101
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Olson OC, Kang YA, Passegué E. Normal Hematopoiesis Is a Balancing Act of Self-Renewal and Regeneration. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2020; 10:cshperspect.a035519. [PMID: 31988205 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a035519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The hematopoietic system is highly organized to maintain its functional integrity and to meet lifelong organismal demands. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) must balance self-renewal with differentiation and the regeneration of the blood system. It is a complex balancing act between these competing HSC functions. Although highly quiescent at steady state, HSCs become activated in response to inflammatory cytokines and regenerative challenges. This activation phase leads to many intrinsic stresses such as replicative, metabolic, and oxidative stress, which can cause functional decline, impaired self-renewal, and exhaustion of HSCs. To cope with these insults, HSCs use both built-in and emergency-triggered stress-response mechanisms to maintain homeostasis and to defend against disease development. In this review, we discuss how the hematopoietic system operates in steady state and stress conditions, what strategies are used to maintain functional integrity, and how deregulation in the balance between self-renewal and regeneration can drive malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oakley C Olson
- Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Department of Genetics & Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Yoon-A Kang
- Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Department of Genetics & Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Emmanuelle Passegué
- Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Department of Genetics & Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
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102
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Zhang L, Mack R, Breslin P, Zhang J. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of aging in hematopoietic stem cells and their niches. J Hematol Oncol 2020; 13:157. [PMID: 33228751 PMCID: PMC7686726 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-020-00994-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging drives the genetic and epigenetic changes that result in a decline in hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) functioning. Such changes lead to aging-related hematopoietic/immune impairments and hematopoietic disorders. Understanding how such changes are initiated and how they progress will help in the development of medications that could improve the quality life for the elderly and to treat and possibly prevent aging-related hematopoietic diseases. Here, we review the most recent advances in research into HSC aging and discuss the role of HSC-intrinsic events, as well as those that relate to the aging bone marrow niche microenvironment in the overall processes of HSC aging. In addition, we discuss the potential mechanisms by which HSC aging is regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Oncology Institute, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Ryan Mack
- Department of Cancer Biology, Oncology Institute, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Peter Breslin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Oncology Institute, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA.,Departments of Molecular/Cellular Physiology and Department of Biology, Loyola University Medical Center and Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60660, USA
| | - Jiwang Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Oncology Institute, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA. .,Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA.
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103
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Abstract
Modern single cell experiments have revealed unexpected heterogeneity in apparently functionally 'pure' cell populations. However, we are still lacking a conceptual framework to understand this heterogeneity. Here, we propose that cellular memories-changes in the molecular status of a cell in response to a stimulus, that modify the ability of the cell to respond to future stimuli-are an essential ingredient in any such theory. We illustrate this idea by considering a simple age-structured model of stem cell proliferation that takes account of mitotic memories. Using this model we argue that asynchronous mitosis generates heterogeneity that is central to stem cell population function. This model naturally explains why stem cell numbers increase through life, yet regenerative potency simultaneously declines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick S Stumpf
- Joint Research Center for Computational Biomedicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, 52074, Germany
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104
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Yanai H, Beerman I. Proliferation: Driver of HSC aging phenotypes? Mech Ageing Dev 2020; 191:111331. [PMID: 32798509 PMCID: PMC7541746 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The decline of stem cell performance with age is a potential paramount mechanism of aging. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are perhaps the most studied and best characterized tissue-specific somatic stem cells. As such, HSCs offer an excellent research model of how aging affects stem cell performance, and vice versa. Studies from recent years have elucidated major aging phenotypes of HSCs including a decline in reconstitution potential, altered differentiation predisposition, an increase in number, accumulation of DNA damage/mutations and several others. However, what drives these changes, and exactly how they translate to pathology is poorly understood. Recent studies point to proliferative stress of HSCs as a potential driver of their aging and the resulting pathologies. Here we discuss the recent discoveries and suggest the context in which aging phenotypes could be driven, and the relevant mechanisms by which HSCs could be affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagai Yanai
- Epigenetics and Stem Cell Unit, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Isabel Beerman
- Epigenetics and Stem Cell Unit, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
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105
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Garcia-Abrego C, Zaunz S, Toprakhisar B, Subramani R, Deschaume O, Jooken S, Bajaj M, Ramon H, Verfaillie C, Bartic C, Patterson J. Towards Mimicking the Fetal Liver Niche: The Influence of Elasticity and Oxygen Tension on Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells Cultured in 3D Fibrin Hydrogels. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176367. [PMID: 32887387 PMCID: PMC7504340 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) are responsible for the generation of blood cells throughout life. It is believed that, in addition to soluble cytokines and niche cells, biophysical cues like elasticity and oxygen tension are responsible for the orchestration of stem cell fate. Although several studies have examined the effects of bone marrow (BM) niche elasticity on HSPC behavior, no study has yet investigated the effects of the elasticity of other niche sites like the fetal liver (FL), where HSPCs expand more extensively. In this study, we evaluated the effect of matrix stiffness values similar to those of the FL on BM-derived HSPC expansion. We first characterized the elastic modulus of murine FL tissue at embryonic day E14.5. Fibrin hydrogels with similar stiffness values as the FL (soft hydrogels) were compared with stiffer fibrin hydrogels (hard hydrogels) and with suspension culture. We evaluated the expansion of total nucleated cells (TNCs), Lin−/cKit+ cells, HSPCs (Lin−/Sca+/cKit+ (LSK) cells), and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs: LSK- Signaling Lymphocyte Activated Molecule (LSK-SLAM) cells) when cultured in 5% O2 (hypoxia) or in normoxia. After 10 days, there was a significant expansion of TNCs and LSK cells in all culture conditions at both levels of oxygen tension. LSK cells expanded more in suspension culture than in both fibrin hydrogels, whereas TNCs expanded more in suspension culture and in soft hydrogels than in hard hydrogels, particularly in normoxia. The number of LSK-SLAM cells was maintained in suspension culture and in the soft hydrogels but not in the hard hydrogels. Our results indicate that both suspension culture and fibrin hydrogels allow for the expansion of HSPCs and more differentiated progeny whereas stiff environments may compromise LSK-SLAM cell expansion. This suggests that further research using softer hydrogels with stiffness values closer to the FL niche is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Garcia-Abrego
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (C.G.-A.); (B.T.)
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (O.D.); (S.J.); (C.B.)
| | - Samantha Zaunz
- Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (S.Z.); (M.B.); (C.V.)
| | - Burak Toprakhisar
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (C.G.-A.); (B.T.)
- Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (S.Z.); (M.B.); (C.V.)
| | - Ramesh Subramani
- Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (R.S.); (H.R.)
- Department of Food Processing Technology and Management, PSGR Krishnammal College for Women, Coimbatore 641004, India
| | - Olivier Deschaume
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (O.D.); (S.J.); (C.B.)
| | - Stijn Jooken
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (O.D.); (S.J.); (C.B.)
| | - Manmohan Bajaj
- Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (S.Z.); (M.B.); (C.V.)
| | - Herman Ramon
- Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (R.S.); (H.R.)
| | | | - Carmen Bartic
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (O.D.); (S.J.); (C.B.)
| | - Jennifer Patterson
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (C.G.-A.); (B.T.)
- IMDEA Materials Institute, 28906 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
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106
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Shin JJ, Schröder MS, Caiado F, Wyman SK, Bray NL, Bordi M, Dewitt MA, Vu JT, Kim WT, Hockemeyer D, Manz MG, Corn JE. Controlled Cycling and Quiescence Enables Efficient HDR in Engraftment-Enriched Adult Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells. Cell Rep 2020; 32:108093. [PMID: 32877675 PMCID: PMC7487781 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome editing often takes the form of either error-prone sequence disruption by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) or sequence replacement by homology-directed repair (HDR). Although NHEJ is generally effective, HDR is often difficult in primary cells. Here, we use a combination of immunophenotyping, next-generation sequencing, and single-cell RNA sequencing to investigate and reprogram genome editing outcomes in subpopulations of adult hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. We find that although quiescent stem-enriched cells mostly use NHEJ, non-quiescent cells with the same immunophenotype use both NHEJ and HDR. Inducing quiescence before editing results in a loss of HDR in all cell subtypes. We develop a strategy of controlled cycling and quiescence that yields a 6-fold increase in the HDR/NHEJ ratio in quiescent stem cells ex vivo and in vivo. Our results highlight the tension between editing and cellular physiology and suggest strategies to manipulate quiescent cells for research and therapeutic genome editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyung J Shin
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Francisco Caiado
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stacia K Wyman
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Nicolas L Bray
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Matteo Bordi
- Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mark A Dewitt
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jonathan T Vu
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Won-Tae Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Dirk Hockemeyer
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Markus G Manz
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jacob E Corn
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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107
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Defining Adult Stem Cell Function at Its Simplest: The Ability to Replace Lost Cells through Mitosis. Cell Stem Cell 2020; 25:174-183. [PMID: 31374197 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Classic studies on hematopoiesis indicate that blood cell numbers are maintained by rare, hard-wired, transplantable stem cells (SCs). Subsequent studies in other organs have implicitly assumed that all SC hierarchies follow the design of the hematopoietic system. Lineage tracing techniques have revolutionized the study of solid tissue SCs. It thus appears that key characteristics of the hematopoietic SC hierarchy (rarity of SCs, specific marker expression, quiescence, asymmetric division, and unidirectional differentiation) are not generalizable to other tissues. In light of these insights, we offer a revised, generalizable definition of SC function: the ability to replace lost tissue through cell division.
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108
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Ikonomi N, Kühlwein SD, Schwab JD, Kestler HA. Awakening the HSC: Dynamic Modeling of HSC Maintenance Unravels Regulation of the TP53 Pathway and Quiescence. Front Physiol 2020; 11:848. [PMID: 32848827 PMCID: PMC7411231 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) provide all types of blood cells during the entire life of the organism. HSCs are mainly quiescent and can eventually enter the cell cycle to differentiate. HSCs are maintained and tightly regulated in a particular environment. The stem cell niche regulates dormancy and awakening. Deregulations of this interplay can lead to hematopoietic failure and diseases. In this paper, we present a Boolean network model that recapitulates HSC regulation in virtue of external signals coming from the niche. This Boolean network integrates and summarizes the current knowledge of HSC regulation and is based on extensive literature research. Furthermore, dynamic simulations suggest a novel systemic regulation of TP53 in homeostasis. Thereby, our model indicates that TP53 activity is balanced depending on external stimulations, engaging a regulatory mechanism involving ROS regulators and RAS activated transcription factors. Finally, we investigated different mouse models and compared them to in silico knockout simulations. Here, the model could recapitulate in vivo observed behaviors and thus sustains our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nensi Ikonomi
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Silke D Kühlwein
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Julian D Schwab
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hans A Kestler
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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109
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The efficiency of murine MLL-ENL-driven leukemia initiation changes with age and peaks during neonatal development. Blood Adv 2020; 3:2388-2399. [PMID: 31405949 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2019000554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
MLL rearrangements are translocation mutations that cause both acute lymphoblastic leukemia and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). These translocations can occur as sole clonal driver mutations in infant leukemias, suggesting that fetal or neonatal hematopoietic progenitors may be exquisitely sensitive to transformation by MLL fusion proteins. To test this possibility, we used transgenic mice to induce one translocation product, MLL-ENL, during fetal, neonatal, juvenile and adult stages of life. When MLL-ENL was induced in fetal or neonatal mice, almost all died of AML. In contrast, when MLL-ENL was induced in adult mice, most survived for >1 year despite sustained transgene expression. AML initiation was most efficient when MLL-ENL was induced in neonates, and even transient suppression of MLL-ENL in neonates could prevent AML in most mice. MLL-ENL target genes were induced more efficiently in neonatal progenitors than in adult progenitors, consistent with the distinct AML initiation efficiencies. Interestingly, transplantation stress mitigated the developmental barrier to leukemogenesis. Since fetal/neonatal progenitors were highly competent to initiate MLL-ENL-driven AML, we tested whether Lin28b, a fetal master regulator, could accelerate leukemogenesis. Surprisingly, Lin28b suppressed AML initiation rather than accelerating it. This may explain why MLL rearrangements often occur before birth in human infant leukemia patients, but transformation usually does not occur until after birth, when Lin28b levels decline. Our findings show that the efficiency of MLL-ENL-driven AML initiation changes through the course of pre- and postnatal development, and developmental programs can be manipulated to impede transformation.
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110
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Yamashita M, Dellorusso PV, Olson OC, Passegué E. Dysregulated haematopoietic stem cell behaviour in myeloid leukaemogenesis. Nat Rev Cancer 2020; 20:365-382. [PMID: 32415283 PMCID: PMC7658795 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-020-0260-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Haematopoiesis is governed by haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) that produce all lineages of blood and immune cells. The maintenance of blood homeostasis requires a dynamic response of HSCs to stress, and dysregulation of these adaptive-response mechanisms underlies the development of myeloid leukaemia. Leukaemogenesis often occurs in a stepwise manner, with genetic and epigenetic changes accumulating in pre-leukaemic HSCs prior to the emergence of leukaemic stem cells (LSCs) and the development of acute myeloid leukaemia. Clinical data have revealed the existence of age-related clonal haematopoiesis, or the asymptomatic clonal expansion of mutated blood cells in the elderly, and this phenomenon is connected to susceptibility to leukaemic transformation. Here we describe how selection for specific mutations that increase HSC competitive fitness, in conjunction with additional endogenous and environmental changes, drives leukaemic transformation. We review the ways in which LSCs take advantage of normal HSC properties to promote survival and expansion, thus underlying disease recurrence and resistance to conventional therapies, and we detail our current understanding of leukaemic 'stemness' regulation. Overall, we link the cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating HSC behaviour with the functional dysregulation of these mechanisms in myeloid leukaemia and discuss opportunities for targeting LSC-specific mechanisms for the prevention or cure of malignant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Yamashita
- Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Department of Genetics & Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Stem Cell and Molecular Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Paul V Dellorusso
- Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Department of Genetics & Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Oakley C Olson
- Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Department of Genetics & Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emmanuelle Passegué
- Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Department of Genetics & Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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111
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Teschendorff AE. A comparison of epigenetic mitotic-like clocks for cancer risk prediction. Genome Med 2020; 12:56. [PMID: 32580750 PMCID: PMC7315560 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-020-00752-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background DNA methylation changes that accrue in the stem cell pool of an adult tissue in line with the cumulative number of cell divisions may contribute to the observed variation in cancer risk among tissues and individuals. Thus, the construction of epigenetic “mitotic” clocks that can measure the lifetime number of stem cell divisions is of paramount interest. Methods Building upon a dynamic model of DNA methylation gain in unmethylated CpG-rich regions, we here derive a novel mitotic clock (“epiTOC2”) that can directly estimate the cumulative number of stem cell divisions in a tissue. We compare epiTOC2 to a different mitotic model, based on hypomethylation at solo-WCGW sites (“HypoClock”), in terms of their ability to measure mitotic age of normal adult tissues and predict cancer risk. Results Using epiTOC2, we estimate the intrinsic stem cell division rate for different normal tissue types, demonstrating excellent agreement (Pearson correlation = 0.92, R2 = 0.85, P = 3e−6) with those derived from experiment. In contrast, HypoClock’s estimates do not (Pearson correlation = 0.30, R2 = 0.09, P = 0.29). We validate these results in independent datasets profiling normal adult tissue types. While both epiTOC2 and HypoClock correctly predict an increased mitotic rate in cancer, epiTOC2 is more robust and significantly better at discriminating preneoplastic lesions characterized by chronic inflammation, a major driver of tissue turnover and cancer risk. Our data suggest that DNA methylation loss at solo-WCGWs is significant only when cells are under high replicative stress and that epiTOC2 is a better mitotic age and cancer risk prediction model for normal adult tissues. Conclusions These results have profound implications for our understanding of epigenetic clocks and for developing cancer risk prediction or early detection assays. We propose that measurement of DNAm at the 163 epiTOC2 CpGs in adult pre-neoplastic lesions, and potentially in serum cell-free DNA, could provide the basis for building feasible pre-diagnostic or cancer risk assays. epiTOC2 is freely available from 10.5281/zenodo.2632938
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Teschendorff
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China. .,UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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112
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Peron M, Dinarello A, Meneghetti G, Martorano L, Facchinello N, Vettori A, Licciardello G, Tiso N, Argenton F. The stem-like Stat3-responsive cells of zebrafish intestine are Wnt/β-catenin dependent. Development 2020; 147:dev.188987. [PMID: 32467235 PMCID: PMC7328161 DOI: 10.1242/dev.188987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor Stat3 is required for proliferation and pluripotency of embryonic stem cells; we have prepared and characterized fluorescent Stat3-reporter zebrafish based on repeats of minimal responsive elements. These transgenic lines mimic in vivo Stat3 expression patterns and are responsive to exogenous Stat3; notably, fluorescence is inhibited by both stat3 knockout and IL6/Jak/STAT inhibitors. At larval stages, Stat3 reporter activity correlates with proliferating regions of the brain, haematopoietic tissue and intestine. In the adult gut, the reporter is active in sparse proliferating cells, located at the base of intestinal folds, expressing the stemness marker sox9b and having the morphology of mammalian crypt base columnar cells; noteworthy, zebrafish stat3 mutants show defects in intestinal folding. Stat3 reporter activity in the gut is abolished with mutation of T cell factor 4 (Tcf7l2), the intestinal mediator of Wnt/β-catenin-dependent transcription. The Wnt/β-catenin dependence of Stat3 activity in the gut is confirmed by abrupt expansion of Stat3-positive cells in intestinal adenomas of apc heterozygotes. Our findings indicate that Jak/Stat3 signalling is needed for intestinal stem cell maintenance and possibly crucial in controlling Wnt/β-catenin-dependent colorectal cancer cell proliferation. Summary: Using a fluorescent reporter for Stat3 activity, we have identified the stem cells of zebrafish intestine and characterized their Wnt requirements and responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Peron
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58b, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Alberto Dinarello
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58b, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Giacomo Meneghetti
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58b, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Laura Martorano
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58b, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Nicola Facchinello
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58b, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Vettori
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58b, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Giorgio Licciardello
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58b, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Natascia Tiso
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58b, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Francesco Argenton
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58b, 35121 Padova, Italy
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113
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Nobile MS, Vlachou T, Spolaor S, Bossi D, Cazzaniga P, Lanfrancone L, Mauri G, Pelicci PG, Besozzi D. Modeling cell proliferation in human acute myeloid leukemia xenografts. Bioinformatics 2020; 35:3378-3386. [PMID: 30753298 PMCID: PMC6748761 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btz063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Motivation Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is one of the most common hematological malignancies, characterized by high relapse and mortality rates. The inherent intra-tumor heterogeneity in AML is thought to play an important role in disease recurrence and resistance to chemotherapy. Although experimental protocols for cell proliferation studies are well established and widespread, they are not easily applicable to in vivo contexts, and the analysis of related time-series data is often complex to achieve. To overcome these limitations, model-driven approaches can be exploited to investigate different aspects of cell population dynamics. Results In this work, we present ProCell, a novel modeling and simulation framework to investigate cell proliferation dynamics that, differently from other approaches, takes into account the inherent stochasticity of cell division events. We apply ProCell to compare different models of cell proliferation in AML, notably leveraging experimental data derived from human xenografts in mice. ProCell is coupled with Fuzzy Self-Tuning Particle Swarm Optimization, a swarm-intelligence settings-free algorithm used to automatically infer the models parameterizations. Our results provide new insights on the intricate organization of AML cells with highly heterogeneous proliferative potential, highlighting the important role played by quiescent cells and proliferating cells characterized by different rates of division in the progression and evolution of the disease, thus hinting at the necessity to further characterize tumor cell subpopulations. Availability and implementation The source code of ProCell and the experimental data used in this work are available under the GPL 2.0 license on GITHUB at the following URL: https://github.com/aresio/ProCell. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco S Nobile
- Department of Informatics, Systems and Communication, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,SYSBIO.IT Centre of Systems Biology, Milan, Italy
| | - Thalia Vlachou
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Spolaor
- Department of Informatics, Systems and Communication, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Bossi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Cazzaniga
- SYSBIO.IT Centre of Systems Biology, Milan, Italy.,Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Luisa Lanfrancone
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Mauri
- Department of Informatics, Systems and Communication, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,SYSBIO.IT Centre of Systems Biology, Milan, Italy
| | - Pier Giuseppe Pelicci
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Besozzi
- Department of Informatics, Systems and Communication, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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114
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Nazaraliyev A, Richard E, Sawai CM. In-vivo differentiation of adult hematopoietic stem cells from a single-cell point of view. Curr Opin Hematol 2020; 27:241-247. [PMID: 32398457 DOI: 10.1097/moh.0000000000000587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Although hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) function has long been studied by transplantation assays, this does not reflect what HSCs actually do in their native context. Here, we review recent technologic advances that facilitate the study of HSCs in their native context focusing on inducible HSC-specific lineage tracing and inference of hematopoietic trajectories through single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq). RECENT FINDINGS Lineage tracing of HSCs at the population level using multiple systems has suggested that HSCs make a major contribution to steady-state hematopoiesis. Although several genetic systems and novel methods for lineage tracing individual hematopoietic clones have been described, the technology for tracking these cellular barcodes (in particular mutations or insertion sites) is still in its infancy. Thus, lineage tracing of HSC clones in the adult bone marrow remains elusive. Static snapshots of scRNA-Seq of hematopoietic populations have captured the heterogeneity of transcriptional profiles of HSCs and progenitors, with some cells displaying a unilineage signature as well as others with bi or multipotent lineage profiles. Kinetic analysis using HSC-specific lineage tracing combined with scRNA-Seq confirmed this heterogeneity of progenitor populations and revealed a rapid and early emergence of megakaryocytic progeny, followed by erythroid and myeloid lineages, whereas lymphoid differentiation emerged last. SUMMARY New approaches to study HSCs both in vivo through lineage tracing and at a high-resolution molecular level through scRNA-Seq are providing key insight into HSC differentiation in the absence of transplantation. Recent studies using these approaches are discussed here. These studies pave the way for integration of in-vivo clonal analysis of HSC behavior over time with single-cell sequencing data, including but not limited to transcriptomic, proteomic, and epigenomic, to establish a comprehensive molecular and cellular map of hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Nazaraliyev
- INSERM Unit 1218 ACTION, University of Bordeaux, Bergonié Cancer Institute, Bordeaux, France
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115
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Kimmel JC, Hwang AB, Scaramozza A, Marshall WF, Brack AS. Aging induces aberrant state transition kinetics in murine muscle stem cells. Development 2020; 147:dev183855. [PMID: 32198156 PMCID: PMC7225128 DOI: 10.1242/dev.183855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Murine muscle stem cells (MuSCs) experience a transition from quiescence to activation that is required for regeneration, but it remains unknown if the trajectory and dynamics of activation change with age. Here, we use time-lapse imaging and single cell RNA-seq to measure activation trajectories and rates in young and aged MuSCs. We find that the activation trajectory is conserved in aged cells, and we develop effective machine-learning classifiers for cell age. Using cell-behavior analysis and RNA velocity, we find that activation kinetics are delayed in aged MuSCs, suggesting that changes in stem cell dynamics may contribute to impaired stem cell function with age. Intriguingly, we also find that stem cell activation appears to be a random walk-like process, with frequent reversals, rather than a continuous linear progression. These results support a view of the aged stem cell phenotype as a combination of differences in the location of stable cell states and differences in transition rates between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob C Kimmel
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 35 Medical Center Way, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Center for Cellular Construction, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ara B Hwang
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 35 Medical Center Way, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Annarita Scaramozza
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 35 Medical Center Way, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Wallace F Marshall
- Center for Cellular Construction, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Andrew S Brack
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 35 Medical Center Way, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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116
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Abstract
A central feature of atherosclerosis, the most prevalent chronic vascular disease and root cause of myocardial infarction and stroke, is leukocyte accumulation in the arterial wall. These crucial immune cells are produced in specialized niches in the bone marrow, where a complex cell network orchestrates their production and release. A growing body of clinical studies has documented a correlation between leukocyte numbers and cardiovascular disease risk. Understanding how leukocytes are produced and how they contribute to atherosclerosis and its complications is, therefore, critical to understanding and treating the disease. In this review, we focus on the key cells and products that regulate hematopoiesis under homeostatic conditions, during atherosclerosis and after myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfram C Poller
- From the Center for Systems Biology (W.C.P., M.N., F.K.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Matthias Nahrendorf
- From the Center for Systems Biology (W.C.P., M.N., F.K.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston.,Department of Radiology (M.N., F.K.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Filip K Swirski
- From the Center for Systems Biology (W.C.P., M.N., F.K.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston.,Department of Radiology (M.N., F.K.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
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117
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Zhao M, Tao F, Venkatraman A, Li Z, Smith SE, Unruh J, Chen S, Ward C, Qian P, Perry JM, Marshall H, Wang J, He XC, Li L. N-Cadherin-Expressing Bone and Marrow Stromal Progenitor Cells Maintain Reserve Hematopoietic Stem Cells. Cell Rep 2020; 26:652-669.e6. [PMID: 30650358 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.12.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) by bone marrow (BM) niches has been extensively studied; however, whether and how HSC subpopulations are distinctively regulated by BM niches remain unclear. Here, we functionally distinguished reserve HSCs (rHSCs) from primed HSCs (pHSCs) based on their response to chemotherapy and examined how they are dichotomously regulated by BM niches. Both pHSCs and rHSCs supported long-term hematopoiesis in homeostasis; however, pHSCs were sensitive but rHSCs were resistant to chemotherapy. Surviving rHSCs restored the HSC pool and supported hematopoietic regeneration after chemotherapy. The rHSCs were preferentially maintained in the endosteal region that enriches N-cadherin+ (N-cad+) bone-lining cells in homeostasis and post-chemotherapy. N-cad+ cells were functional bone and marrow stromal progenitor cells (BMSPCs), giving rise to osteoblasts, adipocytes, and chondrocytes in vitro and in vivo. Finally, ablation of N-cad+ niche cells or deletion of SCF from N-cad+ niche cells impaired rHSC maintenance during homeostasis and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhao
- Institute of Hematology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University; Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China; Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 66110, USA
| | - Fang Tao
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 66110, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | | | - Zhenrui Li
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 66110, USA
| | - Sarah E Smith
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 66110, USA
| | - Jay Unruh
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 66110, USA
| | - Shiyuan Chen
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 66110, USA
| | - Christina Ward
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 66110, USA
| | - Pengxu Qian
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 66110, USA; Center of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Hematology, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China 310058
| | - John M Perry
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 66110, USA; Children's Research Institute, Children's Mercy, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Heather Marshall
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 66110, USA
| | - Jinxi Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Xi C He
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 66110, USA
| | - Linheng Li
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 66110, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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118
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Pinho S, Frenette PS. Haematopoietic stem cell activity and interactions with the niche. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2020; 20:303-320. [PMID: 30745579 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-019-0103-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 577] [Impact Index Per Article: 144.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) microenvironment in the bone marrow, termed the niche, ensures haematopoietic homeostasis by controlling the proliferation, self-renewal, differentiation and migration of HSCs and progenitor cells at steady state and in response to emergencies and injury. Improved methods for HSC isolation, driven by advances in single-cell and molecular technologies, have led to a better understanding of their behaviour, heterogeneity and lineage fate and of the niche cells and signals that regulate their function. Niche regulatory signals can be in the form of cell-bound or secreted factors and other local physical cues. A combination of technological advances in bone marrow imaging and genetic manipulation of crucial regulatory factors has enabled the identification of several candidate cell types regulating the niche, including both non-haematopoietic (for example, perivascular mesenchymal stem and endothelial cells) and HSC-derived (for example, megakaryocytes, macrophages and regulatory T cells), with better topographical understanding of HSC localization in the bone marrow. Here, we review advances in our understanding of HSC regulation by niches during homeostasis, ageing and cancer, and we discuss their implications for the development of therapies to rejuvenate aged HSCs or niches or to disrupt self-reinforcing malignant niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Pinho
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul S Frenette
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY, USA.
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119
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Long-term, in toto live imaging of cardiomyocyte behaviour during mouse ventricle chamber formation at single-cell resolution. Nat Cell Biol 2020; 22:332-340. [PMID: 32123336 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-020-0475-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mapping of the holistic cell behaviours sculpting the four-chambered mammalian heart has been a goal or previous studies, but so far only success in transparent invertebrates and lower vertebrates with two-chambered hearts has been achieved. Using a live-imaging system comprising a customized vertical light-sheet microscope equipped with a mouse embryo culture module, a heartbeat-gated imaging strategy and a digital image processing framework, we realized volumetric imaging of developing mouse hearts at single-cell resolution and with uninterrupted cell lineages for up to 1.5 d. Four-dimensional landscapes of Nppa+ cardiomyocyte cell behaviours revealed a blueprint for ventricle chamber formation by which biased outward migration of the outermost cardiomyocytes is coupled with cell intercalation and horizontal division. The inner-muscle architecture of trabeculae was developed through dual mechanisms: early fate segregation and transmural cell arrangement involving both oriented cell division and directional migration. Thus, live-imaging reconstruction of uninterrupted cell lineages affords a transformative means for deciphering mammalian organogenesis.
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120
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Mir P, Klimiankou M, Findik B, Hähnel K, Mellor-Heineke S, Zeidler C, Skokowa J, Welte K. New insights into the pathomechanism of cyclic neutropenia. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1466:83-92. [PMID: 32083314 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic neutropenia (CyN) is a hematologic disorder in which peripheral blood absolute neutrophil counts (ANCs) show cycles of approximately 21-day intervals. The majority of CyN patients harbor ELANE mutations, but the mechanism of ANC cycling is unclear. We performed analysis of bone marrow (BM) subpopulations in CyN patients at the peak and the nadir of the ANC cycle and detected high proportions of BM hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) at the nadir of the ANC cycle, as compared with the peak. BM HSPCs produced fewer granulocyte colony-forming unit colonies at the ANC peak. To investigate the mechanism of cycling, we found that mRNA expression levels of ELANE and unfolded protein response (UPR)-related genes (ATF6, BiP (HSPA5), CHOP (DDIT3), and PERK (EIF2AK3)) were elevated, but antiapoptotic genes (Bcl-2 (BCL2) and bcl-xL (BCL2L1)) were reduced in CD34+ cells tested at the ANC nadir. Moreover, HSPCs revealed increased levels of reactive oxygen species and gH2AX at the ANC nadir. We suggest that in CyN patients, some HSPCs escape the UPR-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and proliferate in response to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) to a certain threshold at which UPR again affects the majority of HSPCs. There is a cyclic balance between ER stress-induced apoptosis of HSPCs and compensatory G-CSF-stimulated HSPC proliferation followed by granulocytic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perihan Mir
- Department of Oncology, Hematology, Immunology, Rheumatology and Pulmonology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Maksim Klimiankou
- Department of Oncology, Hematology, Immunology, Rheumatology and Pulmonology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Betuel Findik
- Department of Oncology, Hematology, Immunology, Rheumatology and Pulmonology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Karin Hähnel
- Department of Oncology, Hematology, Immunology, Rheumatology and Pulmonology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sabine Mellor-Heineke
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Cornelia Zeidler
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Julia Skokowa
- Department of Oncology, Hematology, Immunology, Rheumatology and Pulmonology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Karl Welte
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, University Children's Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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121
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Cyclosporine H Improves the Multi-Vector Lentiviral Transduction of Murine Haematopoietic Progenitors and Stem Cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1812. [PMID: 32020016 PMCID: PMC7000727 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58724-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) have the potential for lifetime production of blood and immune cells. The introduction of transgenes into HSCs is important for basic research, as well as for multiple clinical applications, because HSC transplantation is an already established procedure. Recently, a major advancement has been reported in the use of cyclosporine H (CsH), which can significantly enhance the lentivirus (LV) transduction of human haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). In this study, we employed CsH for LV transduction of murine HSCs and defined haematopoietic progenitors, confirming previous findings in more specific subsets of primitive haematopoietic cells. Our data confirm increased efficiencies, in agreement with the published data. We further experimented with the transduction with the simultaneous use of several vectors. The use of CsH yielded an even more robust increase in rates of multi-vector infection than the increase for a single-vector. CsH was reported to reduce the innate resistance mechanism against LV infection. We indeed found that additional pretreatment could increase the efficiency of transduction, in agreement with the originally reported results. Our data also suggest that CsH does not reduce the efficiency of transplantation into immune-competent hosts or the differentiation of HSCs while enhancing stable long-term expression in vivo. This new additive will surely help many studies in animal models and might be very useful for the development of novel HSC gene therapy approaches.
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122
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Slow cycling intestinal stem cell and Paneth cell responses to Trichinella spiralis infection. Parasitol Int 2020; 74:101923. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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123
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Rabe JL, Hernandez G, Chavez JS, Mills TS, Nerlov C, Pietras EM. CD34 and EPCR coordinately enrich functional murine hematopoietic stem cells under normal and inflammatory conditions. Exp Hematol 2019; 81:1-15.e6. [PMID: 31863798 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoiesis is dynamically regulated to maintain blood system function under nonhomeostatic conditions such as inflammation and injury. However, common surface marker and hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) reporter systems used for prospective enrichment of HSCs have been less rigorously tested in these contexts. Here, we use two surface markers, EPCR/CD201 and CD34, to re-analyze dynamic changes in the HSC-enriched phenotypic SLAM compartment in a mouse model of chronic interleukin (IL)-1 exposure. EPCR and CD34 coordinately identify four functionally and molecularly distinct compartments within the SLAM fraction, including an EPCR+/CD34- fraction whose long-term serial repopulating activity is only modestly impacted by chronic IL-1 exposure, relative to unfractionated SLAM cells. Notably, the other three fractions expand in frequency following IL-1 treatment and represent actively proliferating, lineage-primed cell states with limited long-term repopulating potential. Importantly, we find that the Fgd5-ZSGreen HSC reporter mouse enriches for molecularly and functionally intact HSCs regardless of IL-1 exposure. Together, our findings provide further evidence of dynamic heterogeneity within a commonly used HSC-enriched phenotypic compartment under stress conditions. Importantly, they also indicate that stringency of prospective isolation approaches can enhance interpretation of findings related to HSC function when studying models of hematopoietic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Rabe
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Giovanny Hernandez
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - James S Chavez
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Taylor S Mills
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Claus Nerlov
- MRC Molecular Hematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Eric M Pietras
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
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124
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Somatic Mutations Reveal Lineage Relationships and Age-Related Mutagenesis in Human Hematopoiesis. Cell Rep 2019; 25:2308-2316.e4. [PMID: 30485801 PMCID: PMC6289083 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutation accumulation during life can contribute to hematopoietic dysfunction; however, the underlying dynamics are unknown. Somatic mutations in blood progenitors can provide insight into the rate and processes underlying this accumulation, as well as the developmental lineage tree and stem cell division numbers. Here, we catalog mutations in the genomes of human-bone-marrow-derived and umbilical-cord-blood-derived hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). We find that mutations accumulate gradually during life with approximately 14 base substitutions per year. The majority of mutations were acquired after birth and could be explained by the constant activity of various endogenous mutagenic processes, which also explains the mutation load in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Using these mutations, we construct a developmental lineage tree of human hematopoiesis, revealing a polyclonal architecture and providing evidence that developmental clones exhibit multipotency. Our approach highlights features of human native hematopoiesis and its implications for leukemogenesis.
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125
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Nakagawa MM, Rathinam CV. Constitutive Activation of the Canonical NF-κB Pathway Leads to Bone Marrow Failure and Induction of Erythroid Signature in Hematopoietic Stem Cells. Cell Rep 2019; 25:2094-2109.e4. [PMID: 30463008 PMCID: PMC6945759 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.10.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Constitutive activation of the canonical NF-κB pathway has been associated with a variety of human pathologies. However, molecular mechanisms through which canonical NF-κB affects hematopoiesis remain elusive. Here, we demonstrate that deregulated canonical NF-κB signals in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) cause a complete depletion of HSC pool, pancytopenia, bone marrow failure, and premature death. Constitutive activation of IKK2 in HSCs leads to impaired quiescence and loss of function. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) identified an induction of “erythroid signature” in HSCs with augmented NF-κB activity. Mechanistic studies indicated a reduction of thrombopoietin (TPO)-mediated signals and its downstream target p57 in HSCs, due to reduced c-MpI expression in a cell-intrinsic manner. Molecular studies established Klf1 as a key suppressor of c-MpI in HSPCs with increased NF-κB. In essence, these studies identified a previously unknown mechanism through which exaggerated canonical NF-κB signals affect HSCs and cause pathophysiology. Nakagawa and Rathinam demonstrate that constitutive activation of IKK2 in HSCs causes a complete depletion of the HSC pool and impairs HSC functions due to a loss of “sternness” signature and an induction of erythroid signature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Marshall Nakagawa
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, 701 W. 168(th) Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Chozha Vendan Rathinam
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, 701 W. 168(th) Street, New York, NY 10032, USA; Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA; Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA; Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 W. Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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126
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Soda M, Saito K, Ida-Yonemochi H, Nakakura-Ohshima K, Kenmotsu S, Ohshima H. Reduced enamel epithelium-derived cell niche in the junctional epithelium is maintained for a long time in mice. J Periodontol 2019; 91:819-827. [PMID: 31495928 DOI: 10.1002/jper.19-0269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although numerous reports have demonstrated that the junctional epithelium (JE) is derived from the reduced enamel epithelium (REE), the fate of the REE-derived JE remains controversial. The present study elucidated the fate of the REE-derived JE and the cell dynamics of stem/progenitor cells in the JE following tooth eruption. METHODS Mandibular first molar germs (embryonic days 15 to postnatal 1-day-old) were transplanted into the socket of 2-week-old mice after extraction of the upper first molars of B6 wild-type (WT) and green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic mice. After analysis by µ-CT, paraffin sections were processed for immunohistochemistry for Nestin, Ki67 and GFP. We also performed chasing analysis using BrdU-administered TetOP-H2B-GFP mice. RESULTS Amelogenesis progressed normally in the cervical areas, and the structure of the JE was like that in normal tooth development. The JE was GFP-negative in transplantations using GFP transgenic mice as the host, and the oral epithelium (OE) showed a positive reaction. By contrast, the JE remained GFP-positive throughout the experimental period in transplantations using GFP transgenic mice as the donor. Chasing analysis revealed that H2B-GFP- and 5-Bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU)-labeled cells in the basal side of the JE translocated to oral side of the JE as the chasing time increased. Some label-retaining cells remained at the supra-basal cell layer in the JE. CONCLUSION These results suggest that REE-derived cell niche in the JE is maintained for a long time following tooth eruption. Therefore, the JE may be available as the source of the odontogenic epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Soda
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Health Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kotaro Saito
- Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology of the Hard Tissue, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiroko Ida-Yonemochi
- Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology of the Hard Tissue, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kuniko Nakakura-Ohshima
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Health Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shinichi Kenmotsu
- Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology of the Hard Tissue, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hayato Ohshima
- Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology of the Hard Tissue, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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Grinstein M, Dingwall HL, O'Connor LD, Zou K, Capellini TD, Galloway JL. A distinct transition from cell growth to physiological homeostasis in the tendon. eLife 2019; 8:e48689. [PMID: 31535975 PMCID: PMC6791717 DOI: 10.7554/elife.48689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in cell proliferation define transitions from tissue growth to physiological homeostasis. In tendons, a highly organized extracellular matrix undergoes significant postnatal expansion to drive growth, but once formed, it appears to undergo little turnover. However, tendon cell activity during growth and homeostatic maintenance is less well defined. Using complementary methods of genetic H2B-GFP pulse-chase labeling and BrdU incorporation in mice, we show significant postnatal tendon cell proliferation, correlating with longitudinal Achilles tendon growth. Around day 21, there is a transition in cell turnover with a significant decline in proliferation. After this time, we find low amounts of homeostatic tendon cell proliferation from 3 to 20 months. These results demonstrate that tendons harbor significant postnatal mitotic activity, and limited, but detectable activity in adult and aged stages. It also points towards the possibility that the adult tendon harbors resident tendon progenitor populations, which would have important therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mor Grinstein
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryMassachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Heather L Dingwall
- Department of Human Evolutionary BiologyHarvard UniversityCambridgeUnited States
| | - Luke D O'Connor
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryMassachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Ken Zou
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryMassachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Terence Dante Capellini
- Department of Human Evolutionary BiologyHarvard UniversityCambridgeUnited States
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MITCambridgeUnited States
| | - Jenna Lauren Galloway
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryMassachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Harvard Stem Cell InstituteCambridgeUnited States
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128
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Bild A, Teo JL, Kahn M. Enhanced Kat3A/Catenin transcription: a common mechanism of therapeutic resistance. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2019; 2:917-932. [PMID: 32426696 PMCID: PMC7234864 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2019.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancers are heterogeneous at the cellular level. Cancer stem cells/tumor initiating cells (CSC/TIC) both initiate tumorigenesis and are responsible for therapeutic resistance and disease relapse. Elimination of CSC/TIC should therefore be able to reverse therapy resistance. In principle, this could be accomplished by either targeting cancer stem cell surface markers or "stemness" pathways. Although the successful therapeutic elimination of "cancer stemness" is a critical goal, it is complex in that it should be achieved without depletion of or increases in somatic mutations in normal tissue stem cell populations. In this perspective, we will discuss the prospects for this goal via pharmacologically targeting differential Kat3 coactivator/Catenin usage, a fundamental transcriptional control mechanism in stem cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bild
- Department of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Jia-Ling Teo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Michael Kahn
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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Context-dependent effect of sPLA 2-IIA induced proliferation on murine hair follicle stem cells and human epithelial cancer. EBioMedicine 2019; 48:364-376. [PMID: 31521610 PMCID: PMC6838435 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue stem cells (SCs) and cancer cells proliferation is regulated by many common signalling mechanisms. These mechanisms temporally balance proliferation and differentiation events during normal tissue homeostasis and repair. However, the effect of these aberrant signalling mechanisms on the ultimate fate of SCs and cancer cells remains obscure. METHODS To evaluate the functional effects of Secretory Phospholipase A2-IIA (sPLA2-IIA) induced abnormal signalling on normal SCs and cancer cells, we have used K14-sPLA2-IIA transgenic mice hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs), DMBA/TPA induced mouse skin tumour tissues, human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and skin squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) derived cell lines. FINDINGS Our study demonstrates that sPLA2-IIA induces rapid proliferation of HFSCs, thereby altering the proliferation dynamics leading to a complete loss of the slow cycling H2BGFP positive HFSCs. Interestingly, in vivo reversion study by JNK inhibition exhibited a significant delay in post depilation hair growth, confirming that sPLA2-IIA promotes HFSCs proliferation through JNK/c-Jun signalling. In a different cellular context, we showed increased expression of sPLA2-IIA in human OSCC and mouse skin cancer tissues. Importantly, a xenograft of sPLA2-IIA knockdown cells of OSCC and SCC cell lines showed a concomitant reduction of tumour volume in NOD-SCID mice and decreased JNK/c-Jun signalling. INTERPRETATION This study unravels how an increased proliferation induced by a common proliferation inducer (sPLA2-IIA) alters the fate of normal SCs and cancer cells distinctively through common JNK/c-Jun signalling. Thus, sPLA2-IIA can be a potential target for various diseases including cancer. FUND: This work was partly supported by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR-3097) and ACTREC (42) grants.
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130
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Drake KA, Fessler AR, Carroll TJ. Methods for renal lineage tracing: In vivo and beyond. Methods Cell Biol 2019; 154:121-143. [PMID: 31493814 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lineage tracing has resulted in fundamental discoveries in kidney development and disease and remains a powerful technique to study mechanisms of organogenesis, homeostasis, and repair/regeneration. Following decades of research on the cellular and molecular regulation of renal organogenesis, the kidney has become one of the most well-characterized organs, resulting in exciting advancements in pluripotent stem cell differentiation, tissue bioengineering, and the potential for developing novel regenerative therapies for kidney disease. Lineage tracing, or the labeling of progeny cells arising from a single cell or group of cells, allows for spatial and temporal analyses of dynamic in vivo and in vitro processes. As lineage tracing techniques expand across disciplines of developmental biology, stem cell biology, and regenerative medicine, careful experimental design and interpretation, along with an understanding of the basic principles and technical limitations, are essential for utilizing genetically complex lineage tracing models to further understand kidney development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keri A Drake
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Alicia R Fessler
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States; Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Thomas J Carroll
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States; Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.
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131
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Saito K, Ohshima H. The putative role of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding protein 5 independent of IGF in the maintenance of pulpal homeostasis in mice. Regen Ther 2019; 11:217-224. [PMID: 31516919 PMCID: PMC6732709 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5 (IGFBP5) may play a crucial role in activating the functions of periodontal and bone marrow stem cells, the factors responsible for regulating the maintenance of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) remain to be clarified. This study aimed to elucidate the role of IGFBP5 in maintaining pulpal homeostasis during tooth development and pulpal healing after tooth injury in doxycycline-inducible TetOP-histone 2B (H2B)-green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic mice (GFP expression was induced at E14.5 or E15.5) by using TUNEL assay, RT-PCR, in situ hybridization for Igfbp5, and immunohistochemistry for IGFBP5, Nestin, and GFP. To observe the pulpal response to exogenous stimuli, the roots of the maxillary first molars were resected, and the coronal portion was autografted into the sublingual region. Intense IGFBP5/Igfbp5 expression was observed in cells from the center of the pulp tissue and the subodontoblastic layer in developing teeth during postnatal Week 4. Intense H2B-GFP-expressing label-retaining cells (LRCs) were localized in the subodontoblastic layer in addition to the center of the pulp tissue, suggesting that slowly dividing cell populations reside in these areas. During postoperative days 3–7, the LRCs were maintained in the dental pulp, showed an IGFBP5-positve reaction in their nuclei, and lacked a TUNEL-positive reaction. In situ hybridization and RT-PCR analyses confirmed the expression of Igfbp5 in the dental pulp. These findings suggest that IGFBP5 play a pivotal role in regulating the survival and apoptosis of DPSCs during both tooth development and pulpal healing following tooth injury.
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Key Words
- ANOVA, one-way analysis of variance
- Apoptosis
- DAB, diaminobenzidine
- DPSC, dental pulp stem cell
- Dental pulp
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- H&E, hematoxylin and eosin
- H2B, histone 2B
- IGF, insulin-like growth factor
- IGF-IR, insulin-like growth factor I receptor
- IGFBP5, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5
- LRC, label-retaining cell
- MAS, Matsunami adhesive silane
- Mice (Transgenic)
- PDLSCs, periodontal ligament stem cells
- RT-PCR, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction
- Stem cells
- TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling
- Transplantation
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Sharir A, Marangoni P, Zilionis R, Wan M, Wald T, Hu JK, Kawaguchi K, Castillo-Azofeifa D, Epstein L, Harrington K, Pagella P, Mitsiadis T, Siebel CW, Klein AM, Klein OD. A large pool of actively cycling progenitors orchestrates self-renewal and injury repair of an ectodermal appendage. Nat Cell Biol 2019; 21:1102-1112. [PMID: 31481792 PMCID: PMC6935352 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-019-0378-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The classical model of tissue renewal posits that small numbers of quiescent stem cells (SCs) give rise to proliferating transit-amplifying cells before terminal differentiation. However, many organs house pools of SCs with proliferative and differentiation potentials that diverge from this template. Resolving SC identity and organization is therefore central to understanding tissue renewal. Here, using a combination of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), mouse genetics and tissue injury approaches, we uncover cellular hierarchies and mechanisms that underlie the maintenance and repair of the continuously growing mouse incisor. Our results reveal that, during homeostasis, a group of actively cycling epithelial progenitors generates enamel-producing ameloblasts and adjacent layers of non-ameloblast cells. After injury, tissue repair was achieved through transient increases in progenitor-cell proliferation and through direct conversion of Notch1-expressing cells to ameloblasts. We elucidate epithelial SC identity, position and function, providing a mechanistic basis for the homeostasis and repair of a fast-turnover ectodermal appendage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amnon Sharir
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Pauline Marangoni
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rapolas Zilionis
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Mian Wan
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tomas Wald
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jimmy K Hu
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kyogo Kawaguchi
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Universal Biology Institute, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - David Castillo-Azofeifa
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Leo Epstein
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Kyle Harrington
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
- Virtual Technology and Design, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Pierfrancesco Pagella
- Orofacial Development and Regeneration, Institute of Oral Biology, Centre of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thimios Mitsiadis
- Orofacial Development and Regeneration, Institute of Oral Biology, Centre of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian W Siebel
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Allon M Klein
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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133
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Regulation of IGF-I by IGFBP3 and IGFBP5 during odontoblast differentiation in mice. J Oral Biosci 2019; 61:157-162. [PMID: 31400542 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although intracellular signaling pathways of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) related to the proliferation of dental pulp cells have been investigated, the switching mechanism from cell proliferation to differentiation during odontogenesis remains elusive. This study aimed to elucidate the role of IGF binding protein (IGFBP) 3 and 5 in regulation of IGF-I during odontoblast differentiation in mouse incisors. METHODS The detailed expression patterns of IGF-I, IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR), IGFBP3, and IGFBP5 together with that of an odontoblast differentiation marker, nestin, were examined by immunohistochemistry and/or in situ hybridization using paraffinized sections of TetOP-H2B-GFP mouse incisors at postnatal 4 weeks. RESULTS Undifferentiated dental papilla cells and preodontoblasts (preOB) showed intense IGF-I- and IGF-IRα-positive reactions, and the expression was observed in differentiated odontoblasts, such as immature odontoblasts (iOB) and mature odontoblasts (mOB). IGFBP3/Igfbp3 was transiently expressed in preOB and early iOB, and the intensity of expression gradually reduced with the progression of odontoblast differentiation. In contrast, immunohistochemical analysis for IGFBP5 identified a positive reaction in the undifferentiated dental papilla cells and differentiated odontoblasts, and the expression of Igfbp5 was reduced in the differentiated odontoblasts. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrated the expression patterns of IGF-I, IGF-IR, IGFBP3, and IGFBP5 during odontoblast differentiation in mouse incisors. These results suggested that IGFBP3 regulates the transition from the proliferative to differentiation stage by inhibiting the action of IGF-I on the proliferation of dental papilla cells, and that IGFBP5 plays an important role in the maintenance of the differentiated odontoblasts during tooth development.
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134
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CABLES1 Deficiency Impairs Quiescence and Stress Responses of Hematopoietic Stem Cells in Intrinsic and Extrinsic Manners. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 13:274-290. [PMID: 31327733 PMCID: PMC6700604 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow (BM) niche cells help to keep adult hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in a quiescent state via secreted factors and induction of cell-cycle inhibitors. Here, we demonstrate that the adapter protein CABLES1 is a key regulator of long-term hematopoietic homeostasis during stress and aging. Young mice lacking Cables1 displayed hyperproliferation of hematopoietic progenitor cells. This defect was cell intrinsic, since it was reproduced in BM transplantation assays using wild-type animals as recipients. Overexpression and short hairpin RNA-mediated depletion of CABLES1 protein resulted in p21Cip/waf up- and downregulation, respectively. Aged mice lacking Cables1 displayed abnormalities in peripheral blood cell counts accompanied by a significant reduction in HSC compartment, concomitant with an increased mobilization of progenitor cells. In addition, Cables1−/− mice displayed increased sensitivity to the chemotherapeutic agent 5-fluorouracil due to an abnormal microenvironment. Altogether, our findings uncover a key role for CABLES1 in HSC homeostasis and stress hematopoiesis. CABLES1 is expressed in immature hematopoietic progenitor cells and niche cells CABLES1 in an intrinsic negative cell-cycle regulator of hematopoietic progenitor cells CABLES1 regulates p21Cip/waf protein levels The abnormal stress responses of Cables1−/− HSC during aging are niche cell dependent
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135
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Li Y, Ai S, Yu X, Li C, Li X, Yue Y, Wei Y, Li CY, He A. Replication-Independent Histone Turnover Underlines the Epigenetic Homeostasis in Adult Heart. Circ Res 2019; 125:198-208. [PMID: 31104571 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.118.314366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Replication-independent histone turnover has been linked to cis-regulatory chromatin domains in cultured cell lines, but its molecular underpinnings and functional relevance in adult mammalian tissues remain yet to be defined. OBJECTIVE We investigated regulatory functions of replication-independent histone turnover in chromatin states of postmitotic cardiomyocytes from adult mouse heart. METHODS AND RESULTS We used H2B-GFP (histone 2B-green fluorescent protein) fusion protein pulse-and-chase approaches to measure histone turnover rate in mouse cardiomyocytes. Surprisingly, we found that the short histone half-life (≈2 weeks) contrasted dramatically with the long lifetime of cardiomyocytes, and rapid histone turnover regions corresponded to cis-regulatory domains of heart genes. Interestingly, recruitment of chromatin modifiers, including Polycomb EED (embryonic ectoderm development), was positively correlated with histone turnover rate at enhancers. Mechanistically, through directly interacting with and engaging the BAF (BRG1 [Brahma-related gene-1]-associated factor) complex for nucleosome exchange for stereotyped histone modifications from the free histone pool, EED augmented histone turnover to restrain enhancer overactivation. CONCLUSIONS We propose a model in which replication-independent histone turnover reinforces robustness of local chromatin states for adult tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Li
- From the Institute of Molecular Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Peking University, China (Y.L., S.A., C.L., X.L., Y.Y., C.-Y.L., A.H.)
| | - Shanshan Ai
- From the Institute of Molecular Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Peking University, China (Y.L., S.A., C.L., X.L., Y.Y., C.-Y.L., A.H.)
| | - Xianhong Yu
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China (X.Y., A.H.)
| | - Chen Li
- From the Institute of Molecular Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Peking University, China (Y.L., S.A., C.L., X.L., Y.Y., C.-Y.L., A.H.)
| | - Xin Li
- From the Institute of Molecular Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Peking University, China (Y.L., S.A., C.L., X.L., Y.Y., C.-Y.L., A.H.)
| | - Yanzhu Yue
- From the Institute of Molecular Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Peking University, China (Y.L., S.A., C.L., X.L., Y.Y., C.-Y.L., A.H.)
| | - Yusheng Wei
- College of Life Science, Peking University, Beijing, China (Y.W.)
| | - Chuan-Yun Li
- From the Institute of Molecular Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Peking University, China (Y.L., S.A., C.L., X.L., Y.Y., C.-Y.L., A.H.)
| | - Aibin He
- From the Institute of Molecular Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Peking University, China (Y.L., S.A., C.L., X.L., Y.Y., C.-Y.L., A.H.).,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China (X.Y., A.H.)
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136
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McRae HM, Voss AK, Thomas T. Are transplantable stem cells required for adult hematopoiesis? Exp Hematol 2019; 75:1-10. [PMID: 31175894 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) have been studied intensely for more than half a century. As a result, the properties of HSCs have become a paradigm of adult stem cell biology and function. The "classical" view of hematopoiesis suggests that the HSCs sit at the top of a hierarchy and that differentiation involves sequential production of multipotent and lineage committed progenitors with limited self-renewal capacity. This view of hematopoiesis is certainly valid after transplantation of HSCs, where, with appropriate support, a single HSC can regenerate the entire hematopoietic system of the recipient. However, it is not clear whether HSCs perform the same function during steady-state hematopoiesis. Indeed, studies have shown that the majority of classical HSCs are not required for ongoing steady-state adult hematopoiesis. Several reports suggest that steady-state hematopoiesis relies on highly proliferative cells with more lineage restricted characteristics, a finding that was not anticipated based on results from transplantation experiments. However, other studies indicate a more substantial HSC contribution. Nevertheless, the notion of HSCs as distinct from progenitors appears to be simplistic in view of ample evidence for heterogeneity within the stem cell compartment. In this review we discuss recent results and controversies surrounding HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M McRae
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Anne K Voss
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Tim Thomas
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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137
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Gutiérrez-Martínez A, Sew WQG, Molano-Fernández M, Carretero-Junquera M, Herranz H. Mechanisms of oncogenic cell competition-Paths of victory. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 63:27-35. [PMID: 31128299 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a multistep process. In the early phases of this disease, mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressors are thought to promote clonal expansion. These mutations can increase cell competitiveness, allowing tumor cells to grow within the tissue by eliminating wild type host cells. Recent studies have shown that cell competition can also function in later phases of cancer. Here, we examine the existing evidence linking cell competition and tumorigenesis. We focus on the mechanisms underlying cell competition and their contribution to disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Gutiérrez-Martínez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Copenhagen 2200 N, Denmark
| | - Wei Qi Guinevere Sew
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Copenhagen 2200 N, Denmark
| | - Maria Molano-Fernández
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Copenhagen 2200 N, Denmark
| | - Maria Carretero-Junquera
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Copenhagen 2200 N, Denmark
| | - Héctor Herranz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Copenhagen 2200 N, Denmark.
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138
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Hernandez G, Mills TS, Rabe JL, Chavez JS, Kuldanek S, Kirkpatrick G, Noetzli L, Jubair WK, Zanche M, Myers JR, Stevens BM, Fleenor CJ, Adane B, Dinarello CA, Ashton J, Jordan CT, Di Paola J, Hagman JR, Holers VM, Kuhn KA, Pietras EM. Pro-inflammatory cytokine blockade attenuates myeloid expansion in a murine model of rheumatoid arthritis. Haematologica 2019; 105:585-597. [PMID: 31101752 PMCID: PMC7049366 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.197210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a debilitating autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation and progressive destruction of joint tissue. It is also characterized by aberrant blood phenotypes including anemia and suppressed lymphopoiesis that contribute to morbidity in RA patients. However, the impact of RA on hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) has not been fully elucidated. Using a collagen-induced mouse model of human RA, we identified systemic inflammation and myeloid overproduction associated with activation of a myeloid differentiation gene program in HSC. Surprisingly, despite ongoing inflammation, HSC from arthritic mice remain in a quiescent state associated with activation of a proliferation arrest gene program. Strikingly, we found that inflammatory cytokine blockade using the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist anakinra led to an attenuation of inflammatory arthritis and myeloid expansion in the bone marrow of arthritic mice. In addition, anakinra reduced expression of inflammation-driven myeloid lineage and proliferation arrest gene programs in HSC of arthritic mice. Altogether, our findings show that inflammatory cytokine blockade can contribute to normalization of hematopoiesis in the context of chronic autoimmune arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanny Hernandez
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Taylor S Mills
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Jennifer L Rabe
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - James S Chavez
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Susan Kuldanek
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Gregory Kirkpatrick
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Leila Noetzli
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Widian K Jubair
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Michelle Zanche
- Genomics Research Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY
| | - Jason R Myers
- Genomics Research Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY
| | - Brett M Stevens
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Courtney J Fleenor
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO.,Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Biniam Adane
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Charles A Dinarello
- Division of Infectious Disease, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - John Ashton
- Genomics Research Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY
| | - Craig T Jordan
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Jorge Di Paola
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - James R Hagman
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO.,Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - V Michael Holers
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Kristine A Kuhn
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Eric M Pietras
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO .,Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
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139
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Meli G, Weber TS, Duffy KR. Sample path properties of the average generation of a Bellman-Harris process. J Math Biol 2019; 79:673-704. [PMID: 31069504 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-019-01373-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Motivated by a recently proposed design for a DNA coded randomised algorithm that enables inference of the average generation of a collection of cells descendent from a common progenitor, here we establish strong convergence properties for the average generation of a super-critical Bellman-Harris process. We further extend those results to a two-type Bellman-Harris process where one type can give rise to the other, but not vice versa. These results further affirm the estimation method's potential utility by establishing its long run accuracy on individual sample-paths, and significantly expanding its remit to encompass cellular development that gives rise to differentiated offspring with distinct population dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfelice Meli
- Hamilton Institute, Maynooth University, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Tom S Weber
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Ken R Duffy
- Hamilton Institute, Maynooth University, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
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140
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Scaramozza A, Park D, Kollu S, Beerman I, Sun X, Rossi DJ, Lin CP, Scadden DT, Crist C, Brack AS. Lineage Tracing Reveals a Subset of Reserve Muscle Stem Cells Capable of Clonal Expansion under Stress. Cell Stem Cell 2019; 24:944-957.e5. [PMID: 31006621 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2019.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell heterogeneity is recognized as functionally relevant for tissue homeostasis and repair. The identity, context dependence, and regulation of skeletal muscle satellite cell (SC) subsets remains poorly understood. We identify a minor subset of Pax7+ SCs that is indelibly marked by an inducible Mx1-Cre transgene in vivo, is enriched for Pax3 expression, and has reduced ROS (reactive oxygen species) levels. Mx1+ SCs possess potent stem cell activity upon transplantation but minimally contribute to endogenous muscle repair, due to their relative low abundance. In contrast, a dramatic clonal expansion of Mx1+ SCs allows extensive contribution to muscle repair and niche repopulation upon selective pressure of radiation stress, consistent with reserve stem cell (RSC) properties. Loss of Pax3 in RSCs increased ROS content and diminished survival and stress tolerance. These observations demonstrate that the Pax7+ SC pool contains a discrete population of radiotolerant RSCs that undergo clonal expansion under severe stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annarita Scaramozza
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Dongsu Park
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Swapna Kollu
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Isabel Beerman
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Xuefeng Sun
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Derrick J Rossi
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Charles P Lin
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Advanced Microscopy Program, Wellman Center for Photomedicine and Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - David T Scadden
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Colin Crist
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada; Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Andrew S Brack
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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141
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Klose M, Florian MC, Gerbaulet A, Geiger H, Glauche I. Hematopoietic Stem Cell Dynamics Are Regulated by Progenitor Demand: Lessons from a Quantitative Modeling Approach. Stem Cells 2019; 37:948-957. [PMID: 30897261 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The prevailing view on murine hematopoiesis and on hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in particular derives from experiments that are related to regeneration after irradiation and HSC transplantation. However, over the past years, different experimental techniques have been developed to investigate hematopoiesis under homeostatic conditions, thereby providing access to proliferation and differentiation rates of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in the unperturbed situation. Moreover, it has become clear that hematopoiesis undergoes distinct changes during aging with large effects on HSC abundance, lineage contribution, asymmetry of division, and self-renewal potential. However, it is currently not fully resolved how stem and progenitor cells interact to respond to varying demands and how this balance is altered by an aging-induced shift in HSC polarity. Aiming toward a conceptual understanding, we introduce a novel in silico model to investigate the dynamics of HSC response to varying demand. By introducing an internal feedback within a heterogeneous HSC population, the model is suited to consistently describe both hematopoietic homeostasis and regeneration, including the limited regulation of HSCs in the homeostatic situation. The model further explains the age-dependent increase in phenotypic HSCs as a consequence of the cells' inability to preserve divisional asymmetry. Our model suggests a dynamically regulated population of intrinsically asymmetrically dividing HSCs as suitable control mechanism that adheres with many qualitative and quantitative findings on hematopoietic recovery after stress and aging. The modeling approach thereby illustrates how a mathematical formalism can support both the conceptual and the quantitative understanding of regulatory principles in HSC biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Klose
- Institute for Medical Informatics and Biometry, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Maria Carolina Florian
- Center for Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona (CMRB), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Aging, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alexander Gerbaulet
- Institute for Immunology, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hartmut Geiger
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Aging, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.,Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Ingmar Glauche
- Institute for Medical Informatics and Biometry, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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142
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Lineage tracing of murine adult hematopoietic stem cells reveals active contribution to steady-state hematopoiesis. Blood Adv 2019; 2:1220-1228. [PMID: 29848758 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018016295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterization of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) has advanced largely owing to transplantation assays, in which the developmental potential of HSCs is assessed generally in nonhomeostatic conditions. These studies established that adult HSCs extensively contribute to multilineage hematopoietic regeneration upon transplantation. On the contrary, recent studies performing lineage tracing of HSCs under homeostatic conditions have shown that adult HSCs may contribute far less to steady-state hematopoiesis than would be anticipated based on transplantation assays. Here, we used 2 independent HSC-lineage-tracing models to examine the contribution of adult HSCs to steady-state hematopoiesis. We show that adult HSCs contribute robustly to steady-state hematopoiesis, exhibiting faster efflux toward the myeloid lineages compared with lymphoid lineages. Platelets were robustly labeled by HSCs, reaching the same level of labeling as HSCs by 1 year of chase. Our results support the view that adult HSCs contribute to the continuous influx of blood cells during steady-state hematopoiesis.
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143
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Oncogenic N-Ras and Tet2 haploinsufficiency collaborate to dysregulate hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Blood Adv 2019; 2:1259-1271. [PMID: 29866713 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018017400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Concurrent genetic lesions exist in a majority of patients with hematologic malignancies. Among these, somatic mutations that activate RAS oncogenes and inactivate the epigenetic modifier ten-eleven translocation 2 (TET2) frequently co-occur in human chronic myelomonocytic leukemias (CMMLs) and acute myeloid leukemias, suggesting a cooperativity in malignant transformation. To test this, we applied a conditional murine model that endogenously expressed oncogenic NrasG12D and monoallelic loss of Tet2 and explored the collaborative role specifically within hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) at disease initiation. We demonstrate that the 2 mutations collaborated to accelerate a transplantable CMML-like disease in vivo, with an overall shortened survival and increased disease penetrance compared with single mutants. At preleukemic stage, N-RasG12D and Tet2 haploinsufficiency together induced balanced hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) proliferation and enhanced competitiveness. NrasG12D/+/Tet2+/- HSCs displayed increased self-renewal in primary and secondary transplantations, with significantly higher reconstitution than single mutants. Strikingly, the 2 mutations together conferred long-term reconstitution and self-renewal potential to multipotent progenitors, a pool of cells that usually have limited self-renewal compared with HSCs. Moreover, HSPCs from NrasG12D/+/Tet2+/- mice displayed increased cytokine sensitivity in response to thrombopoietin. Therefore, our studies establish a novel tractable CMML model and provide insights into how dysregulated signaling pathways and epigenetic modifiers collaborate to modulate HSPC function and promote leukemogenesis.
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144
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The global clonal complexity of the murine blood system declines throughout life and after serial transplantation. Blood 2019; 133:1927-1942. [PMID: 30782612 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-09-873059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although many recent studies describe the emergence and prevalence of "clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential" in aged human populations, a systematic analysis of the numbers of clones supporting steady-state hematopoiesis throughout mammalian life is lacking. Previous efforts relied on transplantation of "barcoded" hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) to track the contribution of HSC clones to reconstituted blood. However, ex vivo manipulation and transplantation alter HSC function and thus may not reflect the biology of steady-state hematopoiesis. Using a noninvasive in vivo color-labeling system, we report the first comprehensive analysis of the changing global clonal complexity of steady-state hematopoiesis during the natural murine lifespan. We observed that the number of clones (ie, clonal complexity) supporting the major blood and bone marrow hematopoietic compartments decline with age by ∼30% and ∼60%, respectively. Aging dramatically reduced HSC in vivo-repopulating activity and lymphoid potential while increasing functional heterogeneity. Continuous challenge of the hematopoietic system by serial transplantation provoked the clonal collapse of both young and aged hematopoietic systems. Whole-exome sequencing of serially transplanted aged and young hematopoietic clones confirmed oligoclonal hematopoiesis and revealed mutations in at least 27 genes, including nonsense, missense, and deletion mutations in Bcl11b, Hist1h2ac, Npy2r, Notch3, Ptprr, and Top2b.
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145
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Adaptive endoplasmic reticulum stress signalling via IRE1α-XBP1 preserves self-renewal of haematopoietic and pre-leukaemic stem cells. Nat Cell Biol 2019; 21:328-337. [PMID: 30778220 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-019-0285-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Over their lifetime, long-term haematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are exposed to a variety of stress conditions that they must endure. Many stresses, such as infection/inflammation, reactive oxygen species, nutritional deprivation and hypoxia, activate unfolded protein response signalling, which induces either adaptive changes to resolve the stress or apoptosis to clear the damaged cell. Whether unfolded-protein-response signalling plays any role in HSC regulation remains to be established. Here, we report that the adaptive signalling of the unfolded protein response, IRE1α-XBP1, protects HSCs from endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis. IRE1α knockout leads to reduced reconstitution of HSCs. Furthermore, we show that oncogenic N-RasG12D activates IRE1α-XBP1, through MEK-GSK3β, to promote HSC survival under endoplasmic reticulum stress. Inhibiting IRE1α-XBP1 abolished N-RasG12D-mediated survival under endoplasmic reticulum stress and diminished the competitive advantage of NrasG12D HSCs in transplant recipients. Our studies illuminate how the adaptive endoplasmic reticulum stress response is advantageous in sustaining self-renewal of HSCs and promoting pre-leukaemic clonal dominance.
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146
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Abstract
Stem cells can reside in a state of reversible growth arrest, or quiescence, for prolonged periods of time. Although quiescence has long been viewed as a dormant, low-activity state, increasing evidence suggests that quiescence represents states of poised potential and active restraint, as stem cells "idle" in anticipation of activation, proliferation, and differentiation. Improved understanding of quiescent stem cell dynamics is leading to novel approaches to enhance maintenance and repair of aged or diseased tissues. In this Review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of stem cell quiescence and techniques enabling more refined analyses of quiescence in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy T J van Velthoven
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Thomas A Rando
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Center for Tissue Regeneration, Repair and Restoration, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
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147
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Adult Cardiac Stem Cell Aging: A Reversible Stochastic Phenomenon? OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:5813147. [PMID: 30881594 PMCID: PMC6383393 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5813147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aging is by far the dominant risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases, whose prevalence dramatically increases with increasing age reaching epidemic proportions. In the elderly, pathologic cellular and molecular changes in cardiac tissue homeostasis and response to injury result in progressive deteriorations in the structure and function of the heart. Although the phenotypes of cardiac aging have been the subject of intense study, the recent discovery that cardiac homeostasis during mammalian lifespan is maintained and regulated by regenerative events associated with endogenous cardiac stem cell (CSC) activation has produced a crucial reconsideration of the biology of the adult and aged mammalian myocardium. The classical notion of the adult heart as a static organ, in terms of cell turnover and renewal, has now been replaced by a dynamic model in which cardiac cells continuously die and are then replaced by CSC progeny differentiation. However, CSCs are not immortal. They undergo cellular senescence characterized by increased ROS production and oxidative stress and loss of telomere/telomerase integrity in response to a variety of physiological and pathological demands with aging. Nevertheless, the old myocardium preserves an endogenous functionally competent CSC cohort which appears to be resistant to the senescent phenotype occurring with aging. The latter envisions the phenomenon of CSC ageing as a result of a stochastic and therefore reversible cell autonomous process. However, CSC aging could be a programmed cell cycle-dependent process, which affects all or most of the endogenous CSC population. The latter would infer that the loss of CSC regenerative capacity with aging is an inevitable phenomenon that cannot be rescued by stimulating their growth, which would only speed their progressive exhaustion. The resolution of these two biological views will be crucial to design and develop effective CSC-based interventions to counteract cardiac aging not only improving health span of the elderly but also extending lifespan by delaying cardiovascular disease-related deaths.
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148
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Stem cell homeostasis by integral feedback through the niche. J Theor Biol 2018; 481:100-109. [PMID: 30579956 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoiesis is a paradigm for tissue development and renewal from stem cells. Experiments show that the maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) relies on signals from niche cells. However, it is not known how the size of the HSC compartment is set. Competition by HSCs for niche access has been suggested, yet niche cells in the bone marrow outnumber HSCs. Here we propose a cooperative model of HSC homeostasis in which stem and niche cells mutually interact such that niche cells function as negative feedback regulators of HSC proliferation. This model explains puzzling experimental findings, including homeostatic recovery of the HSC compartment after irradiation versus apparent lack of recovery after HSC ablation. We show that bidirectional niche-stem cell regulation has properties of a proportional-integral feedback controller. Moreover, we predict that the outflux of differentiated cells from HSCs can be regulated by the affinity of HSCs for niche cells. Much effort has been devoted to elucidating niche cell signaling to stem cells; our theoretical insights indicate that studying the effect of stem cells on the niche may be equally important for understanding stem cell homeostasis.
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149
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Zaidan N, Ottersbach K. The multi-faceted role of Gata3 in developmental haematopoiesis. Open Biol 2018; 8:rsob.180152. [PMID: 30463912 PMCID: PMC6282070 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.180152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Gata3 is crucial for the development of several tissues and cell lineages both during development as well as postnatally. This importance is apparent from the early embryonic lethality following germline Gata3 deletion, with embryos displaying a number of phenotypes, and from the fact that Gata3 has been implicated in several cancer types. It often acts at the level of stem and progenitor cells in which it controls the expression of key lineage-determining factors as well as cell cycle genes, thus being one of the main drivers of cell fate choice and tissue morphogenesis. Gata3 is involved at various stages of haematopoiesis both in the adult as well as during development. This review summarizes the various contributions of Gata3 to haematopoiesis with a particular focus on the emergence of the first haematopoietic stem cells in the embryo—a process that appears to be influenced by Gata3 at various levels, thus highlighting the complex nature of Gata3 action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Zaidan
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Katrin Ottersbach
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
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150
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Zhang D, Zhao S, Li X, Kirk JS, Tang DG. Prostate Luminal Progenitor Cells in Development and Cancer. Trends Cancer 2018; 4:769-783. [PMID: 30352679 PMCID: PMC6212301 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) has a predominantly luminal phenotype. Basal cells were previously identified as a cell of origin for PCa, but increasing evidence implicates luminal cells as a preferred cell of origin for PCa, as well as key drivers of tumor development and progression. Prostate luminal cells are understudied compared with basal cells. In this review, we describe the contribution of prostate luminal progenitor (LP) cells to luminal cell development and their role in prostate development, androgen-mediated regeneration of castrated prostate, and tumorigenesis. We also discuss the potential value of LP transcriptomics to identify new targets and therapies to treat aggressive PCa. Finally, we propose future research directions focusing on molecular mechanisms underlying LP cell biology and heterogeneity in normal and diseased prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingxiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Shuhong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xinyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jason S Kirk
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Dean G Tang
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; Cancer Stem Cell Institute, Research Center for Translational Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China.
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