101
|
Andrews FH, Gatchalian J, Krajewski K, Strahl BD, Kutateladze TG. Regulation of Methyllysine Readers through Phosphorylation. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:547-53. [PMID: 26726824 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Methyllysine post-translational modifications (PTMs) of histones create binding sites for evolutionarily conserved reader domains that link nuclear host proteins and chromatin-modifying complexes to specific genomic regions. In the context of these events, adjacent histone PTMs are capable of altering the binding activity of readers toward their target marks. This provides a mechanism of "combinatorial readout" of PTMs that can enhance, decrease, or eliminate the association of readers with chromatin. In this Perspective, we focus on recent studies describing the impact of dynamic phospho-serine/threonine/tyrosine marks on the interaction of methyllysine readers with histones, summarize mechanistic aspects of the phospho/methyl readout, and highlight the significance of crosstalk between these PTMs. We also demonstrate that in addition to inhibiting binding and serving as a true switch, promoting dissociation of the methyllysine readers from chromatin, the phospho/methyl combination can act together in a cooperative manner--thus adding a new layer of regulatory information that can be encoded in these dual histone PTMs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Forest H. Andrews
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Jovylyn Gatchalian
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Krzysztof Krajewski
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, The University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Brian D. Strahl
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, The University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Tatiana G. Kutateladze
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Noh KM, Allis CD, Li H. Reading between the Lines: "ADD"-ing Histone and DNA Methylation Marks toward a New Epigenetic "Sum". ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:554-63. [PMID: 26596909 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Covalent modifications of both DNA and histones act in concert to define the landscape of our epigenome. In this review, we explore the interconnections between histone and DNA modifications by focusing on a conserved chromatin-binding regulatory domain, the ATRX-DNMT3-DNMT3L (ADD) domain. New studies show that the ADD domain is capable of sensing, and therefore integrating, the status of multiple histone modifications. This in turn dictates the in vivo localization or allosteric regulation of the full-length ADD-containing protein and its ability to function in downstream chromatin remodeling events. Strategies to re-engineer the ADD "reader pocket" in the de novo DNA methyltransferase DNMT3A such that it redirects this "writer" to new genomic loci proved useful in understanding important biological downstream consequences of mis-targeting of DNA methylation via altered reading of histone marks. Combined with genome-editing tools, this approach stands as a poof-of-principle and will be broadly applicable to the elucidation of epigenetic networks that have been altered by "reader" mutations, either artificially or as naturally occurs in some human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Min Noh
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Genome Biology
Unit, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C. David Allis
- Laboratory
of Chromatin Biology and Epigenetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Haitao Li
- MOE
Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Center for Structural Biology,
Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent advances in epigenetics indicate the involvement of several epigenetic modifications in the pathogenesis of acute kidney injury (AKI). The purpose of this review is to summarize our understanding of recent advances in the epigenetic regulation of AKI and provide mechanistic insight into the role of acetylation, methylation, and microRNA expression in the pathological processes of AKI. RECENT FINDINGS Enhancement of protein acetylation by pharmacological inhibition of histone deacetylases leads to more severe tubular injury and impairment of renal structural and functional recovery. The changes in promoter DNA methylation occur in the kidney with ischemia/reperfusion. microRNA expression is associated with regulation of both renal injury and regeneration after AKI. SUMMARY Recent studies on epigenetic regulation indicate that acetylation, methylation, and microRNA expression are critically implicated in the pathogenesis of AKI. Strategies targeting epigenetic processes may hold a therapeutic potential for patients with AKI.
Collapse
|
104
|
Lysine-specific demethylase 1 regulates differentiation onset and migration of trophoblast stem cells. Nat Commun 2016; 5:3174. [PMID: 24448552 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Propagation and differentiation of stem cell populations are tightly regulated to provide sufficient cell numbers for tissue formation while maintaining the stem cell pool. Embryonic parts of the mammalian placenta are generated from differentiating trophoblast stem cells (TSCs) invading the maternal decidua. Here we demonstrate that lysine-specific demethylase 1 (Lsd1) regulates differentiation onset of TSCs. Deletion of Lsd1 in mice results in the reduction of TSC number, diminished formation of trophectoderm tissues and early embryonic lethality. Lsd1-deficient TSCs display features of differentiation initiation, including alterations of cell morphology, and increased migration and invasion. We show that increased TSC motility is mediated by the premature expression of the transcription factor Ovol2 that is directly repressed by Lsd1 in undifferentiated cells. In summary, our data demonstrate that the epigenetic modifier Lsd1 functions as a gatekeeper for the differentiation onset of TSCs, whereby differentiation-associated cell migration is controlled by the transcription factor Ovol2.
Collapse
|
105
|
Metzger E, Willmann D, McMillan J, Forne I, Metzger P, Gerhardt S, Petroll K, von Maessenhausen A, Urban S, Schott AK, Espejo A, Eberlin A, Wohlwend D, Schüle KM, Schleicher M, Perner S, Bedford MT, Jung M, Dengjel J, Flaig R, Imhof A, Einsle O, Schüle R. Assembly of methylated KDM1A and CHD1 drives androgen receptor-dependent transcription and translocation. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2016; 23:132-9. [PMID: 26751641 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.3153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer evolution is driven by a combination of epigenetic and genetic alterations such as coordinated chromosomal rearrangements, termed chromoplexy. TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusions found in human prostate tumors are a hallmark of chromoplexy. TMPRSS2-ERG fusions have been linked to androgen signaling and depend on androgen receptor (AR)-coupled gene transcription. Here, we show that dimethylation of KDM1A at K114 (to form K114me2) by the histone methyltransferase EHMT2 is a key event controlling androgen-dependent gene transcription and TMPRSS2-ERG fusion. We identified CHD1 as a KDM1A K114me2 reader and characterized the KDM1A K114me2-CHD1 recognition mode by solving the cocrystal structure. Genome-wide analyses revealed chromatin colocalization of KDM1A K114me2, CHD1 and AR in prostate tumor cells. Together, our data link the assembly of methylated KDM1A and CHD1 with AR-dependent transcription and genomic translocations, thereby providing mechanistic insight into the formation of TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusions during prostate-tumor evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Metzger
- Klinik für Urologie und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dominica Willmann
- Klinik für Urologie und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Joel McMillan
- Klinik für Urologie und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Diamond Light Source, Didcot, UK
| | - Ignasi Forne
- Adolf-Butenandt Institut, University of Munich, München, Germany
| | - Philipp Metzger
- Klinik für Urologie und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Gerhardt
- Institut für Biochemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Petroll
- Klinik für Urologie und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Biological Systems Analysis, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anne von Maessenhausen
- Pathology Network of the University Hospital of Luebeck and Leibniz Research Center Borstel, Luebeck and Borstel, Germany
| | - Sylvia Urban
- Klinik für Urologie und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anne-Kathrin Schott
- Klinik für Urologie und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexsandra Espejo
- Department of Carcinogenesis, University of Texas, Smithville, Texas, USA
| | - Adrien Eberlin
- Klinik für Urologie und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Wohlwend
- Institut für Biochemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katrin M Schüle
- Klinik für Urologie und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Schleicher
- Department of New Therapeutic Concept Discovery, Boehringer Ingelheim, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sven Perner
- Pathology Network of the University Hospital of Luebeck and Leibniz Research Center Borstel, Luebeck and Borstel, Germany
| | - Mark T Bedford
- Department of Carcinogenesis, University of Texas, Smithville, Texas, USA
| | - Manfred Jung
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jörn Dengjel
- Center for Biological Systems Analysis, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Axel Imhof
- Adolf-Butenandt Institut, University of Munich, München, Germany
| | - Oliver Einsle
- Institut für Biochemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre of Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roland Schüle
- Klinik für Urologie und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre of Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Integration of Signaling Pathways with the Epigenetic Machinery in the Maintenance of Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2016:8652748. [PMID: 26798364 PMCID: PMC4699037 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8652748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells balance their self-renewal and differentiation potential by integrating environmental signals with the transcriptional regulatory network. The maintenance of cell identity and/or cell lineage commitment relies on the interplay of multiple factors including signaling pathways, transcription factors, and the epigenetic machinery. These regulatory modules are strongly interconnected and they influence the pattern of gene expression of stem cells, thus guiding their cellular fate. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) represent an invaluable tool to study this interplay, being able to indefinitely self-renew and to differentiate towards all three embryonic germ layers in response to developmental cues. In this review, we highlight those mechanisms of signaling to chromatin, which regulate chromatin modifying enzymes, histone modifications, and nucleosome occupancy. In addition, we report the molecular mechanisms through which signaling pathways affect both the epigenetic and the transcriptional state of ESCs, thereby influencing their cell identity. We propose that the dynamic nature of oscillating signaling and the different regulatory network topologies through which those signals are encoded determine specific gene expression programs, leading to the fluctuation of ESCs among multiple pluripotent states or to the establishment of the necessary conditions to exit pluripotency.
Collapse
|
107
|
Abstract
Histone proteins and the nucleosomal organization of chromatin are near-universal eukaroytic features, with the exception of dinoflagellates. Previous studies have suggested that histones do not play a major role in the packaging of dinoflagellate genomes, although several genomic and transcriptomic surveys have detected a full set of core histone genes. Here, transcriptomic and genomic sequence data from multiple dinoflagellate lineages are analyzed, and the diversity of histone proteins and their variants characterized, with particular focus on their potential post-translational modifications and the conservation of the histone code. In addition, the set of putative epigenetic mark readers and writers, chromatin remodelers and histone chaperones are examined. Dinoflagellates clearly express the most derived set of histones among all autonomous eukaryote nuclei, consistent with a combination of relaxation of sequence constraints imposed by the histone code and the presence of numerous specialized histone variants. The histone code itself appears to have diverged significantly in some of its components, yet others are conserved, implying conservation of the associated biochemical processes. Specifically, and with major implications for the function of histones in dinoflagellates, the results presented here strongly suggest that transcription through nucleosomal arrays happens in dinoflagellates. Finally, the plausible roles of histones in dinoflagellate nuclei are discussed.
Collapse
|
108
|
Dimitrova E, Turberfield AH, Klose RJ. Histone demethylases in chromatin biology and beyond. EMBO Rep 2015; 16:1620-39. [PMID: 26564907 PMCID: PMC4687429 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201541113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone methylation plays fundamental roles in regulating chromatin‐based processes. With the discovery of histone demethylases over a decade ago, it is now clear that histone methylation is dynamically regulated to shape the epigenome and regulate important nuclear processes including transcription, cell cycle control and DNA repair. In addition, recent observations suggest that these enzymes could also have functions beyond their originally proposed role as histone demethylases. In this review, we focus on recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underpin the role of histone demethylases in a wide variety of normal cellular processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert J Klose
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
109
|
Brezar V, Tu WJ, Seddiki N. PKC-Theta in Regulatory and Effector T-cell Functions. Front Immunol 2015; 6:530. [PMID: 26528291 PMCID: PMC4602307 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the major goals in immunology research is to understand the regulatory mechanisms that underpin the rapid switch on/off of robust and efficient effector (Teffs) or regulatory (Tregs) T-cell responses. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of such responses is critical for the development of effective therapies. T-cell activation involves the engagement of T-cell receptor and co-stimulatory signals, but the subsequent recruitment of serine/threonine-specific protein Kinase C-theta (PKC-θ) to the immunological synapse (IS) is instrumental for the formation of signaling complexes, which ultimately lead to a transcriptional network in T cells. Recent studies demonstrated that major differences between Teffs and Tregs occurred at the IS where its formation induces altered signaling pathways in Tregs. These pathways are characterized by reduced recruitment of PKC-θ, suggesting that PKC-θ inhibits Tregs suppressive function in a negative feedback loop. As the balance of Teffs and Tregs has been shown to be central in several diseases, it was not surprising that some studies revealed that PKC-θ plays a major role in the regulation of this balance. This review will examine recent knowledge on the role of PKC-θ in T-cell transcriptional responses and how this protein can impact on the function of both Tregs and Teffs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vedran Brezar
- INSERM U955, Équipe 16 and Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est , Créteil , France ; Vaccine Research Institute (VRI) , Créteil , France
| | - Wen Juan Tu
- Faculty of Education, Science, Technology and Maths, University of Canberra , Canberra, ACT , Australia
| | - Nabila Seddiki
- INSERM U955, Équipe 16 and Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est , Créteil , France ; Vaccine Research Institute (VRI) , Créteil , France
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Lim PS, Sutton CR, Rao S. Protein kinase C in the immune system: from signalling to chromatin regulation. Immunology 2015; 146:508-22. [PMID: 26194700 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) form a key family of enzymes involved in signalling pathways that specifically phosphorylates substrates at serine/threonine residues. Phosphorylation by PKC is important in regulating a variety of cellular events such as cell proliferation and the regulation of gene expression. In the immune system, PKCs are involved in regulating signal transduction pathways important for both innate and adaptive immunity, ultimately resulting in the expression of key immune genes. PKCs act as mediators during immune cell signalling through the immunological synapse. PKCs are traditionally known to be cytoplasmic signal transducers and are well embedded in the signalling pathways of cells to mediate the cells' response to a stimulus from the plasma membrane to the nucleus. PKCs are also found to transduce signals within the nucleus, a process that is distinct from the cytoplasmic signalling pathway. There is now growing evidence suggesting that PKC can directly regulate gene expression programmes through a non-traditional role as nuclear kinases. In this review, we will focus on the role of PKCs as key cytoplasmic signal transducers in immune cell signalling, as well as its role in nuclear signal transduction. We will also highlight recent evidence for its newly discovered regulatory role in the nucleus as a chromatin-associated kinase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pek Siew Lim
- Discipline of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Applied Science, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Christopher Ray Sutton
- Discipline of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Applied Science, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Sudha Rao
- Discipline of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Applied Science, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Inhibition of LSD1 by Pargyline inhibited process of EMT and delayed progression of prostate cancer in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 467:310-5. [PMID: 26435505 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.09.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Recently, lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) was identified as the first histone demethylase. LSD1 interacted with androgen receptor (AR) and promoted androgen-dependent transcription of target genes, such as PSA, by ligand-induced demethylation of mono- and dimethylated histone H3 at Lys 9 (H3K9). Meanwhile, the phenomenon of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) had received considerable attention in tumor recurrence and metastasis. This study examined the effect of Pargyline (an inhibitor of LSD1) on the process of EMT in vitro and in vivo. SCID mice were injected subcutaneously with LNCap cells. Pargyline was given intraperitoneally or not after castration (implemented with Bilateral orchidectomy), then PSA levels in serum and tumor were determined to assess time to androgen-independent progression. The results showed that LSD1 expression was up-regulated when PCa progressed to Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer (CRPC). Pargyline reduced LNCap cells migration and invasion ability, and inhibited the process of EMT by up-regulating expression of E-cadherin, and down-regulating expressions of N-cadherin and Vimentin in vitro and in vivo. Although, Pargyline did not change the level of AR, it reduced PSA expression both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, Pargyline delayed prostate cancer transition from androgen-dependent to androgen-independent state (CRPC). These findings indicated that inhibition of LSD1 might be a promise adjunctive therapy with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for locally advanced or metastatic prostate cancer.
Collapse
|
112
|
|
113
|
Casciello F, Windloch K, Gannon F, Lee JS. Functional Role of G9a Histone Methyltransferase in Cancer. Front Immunol 2015; 6:487. [PMID: 26441991 PMCID: PMC4585248 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications of DNA and histones are epigenetic mechanisms, which affect the chromatin structure, ultimately leading to gene expression changes. A number of different epigenetic enzymes are actively involved in the addition or the removal of various covalent modifications, which include acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and sumoylation. Deregulation of these processes is a hallmark of cancer. For instance, G9a, a histone methyltransferase responsible for histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9) mono- and dimethylation, has been observed to be upregulated in different types of cancer and its overexpression has been associated with poor prognosis. Key roles played by these enzymes in various diseases have led to the hypothesis that these molecules represent valuable targets for future therapies. Several small molecule inhibitors have been developed to specifically block the epigenetic activity of these enzymes, representing promising therapeutic tools in the treatment of human malignancies, such as cancer. In this review, the role of one of these epigenetic enzymes, G9a, is discussed, focusing on its functional role in regulating gene expression as well as its implications in cancer initiation and progression. We also discuss important findings from recent studies using epigenetic inhibitors in cell systems in vitro as well as experimental tumor growth and metastasis assays in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Casciello
- Control of Gene Expression Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Herston, QLD , Australia ; School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University , Nathan, QLD , Australia
| | - Karolina Windloch
- Control of Gene Expression Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Herston, QLD , Australia
| | - Frank Gannon
- Control of Gene Expression Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Herston, QLD , Australia
| | - Jason S Lee
- Control of Gene Expression Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Herston, QLD , Australia ; Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology , Kelvin Grove, QLD , Australia ; School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
114
|
Lim KK, Ong TYR, Tan YR, Yang EG, Ren B, Seah KS, Yang Z, Tan TS, Dymock BW, Chen ES. Mutation of histone H3 serine 86 disrupts GATA factor Ams2 expression and precise chromosome segregation in fission yeast. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14064. [PMID: 26369364 PMCID: PMC4570208 DOI: 10.1038/srep14064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic genomes are packed into discrete units, referred to as nucleosomes, by organizing around scaffolding histone proteins. The interplay between these histones and the DNA can dynamically regulate the function of the chromosomal domain. Here, we interrogated the function of a pair of juxtaposing serine residues (S86 and S87) that reside within the histone fold of histone H3. We show that fission yeast cells expressing a mutant histone H3 disrupted at S86 and S87 (hht2-S86AS87A) exhibited unequal chromosome segregation, disrupted transcriptional silencing of centromeric chromatin, and reduced expression of Ams2, a GATA-factor that regulates localization of the centromere-specific histone H3 variant CENP-A. We found that overexpression of ams2+ could suppress the chromosome missegregation phenotype that arose in the hht2-S86AS87A mutant. We further demonstrate that centromeric localization of SpCENP-Acnp1-1 was significantly compromised in hht2-S86AS87A, suggesting synergism between histone H3 and the centromere-targeting domain of SpCENP-A. Taken together, our work presents evidence for an uncharacterized serine residue in fission yeast histone H3 that affects centromeric integrity via regulating the expression of the SpCENP-A-localizing Ams2 protein. [173/200 words]
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Kiat Lim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,National University Health System (NUHS), National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Terenze Yao Rui Ong
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,National University Health System (NUHS), National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yue Rong Tan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,National University Health System (NUHS), National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eugene Guorong Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bingbing Ren
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,National University Health System (NUHS), National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kwi Shan Seah
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,National University Health System (NUHS), National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhe Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,National University Health System (NUHS), National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tsu Soo Tan
- School of Chemical &Life Sciences, Nanyang Polytechnic, Singapore
| | - Brian W Dymock
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ee Sin Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,National University Health System (NUHS), National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Synthetic Biology Research Consortium, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
115
|
Zhao Y, Garcia BA. Comprehensive Catalog of Currently Documented Histone Modifications. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2015; 7:a025064. [PMID: 26330523 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a025064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Modern techniques in molecular biology, genomics, and mass spectrometry-based proteomics have identified a large number of novel histone posttranslational modifications (PTMs), many of whose functions are still under intense investigation. Here, we catalog histone PTMs under two classes: first, those whose functions have been fairly well studied and, second, those PTMs that have been more recently identified but whose functions remain unclear. We hope that this will be a useful resource for researchers from all biological or technical backgrounds, aiding in their chromatin and epigenetic pursuits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingming Zhao
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Benjamin A Garcia
- Epigenetics Program, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| |
Collapse
|
116
|
Kosumi K, Baba Y, Sakamoto A, Ishimoto T, Harada K, Nakamura K, Kurashige J, Hiyoshi Y, Iwatsuki M, Iwagami S, Sakamoto Y, Miyamoto Y, Yoshida N, Oki E, Watanabe M, Hino S, Nakao M, Baba H. Lysine-specific demethylase-1 contributes to malignant behavior by regulation of invasive activity and metabolic shift in esophageal cancer. Int J Cancer 2015; 138:428-39. [PMID: 26240060 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Lysine-specific demethylase-1 (LSD1) removes the methyl groups from mono- and di-methylated lysine 4 of histone H3. Previous studies have linked LSD1 to malignancy in several human tumors, and LSD1 is considered to epigenetically regulate the energy metabolism genes in adipocytes and hepatocellular carcinoma. This study investigates the function of LSD1 in the invasive activity and the metabolism of esophageal cancer cells. We investigated whether LSD1 immunohistochemical expression levels are related to clinical and pathological features, including the maximum standard uptake value in fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography assay. The influence of LSD1 on cell proliferation, invasion and glucose uptake was evaluated in vitro by using specific small interfering RNA for LSD1, and an LSD1 inhibitor. We also evaluated two major energy pathways (glycolytic pathway and mitochondrial respiration) by measuring the extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) and the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) with an extracellular flux analyzer. High LSD1 immunohistochemical expression was significantly associated with high tumor stage, lymphovascular invasion, poor prognosis, and high maximum standard uptake value in esophageal cancer patients. In the in vitro analysis, LSD1 knockdown significantly suppressed the invasive activity and glucose uptake of cancerous cells, reduced their ECAR and increased their OCR and OCR/ECAR. LSD1 may contribute to malignant behavior by regulating the invasive activity and metabolism, activating the glycolytic pathway and inhibiting the mitochondrial respiration of esophageal cancer cells. The results support LSD1 as a potential therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Kosumi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Akihisa Sakamoto
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takatsugu Ishimoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kazuto Harada
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kenichi Nakamura
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Junji Kurashige
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yukiharu Hiyoshi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masaaki Iwatsuki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shiro Iwagami
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yasuo Sakamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yuji Miyamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Naoya Yoshida
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Eiji Oki
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masayuki Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinjiro Hino
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Nakao
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hideo Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
Méndez C, Ahlenstiel CL, Kelleher AD. Post-transcriptional gene silencing, transcriptional gene silencing and human immunodeficiency virus. World J Virol 2015; 4:219-244. [PMID: 26279984 PMCID: PMC4534814 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v4.i3.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
While human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infection is controlled through continuous, life-long use of a combination of drugs targeting different steps of the virus cycle, HIV-1 is never completely eradicated from the body. Despite decades of research there is still no effective vaccine to prevent HIV-1 infection. Therefore, the possibility of an RNA interference (RNAi)-based cure has become an increasingly explored approach. Endogenous gene expression is controlled at both, transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels by non-coding RNAs, which act through diverse molecular mechanisms including RNAi. RNAi has the potential to control the turning on/off of specific genes through transcriptional gene silencing (TGS), as well as fine-tuning their expression through post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS). In this review we will describe in detail the canonical RNAi pathways for PTGS and TGS, the relationship of TGS with other silencing mechanisms and will discuss a variety of approaches developed to suppress HIV-1 via manipulation of RNAi. We will briefly compare RNAi strategies against other approaches developed to target the virus, highlighting their potential to overcome the major obstacle to finding a cure, which is the specific targeting of the HIV-1 reservoir within latently infected cells.
Collapse
|
118
|
Burg JM, Link JE, Morgan BS, Heller FJ, Hargrove AE, McCafferty DG. KDM1 class flavin-dependent protein lysine demethylases. Biopolymers 2015; 104:213-46. [PMID: 25787087 PMCID: PMC4747437 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Flavin-dependent, lysine-specific protein demethylases (KDM1s) are a subfamily of amine oxidases that catalyze the selective posttranslational oxidative demethylation of methyllysine side chains within protein and peptide substrates. KDM1s participate in the widespread epigenetic regulation of both normal and disease state transcriptional programs. Their activities are central to various cellular functions, such as hematopoietic and neuronal differentiation, cancer proliferation and metastasis, and viral lytic replication and establishment of latency. Interestingly, KDM1s function as catalytic subunits within complexes with coregulatory molecules that modulate enzymatic activity of the demethylases and coordinate their access to specific substrates at distinct sites within the cell and chromatin. Although several classes of KDM1-selective small molecule inhibitors have been recently developed, these pan-active site inhibition strategies lack the ability to selectively discriminate between KDM1 activity in specific, and occasionally opposing, functional contexts within these complexes. Here we review the discovery of this class of demethylases, their structures, chemical mechanisms, and specificity. Additionally, we review inhibition of this class of enzymes as well as emerging interactions with coregulatory molecules that regulate demethylase activity in highly specific functional contexts of biological and potential therapeutic importance.
Collapse
|
119
|
Noh KM, Wang H, Kim HR, Wenderski W, Fang F, Li CH, Dewell S, Hughes SH, Melnick AM, Patel DJ, Li H, Allis CD. Engineering of a Histone-Recognition Domain in Dnmt3a Alters the Epigenetic Landscape and Phenotypic Features of Mouse ESCs. Mol Cell 2015; 59:89-103. [PMID: 26073541 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2015.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Histone modification and DNA methylation are associated with varying epigenetic "landscapes," but detailed mechanistic and functional links between the two remain unclear. Using the ATRX-DNMT3-DNMT3L (ADD) domain of the DNA methyltransferase Dnmt3a as a paradigm, we apply protein engineering to dissect the molecular interactions underlying the recruitment of this enzyme to specific regions of chromatin in mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs). By rendering the ADD domain insensitive to histone modification, specifically H3K4 methylation or H3T3 phosphorylation, we demonstrate the consequence of dysregulated Dnmt3a binding and activity. Targeting of a Dnmt3a mutant to H3K4me3 promoters decreases gene expression in a subset of developmental genes and alters ESC differentiation, whereas aberrant binding of another mutant to H3T3ph during mitosis promotes chromosome instability. Our studies support the general view that histone modification "reading" and DNA methylation are closely coupled in mammalian cells, and suggest an avenue for the functional assessment of chromatin-associated proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Min Noh
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology and Epigenetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Genome Biology Unit, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Haibo Wang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Hyunjae R Kim
- Laboratory of RNA Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Wendy Wenderski
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology and Epigenetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Fang Fang
- Department of Medicine, Hematology-Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Charles H Li
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology and Epigenetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Scott Dewell
- Genomics, Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Stephen H Hughes
- IV Drug Resistance Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Ari M Melnick
- Department of Medicine, Hematology-Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Dinshaw J Patel
- Structure Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Haitao Li
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - C David Allis
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology and Epigenetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| |
Collapse
|
120
|
Abstract
In multicellular organisms differentiated cells must maintain their cellular memory, which will be faithfully inherited and maintained by their progeny. In addition, these specialized cells are exposed to specific environmental and cell-intrinsic signals and will have to appropriately respond to them. Some of these stimuli lead to changes in a subset of genes or to a genome-wide reprogramming of the cells that will remain after stimuli removal and, in some instances, will be inherited by the daughter cells. The molecular substrate that integrates cellular memory and plasticity is the chromatin, a complex of DNA and histones unique to eukaryotes. The nucleosome is the fundamental unit of the chromatin and nucleosomal organization defines different chromatin conformations. Chromatin regulators affect chromatin conformation and accessibility by covalently modifying the DNA or the histones, substituting histone variants, remodeling the nucleosome position or modulating chromatin looping and folding. These regulators frequently act in multiprotein complexes and highly specific interplays among chromatin marks and different chromatin regulators allow a remarkable array of possibilities. Therefore, chromatin regulator nets act to propagate the conformation of different chromatin regions through DNA replication and mitosis, and to remodel the chromatin fiber to regulate the accessibility of the DNA to transcription factors and to the transcription and repair machineries. Here, the state-of-the-art of the best-known chromatin regulators is reviewed.
Collapse
|
121
|
Dunn J, McCuaig R, Tu WJ, Hardy K, Rao S. Multi-layered epigenetic mechanisms contribute to transcriptional memory in T lymphocytes. BMC Immunol 2015; 16:27. [PMID: 25943594 PMCID: PMC4422045 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-015-0089-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immunological memory is the ability of the immune system to respond more rapidly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens, a key feature of adaptive immunity. The capacity of memory T cells to “remember” previous cellular responses to specific antigens ultimately resides in their unique patterns of gene expression. Following re-exposure to an antigen, previously activated genes are transcribed more rapidly and robustly in memory T cells compared to their naïve counterparts. The ability for cells to remember past transcriptional responses is termed “adaptive transcriptional memory”. Results Recent global epigenome studies suggest that epigenetic mechanisms are central to establishing and maintaining transcriptional memory, with elegant studies in model organisms providing tantalizing insights into the epigenetic programs that contribute to adaptive immunity. These epigenetic mechanisms are diverse, and include not only classical acetylation and methylation events, but also exciting and less well-known mechanisms involving histone structure, upstream signalling pathways, and nuclear localisation of genomic regions. Conclusions Current global health challenges in areas such as tuberculosis and influenza demand not only more effective and safer vaccines, but also vaccines for a wider range of health priorities, including HIV, cancer, and emerging pathogens such as Ebola. Understanding the multi-layered epigenetic mechanisms that underpin the rapid recall responses of memory T cells following reactivation is a critical component of this development pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Dunn
- Faculty of Education, Science, Technology & Maths, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| | - Robert McCuaig
- Faculty of Education, Science, Technology & Maths, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| | - Wen Juan Tu
- Faculty of Education, Science, Technology & Maths, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| | - Kristine Hardy
- Faculty of Education, Science, Technology & Maths, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| | - Sudha Rao
- Faculty of Education, Science, Technology & Maths, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
122
|
Mould DP, McGonagle AE, Wiseman DH, Williams EL, Jordan AM. Reversible inhibitors of LSD1 as therapeutic agents in acute myeloid leukemia: clinical significance and progress to date. Med Res Rev 2015; 35:586-618. [PMID: 25418875 DOI: 10.1002/med.21334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the 10 years since the discovery of lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1), this epigenetic eraser has emerged as an important target of interest in oncology. More specifically, research has demonstrated that it plays an essential role in the self-renewal of leukemic stem cells in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). This review will cover clinical aspects of AML, the role of epigenetics in the disease, and discuss the research that led to the first irreversible inhibitors of LSD1 entering clinical trials for the treatment of AML in 2014. We also review recent achievements and progress in the development of potent and selective reversible inhibitors of LSD1. These compounds differ in their mode of action from tranylcypromine derivatives and could facilitate novel biochemical studies to probe the pathways mediated by LSD1. In this review, we will critically evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of published series of reversible LSD1 inhibitors. Overall, while the development of reversible inhibitors to date has been less fruitful than that of irreversible inhibitors, there is still the possibility for their use to facilitate further research into the roles and functions of LSD1 and to expand the therapeutic applications of LSD1 inhibitors in the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Mould
- Department of Drug Discovery, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
123
|
Affiliation(s)
- He Huang
- Ben May Department of Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Shu Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Benjamin A. Garcia
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Yingming Zhao
- Ben May Department of Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| |
Collapse
|
124
|
Chemical “Diversity” of Chromatin Through Histone Variants and Histone Modifications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40610-015-0005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
125
|
Wang M, Liu X, Jiang G, Chen H, Guo J, Weng X. Relationship between LSD1 expression and E-cadherin expression in prostate cancer. Int Urol Nephrol 2015; 47:485-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s11255-015-0915-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
126
|
Fan J, Krautkramer KA, Feldman JL, Denu JM. Metabolic regulation of histone post-translational modifications. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:95-108. [PMID: 25562692 DOI: 10.1021/cb500846u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Histone post-translational modifications regulate transcription and other DNA-templated functions. This process is dynamically regulated by specific modifying enzymes whose activities require metabolites that either serve as cosubstrates or act as activators/inhibitors. Therefore, metabolism can influence histone modification by changing local concentrations of key metabolites. Physiologically, the epigenetic response to metabolism is important for nutrient sensing and environment adaption. In pathologic states, the connection between metabolism and histone modification mediates epigenetic abnormality in complex disease. In this review, we summarize recent studies of the molecular mechanisms involved in metabolic regulation of histone modifications and discuss their biological significance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Fan
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry and the Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, United States
| | - Kimberly A. Krautkramer
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry and the Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, United States
| | - Jessica L. Feldman
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry and the Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, United States
| | - John M. Denu
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry and the Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, United States
| |
Collapse
|
127
|
McGrath J, Trojer P. Targeting histone lysine methylation in cancer. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 150:1-22. [PMID: 25578037 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Within the vast landscape of histone modifications lysine methylation has gained increasing attention because of its profound regulatory potential. The methylation of lysine residues on histone proteins modulates chromatin structure and thereby contributes to the regulation of DNA-based nuclear processes such as transcription, replication and repair. Protein families with opposing catalytic activities, lysine methyltransferases (KMTs) and demethylases (KDMs), dynamically control levels of histone lysine methylation and individual enzymes within these families have become candidate oncology targets in recent years. A number of high quality small molecule inhibitors of these enzymes have been identified. Several of these compounds elicit selective cancer cell killing in vitro and robust efficacy in vivo, suggesting that targeting 'histone lysine methylation pathways' may be a relevant, emerging cancer therapeutic strategy. Here, we discuss individual histone lysine methylation pathway targets, the properties of currently available small molecule inhibitors and their application in the context of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John McGrath
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, 215 1st Street Suite 200, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Patrick Trojer
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, 215 1st Street Suite 200, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
128
|
Pacaud R, Cheray M, Nadaradjane A, Vallette FM, Cartron PF. Histone H3 phosphorylation in GBM: a new rational to guide the use of kinase inhibitors in anti-GBM therapy. Am J Cancer Res 2015; 5:12-22. [PMID: 25553095 PMCID: PMC4265745 DOI: 10.7150/thno.8799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Histones post-translational modifications (PTMs) are crucial components of diverse processes that modulate chromatin. Among the histones PTMs, the histones phosphorylation appears such crucial since it plays a significant role into DNA repair structure, transcription and chromatin compaction during cell division and apoptosis. However, little is known about the prognostic value of the histone phosphorylation in human cancer. This point could be considerate such as an important gap in anti-cancer therapy since the use of adequate kinase inhibitors could remedy to the aberrant histone phosphorylation associated with a poor prognosis factor. To remedy at this situation, we analyzed the phosphorylation level of histone H3 at the residues T3, T6, S10, S28, Y41 and T45 in a collection of 42 glioblastoma multiformes (GBM). Our data indicated that the high level of pH3T6, pH3S10 and pH3Y41 are signatures associated with a poor prognosis of overall survival (OS) of GBM treated with the "temozolomide and irradiation standard" treatment of GBM (named TMZ+Irad treatment). Our data also showed that these signatures are correlated with the high activity of kinases already described as writers of the pH3T6, pH3S10 and pH3Y41 i.e. the PKC, Aurora-B and JAK2, respectively. Finally, our analysis revealed that the use of Enzastaurin, AZD1152, and AZD1480 abrogated the high level of pH3T6, pH3S10 and pH3Y41 while increasing the sensitivity to the "temozolomide and irradiation"-induced cell death. To conclude, it appears that this work provides biomarkers for patient stratification for a therapy including kinase inhibitors.
Collapse
|
129
|
Maes T, Mascaró C, Ortega A, Lunardi S, Ciceri F, Somervaille TCP, Buesa C. KDM1 histone lysine demethylases as targets for treatments of oncological and neurodegenerative disease. Epigenomics 2015; 7:609-26. [PMID: 26111032 DOI: 10.2217/epi.15.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone methylation and demethylation are important processes associated with the regulation of gene transcription, and alterations in histone methylation status have been linked to a large number of human diseases. Initially thought to be an irreversible process, histone methylation is now known to be reversed by two families of proteins containing over 30 members that act to remove methyl groups from specific lysine residues present in the tails of histone H3 and histone H4. A rapidly growing number of reports have implicated the FAD-dependent lysine specific demethylase (KDM1) family in cancer, and several small-molecule inhibitors are in development for the treatment of cancer. An additional role has emerged for KDM1 in brain function, offering additional opportunities for the development of novel therapeutic strategies in neurodegenerative disease. A decade after the identification of KDM1A as a histone demethylase, the first selective inhibitors have now reached the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Maes
- Oryzon Genomics S.A., Carrer Sant Ferran 74, 08940 Cornella de Llobregat, Barcelona, España
| | - Cristina Mascaró
- Oryzon Genomics S.A., Carrer Sant Ferran 74, 08940 Cornella de Llobregat, Barcelona, España
| | - Alberto Ortega
- Oryzon Genomics S.A., Carrer Sant Ferran 74, 08940 Cornella de Llobregat, Barcelona, España
| | - Serena Lunardi
- Oryzon Genomics S.A., Carrer Sant Ferran 74, 08940 Cornella de Llobregat, Barcelona, España
| | - Filippo Ciceri
- Oryzon Genomics S.A., Carrer Sant Ferran 74, 08940 Cornella de Llobregat, Barcelona, España
| | - Tim C P Somervaille
- Leukaemia Biology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
| | - Carlos Buesa
- Oryzon Genomics S.A., Carrer Sant Ferran 74, 08940 Cornella de Llobregat, Barcelona, España
| |
Collapse
|
130
|
Wu Y, Zhou BP. Epigenetic regulation of LSD1 during mammary carcinogenesis. Mol Cell Oncol 2014; 1:e963426. [PMID: 27308339 PMCID: PMC4904887 DOI: 10.4161/21624011.2014.963426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Inheritable epigenetic regulation is integral to the dynamic control of gene expression under different stimuli for cellular homeostasis and disease progression. Histone methylation is a common and important type of chromatin modification. LSD1, the first known histone lysine-specific demethylase, operates as a key component of several corepressor complexes during development and in disease states. In this review, we focus on the regulation of LSD1 in mammary carcinogenesis. LSD1 plays a role in promoting mammary tumor metastasis and proliferation and in maintaining mammary cancer stem cells. Therefore, LSD1 represents a viable therapeutic target for effective treatment of mammary carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yadi Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutrition Science; College of Medicine; University of Kentucky; Lexington, KY USA; Markey Cancer Center; College of Medicine; University of Kentucky; Lexington, KY USA
| | - Binhua P Zhou
- Markey Cancer Center; College of Medicine; University of Kentucky; Lexington, KY USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry; College of Medicine; University of Kentucky; Lexington, KY USA
| |
Collapse
|
131
|
Cai C, He HH, Gao S, Chen S, Yu Z, Gao Y, Chen S, Chen MW, Zhang J, Ahmed M, Wang Y, Metzger E, Schüle R, Liu XS, Brown M, Balk SP. Lysine-specific demethylase 1 has dual functions as a major regulator of androgen receptor transcriptional activity. Cell Rep 2014; 9:1618-1627. [PMID: 25482560 PMCID: PMC4268354 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysine-Specific Demethylase 1 (LSD1, KDM1A) functions as a transcriptional corepressor through demethylation of histone 3 lysine 4 (H3K4) but has a coactivator function on some genes through mechanisms that are unclear. We show that LSD1, interacting with CoREST, associates with and coactivates androgen receptor (AR) on a large fraction of androgen-stimulated genes. A subset of these AR/LSD1-associated enhancer sites have histone 3 threonine 6 phosphorylation (H3T6ph), and these sites are further enriched for androgen-stimulated genes. Significantly, despite its coactivator activity, LSD1 still mediates H3K4me2 demethylation at these androgen-stimulated enhancers. FOXA1 is also associated with LSD1 at AR-regulated enhancer sites, and a FOXA1 interaction with LSD1 enhances binding of both proteins at these sites. These findings show that LSD1 functions broadly as a regulator of AR function, that it maintains a transcriptional repression function at AR-regulated enhancers through H3K4 demethylation, and that it has a distinct AR-linked coactivator function mediated by demethylation of other substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changmeng Cai
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Housheng Hansen He
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Center/University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G1L7, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G2M9, Canada.
| | - Shuai Gao
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sen Chen
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ziyang Yu
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yanfei Gao
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Shaoyong Chen
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Mei Wei Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jesse Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Musaddeque Ahmed
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Center/University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G1L7, Canada
| | - Yang Wang
- 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Eric Metzger
- Urologische Klinik und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg, Breisacherstrasse 66, and BIOSS Centre of Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University and Deutsche Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung (DKTK), Standort Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roland Schüle
- Urologische Klinik und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg, Breisacherstrasse 66, and BIOSS Centre of Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University and Deutsche Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung (DKTK), Standort Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - X Shirley Liu
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Myles Brown
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Steven P Balk
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| |
Collapse
|
132
|
Martin-Liberal J, Cameron AJ, Claus J, Judson IR, Parker PJ, Linch M. Targeting protein kinase C in sarcoma. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2014; 1846:547-59. [PMID: 25453364 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) is a family of serine/threonine tyrosine kinases that regulate many cellular processes including division, proliferation, survival, anoikis and polarity. PKC is abundant in many human cancers and aberrant PKC signalling has been demonstrated in cancer models. On this basis, PKC has become an attractive target for small molecule inhibition within oncology drug development programmes. Sarcoma is a heterogeneous group of mesenchymal malignancies. Due to their relative insensitivity to conventional chemotherapies and the increasing recognition of the driving molecular events of sarcomagenesis, sarcoma provides an excellent platform to test novel therapeutics. In this review we provide a structure-function overview of the PKC family, the rationale for targeting these kinases in sarcoma and the state of play with regard to PKC inhibition in the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Martin-Liberal
- Sarcoma Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital, Fulham Road, London SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - A J Cameron
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - J Claus
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - I R Judson
- Sarcoma Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital, Fulham Road, London SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - P J Parker
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK; Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - M Linch
- Department of Oncology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
133
|
Garg R, Benedetti LG, Abera MB, Wang H, Abba M, Kazanietz MG. Protein kinase C and cancer: what we know and what we do not. Oncogene 2014; 33:5225-37. [PMID: 24336328 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Since their discovery in the late 1970s, protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes represent one of the most extensively studied signaling kinases. PKCs signal through multiple pathways and control the expression of genes relevant for cell cycle progression, tumorigenesis and metastatic dissemination. Despite the vast amount of information concerning the mechanisms that control PKC activation and function in cellular models, the relevance of individual PKC isozymes in the progression of human cancer is still a matter of controversy. Although the expression of PKC isozymes is altered in multiple cancer types, the causal relationship between such changes and the initiation and progression of the disease remains poorly defined. Animal models developed in the last years helped to better understand the involvement of individual PKCs in various cancer types and in the context of specific oncogenic alterations. Unraveling the enormous complexity in the mechanisms by which PKC isozymes have an impact on tumorigenesis and metastasis is key for reassessing their potential as pharmacological targets for cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Garg
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - L G Benedetti
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - M B Abera
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - H Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - M Abba
- Centro de Investigaciones Inmunológicas Básicas y Aplicadas (CINIBA), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - M G Kazanietz
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
134
|
Sutcliffe EL, Rao S. Duplicity of protein kinase C-θ: Novel insights into human T-cell biology. Transcription 2014; 2:189-192. [PMID: 21922062 DOI: 10.4161/trns.2.4.16565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently reported on a new wrinkle of complexity in how eukaryotic genes are regulated by providing evidence for a hitherto unknown nuclear function of the signaling kinase, Protein Kinase C-theta (PKC-θ). This chromatin-anchored complex positively regulates inducible immune genes and negatively regulates target miRNA genes. These data challenge the traditional view of mammalian signaling kinases and provides new avenues for therapeutic drug design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elissa L Sutcliffe
- Discipline of Biomedical Sciences; Faculty of Applied Science; University of Canberra; Canberra, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
135
|
[Interdisciplinary and individualized therapy of prostate cancer : International prostate cancer symposium Bonn 2013 - challenges and targets]. Urologe A 2014; 54:1584-90. [PMID: 25297487 DOI: 10.1007/s00120-014-3580-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Multimodal treatment of prostate cancer is based on specific staging via imaging, clinical parameters, tumor markers and histopathological grading. Risk-adapted therapy encompasses wait and see, active surveillance, surgical intervention, radiotherapy and hormone therapy. Some patients also need a combination of these treatment options. Even though clinical parameters guide the treatment plan, patient wishes and preferences are incorporated. Against this background leading basic research scientists, urologists, radiotherapists, epidemiologists and members of other associated disciplines discussed state of the art treatment concepts, innovative trial designs and translational research projects at the international meeting "Challenges and Chances in Prostate Cancer Research" organized by the German Cancer Aid (Deutsche Krebshilfe).
Collapse
|
136
|
Mehta NK, Mehta KD. Protein kinase C-beta: An emerging connection between nutrient excess and obesity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1841:1491-1497. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
137
|
Kraus M, Dolinski B, Rosahl TW, Magee JA. Protein kinase N3 deficiency impedes PI3-kinase pathway-driven leukemogenesis without affecting normal hematopoiesis. Leukemia 2014; 29:255-8. [PMID: 25234167 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2014.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Kraus
- Oncology, Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, MA, USA
| | - B Dolinski
- Oncology, Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, MA, USA
| | - T W Rosahl
- In vivo Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - J A Magee
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
138
|
Xu YM, Du JY, Lau ATY. Posttranslational modifications of human histone H3: an update. Proteomics 2014; 14:2047-60. [PMID: 25044606 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201300435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Histone proteins, the fundamental components of chromatin, are highly conserved proteins that present in eukaryotic nuclei. They organize genomic DNA to form nucleosomes, the basic units of chromatin. PTMs of histones play essential roles in many biological processes, such as chromatin condensation, gene expression, cell differentiation, and apoptosis. With the advancement of proteomic technology, a growing number of histone PTMs have been identified, including ADP-ribosylation, biotinylation, citrullination, crotonylation, O-GlcNAcylation, glutathionylation, succinylation, and so on. Because of the fast growing list of these PTMs in just a few years, the functions of these marks are being studied intensively. As histone H3 has the most number of PTMs among the histone members, in this review, we would like to present the overall concepts of the more familiar PTMs as well as discussing all the recently identified yet less well-known PTMs on human histone H3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ming Xu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
139
|
Deb M, Kar S, Sengupta D, Shilpi A, Parbin S, Rath SK, Londhe VA, Patra SK. Chromatin dynamics: H3K4 methylation and H3 variant replacement during development and in cancer. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:3439-63. [PMID: 24676717 PMCID: PMC11113154 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1605-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The dynamic nature of chromatin and its myriad modifications play a crucial role in gene regulation (expression and repression) during development, cellular survival, homeostasis, ageing, and apoptosis/death. Histone 3 lysine 4 methylation (H3K4 methylation) catalyzed by H3K4 specific histone methyltransferases is one of the more critical chromatin modifications that is generally associated with gene activation. Additionally, the deposition of H3 variant(s) in conjunction with H3K4 methylation generates an intricately reliable epigenetic regulatory circuit that guides transcriptional activity in normal development and homeostasis. Consequently, alterations in this epigenetic circuit may trigger disease development. The mechanistic relationship between H3 variant deposition and H3K4 methylation during normal development has remained foggy. However, recent investigations in the field of chromatin dynamics in various model organisms, tumors, cancer tissues, and cell lines cultured without and with therapeutic agents, as well as from model reconstituted chromatins reveal that there may be different subsets of chromatin assemblage with specific patterns of histone replacement executing similar functions. In this light, we attempt to explain the intricate control system that maintains chromatin structure and dynamics during normal development as well as during tumor development and cancer progression in this review. Our focus is to highlight the contribution of H3K4 methylation-histone variant crosstalk in regulating chromatin architecture and subsequently its function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moonmoon Deb
- Epigenetics and Cancer Research Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Group, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha 769008 India
| | - Swayamsiddha Kar
- Epigenetics and Cancer Research Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Group, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha 769008 India
| | - Dipta Sengupta
- Epigenetics and Cancer Research Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Group, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha 769008 India
| | - Arunima Shilpi
- Epigenetics and Cancer Research Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Group, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha 769008 India
| | - Sabnam Parbin
- Epigenetics and Cancer Research Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Group, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha 769008 India
| | - Sandip K. Rath
- Epigenetics and Cancer Research Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Group, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha 769008 India
| | - Vedang A. Londhe
- Division of Neonatology and Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1752 USA
| | - Samir Kumar Patra
- Epigenetics and Cancer Research Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Group, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha 769008 India
| |
Collapse
|
140
|
Stein J, Majores M, Rohde M, Lim S, Schneider S, Krappe E, Ellinger J, Dietel M, Stephan C, Jung K, Perner S, Kristiansen G, Kirfel J. KDM5C is overexpressed in prostate cancer and is a prognostic marker for prostate-specific antigen-relapse following radical prostatectomy. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:2430-7. [PMID: 25016185 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Currently, few prognostic factors are available to predict the emergence of castration-resistant prostate cancer and no curative options are available. Epigenetic gene regulation has been shown to trigger prostate cancer metastasis and androgen independence. Histone lysine demethylases (KDMs) are epigenetic enzymes that can remove both repressive and activating histone marks. KDM5 family members are capable of removing the histone H3 lysine 4 dimethylation-activating mark, rendering them potential players in the down-regulation of tumor suppressors and suggesting that their activity could repress oncogenes. Here, we systematically investigated KDM5C expression patterns in two independent radical prostatectomy cohorts (822 prostate tumors in total) by immunohistochemistry. Positive nuclear KDM5C staining was significantly associated with a reduced prostate-specific antigen relapse-free survival. Our study confirmed that nuclear KDM5C expression is an independent prognostic parameter. Most strikingly, the prognostic value of nuclear KDM5C expression for progression-free survival was exclusively pronounced for the Gleason group 7. In addition, KDM5C knockdown resulted in growth retardation of prostate cancer cells in vitro and induced regulation of several proliferation-associated genes. Our data indicate that KDM5C is functionally involved in proliferation control of prostate cancer cells and might represent a novel attractive therapy target. Moreover, overexpression of KDM5C is an independent new predictive marker for therapy failure as determined by biochemical recurrence in patients after prostatectomy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Stein
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | - Soyoung Lim
- Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | | | - Eliana Krappe
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jörg Ellinger
- Department of Urology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Manfred Dietel
- Institute of Pathology, Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Stephan
- Department of Urology, Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Jung
- Berlin Institute of Urologic Research, Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Perner
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Jutta Kirfel
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
141
|
Mehta KD. Emerging role of protein kinase C in energy homeostasis: A brief overview. World J Diabetes 2014; 5:385-392. [PMID: 24936260 PMCID: PMC4058743 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v5.i3.385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C-β (PKCβ), a member of the lipid-activated serine/threonine PKC family, has been implicated in a wide range of important cellular processes. Very recently, the novel role of PKCβ in the regulation of triglyceride homeostasis via regulating mitochondrial function has been explored. In this review, I aim to provide an overview of PKCβ regarding regulation by lipids and recently gained knowledge on its role in energy homeostasis. Alterations in adipose PKCβ expression have been shown to be crucial for diet-induced obesity and related metabolic abnormalities. High-fat diet is shown to induce PKCβ expression in white adipose tissue in an isoform- and tissue-specific manner. Genetically manipulated mice devoid of PKCβ are lean with increased oxygen consumption and are resistant to high-fat diet-induced obesity and hepatic steatosis with improved insulin sensitivity. Available data support the model in which PKCβ functions as a “diet-sensitive” metabolic sensor whose induction in adipose tissue by high-fat diet is among the initiating event disrupting mitochondrial homeostasis via intersecting with p66Shc signaling to amplify adipose dysfunction and have systemic consequences. Alterations in PKCβ expression and/or function may have important implications in health and disease and warrants a detailed investigation into the downstream target genes and the underlying mechanisms involved. Development of drugs that target the PKCβ pathway and identification of miRs specifically controlling PKCβ expression may lead to novel therapeutic options for treating age-related metabolic disease including fatty liver, obesity and type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
|
142
|
Yuan X, Cai C, Chen S, Chen S, Yu Z, Balk SP. Androgen receptor functions in castration-resistant prostate cancer and mechanisms of resistance to new agents targeting the androgen axis. Oncogene 2014; 33:2815-25. [PMID: 23752196 PMCID: PMC4890635 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic functions of androgen receptor (AR) in normal prostate are circumvented in prostate cancer (PCa) to drive tumor growth, and the AR also can acquire new growth-promoting functions during PCa development and progression through genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT, surgical or medical castration) is the standard treatment for metastatic PCa, but patients invariably relapse despite castrate androgen levels (castration-resistant PCa, CRPC). Early studies from many groups had shown that AR was highly expressed and transcriptionally active in CRPC, and indicated that steroids from the adrenal glands were contributing to this AR activity. More recent studies showed that CRPC cells had increased expression of enzymes mediating androgen synthesis from adrenal steroids, and could synthesize androgens de novo from cholesterol. Phase III clinical trials showing a survival advantage in CRPC for treatment with abiraterone (inhibitor of the enzyme CYP17A1 required for androgen synthesis that markedly reduces androgens and precursor steroids) and for enzalutamide (new AR antagonist) have now confirmed that AR activity driven by residual androgens makes a major contribution to CRPC, and led to the recent Food and Drug Administration approval of both agents. Unfortunately, patients treated with these agents for advanced CRPC generally relapse within a year and AR appears to be active in the relapsed tumors, but the molecular mechanisms mediating intrinsic or acquired resistance to these AR-targeted therapies remain to be defined. This review outlines AR functions that contribute to PCa development and progression, the roles of intratumoral androgen synthesis and AR structural alterations in driving AR activity in CRPC, mechanisms of action for abiraterone and enzalutamide, and possible mechanisms of resistance to these agents.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Androgen Receptor Antagonists/therapeutic use
- Androgens/metabolism
- Animals
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Disease Progression
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Male
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/drug therapy
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/metabolism
- Receptors, Androgen/chemistry
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Repressor Proteins/metabolism
- Steroid 17-alpha-Hydroxylase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Steroid 17-alpha-Hydroxylase/metabolism
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Yuan
- Hematology Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C Cai
- Hematology Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S Chen
- Hematology Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S Chen
- Hematology Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Z Yu
- Hematology Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S P Balk
- Hematology Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
143
|
Considerations for the design and reporting of enzyme assays in high-throughput screening applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pisc.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
144
|
Kim JY, Banerjee T, Vinckevicius A, Luo Q, Parker JB, Baker MR, Radhakrishnan I, Wei JJ, Barish GD, Chakravarti D. A role for WDR5 in integrating threonine 11 phosphorylation to lysine 4 methylation on histone H3 during androgen signaling and in prostate cancer. Mol Cell 2014; 54:613-25. [PMID: 24793694 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2014.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Upon androgen stimulation, PKN1-mediated histone H3 threonine 11 phosphorylation (H3T11P) promotes AR target gene activation. However, the underlying mechanism is not completely understood. Here, we show that WDR5, a subunit of the SET1/MLL complex, interacts with H3T11P, and this interaction facilitates the recruitment of the MLL1 complex and subsequent H3K4 tri-methylation (H3K4me3). Using ChIP-seq, we find that androgen stimulation results in a 6-fold increase in the number of H3T11P-marked regions and induces WDR5 colocalization to one third of H3T11P-enriched promoters, thus establishing a genome-wide relationship between H3T11P and recruitment of WDR5. Accordingly, PKN1 knockdown or chemical inhibition severely blocks WDR5 chromatin association and H3K4me3 on AR target genes. Finally, WDR5 is critical in prostate cancer cell proliferation and is hyperexpressed in human prostate cancers. Together, these results identify WDR5 as a critical epigenomic integrator of histone phosphorylation and methylation and as a major driver of androgen-dependent prostate cancer cell proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Young Kim
- Division of Reproductive Science in Medicine, Department of OB/GYN, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Taraswi Banerjee
- Division of Reproductive Science in Medicine, Department of OB/GYN, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Aurimas Vinckevicius
- Division of Reproductive Science in Medicine, Department of OB/GYN, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Driskill Graduate Program, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Qianyi Luo
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - J Brandon Parker
- Division of Reproductive Science in Medicine, Department of OB/GYN, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Mairead R Baker
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Ishwar Radhakrishnan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Jian-Jun Wei
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Grant D Barish
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Debabrata Chakravarti
- Division of Reproductive Science in Medicine, Department of OB/GYN, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
145
|
Kim YZ. Altered histone modifications in gliomas. Brain Tumor Res Treat 2014; 2:7-21. [PMID: 24926467 PMCID: PMC4049557 DOI: 10.14791/btrt.2014.2.1.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are the most frequently occurring primary brain tumors in adults. Although they exist in different malignant stages, including histologically benign forms and highly aggressive states, most gliomas are clinically challenging for neuro-oncologists because of their infiltrative growth patterns and inherent relapse tendency with increased malignancy. Once this disease reaches the glioblastoma multiforme stage, the prognosis of patients is dismal: median survival time is 15 months. Extensive genetic analyses of glial tumors have revealed a variety of deregulated genetic pathways involved in DNA repair, apoptosis, cell migration/adhesion, and cell cycle. Recently, it has become evident that epigenetic alterations may also be an important factor for glioma genesis. Of epigenetic marks, histone modification is a key mark that regulates gene expression and thus modulates a wide range of cellular processes. In this review, I discuss the neuro-oncological significance of altered histone modifications and modifiers in glioma patients while briefly overviewing the biological roles of histone modifications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young Zoon Kim
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
146
|
Sawicka A, Seiser C. Sensing core histone phosphorylation - a matter of perfect timing. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1839:711-8. [PMID: 24747175 PMCID: PMC4103482 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Systematic analysis of histone modifications has revealed a plethora of posttranslational modifications that mediate changes in chromatin structure and gene expression. Histone phosphorylation is a transient histone modification that becomes induced by extracellular signals, DNA damage or entry into mitosis. Importantly, phosphorylation of histone proteins does lead not only to the binding of specific reader proteins but also to changes in the affinity for readers or writers of other histone modifications. This induces a cross-talk between different chromatin modifications that allows the spatio-temporal control of chromatin-associated events. In this review we will summarize the progress in our current knowledge of factors sensing reversible histone phosphorylation in different biological scenarios. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Molecular mechanisms of histone modification function. Signal induced histone phosphorylation is associated with local chromatin opening and transcriptional activation. Histone phosphorylation is also linked with chromatin condensation during mitosis. Histone phosphorylation marks are important for regulation of the DNA damage response. Specific reader proteins recognize histone phosphorylation marks alone or in combination with other histone modifications. Histone phosphorylation affects the affinity of readers or writers of other histone modifications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sawicka
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Seiser
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
147
|
CtBP and associated LSD1 are required for transcriptional activation by NeuroD1 in gastrointestinal endocrine cells. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 34:2308-17. [PMID: 24732800 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01600-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene expression programs required for differentiation depend on both DNA-bound transcription factors and surrounding histone modifications. Expression of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) protein NeuroD1 is restricted to endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, where it is important for endocrine differentiation. RREB1 (RAS-responsive element binding protein 1), identified as a component of the CtBP corepressor complex, binds to nearby DNA elements to associate with NeuroD and potentiate transcription of a NeuroD1 target gene. Transcriptional activation by RREB1 depends on recruitment of CtBP with its associated proteins, including LSD1, through its PXDLS motifs. The mechanism of transcriptional activation by CtBP has not been previously characterized. Here we found that activation was dependent on the histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9) demethylase activity of LSD1, which removes repressive methyl marks from dimethylated H3K9 (H3K9Me2), to facilitate subsequent H3K9 acetylation by the NeuroD1-associated histone acetyltransferase, P300/CBP-associated factor (PCAF). The secretin, β-glucokinase, insulin I, and insulin II genes, four known direct targets of NeuroD1 in intestinal and pancreatic endocrine cells, all show similar promoter occupancy by CtBP-associated proteins and PCAF, with acetylation of H3K9. This work may indicate a mechanism for selective regulation of transcription by CtBP and LSD1 involving their association with specific transcription factors and cofactors to drive tissue-specific transcription.
Collapse
|
148
|
Gámez-Del-Estal MM, Contreras I, Prieto-Pérez R, Ruiz-Rubio M. Epigenetic effect of testosterone in the behavior of C. elegans. A clue to explain androgen-dependent autistic traits? Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:69. [PMID: 24624060 PMCID: PMC3940884 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Current research indicates that the causes of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are multifactorial and include both genetic and environmental factors. To date, several works have associated ASDs with mutations in genes that encode proteins involved in neuronal synapses; however other factors and the way they can interact with the development of the nervous system remain largely unknown. Some studies have established a direct relationship between risk for ASDs and the exposure of the fetus to high testosterone levels during the prenatal stage. In this work, in order to explain possible mechanisms by which this androgenic hormone may interact with the nervous system, C. elegans was used as an experimental model. We observed that testosterone was able to alter the behavioral pattern of the worm, including the gentle touch response and the pharyngeal pumping rate. This impairment of the behavior was abolished using specific RNAi against genes orthologous to the human androgen receptor gene. The effect of testosterone was eliminated in the nhr-69 (ok1926) deficient mutant, a putative ortholog of human AR gene, suggesting that this gene encodes a receptor able to interact with the hormone. On the other hand the testosterone effect remained in the gentle touch response during four generations in the absence of the hormone, indicating that some epigenetic mechanisms could be involved. Sodium butyrate, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, was able to abolish the effect of testosterone. In addition, the lasting effect of testosterone was eliminated after the dauer stage. These results suggest that testosterone may impair the nervous system function generating transgenerational epigenetic marks in the genome. This work may provide new paradigms for understanding biological mechanisms involved in ASDs traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Mar Gámez-Del-Estal
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Córdoba, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba Córdoba, Spain
| | - Israel Contreras
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Córdoba, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rocío Prieto-Pérez
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Córdoba, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba Córdoba, Spain
| | - Manuel Ruiz-Rubio
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Córdoba, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba Córdoba, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
149
|
Qin Y, Zhu W, Xu W, Zhang B, Shi S, Ji S, Liu J, Long J, Liu C, Liu L, Xu J, Yu X. LSD1 sustains pancreatic cancer growth via maintaining HIF1α-dependent glycolytic process. Cancer Lett 2014; 347:225-32. [PMID: 24561118 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The histone demethylase LSD1 (lysine specific demethylase 1) plays an important role in the epigenetic regulation of gene transcription. Our study investigated the role of LSD1 in pancreatic cancer and demonstrated that LSD1 was significantly up-regulated in pancreatic cancer patient tissue samples, and elevated LSD1 protein levels positively correlated with overall survival of pancreatic cancer patients. Using in vitro and in vivo models, we demonstrated that knock-down of LSD1 repressed proliferation and tumorigenicity of pancreatic cancer cells. Mechanistically, our study demonstrated that LSD1 synergized with HIF1α (hypoxia inducible factor-1α) in maintaining glycolytic process, which fueled pancreatic cancer uncontrolled proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Qin
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Wenwei Zhu
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Wenyan Xu
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Si Shi
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Shunrong Ji
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Jiang Long
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China.
| | - Xianjun Yu
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
150
|
The C-terminal domain (CTD) in linker histones antagonizes anti-apoptotic proteins to modulate apoptotic outcomes at the mitochondrion. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1058. [PMID: 24525734 PMCID: PMC3944238 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The loss of mitochondrial integrity as a consequence of apoptogenic complexes formed on the outer membrane constitutes a key step in controlling progression of apoptotic cascades. Here, we show that multiple members of the linker histone (LH) family of proteins modify apoptotic cascades initiated by the Bcl-2 protein Bak, and impart resistance to its endogenous antagonist Bcl-xL. Our experiments reveal apoptogenic capabilities equivalent to those documented for H1.2 in H1.1 and H1.3 isoforms. Deletion mutants of H1.2 and site-directed mutagenesis of H1.1 and H1.2 implicated the C-terminal domain in apoptogenic activity. In this context, disruption of protein kinase-C activity using chemical inhibitors, dominant-negative approaches and RNA interference coupled with site-directed modifications in H1.1, identified the protein kinase-Cβ1 isoform as a repressor of H1.1/H1.3 apoptogenic activity. Finally, a H1.2 C-terminal tail recombinant attenuated Bcl-xl inhibition of Bak-induced apoptosis, suggesting that the C-terminal domain was necessary and sufficient for apoptogenic functions. Thus, integration with apoptotic intermediates (via C-terminal tail interactions) may constitute a more generalized function of LH isoforms in apoptotic cascades.
Collapse
|