101
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Tsvirkun V, Surrente A, Raineri F, Beaudoin G, Raj R, Sagnes I, Robert-Philip I, Braive R. Integrated III-V Photonic Crystal--Si waveguide platform with tailored optomechanical coupling. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16526. [PMID: 26567535 PMCID: PMC4644963 DOI: 10.1038/srep16526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Optomechanical systems, in which the vibrations of a mechanical resonator are coupled to an electromagnetic radiation, have permitted the investigation of a wealth of novel physical effects. To fully exploit these phenomena in realistic circuits and to achieve different functionalities on a single chip, the integration of optomechanical resonators is mandatory. Here, we propose a novel approach to heterogeneously integrate arrays of two-dimensional photonic crystal defect cavities on top of silicon-on-insulator waveguides. The optomechanical response of these devices is investigated and evidences an optomechanical coupling involving both dispersive and dissipative mechanisms. By controlling the optical coupling between the waveguide and the photonic crystal, we were able to vary and understand the relative strength of these couplings. This scalable platform allows for an unprecedented control on the optomechanical coupling mechanisms, with a potential benefit in cooling experiments, and for the development of multi-element optomechanical circuits in the framework of optomechanically-driven signal-processing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Tsvirkun
- Laboratoire de Photonique et Nanostructures LPN-CNRS UPR-20, Route de Nozay, 91460 Marcoussis, France
| | - Alessandro Surrente
- Laboratoire de Photonique et Nanostructures LPN-CNRS UPR-20, Route de Nozay, 91460 Marcoussis, France
| | - Fabrice Raineri
- Laboratoire de Photonique et Nanostructures LPN-CNRS UPR-20, Route de Nozay, 91460 Marcoussis, France.,Université Paris Diderot, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Grégoire Beaudoin
- Laboratoire de Photonique et Nanostructures LPN-CNRS UPR-20, Route de Nozay, 91460 Marcoussis, France
| | - Rama Raj
- Laboratoire de Photonique et Nanostructures LPN-CNRS UPR-20, Route de Nozay, 91460 Marcoussis, France
| | - Isabelle Sagnes
- Laboratoire de Photonique et Nanostructures LPN-CNRS UPR-20, Route de Nozay, 91460 Marcoussis, France
| | - Isabelle Robert-Philip
- Laboratoire de Photonique et Nanostructures LPN-CNRS UPR-20, Route de Nozay, 91460 Marcoussis, France
| | - Rémy Braive
- Laboratoire de Photonique et Nanostructures LPN-CNRS UPR-20, Route de Nozay, 91460 Marcoussis, France.,Université Paris Diderot, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
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102
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Huang Z, Cui K, Li Y, Feng X, Liu F, Zhang W, Huang Y. Strong Optomechanical Coupling in Nanobeam Cavities based on Hetero Optomechanical Crystals. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15964. [PMID: 26530128 PMCID: PMC4632127 DOI: 10.1038/srep15964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanobeam cavities based on hetero optomechanical crystals are proposed. With optical and mechanical modes separately confined by two types of periodic structures, the mechanical frequency is designed as high as 5.88 GHz. Due to the optical field and the strain field concentrated in the optomechanical cavity and resembling each other with an enhanced overlap, a high optomechanical coupling rate of 1.31 MHz is predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilei Huang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Kaiyu Cui
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yongzhuo Li
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xue Feng
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yidong Huang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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103
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Yuan M, Singh V, Blanter YM, Steele GA. Large cooperativity and microkelvin cooling with a three-dimensional optomechanical cavity. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8491. [PMID: 26450772 PMCID: PMC4633713 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In cavity optomechanics, light is used to control mechanical motion. A central goal of the field is achieving single-photon strong coupling, which would enable the creation of quantum superposition states of motion. Reaching this limit requires significant improvements in optomechanical coupling and cavity coherence. Here we introduce an optomechanical architecture consisting of a silicon nitride membrane coupled to a three-dimensional superconducting microwave cavity. Exploiting their large quality factors, we achieve an optomechanical cooperativity of 146,000 and perform sideband cooling of the kilohertz-frequency membrane motion to 34±5 μK, the lowest mechanical mode temperature reported to date. The achieved cooling is limited only by classical noise of the signal generator, and should extend deep into the ground state with superconducting filters. Our results suggest that this realization of optomechanics has the potential to reach the regimes of ultra-large cooperativity and single-photon strong coupling, opening up a new generation of experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyun Yuan
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5046, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Vibhor Singh
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5046, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Yaroslav M Blanter
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5046, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Gary A Steele
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5046, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
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104
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Yan Y, Li GX, Wu QL. Entanglement and Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen steering between a nanomechanical resonator and a cavity coupled with two quantum dots. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:21306-21322. [PMID: 26367979 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.021306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We propose a scheme for generation of the stationary continuous-variable entanglement and Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) steering between an optical cavity mode and a nanomechanical resonator (NMR) mode. The cavity and the NMR are commonly coupled with two separated quantum dots (QDs), where the two QDs are driven simultaneously by a strong laser field. By adjusting the frequency of the strong laser field, the two QDs are nearly trapped on different dressed states, which is helpful to generate the entanglement between the cavity mode and the NMR mode. Due to the combined resonant interaction of the two QDs with the NMR-cavity subsystem, the photon and the phonon created and (or) annihilated are correlated. In this regime, the optimal entanglement of the two modes is obtained and the purity of the state of the NMR-cavity subsystem is near to 1. Furthermore, the coupling strength between the cavity and two QDs is different from the dot-NMR coupling strength, which leads to the different mean occupation numbers of the cavity and the NMR. In this case, one-way EPR steering is observed. In addition, through analyzing the purity, we find the conditions of the existence for the different types of EPR steering.
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105
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Abstract
Abstract
Recent advances on optical control of mechanical motion in an optomechanical resonator have stimulated strong interests in exploring quantum behaviors of otherwise classical, macroscopic mechanical systems and especially in exploiting mechanical degrees of freedom for applications in quantum information processing. In an optomechanical resonator, an optically- active mechanical mode can couple to any of the optical resonances supported by the resonator via radiation pressure. This unique property leads to a remarkable phenomenon: mechanically-mediated conversion of optical fields between vastly different wavelengths. The resulting optomechanical interfaces can play a special role in a hybrid quantum network, enabling quantum communication between disparate quantum systems. In this review, we introduce the basic concepts of optomechanical interactions and discuss recent theoretical and experimental progresses in this field. A particular emphasis is on taking advantage of mechanical degrees of freedom, while avoiding detrimental effects of thermal mechanical motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Dong
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yingdan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hailin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Department of Physics and Oregon Center for Optics, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
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106
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Tabuchi Y, Ishino S, Noguchi A, Ishikawa T, Yamazaki R, Usami K, Nakamura Y. Coherent coupling between a ferromagnetic magnon and a superconducting qubit. Science 2015; 349:405-8. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa3693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Tabuchi
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Ishino
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Atsushi Noguchi
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Toyofumi Ishikawa
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Rekishu Yamazaki
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Koji Usami
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Nakamura
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
- Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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107
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Ma J, You C, Si LG, Xiong H, Li J, Yang X, Wu Y. Optomechanically induced transparency in the presence of an external time-harmonic-driving force. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11278. [PMID: 26062029 PMCID: PMC4462145 DOI: 10.1038/srep11278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose a potentially valuable scheme to measure the properties of an external time-harmonic-driving force with frequency ω via investigating its interaction with the combination of a pump field and a probe field in a generic optomechanical system. We show that the spectra of both the cavity field and output field in the configuration of optomechanically induced transparency are greatly modified by such an external force, leading to many interesting linear and non-linear effects, such as the asymmetric structure of absorption in the frequency domain and the antisymmetry breaking of dispersion near ω = ωm. Furthermore, we find that our scheme can be used to measure the initial phase of the external force. More importantly, this setup may eliminate the negative impact of thermal noise on the measurement of the weak external force in virtue of the process of interference between the probe field and the external force. Finally, we show that our configuration can be employed to improve the measurement resolution of the radiation force produced by a weak ultrasonic wave.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyong Ma
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Cai You
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Liu-Gang Si
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hao Xiong
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jiahua Li
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Key Laboratory of Fundamental Physical Quantities Measurement of Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiaoxue Yang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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108
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Michael EA, Pallanca L. Broadband near-to-shot-noise suppression of arbitrary cw-laser excess intensity noise in the gigahertz range. OPTICS LETTERS 2015; 40:1334-1337. [PMID: 25831326 DOI: 10.1364/ol.40.001334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Broadband near-to-shot-noise suppression of the intensity noise from a continuous-wave (cw) fiber laser at 1550 nm is demonstrated at GHz-frequencies using feed-forward phase-matched destructive noise interference impressed onto the optical signal with a fiber electro-optic power modulator. The scheme is independent of the laser frequency and therefore is suitable for tunable lasers. It can be used with some modifications after an optical fiber-amplifier boosting a cw laser signal. A noise residual of down to 2 dB above the shot-noise was measured, which is about 2 dB below the prediction with a rigorous noise model. While the total laser noise can be removed, inclusive shot noise, because the latter is still 10 dB above the thermal noise, the power splitter introduces some partition noise above the shot level. In that case, a sub-shot-noise suppression scheme should be possible by replacing the photon anti-correlation of the power splitter by the co-correlation obtained from a paired photon or twin beam source.
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109
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Zhang K, Bariani F, Dong Y, Zhang W, Meystre P. Proposal for an optomechanical microwave sensor at the subphoton level. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 114:113601. [PMID: 25839267 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.113601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Because of their low energy content, microwave signals at the single-photon level are extremely challenging to measure. Guided by recent progress in single-photon optomechanics and hybrid optomechanical systems, we propose a multimode optomechanical transducer that can detect intensities significantly below the single-photon level via adiabatic transfer of the microwave signal to the optical frequency domain where the measurement is then performed. The influence of intrinsic quantum and thermal fluctuations is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keye Zhang
- Quantum Institute for Light and Atoms, State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- B2 Institute, Department of Physics and College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Francesco Bariani
- B2 Institute, Department of Physics and College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Ying Dong
- B2 Institute, Department of Physics and College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
- Department of Physics, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310036, China
| | - Weiping Zhang
- Quantum Institute for Light and Atoms, State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Pierre Meystre
- B2 Institute, Department of Physics and College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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110
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Abstract
An extensively pursued current direction of research in physics aims at the development of practical technologies that exploit the effects of quantum mechanics. As part of this ongoing effort, devices for quantum information processing, secure communication, and high-precision sensing are being implemented with diverse systems, ranging from photons, atoms, and spins to mesoscopic superconducting and nanomechanical structures. Their physical properties make some of these systems better suited than others for specific tasks; thus, photons are well suited for transmitting quantum information, weakly interacting spins can serve as long-lived quantum memories, and superconducting elements can rapidly process information encoded in their quantum states. A central goal of the envisaged quantum technologies is to develop devices that can simultaneously perform several of these tasks, namely, reliably store, process, and transmit quantum information. Hybrid quantum systems composed of different physical components with complementary functionalities may provide precisely such multitasking capabilities. This article reviews some of the driving theoretical ideas and first experimental realizations of hybrid quantum systems and the opportunities and challenges they present and offers a glance at the near- and long-term perspectives of this fascinating and rapidly expanding field.
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111
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Wang Z, Shi L, Liu Y, Xu X, Zhang X. Optical nonreciprocity in asymmetric optomechanical couplers. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8657. [PMID: 25728978 PMCID: PMC4345349 DOI: 10.1038/srep08657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose an all-optical integrated nonreciprocal device on the optomechanical platform with a large nonreciprocal bandwidth and low operating power. The device is based on an asymmetric silicon coupler consisting of two branches. One of them is a conventional strip waveguide fixed on the substrate, and the other is a freestanding nanostring suspended above a groove in the substrate. When light is launched into the coupler, the optical gradient force between the freestanding nanostring and the underlying substrate leads to the deflection of the nanostring, and finally results in destruction of the initial phase-matching condition between the two branches. The suspended branch would achieve distinct deflections when light is incident from different ports. The simulation results show a nonreciprocal bandwidth of 13.1 nm with operating power of 390 μW. With the advantages of simple structure, low power consumption and large operating bandwidth, our work provides a promising solution for on-chip passive nonreciprocal device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheqi Wang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xinbiao Xu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xinliang Zhang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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112
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Barzanjeh S, Guha S, Weedbrook C, Vitali D, Shapiro JH, Pirandola S. Microwave quantum illumination. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 114:080503. [PMID: 25768743 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.080503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Quantum illumination is a quantum-optical sensing technique in which an entangled source is exploited to improve the detection of a low-reflectivity object that is immersed in a bright thermal background. Here, we describe and analyze a system for applying this technique at microwave frequencies, a more appropriate spectral region for target detection than the optical, due to the naturally occurring bright thermal background in the microwave regime. We use an electro-optomechanical converter to entangle microwave signal and optical idler fields, with the former being sent to probe the target region and the latter being retained at the source. The microwave radiation collected from the target region is then phase conjugated and upconverted into an optical field that is combined with the retained idler in a joint-detection quantum measurement. The error probability of this microwave quantum-illumination system, or quantum radar, is shown to be superior to that of any classical microwave radar of equal transmitted energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabir Barzanjeh
- Institute for Quantum Information, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Saikat Guha
- Quantum Information Processing Group, Raytheon BBN Technologies, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | | | - David Vitali
- School of Science and Technology, University of Camerino, Camerino, Macerata 62032, Italy
| | - Jeffrey H Shapiro
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Stefano Pirandola
- Department of Computer Science and York Centre for Quantum Technologies, University of York, York YO10 5GH, United Kingdom
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113
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Pitanti A, Fink JM, Safavi-Naeini AH, Hill JT, Lei CU, Tredicucci A, Painter O. Strong opto-electro-mechanical coupling in a silicon photonic crystal cavity. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:3196-3208. [PMID: 25836178 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.003196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We fabricate and characterize a microscale silicon opto-electromechanical system whose mechanical motion is coupled capacitively to an electrical circuit and optically via radiation pressure to a photonic crystal cavity. To achieve large electromechanical interaction strength, we implement an inverse shadow mask fabrication scheme which obtains capacitor gaps as small as 30 nm while maintaining a silicon surface quality necessary for minimizing optical loss. Using the sensitive optical read-out of the photonic crystal cavity, we characterize the linear and nonlinear capacitive coupling to the fundamental ω(m)/2π = 63 MHz in-plane flexural motion of the structure, showing that the large electromechanical coupling in such devices may be suitable for realizing efficient microwave-to-optical signal conversion.
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114
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Törmä P, Barnes WL. Strong coupling between surface plasmon polaritons and emitters: a review. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2015; 78:013901. [PMID: 25536670 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/78/1/013901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 477] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In this review we look at the concepts and state-of-the-art concerning the strong coupling of surface plasmon-polariton modes to states associated with quantum emitters such as excitons in J-aggregates, dye molecules and quantum dots. We explore the phenomenon of strong coupling with reference to a number of examples involving electromagnetic fields and matter. We then provide a concise description of the relevant background physics of surface plasmon polaritons. An extensive overview of the historical background and a detailed discussion of more recent relevant experimental advances concerning strong coupling between surface plasmon polaritons and quantum emitters is then presented. Three conceptual frameworks are then discussed and compared in depth: classical, semi-classical and fully quantum mechanical; these theoretical frameworks will have relevance to strong coupling beyond that involving surface plasmon polaritons. We conclude our review with a perspective on the future of this rapidly emerging field, one we are sure will grow to encompass more intriguing physics and will develop in scope to be of relevance to other areas of science.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Törmä
- Department of Applied Physics, COMP Centre of Excellence, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
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115
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Kamal A, Roy A, Clarke J, Devoret MH. Asymmetric frequency conversion in nonlinear systems driven by a biharmonic pump. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:247003. [PMID: 25541797 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.247003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A novel mechanism of asymmetric frequency conversion is investigated in nonlinear dispersive devices driven parametrically with a biharmonic pump. When the relative phase between the first and second harmonics combined in a two-tone pump is appropriately tuned, nonreciprocal frequency conversion, either upward or downward, can occur. Full directionality and efficiency of the conversion process is possible, provided that the distribution of pump power over the harmonics is set correctly. While this asymmetric conversion effect is generic, we describe its practical realization in a model system consisting of a current-biased, resistively shunted Josephson junction. Here, the multiharmonic Josephson oscillations, generated internally from the static current bias, provide the pump drive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Kamal
- Departments of Physics and Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Ananda Roy
- Departments of Physics and Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - John Clarke
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-7300, USA
| | - Michel H Devoret
- Departments of Physics and Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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116
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Villanueva LG, Schmid S. Evidence of Surface Loss as Ubiquitous Limiting Damping Mechanism in SiN Micro- and Nanomechanical Resonators. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:227201. [PMID: 25494083 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.227201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Silicon nitride (SiN) micro- and nanomechanical resonators have attracted a lot of attention in various research fields due to their exceptionally high quality factors (Qs). Despite their popularity, the origin of the limiting loss mechanisms in these structures has remained controversial. In this Letter we propose an analytical model combining acoustic radiation loss with intrinsic loss. The model accurately predicts the resulting mode-dependent Qs of low-stress silicon-rich and high-stress stoichiometric SiN membranes. The large acoustic mismatch of the low-stress membrane to the substrate seems to minimize radiation loss and Qs of higher modes (n∧m≥3) are limited by intrinsic losses. The study of these intrinsic losses in low-stress membranes reveals a linear dependence with the membrane thickness. This finding was confirmed by comparing the intrinsic dissipation of arbitrary (membranes, strings, and cantilevers) SiN resonators extracted from literature, suggesting surface loss as ubiquitous damping mechanism in thin SiN resonators with Q_{surf}=βh and β=6×10^{10}±4×10^{10} m^{-1}. Based on the intrinsic loss the maximal achievable Qs and Qf products for SiN membranes and strings are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Villanueva
- Advanced NEMS Group, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - S Schmid
- Department of Micro-and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Nanotech, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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117
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Karademir E, Balci S, Kocabas C, Aydinli A. Plexcitonic crystals: a tunable platform for light-matter interactions. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:21912-21920. [PMID: 25321566 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.021912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Coupled states of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) and excitons are collectively called plexcitons [Nano Lett.8, 3481 (2008)]. Plexcitonics is an emerging field of research aiming to control light-matter interaction at the nanometer length scale using coupled pairs of surface-plasmons and excitons. Ability to control the interaction between localized excitons and propagating surface-plasmons is important for realization of new photonic devices. In this letter, we report plexcitonic crystals that yield direction-dependent plasmon-exciton coupling. We have fabricated one- and two-dimensional plexcitonic crystals on periodically corrugated silver surfaces, which are loaded with J-aggregate complexes. We show that plasmon-exciton coupling is blocked for some crystal directions when exciton energy falls inside the plasmonic band gap of the periodically corrugated metallic surface.
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118
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O'Brien C, Lauk N, Blum S, Morigi G, Fleischhauer M. Interfacing superconducting qubits and telecom photons via a rare-earth-doped crystal. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:063603. [PMID: 25148328 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.063603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We propose a scheme to couple short single photon pulses to superconducting qubits. An optical photon is first absorbed into an inhomogeneously broadened rare-earth doped crystal using controlled reversible inhomogeneous broadening. The optical excitation is then mapped into a spin state using a series of π pulses and subsequently transferred to a superconducting qubit via a microwave cavity. To overcome the intrinsic and engineered inhomogeneous broadening of the optical and spin transitions in rare-earth doped crystals, we make use of a special transfer protocol using staggered π pulses. We predict total transfer efficiencies on the order of 90%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher O'Brien
- Fachbereich Physik und Forschungszentrum OPTIMAS, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Nikolai Lauk
- Fachbereich Physik und Forschungszentrum OPTIMAS, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Susanne Blum
- Theoretische Physik, Universität des Saarlandes, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Giovanna Morigi
- Theoretische Physik, Universität des Saarlandes, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Michael Fleischhauer
- Fachbereich Physik und Forschungszentrum OPTIMAS, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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Weber P, Güttinger J, Tsioutsios I, Chang DE, Bachtold A. Coupling graphene mechanical resonators to superconducting microwave cavities. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:2854-60. [PMID: 24745803 DOI: 10.1021/nl500879k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Graphene is an attractive material for nanomechanical devices because it allows for exceptional properties, such as high frequencies, quality factors, and low mass. An outstanding challenge, however, has been to obtain large coupling between the motion and external systems for efficient readout and manipulation. Here, we report on a novel approach, in which we capacitively couple a high-Q graphene mechanical resonator (Q ≈ 10(5)) to a superconducting microwave cavity. The initial devices exhibit a large single-photon coupling of ∼10 Hz. Remarkably, we can electrostatically change the graphene equilibrium position and thereby tune the single photon coupling, the mechanical resonance frequency, and the sign and magnitude of the observed Duffing nonlinearity. The strong tunability opens up new possibilities, such as the tuning of the optomechanical coupling strength on a time scale faster than the inverse of the cavity line width. With realistic improvements, it should be possible to enter the regime of quantum optomechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Weber
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques , Mediterranean Technology Park, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
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Xuereb A, Ulbricht H, Paternostro M. Optomechanical interface for probing matter-wave coherence. Sci Rep 2013; 3:3378. [PMID: 24287490 PMCID: PMC3843315 DOI: 10.1038/srep03378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We combine matter-wave interferometry and cavity optomechanics to propose a coherent matter–light interface based on mechanical motion at the quantum level. We demonstrate a mechanism that is able to transfer non-classical features imprinted on the state of a matter-wave system to an optomechanical device, transducing them into distinctive interference fringes. This provides a reliable tool for the inference of quantum coherence in the particle beam. Moreover, we discuss how our system allows for intriguing perspectives, paving the way to the construction of a device for the encoding of quantum information in matter-wave systems. Our proposal, which highlights previously unforeseen possibilities for the synergistic exploitation of these two experimental platforms, is explicitly based on existing technology, available and widely used in current cutting-edge experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Xuereb
- 1] Centre for Theoretical Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom [2] Department of Physics, University of Malta, Msida MSD 2080, Malta
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