101
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Schmuth M, Blunder S, Dubrac S, Gruber R, Moosbrugger-Martinz V. Epidermale Barriere bei hereditären Ichthyosen, atopischer Dermatitis und Psoriasis. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/ddg.30_12827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schmuth
- Univ.-Klinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie; Innsbruck Österreich
| | - Stefan Blunder
- Univ.-Klinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie; Innsbruck Österreich
| | - Sandrine Dubrac
- Univ.-Klinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie; Innsbruck Österreich
| | - Robert Gruber
- Univ.-Klinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie; Innsbruck Österreich
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102
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Cingolani F, Futerman AH, Casas J. Ceramide synthases in biomedical research. Chem Phys Lipids 2015; 197:25-32. [PMID: 26248326 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2015.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipid metabolism consists of multiple metabolic pathways that converge upon ceramide, one of the key molecules among sphingolipids (SLs). In mammals, ceramide synthesis occurs via N-acylation of sphingoid backbones, dihydrosphingosine (dhSo) or sphingosine (So). The reaction is catalyzed by ceramide synthases (CerS), a family of enzymes with six different isoforms, with each one showing specificity towards a restricted group of acyl-CoAs, thus producing ceramides (Cer) and dihydroceramides (dhCer) with different fatty acid chain lengths. A large body of evidence documents the role of both So and dhSo as bioactive molecules, as well as the involvement of dhCer and Cer in physiological and pathological processes. In particular, the fatty acid composition of Cer has different effects in cell biology and in the onset and progression of different diseases. Therefore, modulation of CerS activity represents an attractive target in biomedical research and in finding new treatment modalities. In this review, we discuss functional, structural and biochemical features of CerS and examine CerS inhibitors that are currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Cingolani
- Research Unit on BioActive Molecules (RUBAM), Department of Biomedicinal Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anthony H Futerman
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Josefina Casas
- Research Unit on BioActive Molecules (RUBAM), Department of Biomedicinal Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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103
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Paloncýová M, Vávrová K, Sovová Ž, DeVane R, Otyepka M, Berka K. Structural Changes in Ceramide Bilayers Rationalize Increased Permeation through Stratum Corneum Models with Shorter Acyl Tails. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:9811-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b05522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Markéta Paloncýová
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical
Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, tř.
17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Vávrová
- Skin
Barrier Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Žofie Sovová
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical
Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, tř.
17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Russell DeVane
- Corporate Modeling & Simulation, Procter & Gamble, 8611 Beckett Road, West Chester, Ohio 45069, United States
| | - Michal Otyepka
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical
Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, tř.
17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Berka
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical
Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, tř.
17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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104
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Sugiura K, Akiyama M. Update on autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis: mRNA analysis using hair samples is a powerful tool for genetic diagnosis. J Dermatol Sci 2015; 79:4-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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105
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Essential role of the cytochrome P450 CYP4F22 in the production of acylceramide, the key lipid for skin permeability barrier formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:7707-12. [PMID: 26056268 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1503491112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A skin permeability barrier is essential for terrestrial animals, and its impairment causes several cutaneous disorders such as ichthyosis and atopic dermatitis. Although acylceramide is an important lipid for the skin permeability barrier, details of its production have yet to be determined, leaving the molecular mechanism of skin permeability barrier formation unclear. Here we identified the cytochrome P450 gene CYP4F22 (cytochrome P450, family 4, subfamily F, polypeptide 22) as the long-sought fatty acid ω-hydroxylase gene required for acylceramide production. CYP4F22 has been identified as one of the autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis-causative genes. Ichthyosis-mutant proteins exhibited reduced enzyme activity, indicating correlation between activity and pathology. Furthermore, lipid analysis of a patient with ichthyosis showed a drastic decrease in acylceramide production. We determined that CYP4F22 was a type I membrane protein that locates in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), suggesting that the ω-hydroxylation occurs on the cytoplasmic side of the ER. The preferred substrate of the CYP4F22 was fatty acids with a carbon chain length of 28 or more (≥C28). In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that CYP4F22 is an ultra-long-chain fatty acid ω-hydroxylase responsible for acylceramide production and provide important insights into the molecular mechanisms of skin permeability barrier formation. Furthermore, based on the results obtained here, we proposed a detailed reaction series for acylceramide production.
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106
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Rabionet M, Bayerle A, Jennemann R, Heid H, Fuchser J, Marsching C, Porubsky S, Bolenz C, Guillou F, Gröne HJ, Gorgas K, Sandhoff R. Male meiotic cytokinesis requires ceramide synthase 3-dependent sphingolipids with unique membrane anchors. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:4792-808. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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107
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Astudillo L, Sabourdy F, Therville N, Bode H, Ségui B, Andrieu-Abadie N, Hornemann T, Levade T. Human genetic disorders of sphingolipid biosynthesis. J Inherit Metab Dis 2015; 38:65-76. [PMID: 25141825 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-014-9736-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Monogenic defects of sphingolipid biosynthesis have been recently identified in human patients. These enzyme deficiencies affect the synthesis of sphingolipid precursors, ceramides or complex glycosphingolipids. They are transmitted as autosomal recessive or dominant traits, and their resulting phenotypes often replicate the abnormalities seen in murine models deficient for the corresponding enzymes. In quite good agreement with the known critical roles of sphingolipids in cells from the nervous system and the epidermis, these genetic defects clinically manifest as neurological disorders, including paraplegia, epilepsy or peripheral neuropathies, or present with ichthyosis. The present review summarizes the genetic alterations, biochemical changes and clinical symptoms of this new group of inherited metabolic disorders. Hypotheses regarding the molecular pathophysiology and potential treatments of these diseases are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Astudillo
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR1037, Team n 4, CHU Rangueil, BP, 84225, 31432, Toulouse, France
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108
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Garcia-Cazorla À, Mochel F, Lamari F, Saudubray JM. The clinical spectrum of inherited diseases involved in the synthesis and remodeling of complex lipids. A tentative overview. J Inherit Metab Dis 2015; 38:19-40. [PMID: 25413954 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-014-9776-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Over one hundred diseases related to inherited defects of complex lipids synthesis and remodeling are now reported. Most of them were described within the last 5 years. New descriptions and phenotypes are expanding rapidly. While the associated clinical phenotype is currently difficult to outline, with only a few patients identified, it appears that all organs and systems may be affected. The main clinical presentations can be divided into (1) Diseases affecting the central and peripheral nervous system. Complex lipid synthesis disorders produce prominent motor manifestations due to upper and/or lower motoneuron degeneration. Motor signs are often complex, associated with other neurological and extra-neurological signs. Three neurological phenotypes, spastic paraparesis, neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation and peripheral neuropathies, deserve special attention. Many apparently well clinically defined syndromes are not distinct entities, but rather clusters on a continuous spectrum, like for the PNPLA6-associated diseases, extending from Boucher-Neuhauser syndrome via Gordon Holmes syndrome to spastic ataxia and pure hereditary spastic paraplegia; (2) Muscular/cardiac presentations; (3) Skin symptoms mostly represented by syndromic (neurocutaneous) and non syndromic ichthyosis; (4) Retinal dystrophies with syndromic and non syndromic retinitis pigmentosa, Leber congenital amaurosis, cone rod dystrophy, Stargardt disease; (5) Congenital bone dysplasia and segmental overgrowth disorders with congenital lipomatosis; (6) Liver presentations characterized mainly by transient neonatal cholestatic jaundice and non alcoholic liver steatosis with hypertriglyceridemia; and (7) Renal and immune presentations. Lipidomics and molecular functional studies could help to elucidate the mechanism(s) of dominant versus recessive inheritance observed for the same gene in a growing number of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Àngels Garcia-Cazorla
- Department of Neurology, Neurometabolic Unit, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu and CIBERER, ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain,
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109
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Abstract
Zusammenfassung
Ichthyosen gehören zu einer klinisch und genetisch heterogenen Gruppe von Erkrankungen, die durch generalisierte Schuppung und/oder Hyperkeratosen der Haut charakterisiert sind. Seit der überwiegend klinisch orientierten Konsensus-Klassifikation von Sorèze werden diese Verhornungsstörungen als „Mendelian disorders of cornification“ (MEDOC) zusammengefasst und in syndromale sowie nichtsyndromale Ichthyosen unterteilt. Abgesehen von seltenen erworbenen Fällen liegen den Ichthyosen Gendefekte zugrunde, deren Genprodukte an der Differenzierung und der Barrierefunktion der Epidermis beteiligt sind. Zurzeit sind Mutationen in etwa 40 verschiedenen Genen bekannt, die zu den unterschiedlichen Formen der Ichthyosen führen können. Damit kann in etwa 80–90 % der Fälle die Diagnose molekulargenetisch gesichert werden. Die genetischen Ursachen der übrigen 10–20 % sind noch ungeklärt. Ein Großteil der bislang noch unklaren Krankheitsursachen wird sicherlich in den nächsten Jahren dank neuer Technologien wie der Exom-Sequenzierung entschlüsselt werden.
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110
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Tidhar R, Sims K, Rosenfeld-Gur E, Shaw W, Futerman AH. A rapid ceramide synthase activity using NBD-sphinganine and solid phase extraction. J Lipid Res 2014; 56:193-9. [PMID: 25368106 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d052001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceramides are synthesized by six mammalian ceramide synthases (CerSs), each of which uses fatty acyl-CoAs of different chain lengths for N-acylation of the sphingoid long-chain base. We now describe a rapid and reliable CerS assay that uses a fluorescent N-[6-[(7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl) (NBD) sphinganine substrate followed by separation of the NBD-lipid substrate and products using solid phase extraction (SPE) C18 chromatography. SPE chromatography is a quick and reliable alternative to TLC, and moreover, there is no degradation of either NBD-sphinganine or NBD-ceramide. We have optimized the assay for use with minimal amounts of protein in a minimal volume. This assay will prove useful for the analysis of CerS activity, which is of particular importance in light of the growing involvement of CerS in cell regulation and in the pathology of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rotem Tidhar
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Kacee Sims
- Avanti Polar Lipids Inc., Alabaster, AL 35007-9105
| | - Eden Rosenfeld-Gur
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Walter Shaw
- Avanti Polar Lipids Inc., Alabaster, AL 35007-9105
| | - Anthony H Futerman
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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111
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Sassa T, Kihara A. Metabolism of very long-chain Fatty acids: genes and pathophysiology. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2014; 22:83-92. [PMID: 24753812 PMCID: PMC3975470 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2014.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids (FAs) are highly diverse in terms of carbon (C) chain-length and number of double bonds. FAs with C>20 are called very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs). VLCFAs are found not only as constituents of cellular lipids such as sphingolipids and glycerophospholipids but also as precursors of lipid mediators. Our understanding on the function of VLCFAs is growing in parallel with the identification of enzymes involved in VLCFA synthesis or degradation. A variety of inherited diseases, such as ichthyosis, macular degeneration, myopathy, mental retardation, and demyelination, are caused by mutations in the genes encoding VLCFA metabolizing enzymes. In this review, we describe mammalian VLCFAs by highlighting their tissue distribution and metabolic pathways, and we discuss responsible genes and enzymes with reference to their roles in pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Sassa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Akio Kihara
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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112
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Abstract
The epidermis functions as a physical barrier to the external environment and works to prevent loss of water from the skin. Numerous factors have been implicated in the formation of epidermal barriers, such as cornified envelopes, corneocytes, lipids, junctional proteins, proteases, protease inhibitors, antimicrobial peptides, and transcription factors. This review illustrates human diseases (ichthyoses) and animal models in which the epidermal barrier is disrupted or dysfunctional at steady state owing to ablation of one or more of the above factors. These diseases and animal models help us to understand the complicated mechanisms of epidermal barrier formation and give further insights on epidermal development.
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113
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Mosbech MB, Olsen ASB, Neess D, Ben-David O, Klitten LL, Larsen J, Sabers A, Vissing J, Nielsen JE, Hasholt L, Klein AD, Tsoory MM, Hjalgrim H, Tommerup N, Futerman AH, Møller RS, Færgeman NJ. Reduced ceramide synthase 2 activity causes progressive myoclonic epilepsy. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2014; 1:88-98. [PMID: 25356388 PMCID: PMC4212479 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Ceramides are precursors of complex sphingolipids (SLs), which are important for normal functioning of both the developing and mature brain. Altered SL levels have been associated with many neurodegenerative disorders, including epilepsy, although few direct links have been identified between genes involved in SL metabolism and epilepsy. Methods We used quantitative real-time PCR, Western blotting, and enzymatic assays to determine the mRNA, protein, and activity levels of ceramide synthase 2 (CERS2) in fiibroblasts isolated from parental control subjects and from a patient diagnosed with progressive myoclonic epilepsy (PME). Mass spectrometry and fluorescence microscopy were used to examine the effects of reduced CERS2 activity on cellular lipid composition and plasma membrane functions. Results We identify a novel 27 kb heterozygous deletion including the CERS2 gene in a proband diagnosed with PME. Compared to parental controls, levels of CERS2 mRNA, protein, and activity were reduced by ˜50% in fibroblasts isolated from this proband, resulting in significantly reduced levels of ceramides and sphingomyelins containing the very long-chain fatty acids C24:0 and C26:0. The change in SL composition was also reflected in a reduction in cholera toxin B immunofluorescence, indicating that membrane composition and function are altered. Interpretation We propose that reduced levels of CERS2, and consequently diminished levels of ceramides and SLs containing very long-chain fatty acids, lead to development of PME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai-Britt Mosbech
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark Odense M, DK-5230, Denmark
| | - Anne S B Olsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark Odense M, DK-5230, Denmark
| | - Ditte Neess
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark Odense M, DK-5230, Denmark
| | - Oshrit Ben-David
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Laura L Klitten
- The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Filadelfia Dianalund, DK-4293, Denmark
| | - Jan Larsen
- The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Filadelfia Dianalund, DK-4293, Denmark ; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Anne Sabers
- Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - John Vissing
- Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Jørgen E Nielsen
- Neurogenetics Clinic, Danish Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Lis Hasholt
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Andres D Klein
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Michael M Tsoory
- Behavioral and Physiological Phenotyping Unit, Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Helle Hjalgrim
- The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Filadelfia Dianalund, DK-4293, Denmark ; Institute for Regional Health Services, University of Southern Denmark Odense, Denmark
| | - Niels Tommerup
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Anthony H Futerman
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Rikke S Møller
- The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Filadelfia Dianalund, DK-4293, Denmark ; Institute for Regional Health Services, University of Southern Denmark Odense, Denmark
| | - Nils J Færgeman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark Odense M, DK-5230, Denmark
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114
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Skolová B, Janůšová B, Zbytovská J, Gooris G, Bouwstra J, Slepička P, Berka P, Roh J, Palát K, Hrabálek A, Vávrová K. Ceramides in the skin lipid membranes: length matters. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:15624-15633. [PMID: 24283654 DOI: 10.1021/la4037474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Ceramides are essential constituents of the skin barrier that allow humans to live on dry land. Reduced levels of ceramides have been associated with skin diseases, e.g., atopic dermatitis. However, the structural requirements and mechanisms of action of ceramides are not fully understood. Here, we report the effects of ceramide acyl chain length on the permeabilities and biophysics of lipid membranes composed of ceramides (or free sphingosine), fatty acids, cholesterol, and cholesterol sulfate. Short-chain ceramides increased the permeability of the lipid membranes compared to a long-chain ceramide with maxima at 4-6 carbons in the acyl. By a combination of differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Langmuir monolayers, and atomic force microscopy, we found that the reason for this effect in short ceramides was a lower proportion of tight orthorhombic packing and phase separation of continuous short ceramide-enriched domains with shorter lamellar periodicity compared to native long ceramides. Thus, long acyl chains in ceramides are essential for the formation of tightly packed impermeable lipid lamellae. Moreover, the model skin lipid membranes are a valuable tool to study the relationships between the lipid structure and composition, lipid organization, and the membrane permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Skolová
- Charles University in Prague , Faculty of Pharmacy, Heyrovského 1203, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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115
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Intercellular skin barrier lipid composition and organization in Netherton syndrome patients. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 134:1238-1245. [PMID: 24292773 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Netherton syndrome (NTS) is a rare genetic skin disease caused by mutations in the serine protease inhibitor Kazal-type 5 gene, which encodes the lympho-epithelial Kazal-type-related inhibitor. NTS patients have profoundly impaired skin barrier function. As stratum corneum (SC) lipids have a crucial role in the skin barrier function, we investigated the SC lipid composition and organization in NTS patients. We studied the SC lipid composition by means of mass spectrometry, and the lipid organization was examined by infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Decreased free fatty acid (FFA) chain length and increased levels of monounsaturated FFAs were observed in the SC of NTS patients compared with controls. Furthermore, the level of short-chain ceramides (CERs) was enhanced in NTS patients and a strong reduction in long-chain CER levels was seen in several patients. The changes in lipid composition modified the lipid organization leading to an increased disordering of the lipids compared with the controls. In addition, in a subgroup of patients the organization of the lipid layers changed dramatically. The altered FFA and CER profiles in NTS patients corresponded to changes in the expression of enzymes involved in SC lipid processing. The observed changes in lipid composition, lipid organization, and enzyme expression are likely to contribute to the barrier dysfunction in NTS.
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116
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Feingold KR, Elias PM. Role of lipids in the formation and maintenance of the cutaneous permeability barrier. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1841:280-94. [PMID: 24262790 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The major function of the skin is to form a barrier between the internal milieu and the hostile external environment. A permeability barrier that prevents the loss of water and electrolytes is essential for life on land. The permeability barrier is mediated primarily by lipid enriched lamellar membranes that are localized to the extracellular spaces of the stratum corneum. These lipid enriched membranes have a unique structure and contain approximately 50% ceramides, 25% cholesterol, and 15% free fatty acids with very little phospholipid. Lamellar bodies, which are formed during the differentiation of keratinocytes, play a key role in delivering the lipids from the stratum granulosum cells into the extracellular spaces of the stratum corneum. Lamellar bodies contain predominantly glucosylceramides, phospholipids, and cholesterol and following the exocytosis of lamellar lipids into the extracellular space of the stratum corneum these precursor lipids are converted by beta glucocerebrosidase and phospholipases into the ceramides and fatty acids, which comprise the lamellar membranes. The lipids required for lamellar body formation are derived from de novo synthesis by keratinocytes and from extra-cutaneous sources. The lipid synthetic pathways and the regulation of these pathways are described in this review. In addition, the pathways for the uptake of extra-cutaneous lipids into keratinocytes are discussed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled The Important Role of Lipids in the Epidermis and their Role in the Formation and Maintenance of the Cutaneous Barrier. Guest Editors: Kenneth R. Feingold and Peter Elias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R Feingold
- Metabolism Section, Medicine Service and Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
| | - Peter M Elias
- Metabolism Section, Medicine Service and Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
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117
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Schulze H, Sandhoff K. Sphingolipids and lysosomal pathologies. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1841:799-810. [PMID: 24184515 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Endocytosed (glyco)sphingolipids are degraded, together with other membrane lipids in a stepwise fashion by endolysosomal enzymes with the help of small lipid binding proteins, the sphingolipid activator proteins (SAPs), at the surface of intraluminal lysosomal vesicles. Inherited defects in a sphingolipid-degrading enzyme or SAP cause the accumulation of the corresponding lipid substrates, including cytotoxic lysosphingolipids, such as galactosylsphingosine and glucosylsphingosine, and lead to a sphingolipidosis. Analysis of patients with prosaposin deficiency revealed the accumulation of intra-endolysosmal vesicles and membrane structures (IM). Feeding of prosaposin reverses the storage, suggesting inner membrane structures as platforms of sphingolipid degradation. Water soluble enzymes can hardly attack sphingolipids embedded in the membrane of inner endolysosomal vesicles. The degradation of sphingolipids with few sugar residues therefore requires the help of the SAPs, and is strongly stimulated by anionic membrane lipids. IMs are rich in anionic bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate (BMP). This article is part of a Special Issue entitled New Frontiers in Sphingolipid Biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Schulze
- LIMES, Membrane Biology & Lipid Biochemistry Unit, c/o Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Konrad Sandhoff
- LIMES, Membrane Biology & Lipid Biochemistry Unit, c/o Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
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118
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Rice RH, Bradshaw KM, Durbin-Johnson BP, Rocke DM, Eigenheer RA, Phinney BS, Schmuth M, Gruber R. Distinguishing ichthyoses by protein profiling. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75355. [PMID: 24130705 PMCID: PMC3793978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the usefulness of protein profiling for characterization of ichthyoses, we here determined the profile of human epidermal stratum corneum by shotgun proteomics. Samples were analyzed after collection on tape circles from six anatomic sites (forearm, palm, lower leg, forehead, abdomen, upper back), demonstrating site-specific differences in profiles. Additional samples were collected from the forearms of subjects with ichthyosis vulgaris (filaggrin (FLG) deficiency), recessive X-linked ichthyosis (steroid sulfatase (STS) deficiency) and autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis type lamellar ichthyosis (transglutaminase 1 (TGM1) deficiency). The ichthyosis protein expression patterns were readily distinguishable from each other and from phenotypically normal epidermis. In general, the degree of departure from normal was lower from ichthyosis vulgaris than from lamellar ichthyosis, parallel to the severity of the phenotype. Analysis of samples from families with ichthyosis vulgaris and concomitant modifying gene mutations (STS deficiency, GJB2 deficiency) permitted correlation of alterations in protein profile with more complex genetic constellations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H. Rice
- Department of Environmental Toxicology and Forensic Science Graduate Program, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Katie M. Bradshaw
- Department of Environmental Toxicology and Forensic Science Graduate Program, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Blythe P. Durbin-Johnson
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Clinical and Translational Science Center Biostatistics Core, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - David M. Rocke
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Clinical and Translational Science Center Biostatistics Core and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Richard A. Eigenheer
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Brett S. Phinney
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Matthias Schmuth
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Robert Gruber
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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119
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Park JW, Park WJ, Futerman AH. Ceramide synthases as potential targets for therapeutic intervention in human diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1841:671-81. [PMID: 24021978 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ceramide is located at a key hub in the sphingolipid metabolic pathway and also acts as an important cellular signaling molecule. Ceramide contains one acyl chain which is attached to a sphingoid long chain base via an amide bond, with the acyl chain varying in length and degree of saturation. The identification of a family of six mammalian ceramide synthases (CerS) that synthesize ceramide with distinct acyl chains, has led to significant advances in our understanding of ceramide biology, including further delineation of the role of ceramide in various pathophysiologies in both mice and humans. Since ceramides, and the complex sphingolipids generated from ceramide, are implicated in disease, the CerS might potentially be novel targets for therapeutic intervention in the diseases in which the ceramide acyl chain length is altered. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled New Frontiers in Sphingolipid Biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Won Park
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, South Korea
| | - Woo-Jae Park
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel; Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 406-799, South Korea
| | - Anthony H Futerman
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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120
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Ceramide synthesis in the epidermis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1841:422-34. [PMID: 23988654 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The epidermis and in particular its outermost layer the stratum corneum provides terrestrial vertebrates with a pivotal defensive barrier against water loss, xenobiotics and harmful pathogens. A vital demand for this epidermal permeability barrier is the lipid-enriched lamellar matrix that embeds the enucleated corneocytes. Ceramides are the major components of these highly ordered intercellular lamellar structures, in which linoleic acid- and protein-esterified ceramides are crucial for structuring and maintaining skin barrier integrity. In this review, we describe the fascinating diversity of epidermal ceramides including 1-O-acylceramides. We focus on epidermal ceramide biosynthesis emphasizing its metabolic and topological requirements and discuss enzymes that may be involved in α- and ω-hydroxylation. Finally, we turn to epidermal ceramide regulation, highlighting transcription factors and liposensors recently described to play crucial roles in modulating skin lipid metabolism and epidermal barrier homeostasis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled The Important Role of Lipids in the Epidermis and their Role in the Formation and Maintenance of the Cutaneous Barrier.
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121
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Krieg P, Fürstenberger G. The role of lipoxygenases in epidermis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1841:390-400. [PMID: 23954555 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lipoxygenases (LOX) are key enzymes in the biosynthesis of a variety of highly active oxylipins which act as signaling molecules involved in the regulation of many biological processes. LOX are also able to oxidize complex lipids and modify membrane structures leading to structural changes that play a role in the maturation and terminal differentiation of various cell types. The mammalian skin represents a tissue with highly abundant and diverse LOX metabolism. Individual LOX isozymes are thought to play a role in the modulation of epithelial proliferation and/or differentiation as well as in inflammation, wound healing, inflammatory skin diseases and cancer. Emerging evidence indicates a structural function of a particular LOX pathway in the maintenance of skin permeability barrier. Loss-of-function mutations in the LOX genes ALOX12B and ALOXE3 have been found to represent the second most common cause of autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis and targeted disruption of the corresponding LOX genes in mice resulted in neonatal death due to a severely impaired permeability barrier function. Recent data indicate that LOX action in barrier function can be traced back to the oxygenation of linoleate-containing ceramides which constitutes an important step in the formation of the corneocyte lipid envelope. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled The Important Role of Lipids in the Epidermis and their Role in the Formation and Maintenance of the Cutaneous Barrier. Guest Editors: Kenneth R. Feingold and Peter Elias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Krieg
- Genome Modifications and Carcinogenesis, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Gerhard Fürstenberger
- Genome Modifications and Carcinogenesis, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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122
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Breiden B, Sandhoff K. The role of sphingolipid metabolism in cutaneous permeability barrier formation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1841:441-52. [PMID: 23954553 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The epidermal permeability barrier of mammalian skin is localized in the stratum corneum. Corneocytes are embedded in an extracellular, highly ordered lipid matrix of hydrophobic lipids consisting of about 50% ceramides, 25% cholesterol and 15% long and very long chain fatty acids. The most important lipids for the epidermal barrier are ceramides. The scaffold of the lipid matrix is built of acylceramides, containing ω-hydroxylated very long chain fatty acids, acylated at the ω-position with linoleic acid. After glucosylation of the acylceramides at Golgi membranes and secretion, the linoleic acid residues are replaced by glutamate residues originating from proteins exposed on the surface of corneocytes. Removal of their glucosyl residues generates a hydrophobic surface on the corneocytes used as a template for the formation of extracellular lipid layers of the water permeability barrier. Misregulation or defects in the formation of extracellular ceramide structures disturb barrier function. Important anabolic steps are the synthesis of ultra long chain fatty acids, their ω-hydroxylation, and formation of ultra long chain ceramides and glucosylceramides. The main probarrier precursor lipids, glucosylceramides and sphingomyelins, are packed in lamellar bodies together with hydrolytic enzymes such as glucosylceramide-β-glucosidase and acid sphingomyelinase and secreted into the intercelullar space between the stratum corneum and stratum granulosum. Inherited defects in the extracellular hydrolytic processing of the probarrier acylglucosylceramides impair epidermal barrier formation and cause fatal diseases: such as prosaposin deficiency resulting in lack of lysosomal lipid binding and transfer proteins, or the symptomatic clinical picture of the "collodion baby" in the absence of glucocerebrosidase. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled The Important Role of Lipids in the Epidermis and their Role in the Formation and Maintenance of the Cutaneous Barrier. Guest Editors: Kenneth R. Feingold and Peter Elias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette Breiden
- LIMES, Membrane Biology & Lipid Biochemistry Unit, c/o Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Konrad Sandhoff
- LIMES, Membrane Biology & Lipid Biochemistry Unit, c/o Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.
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123
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Mizutani Y, Sun H, Ohno Y, Sassa T, Wakashima T, Obara M, Yuyama K, Kihara A, Igarashi Y. Cooperative Synthesis of Ultra Long-Chain Fatty Acid and Ceramide during Keratinocyte Differentiation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67317. [PMID: 23826266 PMCID: PMC3694974 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The lipid lamellae in the stratum corneum is important for the epidermal permeability barrier. The lipid lamellae component ceramide (CER), comprising an ultra long-chain (ULC) fatty acid (FA) of ≥26 carbons (ULC CER), plays an essential role in barrier formation. ULC acyl-CoAs, produced by the FA elongase ELOVL4, are converted to ULC CERs by the CER synthase CERS3. In the presented study, we observed that ELOVL4 and CERS3 mRNAs increased during keratinocyte differentiation in vivo and in vitro. We also determined that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ is involved in the up-regulation of the mRNAs. Knockdown of CERS3 caused a reduction in the elongase activities toward ULC acyl-CoAs, suggesting that CERS3 positively regulates ULCFA. Thus, we reveal that the two key players in ULC CER production in epidermis, CERS3 and ELOVL4, are coordinately regulated at both the transcriptional and enzymatic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Mizutani
- Laboratory of Biomembrane and Biofunctional Chemistry, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hui Sun
- Laboratory of Biomembrane and Biofunctional Chemistry, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ohno
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Sassa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Wakashima
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mari Obara
- Laboratory of Biomembrane and Biofunctional Chemistry, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kohei Yuyama
- Laboratory of Biomembrane and Biofunctional Chemistry, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akio Kihara
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- * E-mail: (YI); (AK)
| | - Yasuyuki Igarashi
- Laboratory of Biomembrane and Biofunctional Chemistry, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- * E-mail: (YI); (AK)
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124
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Impaired epidermal permeability barrier in mice lacking elovl1, the gene responsible for very-long-chain fatty acid production. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 33:2787-96. [PMID: 23689133 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00192-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The sphingolipid backbone ceramide (Cer) is a major component of lipid lamellae in the stratum corneum of epidermis and has a pivotal role in epidermal barrier formation. Unlike Cers in other tissues, Cers in epidermis contain extremely long fatty acids (FAs). Decreases in epidermal Cer levels, as well as changes in their FA chain lengths, cause several cutaneous disorders. However, the molecular mechanisms that produce such extremely long Cers and determine their chain lengths are poorly understood. We generated mice deficient in the Elovl1 gene, which encodes the FA elongase responsible for producing C20 to C28 FAs. Elovl1 knockout mice died shortly after birth due to epidermal barrier defects. The lipid lamellae in the stratum corneum were largely diminished in these mice. In the epidermis of the Elovl1-null mice, the levels of Cers with ≥C26 FAs were decreased, while those of Cers with ≤C24 FAs were increased. In contrast, the levels of C24 sphingomyelin were reduced, accompanied by an increase in C20 sphingomyelin levels. Two ceramide synthases, CerS2 and CerS3, expressed in an epidermal layer-specific manner, regulate Elovl1 to produce acyl coenzyme As with different chain lengths. Elovl1 is a key determinant of epidermal Cer chain length and is essential for permeability barrier formation.
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125
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Tidhar R, Futerman AH. The complexity of sphingolipid biosynthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:2511-8. [PMID: 23611790 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Unlike the synthesis of other membrane lipids, sphingolipid synthesis is compartmentalized between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. The initial steps of sphingolipid synthesis, from the activity of serine palmitoyltransferase through to dihydroceramide desaturase, take place in the endoplasmic reticulum, but the further metabolism of ceramide to sphingomyelin and complex glycosphingolipids takes place mostly in the Golgi apparatus. Studies over the last decade or so have revealed unexpected levels of complexity in the sphingolipid biosynthetic pathway, mainly due to either the promiscuity of some enzymes towards their substrates, or the tight selectivity of others towards specific substrates. We now discuss two enzymes in this pathway, namely serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) and ceramide synthase (CerS), and one lipid transport protein, CERT. For SPT and CERT, significant structural information is available, and for CerS, significant information has recently been obtained that sheds light of the roles of the specific ceramide species that are produced by each of the CerS. We consider the mechanisms by which specificity is generated and speculate on the reasons that sphingolipid biosynthesis is so complex. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Functional and structural diversity of endoplasmic reticulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rotem Tidhar
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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