101
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Wu X, Tian Z. Gut-liver axis: gut microbiota in shaping hepatic innate immunity. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2017; 60:1191-1196. [PMID: 28840534 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-017-9128-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gut microbiota play an essential role in shaping immune cell responses. The liver was continuously exposed to metabolic products of intestinal commensal bacterial through portal vein and alteration of gut commensal bateria was always associated with increased risk of liver inflammation and autoimmune disease. Considered as a unique immunological organ, the liver is enriched with a large number of innate immune cells. Herein, we summarize the available literature of gut microbiota in shaping the response of hepatic innate immune cells including NKT cells, NK cells, γδ T cells and Kupffer cells during health and disease. Such knowledge might help to develop novel and innovative strategies for the prevention and therapy of innate immune cell-related liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunyao Wu
- Institute of Immunology and the Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease (Chinese Academy of Sciences), School of Life Science and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China.
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Institute of Immunology and the Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease (Chinese Academy of Sciences), School of Life Science and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
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102
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Hepatic Immune Microenvironment in Alcoholic and Nonalcoholic Liver Disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:6862439. [PMID: 28852648 PMCID: PMC5567444 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6862439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Many types of innate (natural killer cells, natural killer T cells, and Kupffer cells/macrophages) and adaptive (T cells and B cells) immune cells are enriched within the liver and function in liver physiology and pathology. Liver pathology is generally induced by two types of immunologic insults: failure to eliminate antigens derived from the gastrointestinal tract which are important for host defense and an impaired tissue protective tolerance mechanism that helps reduce the negative outcomes of immunopathology. Accumulating evidence from the last several decades suggests that hepatic immune cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of alcoholic and nonalcoholic liver injury and inflammation in humans and mice. Here, we focus on the roles of innate and adaptive immune cells in the development and maintenance of alcoholic liver disease and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Additionally, the pathogenesis of liver disease and new therapeutic targets for preventing and treating alcoholic liver disease and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis are discussed.
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103
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Martrus G, Kautz T, Lunemann S, Richert L, Glau L, Salzberger W, Goebels H, Langeneckert A, Hess L, Poch T, Schramm C, Oldhafer KJ, Koch M, Tolosa E, Nashan B, Altfeld M. Proliferative capacity exhibited by human liver-resident CD49a+CD25+ NK cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182532. [PMID: 28792982 PMCID: PMC5549915 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The recruitment and retention of Natural Killer (NK) cells in the liver are thought to play an important role during hepatotropic infections and liver cirrhosis. The aims of this study were to determine differences between liver-derived and peripheral blood-derived NK cells in the context of liver inflammation and cirrhosis. We conducted a prospective dual-center cross-sectional study in patients undergoing liver transplantation or tumor-free liver resections, in which both liver tissue and peripheral blood samples were obtained from each consenting study participants. Intrahepatic lymphocytes and PBMCs were stained, fixed and analyzed by flow cytometry. Our results showed that, within cirrhotic liver samples, intrahepatic NK cells were particularly enriched for CD49a+ NK cells when compared to tumor-free liver resection samples. CD49a+ liver-derived NK cells included populations of cells expressing CD25, CD34 and CXCR3. Moreover, CD49a+CD25+ liver-derived NK cells exhibited high proliferative capacity in vitro in response to low doses of IL-2. Our study identified a specific subset of CD49a+CD25+ NK cells in cirrhotic livers bearing functional features of proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glòria Martrus
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Kautz
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Lunemann
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Laura Richert
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- Univ. Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, team SISTM, UMR1219 and Inria, Bordeaux, France
| | - Laura Glau
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Salzberger
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hanna Goebels
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Annika Langeneckert
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Leonard Hess
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Poch
- First Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Schramm
- First Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Karl J. Oldhafer
- Department of General & Abdominal Surgery, Asklepios Hospital Barmbek, Semmelweis University of Medicine, Asklepios Campus, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martina Koch
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eva Tolosa
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Björn Nashan
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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104
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Peng H, Tian Z. Diversity of tissue-resident NK cells. Semin Immunol 2017; 31:3-10. [PMID: 28802693 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although natural killer (NK) cells were initially named for their spontaneous tumor-killing capacity, their concept has been greatly expanded with more than 40 years of extensive investigation. Currently, NK cells are known as a heterogeneous population of innate lymphoid cell (ILC) family, consisting of different subsets with unique phenotypic and functional features. Recent studies have shown that tissue-resident NK (trNK) cells, which are distinct from conventional NK (cNK) cells, preferentially distribute in non-lymphoid tissues, such as the liver, uterus, salivary gland, and adipose. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge about the phenotype, function and development of trNK cells across different tissues and describe the similarities and differences between diverse trNK cells and cNK cells, with a particular focus on the tissue-specific characteristics of different trNK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Peng
- Institute of Immunology and The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Institute of Immunology and The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China.
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105
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Wu Y, Tian Z, Wei H. Developmental and Functional Control of Natural Killer Cells by Cytokines. Front Immunol 2017; 8:930. [PMID: 28824650 PMCID: PMC5543290 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are effective in combating infections and tumors and as such are tempting for adoptive transfer therapy. However, they are not homogeneous but can be divided into three main subsets, including cytotoxic, tolerant, and regulatory NK cells, with disparate phenotypes and functions in diverse tissues. The development and functions of such NK cells are controlled by various cytokines, such as fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (FL), kit ligand (KL), interleukin (IL)-3, IL-10, IL-12, IL-18, transforming growth factor-β, and common-γ chain family cytokines, which operate at different stages by regulating distinct signaling pathways. Nevertheless, the specific roles of each cytokine that regulates NK cell development or that shapes different NK cell functions remain unclear. In this review, we attempt to describe the characteristics of each cytokine and the existing protocols to expand NK cells using different combinations of cytokines and feeder cells. A comprehensive understanding of the role of cytokines in NK cell development and function will aid the generation of better efficacy for adoptive NK cell treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wu
- Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Haiming Wei
- Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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106
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Braet F, Taatjes DJ, Wisse E. Probing the unseen structure and function of liver cells through atomic force microscopy. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 73:13-30. [PMID: 28688930 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
With the arrival of atomic force microscopy (AFM) about thirty years ago, this new imaging tool opened up a new area for the exploration of biological samples, ranging from the tissue and cellular level down to the supramolecular scale. Commercial instruments of this new imaging technique began to appear in the five years following its discovery in 1986 by Binnig, Quate & Gerber. From that point onwards the AFM has attracted many liver biologists, and the number of publications describing structure-function relationships on the diverse set of liver cells has grown steadily ever since. It is therefore timely to reflect on the achievements of AFM in disclosing the cellular architecture of hepatocytes, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, Kupffer cells, stellate cells and liver-associated natural killer cells. In this thematic paper, we present new data and provide an in-depth overview of the current AFM literature on liver cell biology. We furthermore include a future outlook on how this scanning probe imaging tool and its latest developments can contribute to clarify various structural and functional aspects of cells in liver health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Braet
- School of Medical Sciences (Discipline of Anatomy and Histology)-The Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Australian Centre for Microscopy & Microanalysis, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre (Cellular Imaging Facility), The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Douglas J Taatjes
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA; Microscopy Imaging Center, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Eddie Wisse
- Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute, Division of Nanoscopy, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Maastricht, 6200, MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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107
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Wang Y, Li T, Chen Y, Wei H, Sun R, Tian Z. Involvement of NK Cells in IL-28B-Mediated Immunity against Influenza Virus Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017. [PMID: 28637903 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
IL-28B is a member of the newly discovered type III IFN family and exhibits unique antiviral properties compared with other family members. NK cells play a critical role in defending against viruses; however, little is known about the role of IL-28B in NK cell function. In a mouse model of influenza A virus (mouse adapted influenza A/PR/8/34 strain) infection, long-term overexpression of IL-28B induced by hepatocyte-specific gene delivery exerted a strong antiviral effect in the presence of NK cells. In IL-28B-overexpressing wild-type mice, the percentages and absolute numbers of NK cells in the spleen, liver, and lung were markedly increased, with higher proliferation and accelerated NK cell maturation based on phenotypes staining with CD11b and CD27 or CD11b and KLRG1. Furthermore, the effect of IL-28B on NK cells was macrophage dependent, as confirmed in an in vitro coculture assay and in in vivo macrophage- or alveolar macrophage-depletion experiments. Transwell studies demonstrated that CFSE-labeled NK cell proliferation was driven, in a dose-dependent manner, by unknown soluble factor(s) secreted by IL-28B-stimulated alveolar macrophages, without requiring direct cell-cell contact. An understanding of the NK cell-promoting features of IL-28B will facilitate future clinical application of this cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanshi Wang
- Institute of Immunology, The Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China; and
| | - Tingting Li
- Institute of Immunology, The Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China; and
| | - Yongyan Chen
- Institute of Immunology, The Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China; and
| | - Haiming Wei
- Institute of Immunology, The Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China; and
| | - Rui Sun
- Institute of Immunology, The Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China; and .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Institute of Immunology, The Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China; and .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
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108
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Yan B, Chen F, Xu L, Wang Y, Wang X. Interleukin-28B dampens airway inflammation through up-regulation of natural killer cell-derived IFN-γ. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3556. [PMID: 28620197 PMCID: PMC5472588 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03856-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-28A (IL-28A) modulates CD11c+ dendritic cell (DC) function and promotes type 1T helper (Th1) differentiation, thus suppressing allergic airway diseases. However, the function of the IL-28A isoform IL-28B in these diseases remains largely unknown. In this study, we revealed a novel role of IL-28B in inducing type 1 immunity and protecting against ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic asthma in mice. IL-28B overexpression in wild-type mice promoted natural killer (NK) cell polarization in the lung, leading to the increased number of interferon (IFN)-γ-producing NK1 cells as well as Th1 differentiation. Importantly, IL-28B overexpression had no protective effect on OVA-induced asthma in IFN-γ-knockout (IFN-γ−/−) mice. These results demonstrate that IL-28B ameliorates experimental allergic asthma via enhancing NK cell polarization, which might be useful for prevention and treatment of allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailing Yan
- Department of Emergency, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Dermatology Department, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Lijun Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Yanshi Wang
- Institute of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China
| | - Xuefu Wang
- Institute of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China. .,School of Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China.
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109
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Liu M, Zhang C. The Role of Innate Lymphoid Cells in Immune-Mediated Liver Diseases. Front Immunol 2017; 8:695. [PMID: 28659927 PMCID: PMC5468686 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a recently identified group of innate immune cells lacking antigen-specific receptors that can mediate immune responses and regulate tissue homeostasis and inflammation. ILCs comprise group 1 ILCs, group 2 ILCs, and group 3 ILCs. These ILCs usually localize at mucosal surfaces and combat pathogens by the rapid release of certain cytokines. However, the uncontrolled activation of ILCs can also lead to damaging inflammation, especially in the gut, lung, and skin. Although the physiological and pathogenic roles of ILCs in liver diseases have been attracting increasing attention recently, there has been no systematic review regarding the roles of ILCs in immune-mediated liver diseases. Here, we review the relationships between the ILC subsets and their functions in immune-mediated liver diseases, and discuss their therapeutic potential based on current knowledge about the functional roles of these cells in liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meifang Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Immunopharmacology and Immunotherapy, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Cai Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Immunopharmacology and Immunotherapy, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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110
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Fang F, Xiao W, Tian Z. NK cell-based immunotherapy for cancer. Semin Immunol 2017; 31:37-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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111
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Sun H, Song J, Weng C, Xu J, Huang M, Huang Q, Sun R, Xiao W, Sun C. Association of decreased expression of the macrophage scavenger receptor MARCO with tumor progression and poor prognosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 32:1107-1114. [PMID: 27806438 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.13633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The macrophage receptor with collagenous structure (MARCO) belongs to the scavenger receptor family; however, few studies have assessed their potentials in modulating inflammatory signaling other than the typical function of pattern recognition and phagocytic clearance. Interestingly, RNA-Seq analyses of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have identified MARCO as one of the top 30 differentially expressed genes between cancerous and adjacent noncancerous tissues. However, no research has been performed to study MARCO in liver cancer. METHODS MARCO protein expression was evaluated by immunostaining liver tissue specimens collected from 88 HCC patients, 10 liver cirrhosis patients, 6 metastatic patients, and 5 healthy controls. All sections were reviewed by blinded observers followed by the interpretation of integral optical density per area as a measure of protein intensity. RESULTS We observed significantly decreased expression of MARCO in intratumoral tissues of HCC compared with expression in peritumoral tissues. The expression of MARCO declined progressively as the disease condition was aggravated, with the highest expression found in healthy controls and the lowest found in patients with HCC metastasis. Furthermore, MARCO expression decreased along with tumor progression. MARCO+ cells co-localized with CD68+ cells, indicating predominant expression on macrophages. The overall survival rate was significantly increased in patients with high intratumoral MARCO expression compared with that of patients with low intratumoral MARCO expression. CONCLUSIONS Our study is the first to demonstrate an association between MARCO expression and the progression and prognosis of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Sun
- Institute of Immunology, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jiaxi Song
- Institute of Immunology, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Chenchun Weng
- Institute of Immunology, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mei Huang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Qiang Huang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Institute of Immunology, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Weihua Xiao
- Institute of Immunology, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Cheng Sun
- Institute of Immunology, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
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112
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He Y, Peng H, Sun R, Wei H, Ljunggren HG, Yokoyama WM, Tian Z. Contribution of inhibitory receptor TIGIT to NK cell education. J Autoimmun 2017; 81:1-12. [PMID: 28438433 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Engagement of inhibitory receptors by cognate host MHC-I molecules triggers NK cell education, resulting in functional maturation and allowing NK cells to sense missing-self. However, NK cells also express inhibitory receptors for non-MHC-I ligands and their role in NK cell education is poorly understood. TIGIT is a recently identified inhibitory receptor that recognizes a non-MHC-I ligand CD155. Here, we demonstrated that TIGIT+ NK cells from wild-type mice exerted augmented responsiveness to various stimuli, including targets that lacked expression of CD155 ligand. TIGIT+ NK cells derived from CD155-deficient hosts, however, exhibited functional impairment, indicating that the engagement of TIGIT receptor by host CD155 promoted NK cell functional maturation. Furthermore, TIGIT deficiency impaired NK cell-mediated missing-self recognition and rejection of CD155- targets, such as allogenic splenocytes and certain tumor cells, in an MHC-I-independent and CD226-unrelated manner. Thus, TIGIT-CD155 pathway is also involved in the acquisition of optimal NK cell effector function, representing a novel MHC-I-independent education mechanism for NK cell tolerance and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuke He
- Institute of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease of Chinese Academy of Science, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Hui Peng
- Institute of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease of Chinese Academy of Science, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Institute of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease of Chinese Academy of Science, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - Haiming Wei
- Institute of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease of Chinese Academy of Science, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Hans-Gustaf Ljunggren
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, 16451, Sweden
| | - Wayne M Yokoyama
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63123, USA
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Institute of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease of Chinese Academy of Science, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
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113
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Aw Yeang HX, Piersma SJ, Lin Y, Yang L, Malkova ON, Miner C, Krupnick AS, Chapman WC, Yokoyama WM. Cutting Edge: Human CD49e- NK Cells Are Tissue Resident in the Liver. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:1417-1422. [PMID: 28093522 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Most knowledge on NK cells is based on studies of what are now known as conventional NK cells in the mouse spleen or human peripheral blood. However, recent studies in mice indicate the presence of tissue-resident NK cells in certain organs, such as the liver, that display different markers and transcription factor dependencies as compared with conventional NK cells. In this study, we provide evidence from cytometry by time-of-flight analysis and humanized mice indicating that human CD49e- NK cells are tissue resident in the liver. Thus, these studies indicate that tissue-resident NK cells are evolutionarily conserved in humans and mice, providing a foundation to explore their role in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Xian Aw Yeang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Sytse J Piersma
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Yiing Lin
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Liping Yang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Olga N Malkova
- Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Cathrine Miner
- Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Alexander S Krupnick
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; and
| | - William C Chapman
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Wayne M Yokoyama
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; .,Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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114
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Wałajtys-Rode E, Dzik JM. Monocyte/Macrophage: NK Cell Cooperation-Old Tools for New Functions. Results Probl Cell Differ 2017; 62:73-145. [PMID: 28455707 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-54090-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Monocyte/macrophage and natural killer (NK) cells are partners from a phylogenetic standpoint of innate immune system development and its evolutionary progressive interaction with adaptive immunity. The equally conservative ways of development and differentiation of both invertebrate hemocytes and vertebrate macrophages are reviewed. Evolutionary conserved molecules occurring in macrophage receptors and effectors have been inherited by vertebrates after their common ancestor with invertebrates. Cytolytic functions of mammalian NK cells, which are rooted in immune cells of invertebrates, although certain NK cell receptors (NKRs) are mammalian new events, are characterized. Broad heterogeneity of macrophage and NK cell phenotypes that depends on surrounding microenvironment conditions and expression profiles of specific receptors and activation mechanisms of both cell types are discussed. The particular tissue specificity of macrophages and NK cells, as well as their plasticity and mechanisms of their polarization to different functional subtypes have been underlined. The chapter summarized studies revealing the specific molecular mechanisms and regulation of NK cells and macrophages that enable their highly specific cross-cooperation. Attention is given to the evolving role of human monocyte/macrophage and NK cell interaction in pathogenesis of hypersensitivity reaction-based disorders, including autoimmunity, as well as in cancer surveillance and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Wałajtys-Rode
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Drug Technology and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3 Str, 00-664, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jolanta M Dzik
- Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
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115
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Li T, Wang J, Wang Y, Chen Y, Wei H, Sun R, Tian Z. Respiratory Influenza Virus Infection Induces Memory-like Liver NK Cells in Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 198:1242-1252. [PMID: 28031334 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although NK cells are classified as innate immune cells, recent studies have demonstrated the transformation of NK cells into long-lived memory cells that contribute to secondary immune responses in certain mouse models. However, whether NK cells mount an Ag-specific memory response to acute influenza virus infection has not yet been examined. Here, we show that, consistent with previous studies, lung NK cells play an important role in controlling viral proliferation after primary influenza virus infection. However, although lung NK cells display a memory phenotype at the late stage of infection, these cells do not protect mice against secondary influenza virus infection. Interestingly, liver NK cells from influenza virus-infected mice possess a memory phenotype and protect mice against secondary influenza virus infection. Memory-like liver NK cells display a CD49a+DX5- phenotype, and the adoptive transfer of purified liver CD49a+DX5- NK cells into naive mice followed by viral infection results in protective immunity and decreased viral titer. Moreover, we demonstrate that primary inactivated influenza virus induces memory NK cells residing in the liver of Rag1-/- mice. Collectively, these data suggest that liver CD49a+DX5- NK cells remember encountered Ag from influenza virus after primary infection and are more protective upon subsequent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Li
- The Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China; and
| | - Jian Wang
- The Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China; and
| | - Yanshi Wang
- The Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China; and
| | - Yongyan Chen
- The Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China; and
| | - Haiming Wei
- The Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China; and
| | - Rui Sun
- The Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China; and .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- The Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China; and .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
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116
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Sun C, Xu J, Huang Q, Huang M, Wen H, Zhang C, Wang J, Song J, Zheng M, Sun H, Wei H, Xiao W, Sun R, Tian Z. High NKG2A expression contributes to NK cell exhaustion and predicts a poor prognosis of patients with liver cancer. Oncoimmunology 2016; 6:e1264562. [PMID: 28197391 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1264562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims: As the predominant lymphocyte subset in the liver, natural killer (NK) cells have been shown to be highly associated with the outcomes of patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection (CHB) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Previously, we reported that NKG2A, a checkpoint candidate, mediates human and murine NK cell dysfunction in CHB. However, NK cell exhaustion and, particularly, the level of NKG2A expression within liver tumors have not been reported. Methods: In this study, we analyzed NKG2A expression and the related dysfunction of NK cells located in intra- or peritumor regions of liver tissue samples from 207 HCC patients, in addition to analyzing disease outcomes. Results: The expression of NKG2A in NK cells and the NKG2A ligand, HLA-E, in intratumor HCC tissues was observed to be increased. These NK cells, and particularly CD56dim NK cells, with higher NKG2A expression showed features of functional exhaustion and were associated with a poor prognosis. The increase in NKG2A expression might be induced by IL-10, which was present at a high level in the plasma of HCC patients. Blocking IL-10 could specifically inhibit NKG2A expression in NK cells. Conclusions: These findings indicate that NKG2A expression is influenced by factors from cancer nests and contributes to NK cell exhaustion, suggesting that NKG2A blockade has the potential to restore immunity against liver tumors by reversing NK cell exhaustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Sun
- Institute of Immunology, The Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease (Chinese Academy of Medical Science), School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China , Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Huang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University , Hefei, China
| | - Mei Huang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University , Hefei, China
| | - Hao Wen
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University , Urumqi, China
| | - Chuanshan Zhang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University , Urumqi, China
| | - Jinyu Wang
- Institute of Immunology, The Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease (Chinese Academy of Medical Science), School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science & Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jiaxi Song
- Institute of Immunology, The Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease (Chinese Academy of Medical Science), School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science & Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Meijuan Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University , Hefei, China
| | - Haoyu Sun
- Institute of Immunology, The Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease (Chinese Academy of Medical Science), School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science & Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Haiming Wei
- Institute of Immunology, The Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease (Chinese Academy of Medical Science), School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science & Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Weihua Xiao
- Institute of Immunology, The Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease (Chinese Academy of Medical Science), School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science & Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Institute of Immunology, The Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease (Chinese Academy of Medical Science), School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Institute of Immunology, The Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease (Chinese Academy of Medical Science), School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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117
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NK cell education via nonclassical MHC and non-MHC ligands. Cell Mol Immunol 2016; 14:321-330. [PMID: 27264685 PMCID: PMC5380944 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2016.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell education, a process for achieving functional maturation and self-tolerance, has been previously defined by the interaction between self-major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules and their specific inhibitory receptors. Over the past several years, growing evidence has highlighted the important roles of nonclassical MHC-I and non-MHC-I molecules in NK cell education. Herein, we review the current knowledge of NK cell education, with a particular focus on nonclassical MHC-I- and non-MHC-I-dependent education, and compare them with the classical MHC-I-dependent education theory. In addition, we update and extend this theory by presenting the 'Confining Model', discussing cis and trans characteristics, reassessing quantity and quality control, and elucidating the redundancy of NK cell education in tumor and virus infection.
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118
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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119
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Ray I, Mahata SK, De RK. Obesity: An Immunometabolic Perspective. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:157. [PMID: 28018292 PMCID: PMC5149556 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity, characterized by chronic activation of inflammatory pathways, is a critical factor contributing to insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Free fatty acids (FFAs) are increased in obesity and are implicated as proximate causes of IR and induction of inflammatory signaling in adipose, liver, muscle, and pancreas. Cells of the innate immune system produce cytokines, and other factors that affect insulin signaling and result in the development of IR. In the lean state, adipose tissue is populated by adipose tissue macrophage of the anti-inflammatory M2 type (ATM2) and natural killer (NK) cells; this maintains the insulin-sensitive phenotype because ATM2 cells secrete IL10. In contrast, obesity induces lipolysis and release of pro-inflammatory FFAs and factors, such as chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), which recruit blood monocytes in adipose tissue, where they are converted to macrophages of the highly pro-inflammatory M1-type (ATM1). Activated ATM1 produce large amounts of pro-inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α, interleukin-1β, IL-6, leukotriene B4, nitric oxide (NO), and resistin that work in a paracrine fashion and cause IR in adipose tissue. In the liver, both pro-inflammatory Kupffer cells (M1-KCs) and recruited hepatic macrophages (Ly6Chigh) contribute to decreased hepatic insulin sensitivity. The present mini-review will update the bidirectional interaction between the immune system and obesity-induced changes in metabolism in adipose tissue and liver and the metabolic consequences thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrani Ray
- Machine Intelligence Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Sushil K. Mahata
- Metabolic Physiology & Ultrastructural Biology Laboratory, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Metabolic Physiology & Ultrastructural Biology Laboratory, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- *Correspondence: Sushil K. Mahata, ; Rajat K. De,
| | - Rajat K. De
- Machine Intelligence Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India
- *Correspondence: Sushil K. Mahata, ; Rajat K. De,
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120
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Mayoral Monibas R, Johnson AMF, Osborn O, Traves PG, Mahata SK. Distinct Hepatic Macrophage Populations in Lean and Obese Mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:152. [PMID: 27999564 PMCID: PMC5138231 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a complex metabolic disorder associated with the development of non-communicable diseases such as cirrhosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and type 2 diabetes. In humans and rodents, obesity promotes hepatic steatosis and inflammation, which leads to increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and acute-phase proteins. Liver macrophages (resident as well as recruited) play a significant role in hepatic inflammation and insulin resistance (IR). Interestingly, depletion of hepatic macrophages protects against the development of high-fat-induced steatosis, inflammation, and IR. Kupffer cells (KCs), liver-resident macrophages, are the first-line defense against invading pathogens, clear toxic or immunogenic molecules, and help to maintain the liver in a tolerogenic immune environment. During high fat diet feeding and steatosis, there is an increased number of recruited hepatic macrophages (RHMs) in the liver and activation of KCs to a more inflammatory or M1 state. In this review, we will focus on the role of liver macrophages (KCs and RHMs) during obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Mayoral Monibas
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ, USA
- CIBERehd – Networked Biomedical Research Center, Hepatic and Digestive Diseases, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Rafael Mayoral Monibas, ; Sushil K. Mahata,
| | - Andrew M. F. Johnson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Olivia Osborn
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Paqui G. Traves
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sushil K. Mahata
- Metabolic Physiology & Ultrastructural Biology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Metabolic Physiology & Ultrastructural Biology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- *Correspondence: Rafael Mayoral Monibas, ; Sushil K. Mahata,
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