-S., C.Y., M.Y., T.O., I.K.) and Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine (A.T.N., Ic.S.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan; Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine (K.T., S.U.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Lady Davis
| | - Toru Oka
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Science and Medicine (N.Y., K.I., Ip.S., R.Y., Y.O., T.M.), Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.A, Y.K.-S., C.Y., M.Y., T.O., I.K.) and Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine (A.T.N., Ic.S.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan; Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine (K.T., S.U.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Lady Davis
| | - Ichiro Shiojima
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Science and Medicine (N.Y., K.I., Ip.S., R.Y., Y.O., T.M.), Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.A, Y.K.-S., C.Y., M.Y., T.O., I.K.) and Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine (A.T.N., Ic.S.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan; Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine (K.T., S.U.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Lady Davis
| | - Kouichi Tamura
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Science and Medicine (N.Y., K.I., Ip.S., R.Y., Y.O., T.M.), Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.A, Y.K.-S., C.Y., M.Y., T.O., I.K.) and Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine (A.T.N., Ic.S.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan; Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine (K.T., S.U.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Lady Davis
| | - Satoshi Umemura
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Science and Medicine (N.Y., K.I., Ip.S., R.Y., Y.O., T.M.), Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.A, Y.K.-S., C.Y., M.Y., T.O., I.K.) and Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine (A.T.N., Ic.S.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan; Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine (K.T., S.U.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Lady Davis
| | - Pierre Paradis
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Science and Medicine (N.Y., K.I., Ip.S., R.Y., Y.O., T.M.), Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.A, Y.K.-S., C.Y., M.Y., T.O., I.K.) and Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine (A.T.N., Ic.S.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan; Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine (K.T., S.U.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Lady Davis
| | - Mona Nemer
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Science and Medicine (N.Y., K.I., Ip.S., R.Y., Y.O., T.M.), Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.A, Y.K.-S., C.Y., M.Y., T.O., I.K.) and Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine (A.T.N., Ic.S.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan; Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine (K.T., S.U.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Lady Davis
| | - Issei Komuro
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Science and Medicine (N.Y., K.I., Ip.S., R.Y., Y.O., T.M.), Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.A, Y.K.-S., C.Y., M.Y., T.O., I.K.) and Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine (A.T.N., Ic.S.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan; Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine (K.T., S.U.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Lady Davis
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122
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He G, Hu J, Li T, Ma X, Meng J, Jia M, Lu J, Ohtsu H, Chen Z, Luo X. Arrhythmogenic effect of sympathetic histamine in mouse hearts subjected to acute ischemia. Mol Med 2012; 18:1-9. [PMID: 21989948 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2011.00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of histamine as a newly recognized sympathetic neurotransmitter has been presented previously, and its postsynaptic effects greatly depended on the activities of sympathetic nerves. Cardiac sympathetic nerves become overactivated under acute myocardial ischemic conditions and release neurotransmitters in large amounts, inducing ventricular arrhythmia. Therefore, it is proposed that cardiac sympathetic histamine, in addition to norepinephrine, may have a significant arrhythmogenic effect. To test this hypothesis, we observed the release of cardiac sympathetic histamine and associated ventricular arrhythmogenesis that was induced by acute ischemia in isolated mouse hearts. Mast cell-deficient mice (MCDM) and histidine decarboxylase knockout (HDC(-/-)) mice were used to exclude the potential involvement of mast cells. Electrical field stimulation and acute ischemia-reperfusion evoked chemical sympathectomy-sensitive histamine release from the hearts of both MCDM and wild-type (WT) mice but not from HDC(-/-) mice. The release of histamine from the hearts of MCDM and WT mice was associated with the development of acute ischemia-induced ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation. The incidence and duration of induced ventricular arrhythmias were found to decrease in the presence of the selective histamine H(2) receptor antagonist famotidine. Additionally, the released histamine facilitated the arrhythmogenic effect of simultaneously released norepinephrine. We conclude that, under acute ischemic conditions, cardiac sympathetic histamine released by overactive sympathetic nerve terminals plays a certain arrhythmogenic role via H(2) receptors. These findings provided novel insight into the pathophysiological roles of sympathetic histamine, which may be a new therapeutic target for acute ischemia-induced arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonghao He
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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123
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G protein-coupled receptors in the hypothalamic paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei--serpentine gateways to neuroendocrine homeostasis. Front Neuroendocrinol 2012; 33:45-66. [PMID: 21802439 PMCID: PMC3336209 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of transmembrane receptors in the mammalian genome. They are activated by a multitude of different ligands that elicit rapid intracellular responses to regulate cell function. Unsurprisingly, a large proportion of therapeutic agents target these receptors. The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and supraoptic nucleus (SON) of the hypothalamus are important mediators in homeostatic control. Many modulators of PVN/SON activity, including neurotransmitters and hormones act via GPCRs--in fact over 100 non-chemosensory GPCRs have been detected in either the PVN or SON. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the expression of GPCRs within the PVN/SON, including data from recent transcriptomic studies that potentially expand the repertoire of GPCRs that may have functional roles in these hypothalamic nuclei. We also present some aspects of the regulation and known roles of GPCRs in PVN/SON, which are likely complemented by the activity of 'orphan' GPCRs.
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124
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Differential modulation of excitatory and inhibitory striatal synaptic transmission by histamine. J Neurosci 2011; 31:15340-51. [PMID: 22031880 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3144-11.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Information processing in the striatum is critical for basal ganglia function and strongly influenced by neuromodulators (e.g., dopamine). The striatum also receives modulatory afferents from the histaminergic neurons in the hypothalamus which exhibit a distinct diurnal rhythm with high activity during wakefulness, and little or no activity during sleep. In view of the fact that the striatum also expresses a high density of histamine receptors, we hypothesized that released histamine will affect striatal function. We studied the role of histamine on striatal microcircuit function by performing whole-cell patch-clamp recordings of neurochemically identified striatal neurons combined with electrical and optogenetic stimulation of striatal afferents in mouse brain slices. Bath applied histamine had many effects on striatal microcircuits. Histamine, acting at H(2) receptors, depolarized both the direct and indirect pathway medium spiny projection neurons (MSNs). Excitatory, glutamatergic input to both classes of MSNs from both the cortex and thalamus was negatively modulated by histamine acting at presynaptic H(3) receptors. The dynamics of thalamostriatal, but not corticostriatal, synapses were modulated by histamine leading to a facilitation of thalamic input. Furthermore, local inhibitory input to both classes of MSNs was negatively modulated by histamine. Subsequent dual whole-cell patch-clamp recordings of connected pairs of striatal neurons revealed that only lateral inhibition between MSNs is negatively modulated, whereas feedforward inhibition from fast-spiking GABAergic interneurons onto MSNs is unaffected by histamine. These findings suggest that the diurnal rhythm of histamine release entrains striatal function which, during wakefulness, is dominated by feedforward inhibition and a suppression of excitatory drive.
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125
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Damian M, Marie J, Leyris JP, Fehrentz JA, Verdié P, Martinez J, Banères JL, Mary S. High constitutive activity is an intrinsic feature of ghrelin receptor protein: a study with a functional monomeric GHS-R1a receptor reconstituted in lipid discs. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:3630-41. [PMID: 22117076 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.288324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite its central role in signaling and the potential therapeutic applications of inverse agonists, the molecular mechanisms underlying G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) constitutive activity remain largely to be explored. In this context, ghrelin receptor GHS-R1a is a peculiar receptor in the sense that it displays a strikingly high, physiologically relevant, constitutive activity. To identify the molecular mechanisms responsible for this high constitutive activity, we have reconstituted a purified GHS-R1a monomer in a lipid disc. Using this reconstituted system, we show that the isolated ghrelin receptor per se activates G(q) in the absence of agonist, as assessed through guanosine 5'-O-(thiotriphosphate) binding experiments. The measured constitutive activity is similar in its extent to that observed in heterologous systems and in vivo. This is the first direct evidence for the high constitutive activity of the ghrelin receptor being an intrinsic property of the protein rather than the result of influence of its cellular environment. Moreover, we show that the isolated receptor in lipid discs recruits arrestin-2 in an agonist-dependent manner, whereas it interacts with μ-AP2 in the absence of ligand or in the presence of ghrelin. Of importance, these differences are linked to ligand-specific GHS-R1a conformations, as assessed by intrinsic fluorescence measurements. The distinct ligand requirements for the interaction of purified GHS-R1a with arrestin and AP2 provide a new rationale to the differences in basal and agonist-induced internalization observed in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie Damian
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, CNRS UMR 5247, Université de Montpellier 1, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15 avenue Charles Flahaut, BP 14491, 34093 Montpellier cedex 5, France
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126
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Khilnani G, Khilnani AK. Inverse agonism and its therapeutic significance. Indian J Pharmacol 2011; 43:492-501. [PMID: 22021988 PMCID: PMC3195115 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.84947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A large number of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) show varying degrees of basal or constitutive activity. This constitutive activity is usually minimal in natural receptors but is markedly observed in wild type and mutated (naturally or induced) receptors. According to conventional two-state drug receptor interaction model, binding of a ligand may initiate activity (agonist with varying degrees of positive intrinsic activity) or prevent the effect of an agonist (antagonist with zero intrinsic activity). Inverse agonists bind with the constitutively active receptors, stabilize them, and thus reduce the activity (negative intrinsic activity). Receptors of many classes (α-and β-adrenergic, histaminergic, GABAergic, serotoninergic, opiate, and angiotensin receptors) have shown basal activity in suitable in vitro models. Several drugs that have been conventionally classified as antagonists (β-blockers, antihistaminics) have shown inverse agonist effects on corresponding constitutively active receptors. Nearly all H1 and H2 antihistaminics (antagonists) have been shown to be inverse agonists. Among the β-blockers, carvedilol and bucindolol demonstrate low level of inverse agonism as compared to propranolol and nadolol. Several antipsychotic drugs (D2 receptors antagonist), antihypertensive (AT1 receptor antagonists), antiserotoninergic drugs and opioid antagonists have significant inverse agonistic activity that contributes partly or wholly to their therapeutic value. Inverse agonism may also help explain the underlying mechanism of beneficial effects of carvedilol in congestive failure, naloxone-induced withdrawal syndrome in opioid dependence, clozapine in psychosis, and candesartan in cardiac hypertrophy. Understanding inverse agonisms has paved a way for newer drug development. It is now possible to develop agents, which have only desired therapeutic value and are devoid of unwanted adverse effect. Pimavanserin (ACP-103), a highly selective 5-HT2A inverse agonist, attenuates psychosis in patients with Parkinson's disease with psychosis and is devoid of extrapyramidal side effects. This dissociation is also evident from the development of anxioselective benzodiazepines devoid of habit-forming potential. Hemopressin is a peptide ligand that acts as an antagonist as well as inverse agonist. This agent acts as an antinociceptive agent in different in vivo models of pain. Treatment of obesity by drugs having inverse agonist activity at CB1/2 receptors is also underway. An exciting development is evaluation of β-blockers in chronic bronchial asthma—a condition akin to congestive heart failure where β-blockade has become the standard mode of therapy. Synthesis and evaluation of selective agents is underway. Therefore, inverse agonism is an important aspect of drug–receptor interaction and has immense untapped therapeutic potential.
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Raddatz R, Hudkins RL, Mathiasen JR, Gruner JA, Flood DG, Aimone LD, Le S, Schaffhauser H, Duzic E, Gasior M, Bozyczko-Coyne D, Marino MJ, Ator MA, Bacon ER, Mallamo JP, Williams M. CEP-26401 (irdabisant), a potent and selective histamine H₃ receptor antagonist/inverse agonist with cognition-enhancing and wake-promoting activities. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 340:124-33. [PMID: 22001260 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.111.186585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CEP-26401 [irdabisant; 6-{4-[3-((R)-2-methyl-pyrrolidin-1-yl)-propoxy]-phenyl}-2H-pyridazin-3-one HCl] is a novel, potent histamine H₃ receptor (H₃R) antagonist/inverse agonist with drug-like properties. High affinity of CEP-26401 for H₃R was demonstrated in radioligand binding displacement assays in rat brain membranes (K(i) = 2.7 ± 0.3 nM) and recombinant rat and human H₃R-expressing systems (K(i) = 7.2 ± 0.4 and 2.0 ± 1.0 nM, respectively). CEP-26401 displayed potent antagonist and inverse agonist activities in [³⁵S]guanosine 5'-O-(γ-thio)triphosphate binding assays. After oral dosing of CEP-26401, occupancy of H₃R was estimated by the inhibition of ex vivo binding in rat cortical slices (OCC₅₀ = 0.1 ± 0.003 mg/kg), and antagonism of the H₃R agonist R-α-methylhistamine- induced drinking response in the rat dipsogenia model was demonstrated in a similar dose range (ED₅₀ = 0.06 mg/kg). CEP-26401 improved performance in the rat social recognition model of short-term memory at doses of 0.01 to 0.1 mg/kg p.o. and was wake-promoting at 3 to 30 mg/kg p.o. In DBA/2NCrl mice, CEP-26401 at 10 and 30 mg/kg i.p. increased prepulse inhibition (PPI), whereas the antipsychotic risperidone was effective at 0.3 and 1 mg/kg i.p. Coadministration of CEP-26401 and risperidone at subefficacious doses (3 and 0.1 mg/kg i.p., respectively) increased PPI. These results demonstrate potent behavioral effects of CEP-26401 in rodent models and suggest that this novel H₃R antagonist may have therapeutic utility in the treatment of cognitive and attentional disorders. CEP-26401 may also have therapeutic utility in treating schizophrenia or as adjunctive therapy to approved antipsychotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Raddatz
- Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, PA 19380, USA.
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Kuhne S, Wijtmans M, Lim HD, Leurs R, de Esch IJP. Several down, a few to go: histamine H3 receptor ligands making the final push towards the market? Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2011; 20:1629-48. [PMID: 21992603 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2011.625010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The histamine H(3) receptor (H(3)R) plays a pivotal role in a plethora of therapeutic areas. Blocking the H(3)R with antagonists/inverse agonists has been postulated to be of broad therapeutic use. Indeed, H(3)R antagonists/inverse agonists have been extensively evaluated in the clinic. AREAS COVERED Here, we address new developments, insights obtained and challenges encountered in the clinical evaluations. For recent H(3)R clinical candidates, the status and results of the corresponding clinical trial(s) will be discussed along with preclinical data. MAIN FINDINGS In all, it becomes evident that clinical evaluation of H(3)R antagonists/inverse agonists is characterized by mixed results. On one hand, Pitolisant has successfully passed several Phase II trials and seems to be the most advanced compound in the clinic now, being in Phase III. On the other hand, some compounds (e.g., PF-03654647 and MK-0249) failed at Phase II clinical level for several indications. EXPERT OPINION A challenging feature in H(3)R research is the multifaceted role of the receptor at a molecular/biochemical level, which can complicate targeting by small molecules at several (pre)clinical levels. Accordingly, H(3)R antagonists/inverse agonists require further testing to pinpoint the determinants for clinical efficacy and to aid in the final push towards the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan Kuhne
- VU University Amsterdam, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacochemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Schwartz JC. The histamine H3 receptor: from discovery to clinical trials with pitolisant. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 163:713-21. [PMID: 21615387 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01286.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The third histamine receptor was discovered in 1983 by a traditional pharmacological approach, consisting of assessing the inhibitory effect of histamine on its own release from depolarized rat brain slices. The same in vitro test was used to design, in 1987, the first highly selective and potent H3-autoreceptor ligands, the antagonist thioperamide and the agonist (R)alphamethylhistamine which enhances and inhibits, respectively, the activity of histaminergic neurons in brain. The use of these research tools was instrumental in establishing the main functions of cerebral histaminergic neurons, namely their role in maintenance of wakefulness, attention, learning and other cognitive processes. In 1990, the cloning of the gene of the H3-receptor, a member of the superfamily of heptahelical receptors coupled to G proteins, paved the way to the demonstration of the high constitutive activity of the receptor, including its native form, and its participation in the tonic control of histamine release; it also facilitated the development of H3-receptor inverse agonist programs in many drug companies. Pitolisant (BF2.649, 1-{3-[3-(4-chlorophenyl)propoxy]propyl}piperidine, hydrochloride) is the first inverse agonist to be introduced in the clinics. Its wake-promotion activity was evidenced in excessive diurnal sleepiness of patients with narcolepsy, Parkinson's disease or Obstructive Sleep Apnea/Hypopnea, in which this activity is characterized by a mean decrease of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale by about five units. The procognitive activity of this novel class of drugs may also find therapeutic applications in dementias, schizophrenia or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
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130
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Histaminergic mechanisms for modulation of memory systems. Neural Plast 2011; 2011:328602. [PMID: 21876818 PMCID: PMC3160014 DOI: 10.1155/2011/328602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Encoding for several memory types requires neural changes and the activity of distinct regions across the brain. These areas receive broad projections originating in nuclei located in the brainstem which are capable of modulating the activity of a particular area. The histaminergic system is one of the major modulatory systems, and it regulates basic homeostatic and higher functions including arousal, circadian, and feeding rhythms, and cognition. There is now evidence that histamine can modulate learning in different types of behavioral tasks, but the exact course of modulation and its mechanisms are controversial. In the present paper we review the involvement of the histaminergic system and the effects histaminergic receptor agonists/antagonists have on the performance of tasks associated with the main memory types as well as evidence provided by studies with knockout models. Thus, we aim to summarize the possible effects histamine has on modulation of circuits involved in memory formation.
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131
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Regulation of the immune response and inflammation by histamine and histamine receptors. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 128:1153-62. [PMID: 21824648 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Histamine is a biogenic amine with extensive effects on many cell types, including important immunologic cells, such as antigen-presenting cells, natural killer cells, epithelial cells, and T and B lymphocytes. Histamine and its 4 receptors represent a complex system of immunoregulation with distinct effects dependent on receptor subtypes and their differential expression. These are influenced by the stage of cell differentiation, as well as microenvironmental influences, leading to the selective recruitment of effector cells into tissue sites accompanied by effects on cellular maturation, activation, polarization, and effector functions, which lead to tolerogenic or proinflammatory responses. In this review we discuss the regulation of histamine secretion, receptor expression, and differential activation of cells within both the innate and adaptive immune responses. It is clear that the effects of histamine on immune homeostasis are dependent on the expression and activity of the 4 currently known histamine receptors, and we also recognize that 100 years after the original identification of this biogenic amine, we still do not fully understand the complex regulatory interactions between histamine and the host immune response to everyday microbial and environmental challenges.
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Millán-Guerrero RO, Baltazar-Rodríguez LM, Cárdenas-Rojas MI, Ramírez-Flores M, Isais-Millán S, Delgado-Enciso I, Caballero-Hoyos R, Trujillo-Hernández B. A280V polymorphism in the histamine H3 receptor as a risk factor for migraine. Arch Med Res 2011; 42:44-7. [PMID: 21376262 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2011.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Activation of histamine H3 receptors blocks the release of peptides responsible for headache. Our objective was to investigate the association between the genotypes of A280V polymorphism in the H3 receptor and migraine risk. METHODS We evaluated the frequency of the genotypes of A280V, polymorphism A280V and allelic variants of H3 receptor in 147 migraine patients and 186 healthy controls using a PCR-RLFP method. RESULTS V allele frequency was 6.46% and 2.68% for the cases and controls, respectively (p = 0.02) (OR 2.67; 95% CI 1.20-5.93). The frequency of V/V + V/A genotypes was 12.92% in migraine patients, significantly higher when compared to the 3.22% frequency in the control group (p = 0.001) (OR 4.45; 95% CI 1.7-11.46). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that V-allele genotypes in the H3 receptor gene are related to migraine risk in the Mexican population. We propose the hypothesis that the V-allele genotypes in the H3 receptor gene increase the population of inactive receptors, enhancing the inhibition of the negative feedback mechanism on the H3 receptor and increasing histamine release, which correlates with migraine attacks in susceptible patients. The case-control study reinforces the role of histamine in migraine pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca O Millán-Guerrero
- Department of Neurology, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Epidemiología Clínica, Hospital General de Zona UMF No. 1 IMSS, Colima, México.
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133
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Rossbach K, Nassenstein C, Gschwandtner M, Schnell D, Sander K, Seifert R, Stark H, Kietzmann M, Bäumer W. Histamine H1, H3 and H4 receptors are involved in pruritus. Neuroscience 2011; 190:89-102. [PMID: 21689731 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Revised: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Histamine has long been recognised as a classical inducer of pruritus. However, the specific mechanism of histamine-induced itch has still not been fully understood. The H1 and H4 receptor appear to be key components in the induction of itch. The specific role of the H3 receptor in histamine-induced itch remains unclear. The aim of our study was to investigate the role of the four known histamine receptors (H1-4) in acute itch in mice. Intradermal injection of the selective H3R inverse agonist pitolisant induced strong itch in mice. Pitolisant (50 nmol/injection)-induced pruritus could be completely blocked by a combined treatment with the H1R antagonist cetirizine (15 mg/kg) and the H4R antagonist JNJ 7777120 (15 mg/kg), whereas the H2R antagonist ranitidine (15 mg/kg) failed to inhibit the scratch response. Next, expression and function of histamine receptors on sensory neurons isolated from dorsal root ganglia of mice were investigated. As the itch sensation results from the excitation of sensory nerves in the skin, we further focused on skin specific sensory neurons. Therefore, neurons were retrograde labelled from the skin by means of a fluorescent tracer. Expression of H1R, H3R and H4R on skin innervating sensory neurons was detected. By single-cell calcium imaging, it was demonstrated that histamine induces a calcium increase in a subset of (skin-specific) sensory neurons via activation of the H1R and H4R as well as inhibition of the H3R. It is assumed that the decreased threshold in response to H3R antagonism activates H1R and H4R on sensory neurons, which in turn results in the excitation of histamine-sensitive afferents and therefore elicits the sensation of itch.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Rossbach
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
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Hudkins RL, Raddatz R, Tao M, Mathiasen JR, Aimone LD, Becknell NC, Prouty CP, Knutsen LJS, Yazdanian M, Moachon G, Ator MA, Mallamo JP, Marino MJ, Bacon ER, Williams M. Discovery and Characterization of 6-{4-[3-(R)-2-Methylpyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]phenyl}-2H-pyridazin-3-one (CEP-26401, Irdabisant): A Potent, Selective Histamine H3 Receptor Inverse Agonist. J Med Chem 2011; 54:4781-92. [PMID: 21634396 DOI: 10.1021/jm200401v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert L. Hudkins
- Worldwide Discovery Research and Development, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Rita Raddatz
- Worldwide Discovery Research and Development, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Ming Tao
- Worldwide Discovery Research and Development, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Joanne R. Mathiasen
- Worldwide Discovery Research and Development, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Lisa D. Aimone
- Worldwide Discovery Research and Development, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Nadine C. Becknell
- Worldwide Discovery Research and Development, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Catherine P. Prouty
- Worldwide Discovery Research and Development, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Lars J. S. Knutsen
- Worldwide Discovery Research and Development, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Mehran Yazdanian
- Worldwide Discovery Research and Development, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Gilbert Moachon
- Cephalon, Inc., 19 Rue Prof. Cadieux, Maisons Alfort, France
| | - Mark A. Ator
- Worldwide Discovery Research and Development, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - John P. Mallamo
- Worldwide Discovery Research and Development, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Michael J. Marino
- Worldwide Discovery Research and Development, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Edward R. Bacon
- Worldwide Discovery Research and Development, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Michael Williams
- Worldwide Discovery Research and Development, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
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Jurič DM, Mele T, Čarman-Kržan M. Involvement of histaminergic receptor mechanisms in the stimulation of NT-3 synthesis in astrocytes. Neuropharmacology 2011; 60:1309-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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136
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N-Alkenyl and cycloalkyl carbamates as dual acting histamine H3 and H4 receptor ligands. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:2850-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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137
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Leurs R, Vischer HF, Wijtmans M, de Esch IJ. En route to new blockbuster anti-histamines: surveying the offspring of the expanding histamine receptor family. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2011; 32:250-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2011.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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138
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Motawaj M, Arrang JM. Ciproxifan, a histamine H₃-receptor antagonist / inverse agonist, modulates methamphetamine-induced sensitization in mice. Eur J Neurosci 2011; 33:1197-204. [PMID: 21366724 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07618.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The role of histamine neurons in schizophrenia and psychostimulant abuse remains unclear. Behavioural sensitization to psychostimulants is a cardinal feature of these disorders. Here, we have explored the ability of imetit and ciproxifan (CPX), a reference H₃-receptor agonist and inverse agonist, respectively, to modulate locomotor sensitization induced in mice by methamphetamine (MET). Mice received saline, CPX (3 mg/kg) or imetit (3 mg/kg) 2 h before MET (2 mg/kg), once daily for 12 days, and were killed after a 2-day wash out. Imetit had no effect, but CPX induced a decrease of MET-induced locomotor activity, which became significant at Day 5, and even more at Day 10. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used in the sensitized mice to quantify brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor subunit 1 (NR1) mRNAs, two factors that are altered in both schizophrenia and drug abuse. Imetit and CPX used alone had no effect on any marker. Sensitization by MET decreased BDNF mRNAs by 40% in the hippocampus. This decrease was reversed by CPX. Sensitization by MET also induced strong decreases of NR1 mRNAs in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and striatum, but not hypothalamus. These decreases were also reversed by CPX. The strong modulator effect of CPX in mice sensitized to MET may result from its modulator effect on NR1 mRNAs in the cerebral cortex and striatum. The reversal by CPX of BDNF and NR1 mRNAs in the hippocampus of sensitized animals further strengthens the interest of H₃-receptor inverse agonists for the long-term treatment of cognitive deficits of patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouhammad Motawaj
- INSERM, Laboratoire de Neurobiologie et Pharmacologie Moléculaire, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences (CPN, U 894), Paris, France
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139
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Receptor-specific functional efficacies of alkyl imidazoles as dual histamine H3/H4 receptor ligands. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 654:200-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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140
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Histamine receptors in the CNS as targets for therapeutic intervention. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2011; 32:242-9. [PMID: 21324537 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Histamine has long been known to trigger allergic reactions and gastric acid secretion. However, it was later discovered that, in the brain, histamine regulates basic homeostatic and higher functions, including cognition, arousal, circadian and feeding rhythms. The sole source of brain histamine is neurons localized in the hypothalamic tuberomammillary nuclei. These neurons project axons to the whole brain, are organized into functionally distinct circuits influencing different brain regions and display selective control mechanisms. Although all histamine receptors (H1R, H2R, H3R and H4R) are expressed in the brain, only the H3R has become a drug target for the treatment of neurologic and psychiatric disorders, such as sleep disturbances and cognitive deficits. In this review, we discuss recent developments in the pharmacological manipulation of H3Rs and the implications for H3R-related therapies for neurological and psychiatric disorders. The legacy of Sir James Black.
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141
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The Constitutive Activity of 5-HT2C Receptors as an Additional Modality of Interaction of the Serotonergic System. 5-HT2C RECEPTORS IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF CNS DISEASE 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-941-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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142
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ARAKI L, HARUSAWA S. Synthetic Studies of Imidazole C-Nucleosides toward Biofunctional Molecules. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2010; 130:1707-24. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.130.1707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa ARAKI
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences
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143
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Motawaj M, Burban A, Davenas E, Arrang JM. Activation of Brain Histaminergic Neurotransmission: A Mechanism for Cognitive Effects of Memantine in Alzheimer's Disease. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 336:479-87. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.174458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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144
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Nuutinen S, Vanhanen J, Pigni MC, Panula P. Effects of histamine H3 receptor ligands on the rewarding, stimulant and motor-impairing effects of ethanol in DBA/2J mice. Neuropharmacology 2010; 60:1193-9. [PMID: 21044640 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Revised: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Histamine H3 receptor (H3R) antagonists are currently being investigated for the possible therapeutic use in various cognitive deficits such as those in schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and Alzheimer's disease. Our previous studies suggest a role for H3Rs in ethanol-related behaviors in rat and mice. Here we have examined the role of different H3R ligands on the effects of ethanol in conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm, stimulation of locomotor activity and motor impairment in rotarod and balance beam in male DBA/2J mice. We found that H3R antagonists ciproxifan and JNJ-10181457 inhibited the ethanol-evoked CPP whereas H3R agonist immepip did not alter ethanol-induced place preference. Acute stimulatory response by ethanol was also modulated by H3R ligands. Ciproxifan increased ethanol activation when ethanol was given 1g/kg but not at 1.5g/kg dose. Immepip pretreatment diminished ethanol stimulation and increased motor-impairing effects of ethanol on the balance beam. In conclusion, these findings give further evidence of the involvement of H3R in the regulation of the effects of ethanol. The inhibition of ethanol reward by H3R antagonism implies that H3R might be a possible target to suppress compulsory ethanol seeking. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Trends in neuropharmacology: in memory of Erminio Costa'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saara Nuutinen
- Neuroscience Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, Haartmaninkatu 8, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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145
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Smith TH, Sim-Selley LJ, Selley DE. Cannabinoid CB1 receptor-interacting proteins: novel targets for central nervous system drug discovery? Br J Pharmacol 2010; 160:454-66. [PMID: 20590557 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00777.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The main pharmacological effects of marijuana, as well as synthetic and endogenous cannabinoids, are mediated through G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), including CB(1) and CB(2) receptors. The CB(1) receptor is the major cannabinoid receptor in the central nervous system and has gained increasing interest as a target for drug discovery for treatment of nausea, cachexia, obesity, pain, spasticity, neurodegenerative diseases and mood and substance abuse disorders. Evidence has accumulated to suggest that CB(1) receptors, like other GPCRs, interact with and are regulated by several other proteins beyond the established role of heterotrimeric G-proteins. These proteins, which include the GPCR kinases, beta-arrestins, GPCR-associated sorting proteins, factor associated with neutral sphingomyelinase, other GPCRs (heterodimerization) and the novel cannabinoid receptor-interacting proteins: CRIP(1a/b), are thought to play important roles in the regulation of intracellular trafficking, desensitization, down-regulation, signal transduction and constitutive activity of CB(1) receptors. This review examines CB(1) receptor-interacting proteins, including heterotrimeric G-proteins, but with particular emphasis on non-G-protein entities, that might comprise the CB(1) receptosomal complex. The evidence for direct interaction with CB(1) receptors and potential functional roles of these interacting proteins is discussed, as are future directions and challenges in this field with an emphasis on the possibility of eventually targeting these proteins for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tricia H Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, MCV Campus, Richmond, VA 23298-0524, USA
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146
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Hsieh GC, Honore P, Pai M, Wensink EJ, Chandran P, Salyers AK, Wetter JM, Zhao C, Liu H, Decker MW, Esbenshade TA, Cowart MD, Brioni JD. Antinociceptive effects of histamine H3 receptor antagonist in the preclinical models of pain in rats and the involvement of central noradrenergic systems. Brain Res 2010; 1354:74-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.07.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2009] [Revised: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 07/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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147
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Hough LB, Rice FL. H3 receptors and pain modulation: peripheral, spinal, and brain interactions. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 336:30-7. [PMID: 20864501 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.171264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Histamine H(3) receptors (H(3)Rs), distributed within the brain, the spinal cord, and on specific types of primary sensory neurons, can modulate pain transmission by several mechanisms. In the skin, H(3)Rs are found on certain Aβ fibers, and on keratinocytes and Merkel cells, as well as on deep dermal, peptidergic Aδ fibers terminating on deep dermal blood vessels. Activation of H(3)Rs on the latter in the skin, heart, lung, and dura mater reduces calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P release, leading to anti-inflammatory (but not antinociceptive) actions. However, activation of H(3)Rs on the spinal terminals of these sensory fibers reduces nociceptive responding to low-intensity mechanical stimuli and inflammatory stimuli such as formalin. These findings suggest that H(3)R agonists might be useful analgesics, but these drugs have not been tested in clinically relevant pain models. Paradoxically, H(3) antagonists/inverse agonists have also been reported to attenuate several types of pain responses, including phase II responses to formalin. In the periaqueductal gray (an important pain regulatory center), the H(3) inverse agonist thioperamide releases neuronal histamine and mimics histamine's biphasic modulatory effects in thermal nociceptive tests. Newer H(3) inverse agonists with potent, selective, and brain-penetrating properties show efficacy in several neuropathic and arthritis pain models, but the sites and mechanisms for these actions remain poorly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay B Hough
- Center for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA.
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148
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Lin JS, Sergeeva OA, Haas HL. Histamine H3 receptors and sleep-wake regulation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 336:17-23. [PMID: 20864502 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.170134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The histaminergic system fulfills a major role in the maintenance of waking. Histaminergic neurons are located exclusively in the posterior hypothalamus from where they project to most areas of the central nervous system. The histamine H(3) receptors are autoreceptors damping histamine synthesis, the firing frequency of histamine neurons, and the release of histamine from axonal varicosities. It is noteworthy that this action also extends to heteroreceptors on the axons of most other neurotransmitter systems, allowing a powerful control over multiple homeostatic functions. The particular properties and locations of histamine H(3) receptors provide quite favorable attributes to make this a most promising target for pharmacological interventions of sleep and waking disorders associated with narcolepsy, Parkinson's disease, and other neuropsychiatric indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Sheng Lin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Integrative Physiology of Brain Arousal Systems, Claude Bernard University, Lyon, France
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149
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Thakkar MM. Histamine in the regulation of wakefulness. Sleep Med Rev 2010; 15:65-74. [PMID: 20851648 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2010.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Revised: 06/13/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The histaminergic system is exclusively localized within the posterior hypothalamus with projection to almost all the major regions of the central nervous system. Strong and consistent evidence exist to suggest that histamine, acting via H₁ and/or H₃ receptor has a pivotal role in the regulation of sleep-wakefulness. Administration of histamine or H₁ receptor agonists induces wakefulness, whereas administration of H₁ receptor antagonists promotes sleep. The H₃ receptor functions as an auto-receptor and regulates the synthesis and release of histamine. Activation of H₃ receptor reduces histamine release and promotes sleep. Conversely, blockade of H₃ receptor promotes wakefulness. Histamine release in the hypothalamus and other target regions is highest during wakefulness. The histaminergic neurons display maximal activity during the state of high vigilance, and cease their activity during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. The cerebrospinal levels of histamine are reduced in diseased states where hypersomnolence is a major symptom. The histamine deficient L-histidine decarboxylase knockout (HDC KO) mice display sleep fragmentation and increased REM sleep during the light period along with profound wakefulness deficit at dark onset, and in novel environment. Similar results have been obtained when histamine neurons are lesioned. These studies strongly implicate the histaminergic neurons of the TMN to play a critical role in the maintenance of high vigilance state during wakefulness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh M Thakkar
- Neurology, University of Missouri, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Research, Room A023, 800 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65210, USA.
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150
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Davenport AJ, Stimson CC, Corsi M, Vaidya D, Glenn E, Jones TD, Bailey S, Gemkow MJ, Fritz U, Hallett DJ. Discovery of substituted benzyl tetrazoles as histamine H3 receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:5165-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Revised: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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