101
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Sidoli S, Garcia BA. Characterization of Individual Histone Posttranslational Modifications and Their Combinatorial Patterns by Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics Strategies. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1528:121-148. [PMID: 27854019 PMCID: PMC5240223 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6630-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Histone posttranslational modifications (PTMs) play an essential role in chromatin biology, as they model chromatin structure and recruit enzymes involved in gene regulation, DNA repair, and chromosome condensation. Such PTMs are mostly localized on histone N-terminal tails where, as single units or in a combinatorial manner, they influence chromatin reader protein binding and fine-tune the abovementioned activities. Mass spectrometry (MS) is currently the most adopted strategy to characterize proteins and protein PTMs. We hereby describe the protocols to identify and quantify histone PTMs and their patterns using either bottom-up or middle-down proteomics. In the bottom-up strategy we obtain 5-20 aa peptides by derivatization with propionylation followed by trypsin digestion. The newly generated N-termini of histone peptides can be further derivatized with light or isotopically heavy propionyl groups to increase chromatographic retention and allow multiplexed analyses. Moreover, we describe how to perform derivatization and trypsin digestion of histones loaded into a gel, which is usually the final step of immunoprecipitation experiments. In the middle-down strategy we obtain intact histone tails of 50-60 aa by digestion with the enzyme GluC. This allows characterization of combinatorial histone PTMs on N-terminal tails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Sidoli
- Epigenetics Program, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Benjamin A Garcia
- Epigenetics Program, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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102
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Evolutionary Lessons from Species with Unique Kinetochores. CENTROMERES AND KINETOCHORES 2017; 56:111-138. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-58592-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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103
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Grishchuk EL. Biophysics of Microtubule End Coupling at the Kinetochore. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 56:397-428. [PMID: 28840247 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-58592-5_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The main physiological function of mitotic kinetochores is to provide durable attachment to spindle microtubules, which segregate chromosomes in order to partition them equally between the two daughter cells. Numerous kinetochore components that can bind directly to microtubules have been identified, including ATP-dependent motors and various microtubule-associated proteins with no motor activity. A major challenge facing the field is to explain chromosome motions based on the biochemical and structural properties of these individual kinetochore components and their assemblies. This chapter reviews the molecular mechanisms responsible for the motions associated with dynamic microtubule tips at the single-molecule level, as well as the activities of multimolecular ensembles called couplers. These couplers enable persistent kinetochore motion even under load, but their exact composition and structure remain unknown. Because no natural or artificial macro-machines function in an analogous manner to these molecular nano-devices, understanding their underlying biophysical mechanisms will require conceptual advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina L Grishchuk
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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104
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Dimitrova YN, Jenni S, Valverde R, Khin Y, Harrison SC. Structure of the MIND Complex Defines a Regulatory Focus for Yeast Kinetochore Assembly. Cell 2016; 167:1014-1027.e12. [PMID: 27881300 PMCID: PMC5856483 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Kinetochores connect centromeric nucleosomes with mitotic-spindle microtubules through conserved, cross-interacting protein subassemblies. In budding yeast, the heterotetrameric MIND complex (Mtw1, Nnf1, Nsl1, Dsn1), ortholog of the metazoan Mis12 complex, joins the centromere-proximal components, Mif2 and COMA, with the principal microtubule-binding component, the Ndc80 complex (Ndc80C). We report the crystal structure of Kluyveromyces lactis MIND and examine its partner interactions, to understand the connection from a centromeric nucleosome to a much larger microtubule. MIND resembles an elongated, asymmetric Y; two globular heads project from a coiled-coil shaft. An N-terminal extension of Dsn1 from one head regulates interactions of the other head, blocking binding of Mif2 and COMA. Dsn1 phosphorylation by Ipl1/Aurora B relieves this autoinhibition, enabling MIND to join an assembling kinetochore. A C-terminal extension of Dsn1 recruits Ndc80C to the opposite end of the shaft. The structure and properties of MIND show how it integrates phospho-regulatory inputs for kinetochore assembly and disassembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoana N Dimitrova
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Simon Jenni
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Roberto Valverde
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yadana Khin
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephen C Harrison
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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105
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Wood L, Booth DG, Vargiu G, Ohta S, deLima Alves F, Samejima K, Fukagawa T, Rappsilber J, Earnshaw WC. Auxin/AID versus conventional knockouts: distinguishing the roles of CENP-T/W in mitotic kinetochore assembly and stability. Open Biol 2016; 6:150230. [PMID: 26791246 PMCID: PMC4736828 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.150230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Most studies using knockout technologies to examine protein function have relied either on shutting off transcription (conventional conditional knockouts with tetracycline-regulated gene expression or gene disruption) or destroying the mature mRNA (RNAi technology). In both cases, the target protein is lost at a rate determined by its intrinsic half-life. Thus, protein levels typically fall over at least 1-3 days, and cells continue to cycle while exposed to a decreasing concentration of the protein. Here we characterise the kinetochore proteome of mitotic chromosomes isolated from a cell line in which the essential kinetochore protein CENP-T is present as an auxin-inducible degron (AID) fusion protein that is fully functional and able to support the viability of the cells. Stripping of the protein from chromosomes in early mitosis via targeted proteasomal degradation reveals the dependency of other proteins on CENP-T for their maintenance in kinetochores. We compare these results with the kinetochore proteome of conventional CENP-T/W knockouts. As the cell cycle is mostly formed from G1, S and G2 phases a gradual loss of CENP-T/W levels is more likely to reflect dependencies associated with kinetochore assembly pre-mitosis and upon entry into mitosis. Interestingly, a putative super-complex involving Rod-Zw10-zwilch (RZZ complex), Spindly, Mad1/Mad2 and CENP-E requires the function of CENP-T/W during kinetochore assembly for its stable association with the outer kinetochore, but once assembled remains associated with chromosomes after stripping of CENP-T during mitosis. This study highlights the different roles core kinetochore components may play in the assembly of kinetochores (upon entry into mitosis) versus the maintenance of specific components (during mitosis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Wood
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Michael Swann Building, Kings Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, UK
| | - Daniel G Booth
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Michael Swann Building, Kings Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, UK
| | - Giulia Vargiu
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Michael Swann Building, Kings Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, UK
| | - Shinya Ohta
- Center for Innovative and Translational Medicine, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Flavia deLima Alves
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Michael Swann Building, Kings Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, UK
| | - Kumiko Samejima
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Michael Swann Building, Kings Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, UK
| | - Tatsuo Fukagawa
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Juri Rappsilber
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Michael Swann Building, Kings Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, UK Institute of Bioanalytics, Department of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - William C Earnshaw
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Michael Swann Building, Kings Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, UK
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106
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Ye
- a Biology Department; University of Massachusetts ; Amherst , MA USA.,b Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program; University of Massachusetts ; Amherst , MA USA
| | - Thomas J Maresca
- a Biology Department; University of Massachusetts ; Amherst , MA USA.,b Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program; University of Massachusetts ; Amherst , MA USA
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107
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Abad MA, Zou J, Medina-Pritchard B, Nigg EA, Rappsilber J, Santamaria A, Jeyaprakash AA. Ska3 Ensures Timely Mitotic Progression by Interacting Directly With Microtubules and Ska1 Microtubule Binding Domain. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34042. [PMID: 27667719 PMCID: PMC5036024 DOI: 10.1038/srep34042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The establishment of physical attachment between the kinetochore and dynamic spindle microtubules, which undergo cycles of polymerization and depolymerization generating straight and curved microtubule structures, is essential for accurate chromosome segregation. The Ndc80 and Ska complexes are the major microtubule-binding factors of the kinetochore responsible for maintaining chromosome-microtubule coupling during chromosome segregation. We previously showed that the Ska1 subunit of the Ska complex binds dynamic microtubules using multiple contact sites in a mode that allows conformation-independent binding. Here, we show that the Ska3 subunit is required to modulate the microtubule binding capability of the Ska complex (i) by directly interacting with tubulin monomers and (ii) indirectly by interacting with tubulin contacting regions of Ska1 suggesting an allosteric regulation. Perturbing either the Ska3-microtubule interaction or the Ska3-Ska1 interactions negatively influences microtubule binding by the Ska complex in vitro and affects the timely onset of anaphase in cells. Thus, Ska3 employs additional modulatory elements within the Ska complex to ensure robust kinetochore-microtubule attachments and timely progression of mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Alba Abad
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Michael Swann Building, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF UK
| | - Juan Zou
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Michael Swann Building, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF UK
| | - Bethan Medina-Pritchard
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Michael Swann Building, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF UK
| | - Erich A Nigg
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Juri Rappsilber
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Michael Swann Building, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF UK.,Chair of Bioanalytics, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Santamaria
- Cell Cycle and Cancer, Group of Biomedical Research in Gynaecology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Arockia Jeyaprakash
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Michael Swann Building, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF UK
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108
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Morelli E, Mastrodonato V, Beznoussenko GV, Mironov AA, Tognon E, Vaccari T. An essential step of kinetochore formation controlled by the SNARE protein Snap29. EMBO J 2016; 35:2223-2237. [PMID: 27647876 PMCID: PMC5069552 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201693991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinetochore is an essential structure that mediates accurate chromosome segregation in mitosis and meiosis. While many of the kinetochore components have been identified, the mechanisms of kinetochore assembly remain elusive. Here, we identify a novel role for Snap29, an unconventional SNARE, in promoting kinetochore assembly during mitosis in Drosophila and human cells. Snap29 localizes to the outer kinetochore and prevents chromosome mis‐segregation and the formation of cells with fragmented nuclei. Snap29 promotes accurate chromosome segregation by mediating the recruitment of Knl1 at the kinetochore and ensuring stable microtubule attachments. Correct Knl1 localization to kinetochore requires human or Drosophila Snap29, and is prevented by a Snap29 point mutant that blocks Snap29 release from SNARE fusion complexes. Such mutant causes ectopic Knl1 recruitment to trafficking compartments. We propose that part of the outer kinetochore is functionally similar to membrane fusion interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Morelli
- IFOM, The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Emiliana Tognon
- IFOM, The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Thomas Vaccari
- IFOM, The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
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109
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Abstract
The complexity of cell-matrix adhesion convolves its roles in the development and functioning of multicellular organisms and their evolutionary tinkering. Cell-matrix adhesion is mediated by sites along the plasma membrane that anchor the actin cytoskeleton to the matrix via a large number of proteins, collectively called the integrin adhesome. Fundamental challenges for understanding how cell-matrix adhesion sites assemble and function arise from their multi-functionality, rapid dynamics, large number of components and molecular diversity. Systems biology faces these challenges in its strive to understand how the integrin adhesome gives rise to functional adhesion sites. Synthetic biology enables engineering intracellular modules and circuits with properties of interest. In this review I discuss some of the fundamental questions in systems biology of cell-matrix adhesion and how synthetic biology can help addressing them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Zamir
- a Department of Systemic Cell Biology , Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology , Dortmund , Germany
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110
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Chung HJ, Park JE, Lee NS, Kim H, Jang CY. Phosphorylation of Astrin Regulates Its Kinetochore Function. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:17579-92. [PMID: 27325694 PMCID: PMC5016155 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.712745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The error-free segregation of chromosomes, which requires the precisely timed search and capture of chromosomes by spindles during early mitotic and meiotic cell division, is responsible for genomic stability and is achieved by the spindle assembly checkpoint in the metaphase-anaphase transition. Mitotic kinases orchestrate M phase events, such as the reorganization of cell architecture and kinetochore (KT) composition with the exquisite phosphorylation of mitotic regulators, to ensure timely and temporal progression. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the changes of KT composition for stable spindle attachment during mitosis are poorly understood. Here, we show that the sequential action of the kinase Cdk1 and the phosphatase Cdc14A control spindle attachment to KTs. During prophase, the mitotic spindle protein Spag5/Astrin is transported into centrosomes by Kinastrin and phosphorylated at Ser-135 and Ser-249 by Cdk1, which, in prometaphase, is loaded onto the spindle and targeted to KTs. We also demonstrate that Cdc14A dephosphorylates Astrin, and therefore the overexpression of Cdc14A sequesters Astrin in the centrosome and results in aberrant chromosome alignment. Mechanistically, Plk1 acts as an upstream kinase for Astrin phosphorylation by Cdk1 and targeting phospho-Astrin to KTs, leading to the recruitment of outer KT components, such as Cenp-E, and the stable attachment of spindles to KTs. These comprehensive findings reveal a regulatory circuit for protein targeting to KTs that controls the KT composition change of stable spindle attachment and chromosome integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jin Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea and
| | - Ji Eun Park
- Research Center for Cell Fate Control, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Soo Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea and
| | - Hongtae Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea and From the Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science and
| | - Chang-Young Jang
- Research Center for Cell Fate Control, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
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111
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CCAN Assembly Configures Composite Binding Interfaces to Promote Cross-Linking of Ndc80 Complexes at the Kinetochore. Curr Biol 2016; 26:2370-8. [PMID: 27524485 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Partitioning of the genome requires kinetochores, large protein complexes that mediate dynamic attachment of chromosomes to the spindle. Kinetochores contain two supramolecular protein assemblies. The ten-protein KMN network harbors key microtubule-binding sites in the Ndc80 complex and mediates assembly of checkpoint complexes via the KNL-1/Spc105 protein [1, 2]. As KMN does not contact DNA directly, it relies on different centromere-binding proteins for recruitment and cell-cycle-dependent assembly. These proteins are collectively referred to as the CCAN (constitutive centromere-associated network) [2-4]. The molecular mechanisms by which CCAN subunits associate, however, have remained incompletely defined. In particular, it is unclear how CCAN subunits facilitate the assembly of a microtubule-binding interface that contains multiple Ndc80 molecules bound to different receptors [5]. Here, we dissect molecular mechanisms that underlie targeting of the CCAN subunit Cnn1/CENP-T to the sequence-determined point centromeres of budding yeast. Systematic quantitative mass spectrometry experiments reveal association dependencies within the yeast CCAN network. We show that evolutionarily conserved residues in the histone-fold domain of Cnn1 are required for the formation of a stable five-subunit CCAN subassembly with the Ctf3 complex. Cnn1 localizes in a Ctf3-dependent manner to the core of the yeast point centromere, overlapping with the yeast CENP-A protein Cse4. By arranging the N-terminal domains of the CCAN subunits Mcm16, Mcm22, and Cnn1 into close proximity, the Ctf3c-Cnn1-Wip1 complex configures a composite interaction site for two molecules of the Ndc80 complex. Our experiments show how cooperative assembly mechanisms organize the microtubule-binding interface of the kinetochore.
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112
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Abstract
The spindle assembly checkpoint is a safeguard mechanism that coordinates cell-cycle progression during mitosis with the state of chromosome attachment to the mitotic spindle. The checkpoint prevents mitotic cells from exiting mitosis in the presence of unattached or improperly attached chromosomes, thus avoiding whole-chromosome gains or losses and their detrimental effects on cell physiology. Here, I review a considerable body of recent progress in the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying checkpoint signaling, and identify a number of unresolved questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany; Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
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113
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Gurden MD, Anderhub SJ, Faisal A, Linardopoulos S. Aurora B prevents premature removal of spindle assembly checkpoint proteins from the kinetochore: A key role for Aurora B in mitosis. Oncotarget 2016; 9:19525-19542. [PMID: 29731963 PMCID: PMC5929406 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate chromosome segregation is dependent on the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC). In current models, the key direct role of Aurora B in the SAC has been suggested to be to promote rapid kinetochore localisation of MPS1, allowing MPS1 to generate the checkpoint signal. However, Aurora B is also thought to play an indirect role in the SAC through the destabilisation of kinetochore-microtubule (KT-MT) attachments. Here, we demonstrate that Aurora B activity is not required for the kinetochore recruitment of the majority of SAC proteins. More importantly, we show that the primary role of Aurora B in the SAC is to prevent the premature removal of SAC proteins from the kinetochore, which is strictly dependent on KT-MT interactions. Moreover, in the presence of KT-MT interactions, Aurora B inhibition silences a persistent SAC induced by tethering MPS1 to the kinetochore. This explains the highly synergistic interaction between Aurora B and MPS1 inhibitors to override the SAC, which is lost when cells are pre-arrested in nocodazole. Furthermore, we show that Aurora B and MPS1 inhibitors synergistically kill a panel of breast and colon cancer cell lines, including cells that are otherwise insensitive to Aurora B inhibitors alone. These data demonstrate that the major role of Aurora B in SAC is to prevent the removal of SAC proteins from tensionless kinetochores, thus inhibiting premature SAC silencing, and highlights a therapeutic strategy through combination of Aurora B and MPS1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Gurden
- Breast Cancer Now, Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J Anderhub
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom.,Present address: Phenex Pharmaceuticals, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Amir Faisal
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom.,Present address: Lahore University of Management Sciences, D.H.A. Lahore Cantt, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Spiros Linardopoulos
- Breast Cancer Now, Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom.,Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
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114
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Önder Ö, Sidoli S, Carroll M, Garcia BA. Progress in epigenetic histone modification analysis by mass spectrometry for clinical investigations. Expert Rev Proteomics 2016; 12:499-517. [PMID: 26400466 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2015.1084231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chromatin biology and epigenetics are scientific fields that are rapid expanding due to their fundamental role in understanding cell development, heritable characters and progression of diseases. Histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) are major regulators of the epigenetic machinery due to their ability to modulate gene expression, DNA repair and chromosome condensation. Large-scale strategies based on mass spectrometry have been impressively improved in the last decade, so that global changes of histone PTM abundances are quantifiable with nearly routine proteomics analyses and it is now possible to determine combinatorial patterns of modifications. Presented here is an overview of the most utilized and newly developed proteomics strategies for histone PTM characterization and a number of case studies where epigenetic mechanisms have been comprehensively characterized. Moreover, a number of current epigenetic therapies are illustrated, with an emphasis on cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özlem Önder
- a 1 Division of Hematology and Oncology, Philadelphia, 19104, USA.,b 2 Epigenetics Program, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Simone Sidoli
- b 2 Epigenetics Program, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Martin Carroll
- a 1 Division of Hematology and Oncology, Philadelphia, 19104, USA
| | - Benjamin A Garcia
- b 2 Epigenetics Program, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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115
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Prendergast L, Müller S, Liu Y, Huang H, Dingli F, Loew D, Vassias I, Patel DJ, Sullivan KF, Almouzni G. The CENP-T/-W complex is a binding partner of the histone chaperone FACT. Genes Dev 2016; 30:1313-26. [PMID: 27284163 PMCID: PMC4911930 DOI: 10.1101/gad.275073.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Prendergast et al. identified Spt16 and SSRP1, subunits of the H2A–H2B histone chaperone FACT, as CENP-W-binding partners through a proteomic screen. They developed a model in which the FACT chaperone stabilizes the soluble CENP-T/-W complex in the cell and promotes dynamics of exchange, enabling CENP-T/-W deposition at centromeres. The CENP-T/-W histone fold complex, as an integral part of the inner kinetochore, is essential for building a proper kinetochore at the centromere in order to direct chromosome segregation during mitosis. Notably, CENP-T/-W is not inherited at centromeres, and new deposition is absolutely required at each cell cycle for kinetochore function. However, the mechanisms underlying this new deposition of CENP-T/-W at centromeres are unclear. Here, we found that CENP-T deposition at centromeres is uncoupled from DNA synthesis. We identified Spt16 and SSRP1, subunits of the H2A–H2B histone chaperone facilitates chromatin transcription (FACT), as CENP-W binding partners through a proteomic screen. We found that the C-terminal region of Spt16 binds specifically to the histone fold region of CENP-T/-W. Furthermore, depletion of Spt16 impairs CENP-T and CENP-W deposition at endogenous centromeres, and site-directed targeting of Spt16 alone is sufficient to ensure local de novo CENP-T accumulation. We propose a model in which the FACT chaperone stabilizes the soluble CENP-T/-W complex in the cell and promotes dynamics of exchange, enabling CENP-T/-W deposition at centromeres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Prendergast
- UMR3664, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Curie, PSL (Paris Sciences et Lettres) Research University, F-75005 Paris, France; UMR3664, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University Pierre and Marie Curie Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Sebastian Müller
- UMR3664, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Curie, PSL (Paris Sciences et Lettres) Research University, F-75005 Paris, France; UMR3664, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University Pierre and Marie Curie Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Yiwei Liu
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Hongda Huang
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Florent Dingli
- UMR3664, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Curie, PSL (Paris Sciences et Lettres) Research University, F-75005 Paris, France; Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Protéomique, Institut Curie, PSL (Paris Sciences et Lettres) Research University Centre de Recherche, Paris 75005, France
| | - Damarys Loew
- UMR3664, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Curie, PSL (Paris Sciences et Lettres) Research University, F-75005 Paris, France; Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Protéomique, Institut Curie, PSL (Paris Sciences et Lettres) Research University Centre de Recherche, Paris 75005, France
| | - Isabelle Vassias
- UMR3664, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Curie, PSL (Paris Sciences et Lettres) Research University, F-75005 Paris, France; UMR3664, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University Pierre and Marie Curie Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Dinshaw J Patel
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Kevin F Sullivan
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Geneviève Almouzni
- UMR3664, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Curie, PSL (Paris Sciences et Lettres) Research University, F-75005 Paris, France; UMR3664, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University Pierre and Marie Curie Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités, F-75005 Paris, France
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Abstract
The kinetochore connects chromosomes to microtubules during mitosis and therefore plays an essential role in faithful chromosome segregation. It is built at the centromeric region of the chromosome and is comprised of many protein complexes. CENP-S, -T, -W, and -X are kinetochore components with histone-folds. These proteins play important roles in establishment of kinetochore chromatin. Similar to canonical histones, these kinetochore histone-fold proteins form heteromeric complexes (CENP-S/CENP-X complex and CENP-T/CENP-W complex) and bind DNA in sequence independent manner. In addition, they form a CENP-T-W-S-X heterotetrameric complex and bind DNA in a manner that is different from both CENP-S-X and CENP-T-W. To understand how kinetochores form and function it is necessary to characterize the components in detail. Here, we describe our approaches in purification and characterization of the kinetochore histone-fold complexes.
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117
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Sidoli S, Bhanu NV, Karch KR, Wang X, Garcia BA. Complete Workflow for Analysis of Histone Post-translational Modifications Using Bottom-up Mass Spectrometry: From Histone Extraction to Data Analysis. J Vis Exp 2016:54112. [PMID: 27286567 PMCID: PMC4927705 DOI: 10.3791/54112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleosomes are the smallest structural unit of chromatin, composed of 147 base pairs of DNA wrapped around an octamer of histone proteins. Histone function is mediated by extensive post-translational modification by a myriad of nuclear proteins. These modifications are critical for nuclear integrity as they regulate chromatin structure and recruit enzymes involved in gene regulation, DNA repair and chromosome condensation. Even though a large part of the scientific community adopts antibody-based techniques to characterize histone PTM abundance, these approaches are low throughput and biased against hypermodified proteins, as the epitope might be obstructed by nearby modifications. This protocol describes the use of nano liquid chromatography (nLC) and mass spectrometry (MS) for accurate quantification of histone modifications. This method is designed to characterize a large variety of histone PTMs and the relative abundance of several histone variants within single analyses. In this protocol, histones are derivatized with propionic anhydride followed by digestion with trypsin to generate peptides of 5 - 20 aa in length. After digestion, the newly exposed N-termini of the histone peptides are derivatized to improve chromatographic retention during nLC-MS. This method allows for the relative quantification of histone PTMs spanning four orders of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Sidoli
- Epigenetics Program, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Natarajan V Bhanu
- Epigenetics Program, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Kelly R Karch
- Epigenetics Program, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Xiaoshi Wang
- Epigenetics Program, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Benjamin A Garcia
- Epigenetics Program, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania;
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118
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Wynne DJ, Funabiki H. Heterogeneous architecture of vertebrate kinetochores revealed by three-dimensional superresolution fluorescence microscopy. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:3395-3404. [PMID: 27170176 PMCID: PMC5221576 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-02-0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Superresolution fluorescence microscopy of vertebrate kinetochore proteins reveals that outer kinetochore components assume diverse distribution patterns, including a ring-like configuration encircling the CENP-A–marked centromeric chromatin on the metaphase spindle in Xenopus egg extracts. The kinetochore is often depicted as having a disk-like architecture in which the outer layer of proteins, which engage microtubules and control checkpoint signaling, are built on a static inner layer directly linked to CENP-A chromatin. Here, applying three-dimensional (3D) structural illumination microscopy (SIM) and stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) to Xenopus egg extracts and tissue culture cells, we report various distribution patterns of inner and outer kinetochore proteins. In egg extracts, a configuration in which outer kinetochore proteins surround the periphery of CENP-A chromatin is common, forming an ∼200-nm ring-like organization that may engage a bundle of microtubule ends. Similar rings are observed in Xenopus tissue culture cells at a lower frequency but are enriched in conditions in which the spindle is disorganized. Although rings are rare in human cells, the distribution of both inner and outer kinetochore proteins elongates in the absence of microtubule attachment in a manner dependent on Aurora B. We propose a model in which the 3D organization of both the outer and inner kinetochore regions respond to the progression from lateral to end-on microtubule attachments by coalescing into a tight disk from less uniform distributions early in prometaphase.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Wynne
- Laboratory of Chromosome and Cell Biology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065.,Department of Biology, College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ 08628
| | - Hironori Funabiki
- Laboratory of Chromosome and Cell Biology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
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119
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Abstract
Life depends on cell proliferation and the accurate segregation of chromosomes, which are mediated by the microtubule (MT)-based mitotic spindle and ∼200 essential MT-associated proteins. Yet, a mechanistic understanding of how the mitotic spindle is assembled and achieves chromosome segregation is still missing. This is mostly due to the density of MTs in the spindle, which presumably precludes their direct observation. Recent insight has been gained into the molecular building plan of the metaphase spindle using bulk and single-molecule measurements combined with computational modeling. MT nucleation was uncovered as a key principle of spindle assembly, and mechanistic details about MT nucleation pathways and their coordination are starting to be revealed. Lastly, advances in studying spindle assembly can be applied to address the molecular mechanisms of how the spindle segregates chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Petry
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544-1014;
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120
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Karyoevolution inPotamorhina(Cope, 1878) (Ostariophysi, Curimatidae): Using Repetitive DNA for the Elucidation of Genome Organization. Zebrafish 2016; 13:118-31. [DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2015.1187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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121
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Singleton MR. Getting to the heart of an unusual kinetochore. Open Biol 2016; 6:160040. [PMID: 27249344 PMCID: PMC4852463 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.160040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mis12 complex forms the central scaffold of the kinetochore and serves to bridge the chromatin and microtubule-binding activities of the inner and outer layers, respectively. Two recent studies provide new structural insights into the formation of this complex, and highlight some intriguing adaptations found in the Drosophila kinetochore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin R Singleton
- Structural Biology of Chromosome Segregation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
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122
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Cojoc G, Roscioli E, Zhang L, García-Ulloa A, Shah JV, Berns MW, Pavin N, Cimini D, Tolić IM, Gregan J. Laser microsurgery reveals conserved viscoelastic behavior of the kinetochore. J Cell Biol 2016; 212:767-76. [PMID: 27002163 PMCID: PMC4810299 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201506011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate chromosome segregation depends on proper kinetochore-microtubule attachment. Upon microtubule interaction, kinetochores are subjected to forces generated by the microtubules. In this work, we used laser ablation to sever microtubules attached to a merotelic kinetochore, which is laterally stretched by opposing pulling forces exerted by microtubules, and inferred the mechanical response of the kinetochore from its length change. In both mammalian PtK1 cells and in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, kinetochores shortened after microtubule severing. Interestingly, the inner kinetochore-centromere relaxed faster than the outer kinetochore. Whereas in fission yeast all kinetochores relaxed to a similar length, in PtK1 cells the more stretched kinetochores remained more stretched. Simple models suggest that these differences arise because the mechanical structure of the mammalian kinetochore is more complex. Our study establishes merotelic kinetochores as an experimental model for studying the mechanical response of the kinetochore in live cells and reveals a viscoelastic behavior of the kinetochore that is conserved in yeast and mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gheorghe Cojoc
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Emanuele Roscioli
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biocomplexity Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Chromosome Biology, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alfonso García-Ulloa
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jagesh V Shah
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Michael W Berns
- Beckman Laser Institute and University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92612
| | - Nenad Pavin
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Daniela Cimini
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biocomplexity Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Iva M Tolić
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Juraj Gregan
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Chromosome Biology, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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123
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Nerusheva OO, Akiyoshi B. Divergent polo box domains underpin the unique kinetoplastid kinetochore. Open Biol 2016; 6:150206. [PMID: 26984294 PMCID: PMC4821238 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.150206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinetochores are macromolecular machines that drive eukaryotic chromosome segregation by interacting with centromeric DNA and spindle microtubules. While most eukaryotes possess conventional kinetochore proteins, evolutionarily distant kinetoplastid species have unconventional kinetochore proteins, composed of at least 19 proteins (KKT1-19). Polo-like kinase (PLK) is not a structural kinetochore component in either system. Here, we report the identification of an additional kinetochore protein, KKT20, in Trypanosoma brucei. KKT20 has sequence similarity with KKT2 and KKT3 in the Cys-rich region, and all three proteins have weak but significant similarity to the polo box domain (PBD) of PLK. These divergent PBDs of KKT2 and KKT20 are sufficient for kinetochore localization in vivo. We propose that the ancestral PLK acquired a Cys-rich region and then underwent gene duplication events to give rise to three structural kinetochore proteins in kinetoplastids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bungo Akiyoshi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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124
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Richter MM, Poznanski J, Zdziarska A, Czarnocki-Cieciura M, Lipinszki Z, Dadlez M, Glover DM, Przewloka MR. Network of protein interactions within the Drosophila inner kinetochore. Open Biol 2016; 6:150238. [PMID: 26911623 PMCID: PMC4772809 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.150238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinetochore provides a physical connection between microtubules and the centromeric regions of chromosomes that is critical for their equitable segregation. The trimeric Mis12 sub-complex of the Drosophila kinetochore binds to the mitotic centromere using CENP-C as a platform. However, knowledge of the precise connections between Mis12 complex components and CENP-C has remained elusive despite the fundamental importance of this part of the cell division machinery. Here, we employ hydrogen-deuterium exchange coupled with mass spectrometry to reveal that Mis12 and Nnf1 form a dimer maintained by interacting coiled-coil (CC) domains within the carboxy-terminal parts of both proteins. Adjacent to these interacting CCs is a carboxy-terminal domain that also interacts with Nsl1. The amino-terminal parts of Mis12 and Nnf1 form a CENP-C-binding surface, which docks the complex and thus the entire kinetochore to mitotic centromeres. Mutational analysis confirms these precise interactions are critical for both structure and function of the complex. Thus, we conclude the organization of the Mis12-Nnf1 dimer confers upon the Mis12 complex a bipolar, elongated structure that is critical for kinetochore function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena M Richter
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jaroslaw Poznanski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Zdziarska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mariusz Czarnocki-Cieciura
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Michal Dadlez
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - David M Glover
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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125
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DeLuca KF, Herman JA, DeLuca JG. Measuring Kinetochore-Microtubule Attachment Stability in Cultured Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1413:147-168. [PMID: 27193848 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3542-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Duplicated sister chromatids connect to the mitotic spindle through kinetochores, large proteinaceous structures built at sites of centromeric heterochromatin. Kinetochores are responsible for harnessing the forces generated by microtubule polymerization and depolymerization to power chromosome movements. The fidelity of chromosome segregation relies on proper kinetochore function, as precise regulation of the attachment between kinetochores and microtubules is essential to prevent mitotic errors, which are linked to the initiation and progression of cancer and the formation of birth defects (Godek et al., Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 16(1):57-64, 2014; Ricke and van Deursen, Semin Cell Dev Biol 22(6):559-565, 2011; Holland and Cleveland, EMBO Rep 13(6):501-514, 2012). Here we describe assays to quantitatively measure kinetochore-microtubule attachment stability in cultured cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith F DeLuca
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, MRB 237, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Jacob A Herman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, MRB 237, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Jennifer G DeLuca
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, MRB 237, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
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126
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Matsuhara H, Yamamoto A. Autophagy is required for efficient meiosis progression and proper meiotic chromosome segregation in fission yeast. Genes Cells 2015; 21:65-87. [DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hirotada Matsuhara
- Graduate School of Science and Technology; Shizuoka University; 836 Ohya Suruga-ku Shizuoka 422-8529 Japan
| | - Ayumu Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Science and Technology; Shizuoka University; 836 Ohya Suruga-ku Shizuoka 422-8529 Japan
- Faculty of Science; Shizuoka University; 836 Ohya Suruga-ku Shizuoka 422-8529 Japan
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127
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Toledo CM, Ding Y, Hoellerbauer P, Davis RJ, Basom R, Girard EJ, Lee E, Corrin P, Hart T, Bolouri H, Davison J, Zhang Q, Hardcastle J, Aronow BJ, Plaisier CL, Baliga NS, Moffat J, Lin Q, Li XN, Nam DH, Lee J, Pollard SM, Zhu J, Delrow JJ, Clurman BE, Olson JM, Paddison PJ. Genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 Screens Reveal Loss of Redundancy between PKMYT1 and WEE1 in Glioblastoma Stem-like Cells. Cell Rep 2015; 13:2425-2439. [PMID: 26673326 PMCID: PMC4691575 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify therapeutic targets for glioblastoma (GBM), we performed genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 knockout (KO) screens in patient-derived GBM stem-like cells (GSCs) and human neural stem/progenitors (NSCs), non-neoplastic stem cell controls, for genes required for their in vitro growth. Surprisingly, the vast majority GSC-lethal hits were found outside of molecular networks commonly altered in GBM and GSCs (e.g., oncogenic drivers). In vitro and in vivo validation of GSC-specific targets revealed several strong hits, including the wee1-like kinase, PKMYT1/Myt1. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that PKMYT1 acts redundantly with WEE1 to inhibit cyclin B-CDK1 activity via CDK1-Y15 phosphorylation and to promote timely completion of mitosis in NSCs. However, in GSCs, this redundancy is lost, most likely as a result of oncogenic signaling, causing GBM-specific lethality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad M Toledo
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Yu Ding
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Pia Hoellerbauer
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ryan J Davis
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ryan Basom
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Shared Resources, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Emily J Girard
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Eunjee Lee
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Philip Corrin
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Traver Hart
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto and Donnelly Centre, Toronto, ON M5S3E1, Canada; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON M5G1Z8, Canada
| | - Hamid Bolouri
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jerry Davison
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Shared Resources, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Qing Zhang
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Shared Resources, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Justin Hardcastle
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Bruce J Aronow
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | | | | | - Jason Moffat
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto and Donnelly Centre, Toronto, ON M5S3E1, Canada; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON M5G1Z8, Canada
| | - Qi Lin
- Brain Tumor Program, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiao-Nan Li
- Brain Tumor Program, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Do-Hyun Nam
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 135-710, Korea
| | - Jeongwu Lee
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44192, USA
| | - Steven M Pollard
- Edinburgh CRUK Cancer Research Centre and MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jeffery J Delrow
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Shared Resources, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Bruce E Clurman
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - James M Olson
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Patrick J Paddison
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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128
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Tauchman EC, Boehm FJ, DeLuca JG. Stable kinetochore-microtubule attachment is sufficient to silence the spindle assembly checkpoint in human cells. Nat Commun 2015; 6:10036. [PMID: 26620470 PMCID: PMC4686653 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
During mitosis, duplicated sister chromatids attach to microtubules emanating from opposing sides of the bipolar spindle through large protein complexes called kinetochores. In the absence of stable kinetochore-microtubule attachments, a cell surveillance mechanism known as the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) produces an inhibitory signal that prevents anaphase onset. Precisely how the inhibitory SAC signal is extinguished in response to microtubule attachment remains unresolved. To address this, we induced formation of hyper-stable kinetochore-microtubule attachments in human cells using a non-phosphorylatable version of the protein Hec1, a core component of the attachment machinery. We find that stable attachments are sufficient to silence the SAC in the absence of sister kinetochore bi-orientation and strikingly in the absence of detectable microtubule pulling forces or tension. Furthermore, we find that SAC satisfaction occurs despite the absence of large changes in intra-kinetochore distance, suggesting that substantial kinetochore stretching is not required for quenching the SAC signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C. Tauchman
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - Frederick J. Boehm
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Jennifer G. DeLuca
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
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129
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Escape from Mitotic Arrest: An Unexpected Connection Between Microtubule Dynamics and Epigenetic Regulation of Centromeric Chromatin in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Genetics 2015; 201:1467-78. [PMID: 26510788 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.115.181792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate chromosome segregation is necessary to ensure genomic integrity. Segregation depends on the proper functioning of the centromere, kinetochore, and mitotic spindle microtubules and is monitored by the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC). In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, defects in Dis1, a microtubule-associated protein that influences microtubule dynamics, lead to mitotic arrest as a result of an active SAC and consequent failure to grow at low temperature. In a mutant dis1 background (dis1-288), loss of function of Msc1, a fission yeast homolog of the KDM5 family of proteins, suppresses the growth defect and promotes normal mitosis. Genetic analysis implicates a histone deacetylase (HDAC)-linked pathway in suppression because HDAC mutants clr6-1, clr3∆, and sir2∆, though not hos2∆, also promote normal mitosis in the dis1-288 mutant. Suppression of the dis phenotype through loss of msc1 function requires the spindle checkpoint protein Mad2 and is limited by the presence of the heterochromatin-associated HP1 protein homolog Swi6. We speculate that alterations in histone acetylation promote a centromeric chromatin environment that compensates for compromised dis1 function by allowing for successful kinetochore-microtubule interactions that can satisfy the SAC. In cells arrested in mitosis by mutation of dis1, loss of function of epigenetic determinants such as Msc1 or specific HDACs can promote cell survival. Because the KDM5 family of proteins has been implicated in human cancers, an appreciation of the potential role of this family of proteins in chromosome segregation is warranted.
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130
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Structural basis for microtubule recognition by the human kinetochore Ska complex. Nat Commun 2015; 5:2964. [PMID: 24413531 PMCID: PMC3923297 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of kinetochores (KTs) to maintain stable attachments to dynamic microtubule structures ('straight' during microtubule polymerization and 'curved' during microtubule depolymerization) is an essential requirement for accurate chromosome segregation. Here we show that the kinetochore-associated Ska complex interacts with tubulin monomers via the carboxy-terminal winged-helix domain of Ska1, providing the structural basis for the ability to bind both straight and curved microtubule structures. This contrasts with the Ndc80 complex, which binds straight microtubules by recognizing the dimeric interface of tubulin. The Ska1 microtubule-binding domain interacts with tubulins using multiple contact sites that allow the Ska complex to bind microtubules in multiple modes. Disrupting either the flexibility or the tubulin contact sites of the Ska1 microtubule-binding domain perturbs normal mitotic progression, explaining the critical role of the Ska complex in maintaining a firm grip on dynamic microtubules.
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131
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Han L, Ge J, Zhang L, Ma R, Hou X, Li B, Moley K, Wang Q. Sirt6 depletion causes spindle defects and chromosome misalignment during meiosis of mouse oocyte. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15366. [PMID: 26481302 PMCID: PMC4612726 DOI: 10.1038/srep15366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirt6, a member of the sirtuin family of NAD-dependent protein deacetylases, has been implicated in multiple biological processes. However, the roles of Sirt6 in meiosis have not been addressed. In the present study, by employing knockdown analysis in mouse oocytes, we evaluated the effects of Sirt6 on meiotic apparatus. We found that specific depletion of Sirt6 results in disruption of spindle morphology and chromosome alignment in oocytes. Consistent with this observation, incidence of aneuploidy is also markedly increased in Sirt6-depleted oocytes. Furthermore, confocal scanning showed that kinetochore-microtubule interaction, an important mechanism controlling chromosome segregation, is severely impaired in metaphase oocytes following Sirt6 knockdown. Unexpectedly, we discovered that Sirt6 modulates the acetylation status of histone H4K16 as their knockdown specifically induces the hyperacetylation of H4K16 in oocytes, which may be associated with the defective phenotypes described above via altering kinetochore function. Altogether, our data reveal a novel function of Sirt6 during oocyte meiosis and indicate a pathway regulating meiotic apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longsen Han
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Juan Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Rujun Ma
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Xiaojing Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Bin Li
- School of Police Dog Technique of The Ministry of Public Security, Shenyang, 110034, China
| | - Kelle Moley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
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132
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Krenn V, Musacchio A. The Aurora B Kinase in Chromosome Bi-Orientation and Spindle Checkpoint Signaling. Front Oncol 2015; 5:225. [PMID: 26528436 PMCID: PMC4607871 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aurora B, a member of the Aurora family of serine/threonine protein kinases, is a key player in chromosome segregation. As part of a macromolecular complex known as the chromosome passenger complex, Aurora B concentrates early during mitosis in the proximity of centromeres and kinetochores, the sites of attachment of chromosomes to spindle microtubules. There, it contributes to a number of processes that impart fidelity to cell division, including kinetochore stabilization, kinetochore–microtubule attachment, and the regulation of a surveillance mechanism named the spindle assembly checkpoint. In the regulation of these processes, Aurora B is the fulcrum of a remarkably complex network of interactions that feed back on its localization and activation state. In this review, we discuss the multiple roles of Aurora B during mitosis, focusing in particular on its role at centromeres and kinetochores. Many details of the network of interactions at these locations remain poorly understood, and we focus here on several crucial outstanding questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Krenn
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology , Dortmund , Germany
| | - Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology , Dortmund , Germany ; Faculty of Biology, Centre for Medical Biotechnology, University Duisburg-Essen , Essen , Germany
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133
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Agarwal S, Varma D. How the SAC gets the axe: Integrating kinetochore microtubule attachments with spindle assembly checkpoint signaling. BIOARCHITECTURE 2015; 5:1-12. [PMID: 26430805 DOI: 10.1080/19490992.2015.1090669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Mitosis entails the bona fide segregation of duplicated chromosomes. This process is accomplished by the attachment of kinetochores on chromosomes to microtubules (MTs) of the mitotic spindle. Once the appropriate attachment is achieved, the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) that delays the premature onset of anaphase needs to be silenced for the cell to proceed to anaphase and cytokinesis. Therefore, while it is imperative to preserve the SAC when kinetochores are unattached, it is of paramount importance that SAC components are removed post kinetochore microtubule (kMT) attachment. Precise knowledge of how kMT attachments trigger the removal of SAC components from kinetochores or how the checkpoint proteins feedback in to the attachment machinery remains elusive. This review aims to describe the recent advances that provide an insight into the interplay of molecular events that coordinate and regulate the SAC activity in response to kMT attachment during cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivangi Agarwal
- a Department of Cell and Molecular Biology ; Feinberg School of Medicine; Northwestern University ; Chicago , IL USA
| | - Dileep Varma
- a Department of Cell and Molecular Biology ; Feinberg School of Medicine; Northwestern University ; Chicago , IL USA
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134
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Zaytsev AV, Grishchuk EL. Basic mechanism for biorientation of mitotic chromosomes is provided by the kinetochore geometry and indiscriminate turnover of kinetochore microtubules. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:3985-98. [PMID: 26424798 PMCID: PMC4710231 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-06-0384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Accuracy of chromosome segregation relies on the ill-understood ability of mitotic kinetochores to biorient, whereupon each sister kinetochore forms microtubule (MT) attachments to only one spindle pole. Because initial MT attachments result from chance encounters with the kinetochores, biorientation must rely on specific mechanisms to avoid and resolve improper attachments. Here we use mathematical modeling to critically analyze the error-correction potential of a simplified biorientation mechanism, which involves the back-to-back arrangement of sister kinetochores and the marked instability of kinetochore-MT attachments. We show that a typical mammalian kinetochore operates in a near-optimal regime, in which the back-to-back kinetochore geometry and the indiscriminate kinetochore-MT turnover provide strong error-correction activity. In human cells, this mechanism alone can potentially enable normal segregation of 45 out of 46 chromosomes during one mitotic division, corresponding to a mis-segregation rate in the range of 10(-1)-10(-2) per chromosome. This theoretical upper limit for chromosome segregation accuracy predicted with the basic mechanism is close to the mis-segregation rate in some cancer cells; however, it cannot explain the relatively low chromosome loss in diploid human cells, consistent with their reliance on additional mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly V Zaytsev
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Ekaterina L Grishchuk
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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135
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Nagpal H, Hori T, Furukawa A, Sugase K, Osakabe A, Kurumizaka H, Fukagawa T. Dynamic changes in CCAN organization through CENP-C during cell-cycle progression. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:3768-76. [PMID: 26354420 PMCID: PMC4626062 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-07-0531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamic changes in CCAN organization during progression of the cell cycle are examined in chicken DT40 cells. CENP-C166-324 is sufficient for interphase centromere localization through association with CENP-L-N, and CENP-C643-864 is essential for mitotic centromere localization through binding to CENP-A nucleosomes. The kinetochore is a crucial structure for faithful chromosome segregation during mitosis and is formed in the centromeric region of each chromosome. The 16-subunit protein complex known as the constitutive centromere-associated network (CCAN) forms the foundation for kinetochore assembly on the centromeric chromatin. Although the CCAN can be divided into several subcomplexes, it remains unclear how CCAN proteins are organized to form the functional kinetochore. In particular, this organization may vary as the cell cycle progresses. To address this, we analyzed the relationship of centromeric protein (CENP)-C with the CENP-H complex during progression of the cell cycle. We find that the middle portion of chicken CENP-C (CENP-C166–324) is sufficient for centromere localization during interphase, potentially through association with the CENP-L-N complex. The C-terminus of CENP-C (CENP-C601–864) is essential for centromere localization during mitosis, through binding to CENP-A nucleosomes, independent of the CENP-H complex. On the basis of these results, we propose that CCAN organization changes dynamically during progression of the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Nagpal
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Genetics and Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hori
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ayako Furukawa
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, Osaka 618-8503, Japan
| | - Kenji Sugase
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, Osaka 618-8503, Japan
| | - Akihisa Osakabe
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kurumizaka
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Fukagawa
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Genetics and Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
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136
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Fava LL, Rainer J, Haschka MD, Geley S, Villunger A. Beclin 1 is dispensable for chromosome congression and proper outer kinetochore assembly. EMBO Rep 2015; 16:1233-6. [PMID: 26297610 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201540731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Luca L Fava
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johannes Rainer
- Division of Molecular Pathophysiology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Manuel D Haschka
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stephan Geley
- Division of Molecular Pathophysiology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Villunger
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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137
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Tromer E, Snel B, Kops GJPL. Widespread Recurrent Patterns of Rapid Repeat Evolution in the Kinetochore Scaffold KNL1. Genome Biol Evol 2015; 7:2383-93. [PMID: 26254484 PMCID: PMC4558858 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evv140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The outer kinetochore protein scaffold KNL1 is essential for error-free chromosome segregation during mitosis and meiosis. A critical feature of KNL1 is an array of repeats containing MELT-like motifs. When phosphorylated, these motifs form docking sites for the BUB1–BUB3 dimer that regulates chromosome biorientation and the spindle assembly checkpoint. KNL1 homologs are strikingly different in both the amount and sequence of repeats they harbor. We used sensitive repeat discovery and evolutionary reconstruction to show that the KNL1 repeat arrays have undergone extensive, often species-specific array reorganization through iterative cycles of higher order multiplication in conjunction with rapid sequence diversification. The number of repeats per array ranges from none in flowering plants up to approximately 35–40 in drosophilids. Remarkably, closely related drosophilid species have independently expanded specific repeats, indicating near complete array replacement after only approximately 25–40 Myr of evolution. We further show that repeat sequences were altered by the parallel emergence/loss of various short linear motifs, including phosphosites, which supplement the MELT-like motif, signifying modular repeat evolution. These observations point to widespread recurrent episodes of concerted KNL1 repeat evolution in all eukaryotic supergroups. We discuss our findings in the light of the conserved function of KNL1 repeats in localizing the BUB1–BUB3 dimer and its role in chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eelco Tromer
- Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Berend Snel
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Geert J P L Kops
- Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands Cancer Genomics Netherlands, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
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138
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Samejima K, Platani M, Wolny M, Ogawa H, Vargiu G, Knight PJ, Peckham M, Earnshaw WC. The Inner Centromere Protein (INCENP) Coil Is a Single α-Helix (SAH) Domain That Binds Directly to Microtubules and Is Important for Chromosome Passenger Complex (CPC) Localization and Function in Mitosis. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:21460-72. [PMID: 26175154 PMCID: PMC4571873 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.645317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The chromosome passenger complex (CPC) is a master regulator of mitosis. Inner centromere protein (INCENP) acts as a scaffold regulating CPC localization and activity. During early mitosis, the N-terminal region of INCENP forms a three-helix bundle with Survivin and Borealin, directing the CPC to the inner centromere where it plays essential roles in chromosome alignment and the spindle assembly checkpoint. The C-terminal IN box region of INCENP is responsible for binding and activating Aurora B kinase. The central region of INCENP has been proposed to comprise a coiled coil domain acting as a spacer between the N- and C-terminal domains that is involved in microtubule binding and regulation of the spindle checkpoint. Here we show that the central region (213 residues) of chicken INCENP is not a coiled coil but a ∼ 32-nm-long single α-helix (SAH) domain. The N-terminal half of this domain directly binds to microtubules in vitro. By analogy with previous studies of myosin 10, our data suggest that the INCENP SAH might stretch up to ∼ 80 nm under physiological forces. Thus, the INCENP SAH could act as a flexible "dog leash," allowing Aurora B to phosphorylate dynamic substrates localized in the outer kinetochore while at the same time being stably anchored to the heterochromatin of the inner centromere. Furthermore, by achieving this flexibility via an SAH domain, the CPC avoids a need for dimerization (required for coiled coil formation), which would greatly complicate regulation of the proximity-induced trans-phosphorylation that is critical for Aurora B activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Samejima
- From The Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, Scotland, United Kingdom and
| | - Melpomeni Platani
- From The Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, Scotland, United Kingdom and
| | - Marcin Wolny
- The Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Hiromi Ogawa
- From The Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, Scotland, United Kingdom and
| | - Giulia Vargiu
- From The Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, Scotland, United Kingdom and
| | - Peter J Knight
- The Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle Peckham
- The Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - William C Earnshaw
- From The Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, Scotland, United Kingdom and
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139
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Milev MP, Hasaj B, Saint-Dic D, Snounou S, Zhao Q, Sacher M. TRAMM/TrappC12 plays a role in chromosome congression, kinetochore stability, and CENP-E recruitment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 209:221-34. [PMID: 25918224 PMCID: PMC4411272 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201501090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The TRAPP subunit TrappC12/TTC15, here renamed TRAMM, plays a role in the regulation of kinetochore stability and CENP-E recruitment during mitosis. Chromosome congression requires the stable attachment of microtubules to chromosomes mediated by the kinetochore, a large proteinaceous structure whose mechanism of assembly is unknown. In this paper, we present the finding that a protein called TRAMM (formerly known as TrappC12) plays a role in mitosis. Depletion of TRAMM resulted in noncongressed chromosomes and arrested cells in mitosis. Small amounts of TRAMM associated with chromosomes, and its depletion affected the localization of some kinetochore proteins, the strongest effect being seen for CENP-E. TRAMM interacts with CENP-E, and depletion of TRAMM prevented the recruitment of CENP-E to the kinetochore. TRAMM is phosphorylated early in mitosis and dephosphorylated at the onset of anaphase. Interestingly, this phosphorylation/dephosphorylation cycle correlates with its association/disassociation with CENP-E. Finally, we demonstrate that a phosphomimetic form of TRAMM recruited CENP-E to kinetochores more efficiently than did the nonphosphorylatable mutant. Our study identifies a moonlighting function for TRAMM during mitosis and adds a new component that regulates kinetochore stability and CENP-E recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav P Milev
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Benedeta Hasaj
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Djenann Saint-Dic
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Sary Snounou
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Qingchuan Zhao
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Michael Sacher
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, Canada
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140
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Liu Q, Dai SJ, Li H, Dong L, Peng YP. Silencing of NUF2 inhibits tumor growth and induces apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinomas. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 15:8623-9. [PMID: 25374179 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.20.8623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As an important component of the NDC80 kinetochore complex, NUF2 is essential for kinetochore-microtubule attachment and chromosome segregation. Previous studies also suggested its involvement in development of various kinds of human cancers, however, its expression and functions in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are still unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the present study, we aimed to test the hypothesis that NUF2 is aberrant in human HCCs and associated with cell growth. RESULTS Our results showed significantly elevated expression of NUF2 in human HCC tissues compared to adjacent normal tissues, and high expression of NUF2 in HCC cell lines. Using lentivirus-mediated silencing of NUF2 in HepG2 human HCC cells, we found that NUF2 depletion markedly suppressed proliferation and colony formation capacity in vitro, and dramatically hampered tumor growth of xenografts in vivo. Moreover, NUF2 silencing could induce cell cycle arrest and trigger cell apoptosis. Additionally, altered levels of cell cycle and apoptosis related proteins including cyclin B1, Cdc25A, Cdc2, Bad and Bax were also observed. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, these results demonstrate that NUF2 plays a critical role in the regulation of HCC cell proliferation and apoptosis, indicating that NUF2 may serve as a potential molecular target for therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- Department of Radiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China E-mail :
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141
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Aravamudhan P, Goldfarb AA, Joglekar AP. The kinetochore encodes a mechanical switch to disrupt spindle assembly checkpoint signalling. Nat Cell Biol 2015; 17:868-79. [PMID: 26053220 PMCID: PMC4630029 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) is a unique signalling mechanism that responds to the state of attachment of the kinetochore to spindle microtubules. SAC signalling is activated by unattached kinetochores, and it is silenced after these kinetochores form end-on microtubule attachments. Although the biochemical cascade of SAC signalling is well understood, how kinetochore-microtubule attachment disrupts it remained unknown. Here we show that, in budding yeast, end-on microtubule attachment to the kinetochore physically separates the Mps1 kinase, which probably binds to the calponin homology domain of Ndc80, from the kinetochore substrate of Mps1, Spc105 (KNL1 orthologue). This attachment-mediated separation disrupts the phosphorylation of Spc105, and enables SAC silencing. Additionally, the Dam1 complex may act as a barrier that shields Spc105 from Mps1. Together these data suggest that the protein architecture of the kinetochore encodes a mechanical switch. End-on microtubule attachment to the kinetochore turns this switch off to silence the SAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan A. Goldfarb
- Cell and developmental biology, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, 3067 BSRB, Ann Arbor, MI-48109, USA
| | - Ajit P. Joglekar
- Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI-48109, USA
- Cell and developmental biology, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, 3067 BSRB, Ann Arbor, MI-48109, USA
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142
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Klare K, Weir JR, Basilico F, Zimniak T, Massimiliano L, Ludwigs N, Herzog F, Musacchio A. CENP-C is a blueprint for constitutive centromere-associated network assembly within human kinetochores. J Cell Biol 2015; 210:11-22. [PMID: 26124289 PMCID: PMC4494010 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201412028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CENP-C promotes kinetochore targeting of other constitutive centromere–associated network (CCAN) subunits by directly interacting with the four-subunit CCAN subcomplex CENP-HIKM and spatially organizing the localization of all other CCAN subunits downstream of CENP-A. Kinetochores are multisubunit complexes that assemble on centromeres to bind spindle microtubules and promote faithful chromosome segregation during cell division. A 16-subunit complex named the constitutive centromere–associated network (CCAN) creates the centromere–kinetochore interface. CENP-C, a CCAN subunit, is crucial for kinetochore assembly because it links centromeres with the microtubule-binding interface of kinetochores. The role of CENP-C in CCAN organization, on the other hand, had been incompletely understood. In this paper, we combined biochemical reconstitution and cellular investigations to unveil how CENP-C promotes kinetochore targeting of other CCAN subunits. The so-called PEST domain in the N-terminal half of CENP-C interacted directly with the four-subunit CCAN subcomplex CENP-HIKM. We identified crucial determinants of this interaction whose mutation prevented kinetochore localization of CENP-HIKM and of CENP-TW, another CCAN subcomplex. When considered together with previous observations, our data point to CENP-C as a blueprint for kinetochore assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Klare
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - John R Weir
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Federica Basilico
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227 Dortmund, Germany Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Tomasz Zimniak
- Gene Center Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Lucia Massimiliano
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Nina Ludwigs
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Franz Herzog
- Gene Center Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227 Dortmund, Germany Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
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143
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Meyer R, Faesen A, Vogel K, Jeganathan S, Musacchio A, Niemeyer CM. DNA-Directed Assembly of Capture Tools for Constitutional Studies of Large Protein Complexes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:2669-2674. [PMID: 25649737 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201403544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Large supramolecular protein complexes, such as the molecular machinery involved in gene regulation, cell signaling, or cell division, are key in all fundamental processes of life. Detailed elucidation of structure and dynamics of such complexes can be achieved by reverse-engineering parts of the complexes in order to probe their interactions with distinctive binding partners in vitro. The exploitation of DNA nanostructures to mimic partially assembled supramolecular protein complexes in which the presence and state of two or more proteins are decisive for binding of additional building blocks is reported here. To this end, four-way DNA Holliday junction motifs bearing a fluorescein and a biotin tag, for tracking and affinity capture, respectively, are site-specifically functionalized with centromeric protein (CENP) C and CENP-T. The latter serves as baits for binding of the so-called KMN component, thereby mimicking early stages of the assembly of kinetochores, structures that mediate and control the attachment of microtubules to chromosomes in the spindle apparatus. Results from pull-down experiments are consistent with the hypothesis that CENP-C and CENP-T may bind cooperatively to the KMN network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Meyer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 1), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Alex Faesen
- Max-Planck Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Katrin Vogel
- TU Dortmund, Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Biologisch-Chemische Mikrostrukturtechnik, Otto-Hahn Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sadasivam Jeganathan
- Max-Planck Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andrea Musacchio
- Max-Planck Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Christof M Niemeyer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 1), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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144
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Kim T, Moyle MW, Lara-Gonzalez P, De Groot C, Oegema K, Desai A. Kinetochore-localized BUB-1/BUB-3 complex promotes anaphase onset in C. elegans. J Cell Biol 2015; 209:507-17. [PMID: 25987605 PMCID: PMC4442812 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201412035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The conserved Bub1/Bub3 complex is recruited to the kinetochore region of mitotic chromosomes, where it initiates spindle checkpoint signaling and promotes chromosome alignment. Here we show that, in contrast to the expectation for a checkpoint pathway component, the BUB-1/BUB-3 complex promotes timely anaphase onset in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos. This activity of BUB-1/BUB-3 was independent of spindle checkpoint signaling but required kinetochore localization. BUB-1/BUB-3 inhibition equivalently delayed separase activation and other events occurring during mitotic exit. The anaphase promotion function required BUB-1's kinase domain, but not its kinase activity, and this function was independent of the role of BUB-1/BUB-3 in chromosome alignment. These results reveal an unexpected role for the BUB-1/BUB-3 complex in promoting anaphase onset that is distinct from its well-studied functions in checkpoint signaling and chromosome alignment, and suggest a new mechanism contributing to the coordination of the metaphase-to-anaphase transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taekyung Kim
- Ludwig Cancer Research and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037 Ludwig Cancer Research and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Mark W Moyle
- Ludwig Cancer Research and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037 Ludwig Cancer Research and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Pablo Lara-Gonzalez
- Ludwig Cancer Research and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037 Ludwig Cancer Research and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Christian De Groot
- Ludwig Cancer Research and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037 Ludwig Cancer Research and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Karen Oegema
- Ludwig Cancer Research and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037 Ludwig Cancer Research and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Arshad Desai
- Ludwig Cancer Research and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037 Ludwig Cancer Research and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037
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145
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Discovering centromere proteins: from cold white hands to the A, B, C of CENPs. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2015; 16:443-9. [PMID: 25991376 DOI: 10.1038/nrm4001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The kinetochore is a complex molecular machine that directs chromosome segregation during mitosis. It is one of the most elaborate subcellular protein structures in eukaryotes, comprising more than 100 different proteins. Inner kinetochore proteins associate with specialized centromeric chromatin containing the histone H3 variant centromere protein A (CENP-A) in place of H3. Outer kinetochore proteins bind to microtubules and signal to delay anaphase onset when microtubules are absent. Since the first kinetochore proteins were discovered and cloned 30 years ago using autoimmune sera from patients with scleroderma-spectrum disease, much has been learnt about the composition, functions and regulation of this remarkable structure.
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146
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Monen J, Hattersley N, Muroyama A, Stevens D, Oegema K, Desai A. Separase Cleaves the N-Tail of the CENP-A Related Protein CPAR-1 at the Meiosis I Metaphase-Anaphase Transition in C. elegans. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125382. [PMID: 25919583 PMCID: PMC4412405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Centromeres are defined epigenetically in the majority of eukaryotes by the presence of chromatin containing the centromeric histone H3 variant CENP-A. Most species have a single gene encoding a centromeric histone variant whereas C. elegans has two: HCP-3 (also known as CeCENP-A) and CPAR-1. Prior RNAi replacement experiments showed that HCP-3 is the functionally dominant isoform, consistent with CPAR-1 not being detectable in embryos. GFP::CPAR-1 is loaded onto meiotic chromosomes in diakinesis and is enriched on bivalents until meiosis I. Here we show that GFP::CPAR-1 signal loss from chromosomes precisely coincides with homolog segregation during anaphase I. This loss of GFP::CPAR-1 signal reflects proteolytic cleavage between GFP and the histone fold of CPAR-1, as CPAR-1::GFP, in which GFP is fused to the C-terminus of CPAR-1, does not exhibit any loss of GFP signal. A focused candidate screen implicated separase, the protease that initiates anaphase by cleaving the kleisin subunit of cohesin, in this cleavage reaction. Examination of the N-terminal tail sequence of CPAR-1 revealed a putative separase cleavage site and mutation of the signature residues in this site eliminated the cleavage reaction, as visualized by retention of GFP::CPAR-1 signal on separating homologous chromosomes at the metaphase-anaphase transition of meiosis I. Neither cleaved nor uncleavable CPAR-1 were centromere-localized in mitosis and instead localized throughout chromatin, indicating that centromere activity has not been retained in CPAR-1. Although the functions of CPAR-1 and of its separase-dependent cleavage remain to be elucidated, this effort reveals a new substrate of separase and provides an in vivo biosensor to monitor separase activity at the onset of meiosis I anaphase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost Monen
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research & Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Neil Hattersley
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research & Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Andrew Muroyama
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research & Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Deanna Stevens
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research & Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Karen Oegema
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research & Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Arshad Desai
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research & Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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147
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Abstract
Molecular force spectroscopy has become a powerful tool to study how mechanics regulates biology, especially the mechanical regulation of molecular interactions and its impact on cellular functions. This force-driven methodology has uncovered a wealth of new information of the physical chemistry of molecular bonds for various biological systems. The new concepts, qualitative and quantitative measures describing bond behavior under force, and structural bases underlying these phenomena have substantially advanced our fundamental understanding of the inner workings of biological systems from the nanoscale (molecule) to the microscale (cell), elucidated basic molecular mechanisms of a wide range of important biological processes, and provided opportunities for engineering applications. Here, we review major force spectroscopic assays, conceptual developments of mechanically regulated kinetics of molecular interactions, and their biological relevance. We also present current challenges and highlight future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyu Liu
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering
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148
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Zaytsev AV, Mick JE, Maslennikov E, Nikashin B, DeLuca JG, Grishchuk EL. Multisite phosphorylation of the NDC80 complex gradually tunes its microtubule-binding affinity. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:1829-44. [PMID: 25808492 PMCID: PMC4436829 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-11-1539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule (MT) attachment to kinetochores is vitally important for cell division, but how these interactions are controlled by phosphorylation is not well known. We used quantitative approaches in vitro combined with molecular dynamics simulations to examine phosphoregulation of the NDC80 complex, a core kinetochore component. We show that the outputs from multiple phosphorylation events on the unstructured tail of its Hec1 subunit are additively integrated to elicit gradual tuning of NDC80-MT binding both in vitro and in silico. Conformational plasticity of the Hec1 tail enables it to serve as a phosphorylation-controlled rheostat, providing a new paradigm for regulating the affinity of MT binders. We also show that cooperativity of NDC80 interactions is weak and is unaffected by NDC80 phosphorylation. This in vitro finding strongly supports our model that independent molecular binding events to MTs by individual NDC80 complexes, rather than their structured oligomers, regulate the dynamics and stability of kinetochore-MT attachments in dividing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly V Zaytsev
- Physiology Department, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Jeanne E Mick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Evgeny Maslennikov
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physico-Chemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Boris Nikashin
- Physiology Department, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Jennifer G DeLuca
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Ekaterina L Grishchuk
- Physiology Department, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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149
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Altenfeld A, Wohlgemuth S, Wehenkel A, Vetter IR, Musacchio A. Complex assembly, crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of the human Rod-Zwilch-ZW10 (RZZ) complex. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION F-STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY COMMUNICATIONS 2015; 71:438-42. [PMID: 25849506 PMCID: PMC4388180 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x15004343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The spindle-assembly checkpoint (SAC) monitors kinetochore-microtubule attachment during mitosis. In metazoans, the three-subunit Rod-Zwilch-ZW10 (RZZ) complex is a crucial SAC component that interacts with additional SAC-activating and SAC-silencing components, including the Mad1-Mad2 complex and cytoplasmic dynein. The RZZ complex contains two copies of each subunit and has a predicted molecular mass of ∼800 kDa. Given the low abundance of the RZZ complex in natural sources, its recombinant reconstitution was attempted by co-expression of its subunits in insect cells. The RZZ complex was purified to homogeneity and subjected to systematic crystallization attempts. Initial crystals containing the entire RZZ complex were obtained using the sitting-drop method and were subjected to optimization to improve the diffraction resolution limit. The crystals belonged to space group P3₁ (No. 144) or P3₂ (No. 145), with unit-cell parameters a = b = 215.45, c = 458.7 Å, α = β = 90.0, γ = 120.0°.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Altenfeld
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto Hahn Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sabine Wohlgemuth
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto Hahn Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Annemarie Wehenkel
- Department `Genotoxic Stress and Cancer', Institut Curie, CNRS UMR 3348/INSERM U1005, Bâtiment 110, Centre Universitaire, 91405 Orsay CEDEX, France
| | - Ingrid R Vetter
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto Hahn Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto Hahn Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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150
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Abendroth C, Hofmeister A, Hake SB, Kamweru PK, Miess E, Dornblut C, Küffner I, Deng W, Leonhardt H, Orthaus S, Hoischen C, Diekmann S. The CENP-T C-terminus is exclusively proximal to H3.1 and not to H3.2 or H3.3. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:5839-63. [PMID: 25775162 PMCID: PMC4394509 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16035839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinetochore proteins assemble onto centromeric chromatin and regulate DNA segregation during cell division. The inner kinetochore proteins bind centromeres while most outer kinetochore proteins assemble at centromeres during mitosis, connecting the complex to microtubules. The centromere-kinetochore complex contains specific nucleosomes and nucleosomal particles. CENP-A replaces canonical H3 in centromeric nucleosomes, defining centromeric chromatin. Next to CENP-A, the CCAN multi-protein complex settles which contains CENP-T/W/S/X. These four proteins are described to form a nucleosomal particle at centromeres. We had found the CENP-T C-terminus and the CENP-S termini next to histone H3.1 but not to CENP-A, suggesting that the Constitutive Centromere-Associated Network (CCAN) bridges a CENP-A- and a H3-containing nucleosome. Here, we show by in vivo FRET that this proximity between CENP-T and H3 is specific for H3.1 but neither for the H3.1 mutants H3.1(C96A) and H3.1(C110A) nor for H3.2 or H3.3. We also found CENP-M next to H3.1 but not to these H3.1 mutants. Consistently, we detected CENP-M next to CENP-S. These data elucidate the local molecular neighborhood of CCAN proteins next to a H3.1-containing centromeric nucleosome. They also indicate an exclusive position of H3.1 clearly distinct from H3.2, thus documenting a local, and potentially also functional, difference between H3.1 and H3.2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Abendroth
- Molecular Biology, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Antje Hofmeister
- Molecular Biology, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Sandra B Hake
- Department of Molecular Biology, Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Adolf-Butenandt-Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Schillerstr. 44, D-80336 Munich, Germany.
| | - Paul K Kamweru
- Molecular Biology, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Elke Miess
- Molecular Biology, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Carsten Dornblut
- Molecular Biology, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Isabell Küffner
- Molecular Biology, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Wen Deng
- Department of Biology II, Center for Integrated Protein Science, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, D-82152 Munich, Germany.
| | - Heinrich Leonhardt
- Department of Biology II, Center for Integrated Protein Science, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, D-82152 Munich, Germany.
| | | | - Christian Hoischen
- Molecular Biology, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Stephan Diekmann
- Molecular Biology, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
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