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Ericsson AC, Hagan CE, Davis DJ, Franklin CL. Segmented filamentous bacteria: commensal microbes with potential effects on research. Comp Med 2014; 64:90-98. [PMID: 24674582 PMCID: PMC3997285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) are commensal bacteria that were first identified in the ilea of mice and rats. Morphologically similar bacteria occur in a broad range of host species, but all strains have been refractory to in vitro culture thus far. Although SFB were once considered innocuous members of the intestinal microbiota of laboratory rodents, they are now known to affect the development of the immune system in rodents and, subsequently, the phenotype of models of both enteric and extraintestinal disease. Therefore, SFB represent long-recognized commensal bacteria serving as an intercurrent variable in studies using rodent models of disease. Here we describe the basic biology of SFB and discuss the immunologic and physiologic effects of colonization with SFB, with particular attention to their effects on rodent models of disease. In addition, we propose that SFB represent only the 'tip of the iceberg' in our understanding of the influence of the microbiota on model phenotypes. As next-generation sequencing techniques are increasingly used to investigate organisms that are refractory to culture, we are likely to identify other commensal microbes that alter the models we use. This review underscores the need to characterize such host-microbe interactions, given that animal research represents a critical tool that is particularly vulnerable to scrutiny in an era of decreasing financial resources and increasing accountability for the use of animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron C Ericsson
- Mutant Mouse Regional Resource Center (MMRRC), Rat Resource and Research Center (RRRC), Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.
| | - Catherine E Hagan
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Daniel J Davis
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Craig L Franklin
- Mutant Mouse Regional Resource Center (MMRRC), Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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102
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Chappert P. Role of SFB in autoimmune arthritis: an example of regulation of autoreactive T cell sensitivity in the gut. Gut Microbes 2014; 5:259-64. [PMID: 24637598 PMCID: PMC4063855 DOI: 10.4161/gmic.28134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A key role for segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) has recently been demonstrated in several mouse models of autoimmune diseases, including autoimmune arthritis and multiple sclerosis. The mechanism governing the activation of systemic autoreactive T cell responses by such commensals in the gut, however, remained elusive. In this addendum, we discuss recent results addressing the local regulation of autoreactive T cell sensitivity by these unique bacteria. We found that the presence of SFB in the gut microbiota was sufficient to promote a local inflammatory microenvironment altering the T cell-intrinsic desensitization process normally occurring in response to chronic self-antigen stimulation. In the absence of this key tolerance checkpoint, sustained chronic T cell proliferation, IFNγ production, and B cell activation eventually led to the development of enhanced pathologies in a Th1-driven T cell-transfer model of autoimmune arthritis.
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103
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UMESAKI Y. Use of gnotobiotic mice to identify and characterize key microbes responsible for the development of the intestinal immune system. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2014; 90:313-32. [PMID: 25391317 PMCID: PMC4324924 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.90.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Symbiosis between intestinal microbiota and the host animal plays an important role in the homeostasis of host physiology. Since the first production of germ-free rodents in 1945, it has become increasingly clear that the intestinal immune system and the biochemical characteristics of epithelial cells differ greatly between conventional and germ-free rodents. However, questions remain about the types of microbes involved and the precise mechanism by which these microbes affect the host physiology. Here, we review experiments designed to answer these questions with the use of gnotobiotic mice. We have determined suitable biochemical and immunological markers for monitoring microbial effects in these mice. Using these markers, we have found clear differences in epithelial cell glycolipid biosynthesis and intraepithelial lymphocyte dynamics between germ-free and conventional mice. Furthermore, we have identified a key microbe that activates the mucosal immune system in the small intestine. This indigenous bacteria, called segmented filamentous bacteria, is a key symbiont in the host-microbiota interplay, including Th17 cell-inducing activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori UMESAKI
- Yakult Central Institute, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
- Correspondence should be addressed: Y. Umesaki, Yakult Central Institute, Izumi 5-11, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan (e-mail: )
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104
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Vitaliti G, Pavone P, Guglielmo F, Spataro G, Falsaperla R. The immunomodulatory effect of probiotics beyond atopy: an update. J Asthma 2013; 51:320-32. [PMID: 24256057 DOI: 10.3109/02770903.2013.862259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the past decades, the theory of "allergen avoidance" was considered the standard treatment for preventing the onset of allergic diseases. Recently, the concept of "immune tolerance" has replaced this old theory, and induction of tolerance by exposure is actually considered the appropriate method for preventing atopic diseases and other immunomediated pathologies. On the other hand, it is obvious that for public health reasons, abandoning current medical and hygienic practices is not desirable; therefore, safe alternatives, such as probiotics, have been suggested for providing necessary microbial stimulation. OBJECTIVE The purpose of our review is to describe the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties of probiotics, reporting literature data on their effect when used for the treatment of immunomediated diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS Articles reporting the evidence on the use of probiotics in immunomediated diseases, such as atopy, cow's milk allergy and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and in inflammatory diseases, such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), with or without statistical meta-analysis, were selected in three different search engines: (1) MEDLINE via PubMed interface, (2) Scopus and (3) Google Scholar for all articles published from inception to July 2013. Titles and abstracts of identified papers were screened by two independent reviewers to determine whether they met the eligibility criteria of interest to develop our review. Subsequently, full texts of the remaining articles were independently retrieved for eligibility by the two reviewers. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The recent literature is focusing its interest towards the immunologic properties of relatively harmless organisms, including lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, helminths and saprophytic mycobacteria that may skew immune responses towards immunoregulation by inducing Treg cells, rather than eliciting a pro-inflammatory immune response. For this reason, recent researches have been addressed on the use of probiotics to promote immunoregulation in atopic diseases, such as atopic/eczema dermatitis syndrome and food allergy, as well as in inflammatory-based diseases such as IBDs, RA and bronchial asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Vitaliti
- Pediatric Complex Operative Unit and Pediatric Acute and Emergency Unit, Policlinico-Vittorio-Emanuele Hospital, University of Catania , Catania , Italy
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105
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Viaud S, Saccheri F, Mignot G, Yamazaki T, Daillère R, Hannani D, Enot DP, Pfirschke C, Engblom C, Pittet MJ, Schlitzer A, Ginhoux F, Apetoh L, Chachaty E, Woerther PL, Eberl G, Bérard M, Ecobichon C, Clermont D, Bizet C, Gaboriau-Routhiau V, Cerf-Bensussan N, Opolon P, Yessaad N, Vivier E, Ryffel B, Elson CO, Doré J, Kroemer G, Lepage P, Boneca IG, Ghiringhelli F, Zitvogel L. The intestinal microbiota modulates the anticancer immune effects of cyclophosphamide. Science 2013; 342:971-6. [PMID: 24264990 DOI: 10.1126/science.1240537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1388] [Impact Index Per Article: 126.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Cyclophosphamide is one of several clinically important cancer drugs whose therapeutic efficacy is due in part to their ability to stimulate antitumor immune responses. Studying mouse models, we demonstrate that cyclophosphamide alters the composition of microbiota in the small intestine and induces the translocation of selected species of Gram-positive bacteria into secondary lymphoid organs. There, these bacteria stimulate the generation of a specific subset of "pathogenic" T helper 17 (pT(H)17) cells and memory T(H)1 immune responses. Tumor-bearing mice that were germ-free or that had been treated with antibiotics to kill Gram-positive bacteria showed a reduction in pT(H)17 responses, and their tumors were resistant to cyclophosphamide. Adoptive transfer of pT(H)17 cells partially restored the antitumor efficacy of cyclophosphamide. These results suggest that the gut microbiota help shape the anticancer immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Viaud
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1015, Equipe labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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106
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Schnupf P, Gaboriau-Routhiau V, Cerf-Bensussan N. Host interactions with Segmented Filamentous Bacteria: an unusual trade-off that drives the post-natal maturation of the gut immune system. Semin Immunol 2013; 25:342-51. [PMID: 24184014 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Segmented Filamentous Bacteria (SFB) are present in the gut microbiota of a large number of vertebrate species where they are found intimately attached to the intestinal epithelium. SFB has recently attracted considerable attention due to its outstanding capacity to stimulate innate and adaptive host immune responses without causing pathology. Recent genomic analysis placed SFB between obligate and facultative symbionts, unraveled its highly auxotrophic needs, and provided a rationale for the complex SFB life-style in close contact with the epithelium. Herein, we examine how the SFB life-style may underlie its potent immunostimulatory properties and discuss how the trade-off set up between SFB and its hosts can simultaneously help to establish and maintain the ecological niche of SFB in the intestine and drive the post-natal maturation of the host gut immune barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Schnupf
- INSERM, U989, 75014 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, and Institut IMAGINE, 75015 Paris, France; Institut Pasteur, Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moleculaire, 25-28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France
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107
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Segmented filamentous bacteria are a major group in terminal ileum of piglets. Anaerobe 2013; 23:109-11. [PMID: 23891962 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Metabolically active microbiota of the porcine terminal ileum mucosa was analyzed by RT-PCR of 16S rRNAs. The majority of 1951 sequences retrieved (24.8%) displayed the closest similarity to segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB). Phylogenetic analysis inferred the host-specific clusters of SFB sequences suggesting the host-specific selection of this group of bacteria.
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108
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Fritz JV, Desai MS, Shah P, Schneider JG, Wilmes P. From meta-omics to causality: experimental models for human microbiome research. MICROBIOME 2013; 1:14. [PMID: 24450613 PMCID: PMC3971605 DOI: 10.1186/2049-2618-1-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale 'meta-omic' projects are greatly advancing our knowledge of the human microbiome and its specific role in governing health and disease states. A myriad of ongoing studies aim at identifying links between microbial community disequilibria (dysbiosis) and human diseases. However, due to the inherent complexity and heterogeneity of the human microbiome, cross-sectional, case-control and longitudinal studies may not have enough statistical power to allow causation to be deduced from patterns of association between variables in high-resolution omic datasets. Therefore, to move beyond reliance on the empirical method, experiments are critical. For these, robust experimental models are required that allow the systematic manipulation of variables to test the multitude of hypotheses, which arise from high-throughput molecular studies. Particularly promising in this respect are microfluidics-based in vitro co-culture systems, which allow high-throughput first-pass experiments aimed at proving cause-and-effect relationships prior to testing of hypotheses in animal models. This review focuses on widely used in vivo, in vitro, ex vivo and in silico approaches to study host-microbial community interactions. Such systems, either used in isolation or in a combinatory experimental approach, will allow systematic investigations of the impact of microbes on the health and disease of the human host. All the currently available models present pros and cons, which are described and discussed. Moreover, suggestions are made on how to develop future experimental models that not only allow the study of host-microbiota interactions but are also amenable to high-throughput experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle V Fritz
- Eco-Systems Biology Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, 7, Esch-sur-Alzette, L-4362, Luxembourg
| | - Mahesh S Desai
- Eco-Systems Biology Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, 7, Esch-sur-Alzette, L-4362, Luxembourg
| | - Pranjul Shah
- Eco-Systems Biology Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, 7, Esch-sur-Alzette, L-4362, Luxembourg
| | - Jochen G Schneider
- Translational & Experimental Research Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, 7, Esch-sur-Alzette, L-4362, Luxembourg
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrberger Str., Homburg/Saar, D-66421, Germany
| | - Paul Wilmes
- Eco-Systems Biology Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, 7, Esch-sur-Alzette, L-4362, Luxembourg
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109
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Jonsson H. Segmented filamentous bacteria in human ileostomy samples after high-fiber intake. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2013; 342:24-9. [DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 01/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hans Jonsson
- Department of Microbiology; Uppsala BioCenter; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Uppsala; Sweden
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110
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Rescigno M. Mucosal immunology and bacterial handling in the intestine. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2013; 27:17-24. [PMID: 23768549 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The mucosal immune system has the very difficult task to protect against invaders and to promote tolerance toward food antigens and the microbiota. These activities are achieved via a complex interaction between immune cells and the local microenvironment. Under the unperturbed (steady-state) condition the immune system is set toward the activation of tolerogenic responses. During infection the immune system is prompted to initiate immunity. When these two activities are not coordinated, inflammatory conditions may arise. In this review I will summarize the characteristic features of the mucosal immune system and its interaction with the microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rescigno
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello, 16, 20139 Milan, Italy.
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