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Hu K, Harris DL, Yamaguchi T, von Andrian UH, Hamrah P. A Dual Role for Corneal Dendritic Cells in Herpes Simplex Keratitis: Local Suppression of Corneal Damage and Promotion of Systemic Viral Dissemination. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137123. [PMID: 26332302 PMCID: PMC4557979 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cornea is the shield to the foreign world and thus, a primary site for peripheral infections. However, transparency and vision are incompatible with inflammation and scarring that may result from infections. Thus, the cornea is required to perform a delicate balance between fighting infections and preserving vision. To date, little is known about the specific role of antigen-presenting cells in viral keratitis. In this study, utilizing an established murine model of primary acute herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 keratitis, we demonstrate that primary HSV keratitis results in increased conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) and macrophages within 24 hours after infection. Local depletion of cDCs in CD11c-DTR mice by subconjuntival diphtheria toxin injections, led to increased viral proliferation, and influx of inflammatory cells, resulting in increased scarring and clinical keratitis. In addition, while HSV infection resulted in significant corneal nerve destruction, local depletion of cDCs resulted in a much more severe loss of corneal nerves. Further, local cDC depletion resulted in decreased corneal nerve infection, and subsequently decreased and delayed systemic viral transmission in the trigeminal ganglion and draining lymph node, resulting in decreased mortality of mice. In contrast, sham depletion or depletion of macrophages through local injection of clodronate liposomes had neither a significant impact on the cornea, nor an effect on systemic viral transmission. In conclusion, we demonstrate that corneal cDCs may play a primary role in local corneal defense during viral keratitis and preserve vision, at the cost of inducing systemic viral dissemination, leading to increased mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Hu
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye & Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Cornea Service, Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Immune Disease Institute, Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine at Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Deshea L. Harris
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye & Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Immune Disease Institute, Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine at Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Takefumi Yamaguchi
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye & Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Cornea Service, Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Immune Disease Institute, Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine at Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ulrich H. von Andrian
- Immune Disease Institute, Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine at Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology & Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Pedram Hamrah
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye & Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Cornea Service, Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Immune Disease Institute, Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine at Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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102
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Thinschmidt JS, King MA, Korah M, Perez PD, Febo M, Miyan J, Grant MB. Central neural activation following contact sensitivity peripheral immune challenge: evidence of brain-immune regulation through C fibres. Immunology 2015; 146:206-16. [PMID: 25967648 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that peripheral immune challenges will produce predictable activation patterns in the rat brain consistent with sympathetic excitation. As part of examining this hypothesis, this study asked whether central activation is dependent on capsaicin-sensitive C-fibres. We induced skin contact sensitivity immune responses with 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB), in the presence or absence of the acute C-fibre toxin capsaicin (8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide) to trigger immune responses with and without diminished activity of C-fibres. Innovative blood-oxygen-level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging data revealed that the skin contact sensitivity immune responses induced with DNCB were associated with localized increases in brain neuronal activity in treated rats. This response was diminished by pre-treatment with capsaicin 1 week before scans. In the same animals, we found expression of the immediate early gene c-Fos in sub-regions of the amygdala and hypothalamic sympathetic brain nuclei. Significant increases in c-Fos expression were found in the supraoptic nucleus, central amygdala and medial habenula following immune challenges. Our results support the idea that selective brain regions, some of which are associated with sympathetic function, process or modulate immune function through pathways that are partially dependent on C-fibres. Together with previous studies demonstrating the motor control pathways from brain to immune targets, these findings indicate a central neuroimmune system to monitor host status and coordinate appropriate host responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Thinschmidt
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida & North Florida/South Georgia VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Michael A King
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida & North Florida/South Georgia VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Maria Korah
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida & North Florida/South Georgia VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Pablo D Perez
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Marcelo Febo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jaleel Miyan
- Neurobiology Research Group, Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Maria B Grant
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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103
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Silencing Nociceptor Neurons Reduces Allergic Airway Inflammation. Neuron 2015; 87:341-54. [PMID: 26119026 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Lung nociceptors initiate cough and bronchoconstriction. To elucidate if these fibers also contribute to allergic airway inflammation, we stimulated lung nociceptors with capsaicin and observed increased neuropeptide release and immune cell infiltration. In contrast, ablating Nav1.8(+) sensory neurons or silencing them with QX-314, a charged sodium channel inhibitor that enters via large-pore ion channels to specifically block nociceptors, substantially reduced ovalbumin- or house-dust-mite-induced airway inflammation and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. We also discovered that IL-5, a cytokine produced by activated immune cells, acts directly on nociceptors to induce the release of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). VIP then stimulates CD4(+) and resident innate lymphoid type 2 cells, creating an inflammatory signaling loop that promotes allergic inflammation. Our results indicate that nociceptors amplify pathological adaptive immune responses and that silencing these neurons with QX-314 interrupts this neuro-immune interplay, revealing a potential new therapeutic strategy for asthma.
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104
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McMahon SB, Russa FL, Bennett DLH. Crosstalk between the nociceptive and immune systems in host defence and disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 2015; 16:389-402. [DOI: 10.1038/nrn3946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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105
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Larregina AT, Divito SJ, Morelli AE. Clinical implications of basic science discoveries: nociceptive neurons as targets to control immunity--potential relevance for transplantation. Am J Transplant 2015; 15:1472-4. [PMID: 25846743 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates the existence of a complex cross-regulation between the most important biosensors of the human body: The immune and nervous systems. Cytokines control body temperature and trigger autoimmune disorders in the central nervous system, whereas neuropeptides released in peripheral tissues and lymphoid organs modulate inflammatory (innate) and adaptive immune responses. Surprisingly, the effects of nerve fibers and the antidromic release of its pro-inflammatory neuropeptides on the leukocytes of the immune system that mediate graft rejection are practically unknown. In the transplantation field, such area of research remains practically unexplored. A recent study by Riol-Blanco et al has revealed new details on how nociceptive nerves regulate the pro-inflammatory function of leukocytes in peripheral tissues. Although the mechanism(s) by which neuroinflammation affects the immune response against the allograft remains unknown, recent data suggest that this new area of research is worth exploring for potential development of novel complementary therapies for prevention/treatment of graft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Larregina
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.,McGowan Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - S J Divito
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - A E Morelli
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.,T. E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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106
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Mediators of Chronic Pruritus in Atopic Dermatitis: Getting the Itch Out? Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2015; 51:263-292. [DOI: 10.1007/s12016-015-8488-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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107
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Galluzzo M, Talamonti M, Di Stefani A, Chimenti S. Linear psoriasis following the typical distribution of the sciatic nerve. J Dermatol Case Rep 2015; 9:6-11. [PMID: 25932056 DOI: 10.3315/jdcr.2015.1189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some studies suggest that the nervous system plays a role in the onset of psoriasis and psoriasis flares including the symmetry of lesions, sparing of denervated skin and the role of stress in inducing lesions. MAIN OBSERVATIONS We describe an unusual case of psoriasis occurring in the same distribution as sciatic pain from a prolapsed intervertebral disc. The patient, a 45-year-old man with plaque psoriasis was treated with ustekinumab for 104 weeks, at a standard dose. During the eight month of therapy he developed an asymptomatic linear eruption on the left lower extremity along the distribution of the sciatic nerve. On examination, erythematous scaly plaques were noted. Histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of psoriasis. The treatment was continued and clobetasol proprionate 0.05% cream was added. At week 12 after the eruption, the patient reported a pain radiating through the buttock and posterior left leg during jogging. Magnetic resonance imaging showed lumbar disc herniation with compression of the L5-S1 spinal nerve roots. The patient stopped running and the psoriasis spontaneously receded, in a slow but complete fashion, without any local treatment. CONCLUSION There is substantial evidence that nerves play a key role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. We hypothesized that local TNF-alpha, neuropeptides and nerve growth factor, which are produced by nerve root compression, played a critical role in this case of psoriasis onset in an area of pain from a bulging lumbar intervertebral disc. To our knowledge, a correlation of psoriasis and nerve root compression has not been described previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Galluzzo
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Marina Talamonti
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Di Stefani
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Chimenti
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
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108
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Granstein RD, Wagner JA, Stohl LL, Ding W. Calcitonin gene-related peptide: key regulator of cutaneous immunity. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2015; 213:586-94. [PMID: 25534428 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) has been viewed as a neuropeptide and vasodilator. However, CGRP is more appropriately thought of as a pleiotropic signalling molecule. Indeed, CGRP has key regulatory functions on immune and inflammatory processes within the skin. CGRP-containing nerves are intimately associated with epidermal Langerhans cells (LCs), and CGRP has profound regulatory effects on Langerhans cell antigen-presenting capability. When LCs are exposed to CGRP in vitro, their ability to present antigen for in vivo priming of naïve mice or elicitation of delayed-type hypersensitivity is inhibited in at least some situations. Administration of CGRP intradermally inhibits acquisition of immunity to Th1-dominant haptens applied to the injected site while augmenting immunity to Th2-dominant haptens, although the cellular targets of activity in these experiments remain unclear. Although CGRP can be a pro-inflammatory agent, several studies have demonstrated that administration of CGRP can inhibit the elicitation of inflammation by inflammatory stimuli in vivo. In this regard, CGRP inhibits the release of certain chemokines by stimulated endothelial cells. This is likely to be physiologically relevant as cutaneous blood vessels are innervated by sensory nerves. Exciting new studies suggest a significant role for CGRP in the pathogenesis of psoriasis and, most strikingly, that CGRP inhibits the ability of LCs to transmit the human immunodeficiency virus 1 to T lymphocytes. A more complete understanding of the role of CGRP in the skin immune system may lead to new and novel approaches for the therapy of immune-mediated skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. D. Granstein
- Department of Dermatology; Weill Cornell Medical College; New York NY USA
| | - J. A. Wagner
- Brain and Mind Research Institute; Weill Cornell Medical College; New York NY USA
| | - L. L. Stohl
- Department of Dermatology; Weill Cornell Medical College; New York NY USA
| | - W. Ding
- Department of Dermatology; Weill Cornell Medical College; New York NY USA
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109
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Azimi E, Lerner EA, Elmariah SB. Altered manifestations of skin disease at sites affected by neurological deficit. Br J Dermatol 2015; 172:988-93. [PMID: 25132518 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The contribution of the nervous system to inflammation in general and inflammatory skin disease in particular has been underappreciated. It is now apparent that an intact neural component is required for the conventional clinical manifestations of many inflammatory skin diseases. OBJECTIVES To investigate the relationship between nerve damage and skin disease. METHODS Previous individual reports since 1966 were collected systematically and the clinical observations described therein were placed within current concepts of neurogenic inflammation. RESULTS We reviewed the literature and identified 23 cases of alterations in the appearance or distribution of skin disorders in patients with acquired central or peripheral neural damage or dysfunction. In 19 cases, near or complete resolution of pre-existing skin lesions occurred in areas directly or indirectly supplied by a subsequently injured nervous system. Exacerbation or new onset of skin lesions occurred in only four cases. The neural deficits described included damage within the peripheral or central nervous system resulting in pure sensory, pure motor or combined sensory and motor deficits. CONCLUSIONS These cases highlight the importance of neural innervation and neurogenic inflammation in the development of inflammatory skin disease and prompt further examination of the use of neural blockade as an adjunctive therapy in the treatment of inflammatory dermatoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Azimi
- Department of Dermatology, Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, U.S.A
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110
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Alpaerts K, Buckinx R, Adriaensen D, Van Nassauw L, Timmermans JP. Identification and Putative Roles of Distinct Subtypes of Intestinal Dendritic Cells in Neuroimmune Communication: What can be Learned from Other Organ Systems? Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2015; 298:903-16. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Alpaerts
- Laboratory of Cell biology and Histology; Department of Veterinary Sciences; University of Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
| | - Roeland Buckinx
- Laboratory of Cell biology and Histology; Department of Veterinary Sciences; University of Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
| | - Dirk Adriaensen
- Laboratory of Cell biology and Histology; Department of Veterinary Sciences; University of Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
| | - Luc Van Nassauw
- Laboratory of Human Anatomy and Embryology; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; University of Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
| | - Jean-Pierre Timmermans
- Laboratory of Cell biology and Histology; Department of Veterinary Sciences; University of Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
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111
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Ganor Y, Drillet-Dangeard AS, Bomsel M. Calcitonin gene-related peptide inhibits human immunodeficiency type 1 transmission by Langerhans cells via an autocrine/paracrine feedback mechanism. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2015; 213:432-41. [PMID: 25142255 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM Peripheral neurones innervating mucosal epithelia are in direct contact with resident immune cells, including Langerhans cells (LCs). Such neurones secrete the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) that modulates LCs function. We recently found that CGRP strongly inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmission, by interfering with multiple steps of mucosal LC-mediated HIV-1 transfer, including increased expression of the LC-specific lectin langerin. Herein, we investigated the anti-HIV-1 mechanism of CGRP. METHODS In the presence of CGRP, HIV-1 transfer from LCs to CD4+ T cells was tested with viral clones using either the HIV-1 co-receptor CCR5 (R5) or CXCR4 (X4). Surface expression of CCR5, CXCR4 and langerin was evaluated by flow cytometry. CGRP secretion by LCs was measured with an enzyme immunoassay. Expression of the multimeric CGRP receptor was examined by quantitative real-time RT-PCR and immuno-fluorescent microscopy. RESULTS Calcitonin gene-related peptide decreased transfer of HIV-1 R5, but increased that of X4. These opposing effects correlated with decreased CCR5 vs. increased CXCR4 surface expression in LCs. Inhibition of HIV-1 R5 transfer by CGRP involved signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (STAT4) activation. Both αCGRP and βCGRP were similarly efficient in decreasing HIV-1 R5 transfer and increasing langerin expression. LCs secreted low basal levels of endogenous CGRP, which increased markedly following CGRP treatment. CGRP also increased expression of its cognate receptor in LCs. CONCLUSION CGRP engages a positive feedback mechanism that would further enhance its anti-HIV-1 activity. This information might be relevant for the therapeutic use of CGRP as a prophylactic agent against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Ganor
- Mucosal Entry of HIV-1 and Mucosal Immunity; Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation; Cochin Institute; CNRS (UMR 8104); Paris France
- INSERM U1016; Paris France
- Paris Descartes University; Sorbonne Paris Cité Paris France
| | - A.-S. Drillet-Dangeard
- Mucosal Entry of HIV-1 and Mucosal Immunity; Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation; Cochin Institute; CNRS (UMR 8104); Paris France
- INSERM U1016; Paris France
- Paris Descartes University; Sorbonne Paris Cité Paris France
| | - M. Bomsel
- Mucosal Entry of HIV-1 and Mucosal Immunity; Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation; Cochin Institute; CNRS (UMR 8104); Paris France
- INSERM U1016; Paris France
- Paris Descartes University; Sorbonne Paris Cité Paris France
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112
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Kubanova AA, Smolyannikova VA, Chikin VV, Karamova AE. Neurotrophins and neuropeptides as inflammatory mediators in case of chronic dermatosis. VESTNIK DERMATOLOGII I VENEROLOGII 2014. [DOI: 10.25208/0042-4609-2014-90-6-57-61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This literature review examines the role of neurotrophins and neuropeptides for the development of skin inflammatory reactions in case of chronic inflammatory dermatoses. The article describes inflammatory effects of neurotrophin, a nerve growth factor, neuropeptide substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide. Factors affecting the condition of skin innervation and development of inflammation - neurotrophin, a nerve growth factor, amphiregulin, an epidermal growth factor, and semaphorin 3A, a nerve repulsion factor - were examined. Searching for and administering antagonists of proinflammatory effects of neuropeptides, neurotrophins and epidermal growth factor can become new approaches to the treatment of chronic inflammatory dermatoses.
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113
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Körner C, Kuchenbuch T, Pfeil U, Jung K, Padberg W, Kummer W, Mühlfeld C, Grau V. Low-dose adrenomedullin-2/intermedin(8-47) reduces pulmonary ischemia/reperfusion injury. Peptides 2014; 62:49-54. [PMID: 25290159 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adrenomedullin-2/intermedin stabilizes the pulmonary microvascular barrier challenged by application of thrombin ex vivo and by experimental ventilation in vivo. Here, we test the hypothesis that adrenomedullin-2/intermedin(8-47) protects mouse lungs from ischemia/reperfusion injury in vivo. C57BL/6 mice were anesthetized, intubated, ventilated, and heparinized. Blood vessels and the main bronchus of the left lung were clamped for 90min. Thereafter, lungs were reperfused for 120min. Five min before clamping and before reperfusion, mice obtained intravenous injections of adrenomedullin-2/intermedin(8-47). After reperfusion, mice were sacrificed and bronchoalveolar lavage of the left and the right lung was performed separately. The integrity of the blood-air barrier was investigated by electron microscopy using stereological methods. In response to ischemia/reperfusion injury, intraalveolar leukocytes accumulated in the ischemic lung. Two applications of 10ng/kg body weight adrenomedullin-2/intermedin(8-47) dramatically reduced leukocyte infiltration to about 15% (p≤0.001). Also the proportion of the subpopulation of neutrophil granulocytes decreased (12% vs 5%, p=0.013). Electron microscopy revealed a protection of the blood-air barrier by adrenomedullin-2/intermedin(8-47). Adrenomedullin-2/intermedin(8-47) ameliorates early ischemia/reperfusion injury in mouse lungs by protecting the integrity of the blood-air barrier and by potently reducing leukocyte influx into the alveolar space. Adrenomedullin-2/intermedin(8-47) might be of therapeutic interest in lung transplantation and cardiopulmonary bypass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Körner
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Department of General and Thoracic Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany.
| | - Tim Kuchenbuch
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Department of General and Thoracic Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Uwe Pfeil
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, UGMLC, Member of the DZL, Giessen, Germany
| | - Kristina Jung
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, UGMLC, Member of the DZL, Giessen, Germany
| | - Winfried Padberg
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Department of General and Thoracic Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kummer
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, UGMLC, Member of the DZL, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christian Mühlfeld
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, UGMLC, Member of the DZL, Giessen, Germany; Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the DZL, Hannover, Germany
| | - Veronika Grau
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Department of General and Thoracic Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
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Baliu-Piqué M, Jusek G, Holzmann B. Neuroimmunological communication via CGRP promotes the development of a regulatory phenotype in TLR4-stimulated macrophages. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:3708-16. [PMID: 25316186 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Environmental signals shape the phenotype and function of activated macrophages. Here, we show that the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), which is released from sensory nerves, modulates the phenotype of TLR4-activated murine macrophages by enhancing expression of the regulatory macrophage markers IL-10, sphingosine kinase 1 (SPHK1), and LIGHT (lymphotoxin-like, exhibits inducible expression and competes with HSV glycoprotein D for herpesvirus entry mediator, a receptor expressed by T lymphocytes). In contrast, CGRP inhibits production of cytokines characteristic of inflammatory macrophages and does not affect expression of wound-healing macrophage markers upon TLR4 engagement. In IL-4-stimulated macrophages, CGRP increased LIGHT expression, but failed to induce IL-10 and SPHK1. The stimulatory effect of CGRP on IL-10 production required activation of protein kinase A and was linked to prolonged phosphorylation of CREB and sustained nuclear accumulation of CRTC2 and CRTC3 (where CRTC is CREB-regulated transcriptional cofactor). CGRP enhanced expression of regulatory macrophage markers during the early, but not late, phase of LPS-stimulation and this effect was independent of autocrine type-I IFN activity. In contrast, autocrine type-I IFN activity and treatment of macrophages with IFN-β promoted late-phase IL-10 production, but had only minor influence on LIGHT and SPHK1 expression. Together, the results identify neuroimmunological communication through CGRP as a novel costimulatory pathway promoting the development of a regulatory phenotype of TLR4-stimulated macrophages. CGRP appears to act through a mechanism that involves sustained activation of CREB-dependent gene transcription.
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115
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Xiao Y, Williams JS, Brownell I. Merkel cells and touch domes: more than mechanosensory functions? Exp Dermatol 2014; 23:692-5. [PMID: 24862916 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The touch dome (TD) is an innervated structure in the epidermis of mammalian skin. Composed of specialized keratinocytes and neuroendocrine Merkel cells, the TD has distinct molecular characteristics compared to the surrounding epidermal keratinocytes. Much of the research on Merkel cell function has focused on their role in mechanosensation, specifically light touch. Recently, more has been discovered about Merkel cell molecular characteristics and their cells of origin. Here we review Merkel cell and TD biology, and discuss potential functions beyond mechanosensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xiao
- Dermatology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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116
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Le DD, Rochlitzer S, Fischer A, Heck S, Tschernig T, Sester M, Bals R, Welte T, Braun A, Dinh QT. Allergic airway inflammation induces the migration of dendritic cells into airway sensory ganglia. Respir Res 2014; 15:73. [PMID: 24980659 PMCID: PMC4088366 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-15-73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A neuroimmune crosstalk between dendritic cells (DCs) and airway nerves in the lung has recently been reported. However, the presence of DCs in airway sensory ganglia under normal and allergic conditions has not been explored so far. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the localisation, distribution and proliferation of DCs in airway sensory ganglia under allergic airway inflammation. METHODS Using the house dust mite (HDM) model for allergic airway inflammation BALB/c mice were exposed to HDM extract intranasally (25 μg/50 μl) for 5 consecutive days a week over 7 weeks. With the help of the immunohistochemistry, vagal jugular-nodose ganglia complex (JNC) sections were analysed regarding their expression of DC-markers (MHC II, CD11c, CD103), the neuronal marker PGP 9.5 and the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and glutamine synthetase (GS) as a marker for satellite glia cells (SGCs). To address the original source of DCs in sensory ganglia, a proliferation experiment was also carried in this study. RESULTS Immune cells with characteristic DC-phenotype were found to be closely located to SGCs and vagal sensory neurons under physiological conditions. The percentage of DCs in relation to neurons was significantly increased by allergic airway inflammation in comparison to the controls (HDM 51.38 ± 2.38% vs. control 28.16 ± 2.86%, p < 0.001). The present study also demonstrated that DCs were shown to proliferate in jugular-nodose ganglia, however, the proliferation rate of DCs is not significantly changed in the two treated animal groups (proliferating DCs/ total DCs: HDM 0.89 ± 0.38%, vs. control 1.19 ± 0.54%, p = 0.68). Also, increased number of CGRP-positive neurons was found in JNC after allergic sensitisation and challenge (HDM 31.16 ± 5.41% vs. control 7.16 ± 1.53%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION The present findings suggest that DCs may migrate from outside into the ganglia to interact with sensory neurons enhancing or protecting the allergic airway inflammation. The increase of DCs as well as CGRP-positive neurons in airway ganglia by allergic airway inflammation indicate that intraganglionic DCs and neurons expressing CGRP may contribute to the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma. To understand this neuroimmune interaction in allergic airway inflammation further functional experiments should be carried out in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Quoc Thai Dinh
- Department of Experimental Pneumology and Allergology, Saarland University Faculty of Medicine, Kirrberger Strasse, Geb, 61,4, Homburg, Germany.
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117
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Langerhans cells regulate cutaneous innervation density and mechanical sensitivity in mouse footpad. Neurosci Lett 2014; 578:55-60. [PMID: 24970748 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Langerhans cells are epidermal dendritic cells responsible for antigen presentation during an immune response. Langerhans cells associate intimately with epidermal sensory axons. While there is evidence that Langerhans cells may produce neurotrophic factors, a role in regulating cutaneous innervation has not been established. We used genetically engineered mice in which the diphtheria toxin (DT) receptor is targeted to Langerhans cells (Lang-DTR mice) to assess sensory axon-dendritic cell interactions. Diphtheria toxin administration to wild type mice did not affect epidermal structure, Langerhans cell content, or innervation density. A DT administration regimen supramaximal for completely ablating epidermal Langerhans cells in Lang-DTR mice reduced PGP 9.5-immunoreactive total innervation and calcitonin gene related peptide-immunoreactive peptidergic nociceptor innervation. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction showed that epidermal gene expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor was unchanged, but nerve growth factor and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor mRNAs were reduced. Behavioral testing showed that, while thermal sensitivity was unaffected, mice depleted of Langerhans cells displayed mechanical hypersensitivity. These findings provide evidence that Langerhans cells play an important role in determining cutaneous sensory innervation density and mechanical sensitivity. This may involve alterations in neurotrophin production by Langerhans or other epidermal cells, which in turn may affect mechanical sensitivity directly or as a result of neuropathic changes.
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118
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Abstract
A recent paper published in Nature reports sensory nerve fibers in the skin that give local immune cells important instructions for the organization of an immune response; in this particular case the cooperation between the nervous and immune systems had disastrous consequences, namely an auto-destruction of the skin.
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119
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Eungdamrong NJ, Higgins C, Guo Z, Lee WH, Gillette B, Sia S, Christiano AM. Challenges and promises in modeling dermatologic disorders with bioengineered skin. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:1215-24. [PMID: 24951469 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214538747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The tremendous cost of drug development is often attributed to the long time interval between identifying lead compounds in preclinical studies to assessing clinical efficacy in randomized clinical trials. Many candidate molecules show promise in cell culture or animal models, only to fail in late stage in human investigations. There is a need for novel technologies that allow investigators to quickly and reliably predict drug safety and efficacy. The advent of microtechnology has made it possible to integrate multiple microphysiologic organ systems into a single microfabricated chip. This review focuses on three-dimensional engineered skin, which has enjoyed a long history of uses both in clinical treatments of refractory ulcers and as a laboratory model. We discuss current biological and engineering challenges in construction of a robust bioengineered skin and provide a blueprint for its potential utility to model dermatologic disorders such as psoriasis or cutaneous drug reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narat J Eungdamrong
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA Departments of Dermatology, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Claire Higgins
- Departments of Dermatology, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Zongyou Guo
- Departments of Dermatology, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Wen-Han Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Brian Gillette
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Samuel Sia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Angela M Christiano
- Departments of Dermatology, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA Department of Genetics & Development, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
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120
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Altuntaş SÇ, Ipekçi T, Yakupoğlu G, Erin N. Changes in urine levels of substance P, vasoactive intestinal peptide and calcitonin-gene-related peptide in patients with urinary tract infections. Peptides 2014; 56:151-5. [PMID: 24747280 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTI) are important health problems and predisposing causes of UTI are not entirely known. Neuro-immune interactions play an important role in human health and disease. Capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerves which in nerve bladder extensively regulate immune system through neuropeptides such as substance P (SP), calcitonin-gene related peptide (CGRP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). In addition these neuropeptides also have anti-bacterial effects. To determine how the levels of these peptides changes during UTI, 67 patients (50-90 years-old) diagnosed with UTI in Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine Hospital were compared with 37 healthy people 50 years or older as the control group. Additionally, 7 patients with UTI symptoms (dysuria, urgency) but with sterile pyuria were also included in the study. Urine samples from 15 patients, whose symptoms regressed with control urine cultures being sterile, were taken after completion of the treatments. Urine neuropeptide levels were determined by ELISA. CGRP levels are significantly higher in patients with UTI, but did not associate with pyuria whereas SP and VIP levels were significantly lower in patients with sterile pyuria, indicating sensory nerve deficiency. Since CGRP exerts immunosuppressive effects, increased levels of the peptide may predispose to UTI. Furthermore, the connection between the observed sensory nerve deficiency and sterile pyuria warrants further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tümay Ipekçi
- Department of Urology, Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Turkey
| | - Gülşen Yakupoğlu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Akdeniz University, School of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Nuray Erin
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Akdeniz University, School of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey.
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Abstract
The discipline that investigates the biologic effects of ultraviolet radiation on the immune system is called photoimmunology. Photoimmunology evolved from an interest in understanding the role of the immune system in skin cancer development and why immunosuppressed organ transplant recipients are at a greatly increased risk for cutaneous neoplasms. In addition to contributing to an understanding of the pathogenesis of nonmelanoma skin cancer, the knowledge acquired about the immunologic effects of ultraviolet radiation exposure has provided an understanding of its role in the pathogenesis of other photodermatologic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig A Elmets
- Department of Dermatology, UAB Skin Diseases Research Center, UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center, Birmingham VA Medical Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, EFH 414, 1720 2nd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294-0009, USA.
| | - Cather M Cala
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, EFH 414, 1720 2nd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294-0009, USA
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Dermatology, UAB Skin Diseases Research Center, UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center, Birmingham VA Medical Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, EFH 414, 1720 2nd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294-0009, USA
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122
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Strom A, Brüggemann J, Ziegler I, Jeruschke K, Weiss J, Al-Hasani H, Roden M, Ziegler D. Pronounced reduction of cutaneous Langerhans cell density in recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2014; 63:1148-53. [PMID: 24319115 DOI: 10.2337/db13-1444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Immune-mediated processes have been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic polyneuropathy. Langerhans cells (LCs) are the sole dendritic cell type located in the healthy epidermis and exert tolerogenic immune functions. We aimed to determine whether alterations in cutaneous LC density and intraepidermal nerve fiber density (IENFD) are present in patients with recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Skin biopsy specimens from the distal leg from 96 type 2 diabetic patients and 75 healthy control subjects were used for quantification of LC density and IENFD. LCs and IENFs were labeled using immunohistochemistry. Nerve conduction studies, quantitative sensory testing, and neurological examination were used to assess peripheral nerve function. LC density was markedly reduced in the diabetic group compared with the control group, but did not correlate with reduced IENFD or peripheral nerve function. Multivariate linear regression analysis revealed a strong association between LC density and whole-body insulin sensitivity in women but not in men with diabetes. Prospective studies should establish whether the pronounced reduction of cutaneous LCs detected in recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes could promote a cutaneous immunogenic imbalance toward inflammation predisposing to polyneuropathy and foot ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Strom
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center at Heinrich Heine University, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Düsseldorf, Germany
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123
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Assas BM, Pennock JI, Miyan JA. Calcitonin gene-related peptide is a key neurotransmitter in the neuro-immune axis. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:23. [PMID: 24592205 PMCID: PMC3924554 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The question of how the neural and immune systems interact in host defense is important, integrating a system that senses the whole body with one that protects. Understanding the mechanisms and routes of control could produce novel and powerful ways of promoting and enhancing normal functions as well as preventing or treating abnormal functions. Fragmentation of biological research into specialities has resulted in some failures in recognizing and understanding interactions across different systems and this is most striking across immunology, hematology, and neuroscience. This reductionist approach does not allow understanding of the in vivo orchestrated response generated through integration of all systems. However, many factors make the understanding of multisystem cross-talk in response to a threat difficult, for instance the nervous and immune systems share communication molecules and receptors for a wide range of physiological signals. But, it is clear that physical, hard-wired connections exist between the two systems, with the key link involving sensory, unmyelinated nerve fibers (c fibers) containing the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and modified macrophages, mast cells and other immune and host defense cells in various locations throughout the body. In this review we will therefore focus on the induction of CGRP and its key role in the neuroimmune axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bakri M Assas
- Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester Manchester, UK ; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Joanne I Pennock
- Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester Manchester, UK
| | - Jaleel A Miyan
- Neurosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester Manchester, UK
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Hung SP, Sheu MJ, Ma MC, Hu JT, Sun YY, Lee CC, Chung YC, Tsai YJ, Wang JY, Chen CL. Runx1-deficient afferents impair visceral nociception, exacerbating dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 35:96-106. [PMID: 24041578 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Colitis is a group of inflammatory and auto-immune disorders that affect the tissue lining of the gastrointestinal (GI) system. Studies of chemically-induced animal models of colitis have indicated that nociceptive afferents or neuropeptides have differing effects on GI inflammation. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in visceral pain and the role of visceral sensory afferents involved in the modulation of colitis remains unclear. A previous study demonstrated that Runx1, a Runt domain transcription factor, is restricted to nociceptors. In these neurons, Runx1 regulates the expression of numerous ion channels and receptors, controlling the lamina-specific innervation patterns of nociceptive afferents in the spinal cord. Moreover, mice that lack Runx1 exhibit specific defects in thermal and neuropathic pain. To examine the function of Runx1 in visceral nociception, we employed double-transgenic mice (WntCre: Runx1(F/F)), in which the expression of Runx1 was specifically disrupted in the sensory neurons. To determine the role of Runx1 in visceral pain sensation, the WntCre: Runx1(F/F) mice and their control littermates (Runx1(F/F)) were treated using dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) to induce colitis. The results indicated that disrupted Runx1 in the sensory afferents resulted in: (1) impairment of the visceral pain sensation in murine DSS-induced colitis; (2) exacerbating the phenotypes in murine DSS-induced colitis; (3) a differential effect on the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the colon tissues isolated from mice treated using DSS and 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis; and (4) alteration of the distribution of lymphocytes and mast cells in mucosa. These results show that the function of Runx1 in sensory afferents is vital for modulating visceral pain and the neuro-immune axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Ping Hung
- Department of Pediatrics, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jen Sheu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ming Chieh Ma
- School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Ting Hu
- Liver Unit, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Yun Sun
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Cheng Lee
- Department of Pathology, Shin Kong Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Chiang Chung
- Department of Surgery, Cheng Ching General Hospital, Chung-Kang Branch, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ju Tsai
- School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Yuan Wang
- School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Li Chen
- School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
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125
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Nerve-derived transmitters including peptides influence cutaneous immunology. Brain Behav Immun 2013; 34:1-10. [PMID: 23517710 PMCID: PMC3750093 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical observations suggest that the nervous and immune systems are closely related. For example, inflammatory skin disorders; such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, rosacea and acne; are widely believed to be exacerbated by stress. A growing body of research now suggests that neuropeptides and neurotransmitters serve as a link between these two systems. Neuropeptides and neurotransmitters are released by nerves innervating the skin to influence important actors of the immune system, such as Langerhans cells and mast cells, which are located within close anatomic proximity. Catecholamines and other sympathetic transmitters that are released in response to activation of the sympathetic nervous system are also able to reach the skin and affect immune cells. Neuropeptides appear to direct the outcome of Langerhans cell antigen presentation with regard to the subtypes of Th cells generated and neuropeptides induce the degranulation of mast cells, among other effects. Additionally, endothelial cells, which release many inflammatory mediators and express cell surface molecules that allow leukocytes to exit the bloodstream, appear to be regulated by certain neuropeptides and transmitters. This review focuses on the evidence that products of nerves have important regulatory activities on antigen presentation, mast cell function and endothelial cell biology. These activities are highly likely to have clinical and therapeutic relevance.
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126
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Chéret J, Lebonvallet N, Carré JL, Misery L, Le Gall-Ianotto C. Role of neuropeptides, neurotrophins, and neurohormones in skin wound healing. Wound Repair Regen 2013; 21:772-88. [PMID: 24134750 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Due to the close interactions between the skin and peripheral nervous system, there is increasing evidence that the cutaneous innervation is an important modulator of the normal wound healing process. The communication between sensory neurons and skin cells involves a variety of molecules (neuropeptides, neurohormones, and neurotrophins) and their specific receptors expressed by both neuronal and nonneuronal skin cells. It is well established that neurotransmitters and nerve growth factors released in skin have immunoregulatory roles and can exert mitogenic actions; they could also influence the functions of the different skin cell types during the wound healing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Chéret
- Laboratory of Neurosciences of Brest (EA4685), University of Western Brittany, Brest, France
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127
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Ganor Y, Drillet-Dangeard AS, Lopalco L, Tudor D, Tambussi G, Delongchamps NB, Zerbib M, Bomsel M. Calcitonin gene-related peptide inhibits Langerhans cell-mediated HIV-1 transmission. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:2161-70. [PMID: 24081951 PMCID: PMC3804954 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20122349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Upon its mucosal entry, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is internalized by Langerhans cells (LCs) in stratified epithelia and transferred locally to T cells. In such epithelia, LCs are in direct contact with peripheral neurons secreting calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Although CGRP has immunomodulatory effects on LC functions, its potential influence on the interactions between LCs and HIV-1 is unknown. We show that CGRP acts via its receptor expressed by LCs and interferes with multiple steps of LC-mediated HIV-1 transmission. CGRP increases langerin expression, decreases selected integrins, and activates NF-κB, resulting in decreased HIV-1 intracellular content, limited formation of LC-T cell conjugates, and elevated secretion of the CCR5-binding chemokine CCL3/MIP-1α. These mechanisms cooperate to efficiently inhibit HIV-1 transfer from LCs to T cells and T cell infection. In vivo, HIV-1 infection decreases CGRP plasma levels in both vaginally SHIV-challenged macaques and HIV-1-infected individuals. CGRP plasma levels return to baseline after highly active antiretroviral therapy. Our results reveal a novel path by which a peripheral neuropeptide acts at the molecular and cellular levels to limit mucosal HIV-1 transmission and suggest that CGRP receptor agonists might be used therapeutically against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonatan Ganor
- Mucosal Entry of HIV-1 and Mucosal Immunity, Department of Cell Biology and Host Pathogen Interactions, Cochin Institute, French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS; UMR 8104), 75014 Paris, France
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128
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Hagiyama M, Inoue T, Furuno T, Iino T, Itami S, Nakanishi M, Asada H, Hosokawa Y, Ito A. Increased expression of cell adhesion molecule 1 by mast cells as a cause of enhanced nerve-mast cell interaction in a hapten-induced mouse model of atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 2013; 168:771-8. [PMID: 23106683 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.12108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroimmunological disorders are involved in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD), partly through enhanced sensory nerve-skin mast cell interaction. Cell adhesion molecule 1 (CADM1) is a mast-cell adhesion molecule that mediates the adhesion to, and communication with, sympathetic nerves. OBJECTIVES To investigate the role of mast cell CADM1 in the pathogenesis of AD, CADM1 expression levels by comparing between lesional and nonlesional skin mast cells of an AD mouse model, which was developed by repeated application of trinitrochlorobenzene, and to examine, in cocultures, how the alterations in CADM1 detected in lesional mast cells might affect the sensory nerve-mast cell interaction. METHODS AD-like lesional and nonlesional skin mast cells were collected separately by laser capture microdissection. CADM1 expression was examined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and CADM1 immunohistochemistry. In cocultures, adhesion between dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurites and IC2 mast cells was analysed by loading a femtosecond laser-induced impulsive force on neurite-attendant IC2 cells, while cellular communication was monitored as the IC2 cellular response ([Ca(2+)]i increase) after nerve-specific stimulant-induced DRG activation. RESULTS AD-like lesional mast cells expressed three-fold more CADM1 transcripts than nonlesional cells. This was supported at the protein level, shown by immunohistochemistry. In coculture, CADM1 overexpression in IC2 cells strengthened DRG neurite-IC2 cell adhesion and doubled the population of IC2 cells responding to DRG activation. A function-blocking anti-CADM1 antibody abolished these effects in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS Increased expression of CADM1 in mast cells appeared to be a cause of enhanced sensory nerve-mast cell interaction in a hapten-induced mouse model of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hagiyama
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kinki University, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
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129
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Liu B, Escalera J, Balakrishna S, Fan L, Caceres AI, Robinson E, Sui A, McKay MC, McAlexander MA, Herrick CA, Jordt SE. TRPA1 controls inflammation and pruritogen responses in allergic contact dermatitis. FASEB J 2013; 27:3549-63. [PMID: 23722916 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-229948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis is a common skin disease associated with inflammation and persistent pruritus. Transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels in skin-innervating sensory neurons mediate acute inflammatory and pruritic responses following exogenous stimulation and may contribute to allergic responses. Genetic ablation or pharmacological inhibition of TRPA1, but not TRPV1, inhibited skin edema, keratinocyte hyperplasia, nerve growth, leukocyte infiltration, and antihistamine-resistant scratching behavior in mice exposed to the haptens, oxazolone and urushiol, the contact allergen of poison ivy. Hapten-challenged skin of TRPA1-deficient mice contained diminished levels of inflammatory cytokines, nerve growth factor, and endogenous pruritogens, such as substance P (SP) and serotonin. TRPA1-deficient sensory neurons were defective in SP signaling, and SP-induced scratching behavior was abolished in Trpa1(-/-) mice. SP receptor antagonists, such as aprepitant inhibited both hapten-induced cutaneous inflammation and scratching behavior. These findings support a central role for TRPA1 and SP in the integration of immune and neuronal mechanisms leading to chronic inflammatory responses and pruritus associated with contact dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyi Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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130
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Locher H, de Rooij KE, de Groot JC, van Doorn R, Gruis NA, Löwik CW, Chuva de Sousa Lopes SM, Frijns JH, Huisman MA. Class III β-tubulin, a novel biomarker in the human melanocyte lineage. Differentiation 2013; 85:173-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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131
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Contribution of sensory C-fiber neuron injury to mechanical dynamic allodynia in a murine model of postherpetic neuralgia. Neuroreport 2013; 24:137-41. [DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0b013e32835df4d9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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132
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Pi LQ, Jin XH, Hwang ST, Lee WS. Effects of calcitonin gene-related peptide on the immune privilege of human hair follicles. Neuropeptides 2013; 47:51-7. [PMID: 22975462 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2012.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The hair follicle is a widely available and instructive miniature organ in the human body that experiences major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I dependent immune privilege (IP). There are various regulation factors that act on the generation, maintenance, and collapse of hair follicle IP. Neuropeptides such as calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) are created in many organs, including skin, and display various immune regulation effects. The purpose of this study was to investigate the phenotypic effect of CGRP on the hair follicle's IP. First, we used interferon-γ (IFN-γ) to generate ectopic MHC antigen expression model in cultured human hair follicles as previously described. Then, we examined the effects of CGRP on the regulation of ectopic MHC antigen expression in cultured human hair follicles using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemical staining techniques. IFN-γ (75 IU/ml) induced ectopic MHC expression. CGRP down-regulated INF-γ-induced ectopic MHC class I mRNA expression. These down-regulated effects were especially evident in 10(-8)M. In addition, CGRP also suppressed the staining intensity related to the expression of MHC class I and MHC class I-pathway related molecules (β2-microglobulin), but had no effect on MHC class II antigen expression. Taken together, these results indicate that CGRP might be an important regulatory factor for IP maintenance and restoration of IP via suppression of MHC class I antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Quan Pi
- Department of Dermatology and Institute of Hair and Cosmetic Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
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133
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Neurokinin-1 receptor agonists bias therapeutic dendritic cells to induce type 1 immunity by licensing host dendritic cells to produce IL-12. Blood 2013; 121:2923-33. [PMID: 23365459 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-07-446054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Substance-P and hemokinin-1 are proinflammatory neuropeptides with potential to promote type 1 immunity through agonistic binding to neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R). Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells that initiate and regulate the outcome of innate and adaptive immune responses. Immunostimulatory DCs are highly desired for the development of positive immunization techniques. DCs express functional NK1R; however, regardless of their potential DC-stimulatory function, the ability of NK1R agonists to promote immunostimulatory DCs remains unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that NK1R signaling activates therapeutic DCs capable of biasing type 1 immunity by inhibition of interleukin-10 (IL-10) synthesis and secretion, without affecting their low levels of IL-12 production. The potent type 1 effector immune response observed following cutaneous administration of NK1R-signaled DCs required their homing in skin-draining lymph nodes (sDLNs) where they induced inflammation and licensed endogenous-conventional sDLN-resident and -recruited inflammatory DCs to secrete IL-12. Our data demonstrate that NK1R signaling promotes immunostimulatory DCs, and provide relevant insight into the mechanisms used by neuromediators to regulate innate and adaptive immune responses.
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134
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Roggenkamp D, Köpnick S, Stäb F, Wenck H, Schmelz M, Neufang G. Epidermal nerve fibers modulate keratinocyte growth via neuropeptide signaling in an innervated skin model. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 133:1620-8. [PMID: 23283070 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Atopic eczema is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by cutaneous nerve fiber sprouting and epidermal hyperplasia, pointing to an involvement of the peripheral nervous system in cutaneous homeostasis. However, the interaction of sensory neurons and skin cells is poorly understood. Using an innervated skin model, we investigated the influence of sensory neurons on epidermal morphogenesis. Neurons induced the proliferation of keratinocytes, resulting in an increase in the epidermal thickness. Inhibition of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), but not substance P (SP) signaling, reversed this effect. Human CGRP enhanced keratinocyte proliferation and epidermal thickness in skin models, demonstrating a key role of CGRP in modulating epidermal morphogenesis, whereas SP had only a moderate effect. Innervated skin models composed of atopic skin cells showed increased neurite outgrowth, accompanied by elevated CGRP release. As atopic keratinocytes were sensitized to CGRP owing to higher expression levels of the CGRP receptor components, receptor activity-modifying protein 1 (RAMP1) and receptor component protein (RCP), atopic innervated skin models displayed a thicker epidermis than did healthy controls. We conclude that neural CGRP controls local keratinocyte growth. Our results show that the crosstalk of the cutaneous peripheral nervous system and skin cells significantly influences epidermal morphogenesis and homeostasis in healthy and atopic skin.
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135
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Lauria G, Lombardi R. Skin biopsy in painful and immune-mediated neuropathies. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2012; 17 Suppl 3:38-45. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8027.2012.00430.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lauria
- Neuromuscular Diseases Unit; IRRCS Foundation “Carlo Besta” Neurological Institute; Milan; Italy
| | - Raffaella Lombardi
- Neuromuscular Diseases Unit; IRRCS Foundation “Carlo Besta” Neurological Institute; Milan; Italy
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136
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Yu R, Huang Y, Zhang X, Zhou Y. Potential role of neurogenic inflammatory factors in the pathogenesis of vitiligo. J Cutan Med Surg 2012; 16:230-44. [PMID: 22784515 DOI: 10.1177/120347541201600404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitiligo is a highly complex multifactorial condition of the skin that has an unclear mechanism of pathogenesis. OBJECTIVE This review summarizes the role of various neurogenic inflammatory factors significantly upregulated in vitiligo. METHODS A literature review was conducted of all pertinent data regarding neuropeptides that are altered in vitiligo and their possible role in the destruction of melanocytes. RESULTS The close associations between the skin, immune system, and nervous system, along with specific changes demonstrated in vitiligo patients, support a pathogenic mechanism of vitiligo that involves neuroimmunologic factors, the release of which can be governed by mental stress. CONCLUSION Neuropeptides and nerve growth factors are critical regulators of emotional response and may precipitate the onset and development of vitiligo in certain predisposed individuals. More studies are required to investigate whether a direct link exists between genetics, mental stress, and neurogenic factors in vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Yu
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory and Chieng Genomics Centre, Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
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137
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CHIKIN VV, ZNAMENSKAYA LF, KATUNINA OR, LVOV AN, FRIGO NV, INOYATOVA LA. Modern methods and approaches to studying the role of neurotransmitters in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory skin diseases accompanied with itching. VESTNIK DERMATOLOGII I VENEROLOGII 2012. [DOI: 10.25208/vdv726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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138
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Abstract
This chapter describes how skin immune system (SIS) is specifically involved in the development of cutaneous melanoma. Local immune surveillance is presented as a complex process that comprises markers to be monitored in disease's evolution and in therapy. The ranking of tissue or soluble immune markers in a future panel of diagnostic/prognostic panel are evaluated. Taking into account the difficulties of cutaneous melanoma patients' management, this chapter shows the immune surveillance at the skin level, the conditions that favor the tumor escape from the immunological arm, the immune pattern of skin melanoma with diagnostic/prognostic relevance, the circulatory immune markers, and, last but not least, how immune markers are used in immune-therapy monitoring. The chapter cannot be exhaustive but will give the reader a glimpse of the complex immune network that lies within tumor escape and where to search for immune-therapeutical targets in skin melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Neagu
- Immunobiology Laboratory, "Victor Babes" National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania.
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139
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Voedisch S, Rochlitzer S, Veres TZ, Spies E, Braun A. Neuropeptides control the dynamic behavior of airway mucosal dendritic cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45951. [PMID: 23049899 PMCID: PMC3458805 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The airway mucosal epithelium is permanently exposed to airborne particles. A network of immune cells patrols at this interface to the environment. The interplay of immune cells is orchestrated by different mediators. In the current study we investigated the impact of neuronal signals on key functions of dendritic cells (DC). Using two-photon microscopic time-lapse analysis of living lung sections from CD11c-EYFP transgenic mice we studied the influence of neuropeptides on airway DC motility. Additionally, using a confocal microscopic approach, the phagocytotic capacity of CD11c(+) cells after neuropeptide stimulation was determined. Electrical field stimulation (EFS) leads to an unspecific release of neuropeptides from nerves. After EFS and treatment with the neuropeptides vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) or calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), airway DC in living lung slices showed an altered motility. Furthermore, the EFS-mediated effect could partially be blocked by pre-treatment with the receptor antagonist CGRP(8-37). Additionally, the phagocytotic capacity of bone marrow-derived and whole lung CD11c(+) cells could be inhibited by neuropeptides CGRP, VIP, and Substance P. We then cross-linked these data with the in vivo situation by analyzing DC motility in two different OVA asthma models. Both in the acute and prolonged OVA asthma model altered neuropeptide amounts and DC motility in the airways could be measured. In summary, our data suggest that neuropeptides modulate key features motility and phagocytosis of mouse airway DC. Therefore altered neuropeptide levels in airways during allergic inflammation have impact on regulation of airway immune mechanisms and therefore might contribute to the pathophysiology of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Voedisch
- Department of Airway Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine; Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Immunology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Sabine Rochlitzer
- Department of Airway Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine; Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tibor Z. Veres
- Department of Airway Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine; Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Hannover, Germany
- University of Turku, MediCity Research Laboratory, Turku, Finland
| | - Emma Spies
- Department of Airway Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine; Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Immunology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Armin Braun
- Department of Airway Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine; Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Immunology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
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140
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Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics: gut and beyond. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2012; 2012:872716. [PMID: 23049548 PMCID: PMC3459241 DOI: 10.1155/2012/872716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The human intestinal tract has been colonized by thousands of species of bacteria during the coevolution of man and microbes. Gut-borne microbes outnumber the total number of body tissue cells by a factor of ten. Recent metagenomic analysis of the human gut microbiota has revealed the presence of some 3.3 million genes, as compared to the mere 23 thousand genes present in the cells of the tissues in the entire human body. Evidence for various beneficial roles of the intestinal microbiota in human health and disease is expanding rapidly. Perturbation of the intestinal microbiota may lead to chronic diseases such as autoimmune diseases, colon cancers, gastric ulcers, cardiovascular disease, functional bowel diseases, and obesity. Restoration of the gut microbiota may be difficult to accomplish, but the use of probiotics has led to promising results in a large number of well-designed (clinical) studies. Microbiomics has spurred a dramatic increase in scientific, industrial, and public interest in probiotics and prebiotics as possible agents for gut microbiota management and control. Genomics and bioinformatics tools may allow us to establish mechanistic relationships among gut microbiota, health status, and the effects of drugs in the individual. This will hopefully provide perspectives for personalized gut microbiota management.
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141
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Psychological Stress and the Cutaneous Immune Response: Roles of the HPA Axis and the Sympathetic Nervous System in Atopic Dermatitis and Psoriasis. Dermatol Res Pract 2012; 2012:403908. [PMID: 22969795 PMCID: PMC3437281 DOI: 10.1155/2012/403908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychological stress, an evolutionary adaptation to the fight-or-flight response, triggers a number of physiological responses that can be deleterious under some circumstances. Stress signals activate the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system. Elements derived from those systems (e.g., cortisol, catecholamines and neuropeptides) can impact the immune system and possible disease states. Skin provides a first line of defense against many environmental insults. A number of investigations have indicated that the skin is especially sensitive to psychological stress, and experimental evidence shows that the cutaneous innate and adaptive immune systems are affected by stressors. For example, psychological stress has been shown to reduce recovery time of the stratum corneum barrier after its removal (innate immunity) and alters antigen presentation by epidermal Langerhans cells (adaptive immunity). Moreover, psychological stress may trigger or exacerbate immune mediated dermatological disorders. Understanding how the activity of the psyche-nervous -immune system axis impinges on skin diseases may facilitate coordinated treatment strategies between dermatologists and psychiatrists. Herein, we will review the roles of the HPA axis and the sympathetic nervous system on the cutaneous immune response. We will selectively highlight how the interplay between psychological stress and the immune system affects atopic dermatitis and psoriasis.
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142
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Chiu IM, von Hehn CA, Woolf CJ. Neurogenic inflammation and the peripheral nervous system in host defense and immunopathology. Nat Neurosci 2012; 15:1063-7. [PMID: 22837035 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 438] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The peripheral nervous and immune systems are traditionally thought of as serving separate functions. The line between them is, however, becoming increasingly blurred by new insights into neurogenic inflammation. Nociceptor neurons possess many of the same molecular recognition pathways for danger as immune cells, and, in response to danger, the peripheral nervous system directly communicates with the immune system, forming an integrated protective mechanism. The dense innervation network of sensory and autonomic fibers in peripheral tissues and high speed of neural transduction allows rapid local and systemic neurogenic modulation of immunity. Peripheral neurons also seem to contribute to immune dysfunction in autoimmune and allergic diseases. Therefore, understanding the coordinated interaction of peripheral neurons with immune cells may advance therapeutic approaches to increase host defense and suppress immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac M Chiu
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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143
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Kobayashi C, Kurohane K, Imai Y. High dose dietary pyridoxine induces T-helper type 1 polarization and decreases contact hypersensitivity response to fluorescein isothiocyanate in mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2012; 35:532-8. [PMID: 22466557 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.35.532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pyridoxine (vitamin B(6)) is commonly used as a dietary supplement and beneficial effects of it are expected. However, excess ingestion of pyridoxine has been shown to cause a severe sensory neuropathy in humans and experimental animals. We have been studying the linkage between the nervous and immune systems using a fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-induced contact hypersensitivity (CHS) mouse model. We have found that activation of transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), which is expressed on sensory neurons, enhances skin sensitization to FITC. Another feature of FITC-induced CHS is its dependence on T helper 2 (Th2) type responses. We hypothesized that the excess intake of pyridoxine may affect sensitization to FITC and influence helper T-cell polarization. We examined FITC-induced CHS in BALB/c mice fed a diet containing excess pyridoxine (120 mg/kg diet) for 3 weeks. We found that mice fed on the excess-pyridoxine diet exhibited a lower response as to FITC-induced CHS compared with ones fed on a diet with a standard pyridoxine content (6.0 mg/kg diet). Moreover, the interferon (IFN)-γ/interleukin (IL)-4 ratio produced by draining lymph node cells was significantly higher with the excess-pyridoxine diet. This suggested that the cytokine balance was shifted toward Th1 with the excess-pyridoxine diet. Consistently, Th1-dependent oxazolone-induced CHS was enhanced with the excess-pyridoxine diet. These results suggested that an excess pyridoxine intake actively influences the immune system by altering helper T cell polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chie Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology and the Global COE Program, University of Shizuoka School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan
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144
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Ding W, Manni M, Stohl LL, Zhou XK, Wagner JA, Granstein RD. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide bias Langerhans cell Ag presentation toward Th17 cells. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:901-11. [PMID: 22531916 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201141958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal Langerhans cells (LCs) are dendritic APCs that play an important role in cutaneous immune responses. LCs are associated with epidermal nerves and the neuropeptides vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) inhibit LC Ag presentation for Th1-type immune responses. Here, we examined whether PACAP or VIP modulates LC Ag presentation for induction of IL-17A-producing CD4(+) T cells. Treatment with VIP or PACAP prior to in vitro LC Ag presentation to CD4(+) T cells enhanced IL-17A, IL-6, and IL-4 production, decreased interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-22 release, and increased RORγt and Gata3 mRNA expression while decreasing T-bet expression. The CD4(+) T-cell population was increased in IL-17A- and IL-4-expressing cells and decreased in IFN-γ-expressing cells. Addition of anti-IL-6 mAb blocked the enhanced IL-17A production seen with LC preexposure to VIP or PACAP. Intradermal administration of VIP or PACAP prior to application of a contact sensitizer at the injection site, followed by harvesting of draining lymph node CD4(+) T cells and stimulation with anti-CD3/anti-CD28 mAbs, enhanced IL-17A and IL-4 production but reduced production of IL-22 and IFN-γ. PACAP and VIP are endogenous mediators that likely regulate immunity and immune-mediated diseases within the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanhong Ding
- Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medical College, NY 10021, USA
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145
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Jusek G, Reim D, Tsujikawa K, Holzmann B. Deficiency of the CGRP receptor component RAMP1 attenuates immunosuppression during the early phase of septic peritonitis. Immunobiology 2012; 217:761-7. [PMID: 22656887 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2012.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The neuropeptide CGRP contributes to the control of excessive cytokine production in endotoxemia models. However, the function of CGRP in sepsis caused by infection with viable pathogens is unknown. Here, we show that mice deficient for the CGRP receptor component RAMP1 have an improved anti-bacterial defense during the early, but not late, phase of polymicrobial septic peritonitis. The protective effect of Ramp1-deficiency was associated with reduced levels of IL-10 in plasma and peritoneal lavage fluid. Consistent with these findings, CGRP markedly increased IL-10 production of peritoneal and bone marrow-derived macrophages in response to short term stimulation with LPS in vitro. In addition, the lack of an intact CGRP receptor resulted in an increased recruitment and activation of neutrophils and caused an enhanced release of defensin-α1 in the peritoneal cavity. Considered together, our results identify the neuropeptide CGRP as a crucial immunosuppressive mediator impairing host defense during the early, but not late, phase of septic peritonitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Jusek
- Department of Surgery, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
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146
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147
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Furtado F, Hochman B, Farber PL, Muller MC, Hayashi LF, Ferreira LM. Psychological stress as a risk factor for postoperative keloid recurrence. J Psychosom Res 2012; 72:282-7. [PMID: 22405222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2011.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate psychological stress on the prognosis of the postoperative recurrence of keloids. METHODS Patients with keloids (n=25), candidates for surgical resection and postoperative radiotherapy, had their psychological stress evaluated on the day before the surgical procedure. The parameters evaluated were pain and itching (Visual Numerical Scale), quality of life (Questionnaire QualiFibro/Cirurgia Plástica-UNIFESP), perceived stress (Perceived Stress Scale), depression and anxiety (Hospital Depression and Anxiety Scale), salivary cortisol and minimum and maximum galvanic skin responses (GSR) at rest and under stress (i.e., while the questionnaires were being filled out). Patients were evaluated during the 3rd, 6th, 9th and 12th months of postoperative care. During each return visit, two experts classified the lesions as non-recurrent and recurrent. RESULTS The recurrence group presented the greatest values in GSR during a stressful situation. The chance of recurrence increased by 34% at each increase of 1000 arbitrary units in maximum GSR during stress. CONCLUSION Psychological stress influenced the recurrence of keloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabianne Furtado
- Postgraduate Program in Plastic Surgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
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148
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149
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Kinori M, Bertolini M, Funk W, Samuelov L, Meyer KC, Emelianov VU, Hasse S, Paus R. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) may award relative protection from interferon-γ-induced collapse of human hair follicle immune privilege. Exp Dermatol 2012; 21:223-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2011.01432.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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150
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Altawil R, Lyström J, El-Nour H. Kinetics of neuronal contribution during the development of a contact allergic reaction. Arch Dermatol Res 2011; 304:273-81. [PMID: 22198823 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-011-1202-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The nervous system contributes to allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). Elucidation of the implication of the nervous system during different stages of ACD could be of therapeutic value. Our aim was to study the kinetics and contribution of the nervous system to ACD by investigating innervation and expression of neuropeptides in skin biopsies obtained at 0, 6, 24, 48 and 72 h post-challenge. Biopsies were stained using antisera against protein gene product (PGP) 9.5, growth associated protein (GAP)-43, substance P and its receptor (R) neurokinin (NK)-1, NKA and NK-2R, and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). GAP-43-immunoreactive (ir) nerves revealed a time-dependent increase that was more pronounced at 48 and 72 h, while PGP 9.5-ir nerves remained unaltered. Substance P-, NKA- and CGRP-ir nerves at 0 and 6 h were significantly higher compared to later time points, whereas NKA-, NK-1R- and NK-2R-ir cells were lower. A dramatic rise in cell numbers was noted at 24 h. Our findings demonstrate the implication of nerves and sensory neuropeptides during the kinetics of ACD and suggest a possibility to target this system at an early time point for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Altawil
- Dermatology and Venereology Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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