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Genetic aberrations and molecular biology of skull base chordoma and chondrosarcoma. Brain Tumor Pathol 2017; 34:78-90. [PMID: 28432450 DOI: 10.1007/s10014-017-0283-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chordomas and chondrosarcomas are two major malignant bone neoplasms located at the skull base. These tumors are rarely metastatic, but can be locally invasive and resistant to conventional chemotherapies and radiotherapies. Accordingly, therapeutic approaches for the treatment of these tumors can be difficult. Additionally, their location at the skull base makes them problematic. Although accurate diagnosis of these tumors is important because of their distinct prognoses, distinguishing between these tumor types is difficult due to overlapping radiological and histopathological findings. However, recent accumulation of molecular and genetic studies, including extracranial location analysis, has provided us clues for accurate diagnosis. In this report, we review the genetic aberrations and molecular biology of these two tumor types. Among the abundant genetic features of these tumors, brachyury immunohistochemistry and direct sequencing of IDH1/2 are simple and useful techniques that can be used to distinguish between these tumors. Although it is still unclear why these tumors, which have such distinct genetic backgrounds, show similar histopathological findings, comparison of their genetic backgrounds could provide essential information.
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102
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Zhang L, Yang M, Mayer T, Johnstone B, Les C, Frisch N, Parsons T, Mi QS, Gibson G. Use of MicroRNA biomarkers to distinguish enchondroma from low-grade chondrosarcoma. Connect Tissue Res 2017; 58:155-161. [PMID: 27267924 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2016.1197212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Establishing a definitive diagnosis between benign enchondroma versus low-grade chondrosarcoma presents a potential challenge to both clinicians and pathologists. microRNAs (small non-coding RNAs) have proven to be effective biomarkers for the identification of tumors and tumor progression. We present analysis, both array and quantitative PCR, that shows consistently and substantially increased expression of two microRNAs, miRs-181a and -138, in low-grade chondrosarcomas compared with enchondromas. The data suggest these microRNAs would provide an analytical distinction between the chondrosarcoma and benign neoplasms that can be performed in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens. Together with recent publications, these data indicate that miRs-181a and -138 also play a role in tumor development and homeostasis and may provide new targets for the development of much needed therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- a Bone and Joint Center , Henry Ford Hospital , Detroit , MI , USA
| | - Maozhou Yang
- a Bone and Joint Center , Henry Ford Hospital , Detroit , MI , USA
| | - Theodore Mayer
- b Department of Pathology , Henry Ford Hospital , Detroit , MI , USA
| | - Brian Johnstone
- c Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation , Oregon Health and Science University , Portland , OR , USA
| | - Clifford Les
- a Bone and Joint Center , Henry Ford Hospital , Detroit , MI , USA
| | - Nicholas Frisch
- d Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Henry Ford Hospital , Detroit , MI , USA
| | - Theodore Parsons
- d Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Henry Ford Hospital , Detroit , MI , USA
| | - Qing-Sheng Mi
- e Department of Dermatology , Henry Ford Hospital , Detroit , MI , USA
| | - Gary Gibson
- a Bone and Joint Center , Henry Ford Hospital , Detroit , MI , USA
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103
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Identification of molecular characteristics induced by radiotherapy in rectal cancer based on microarray data. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:2777-2783. [PMID: 28454466 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.5750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to reveal the molecular characteristics induced by radiotherapy in rectal cancer at the transcriptome level. Microarray data (ID, GSE26027) downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database were re-analyzed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between rectal cancer tissues during and prior to radiotherapy. The DEGs were then inputted into the database for annotation, visualization and integrated discovery, an online tool to perform enrichment analyses, and into the search tool for the retrieval of interacting genes/proteins database to identify protein-protein interactions (PPIs). Subsequently, a PPI network was constructed, which was screened for densely connected modules. Furthermore, protein domain enrichment analysis was performed. In total, 690 DEGs, including 179 upregulated and 511 downregulated DEGs, were found in rectal cancer tissues during and prior to radiotherapy. The upregulated DEGs were significantly enriched in 'positive regulation of transport' and 'regulation of cardiac muscle contraction', while the downregulated DEGs were most markedly enriched in 'cell migration', 'cell-cell signaling', 'extracellular matrix organization' and 'blood vessel development', including prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2, transforming growth factor β-induced, 68 kDa endothelin receptor type A, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 1, and serpin family E member 1, which were the top 6 hub nodes in the PPI network. Furthermore, 2 protein domains were significantly enriched by PPI modules, including: The collagen triple helix repeat (CTHR) family members collagen type (COL) 5A2, COL9A3, COL6A3, COL21A1, COL5A3, COL11A1, COL7A1 and CTHR-containing-1; and the olfactory receptor family (OR) members OR7E24, OR7A17, OR6A2, OR1F1, OR10H3 and OR7A10. A total of 7 upregulated DEGs were characterized as tumor suppressor genes, and 8 downregulated DEGs were characterized as oncogenes. The biological processes or protein domains enriched by upregulated or downregulated DEGs may improve the understanding of molecular characteristics in response to radiotherapy.
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104
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Imielinski M, Guo G, Meyerson M. Insertions and Deletions Target Lineage-Defining Genes in Human Cancers. Cell 2017; 168:460-472.e14. [PMID: 28089356 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Certain cell types function as factories, secreting large quantities of one or more proteins that are central to the physiology of the respective organ. Examples include surfactant proteins in lung alveoli, albumin in liver parenchyma, and lipase in the stomach lining. Whole-genome sequencing analysis of lung adenocarcinomas revealed noncoding somatic mutational hotspots near VMP1/MIR21 and indel hotspots in surfactant protein genes (SFTPA1, SFTPB, and SFTPC). Extrapolation to other solid cancers demonstrated highly recurrent and tumor-type-specific indel hotspots targeting the noncoding regions of highly expressed genes defining certain secretory cellular lineages: albumin (ALB) in liver carcinoma, gastric lipase (LIPF) in stomach carcinoma, and thyroglobulin (TG) in thyroid carcinoma. The sequence contexts of indels targeting lineage-defining genes were significantly enriched in the AATAATD DNA motif and specific chromatin contexts, including H3K27ac and H3K36me3. Our findings illuminate a prevalent and hitherto unrecognized mutational process linking cellular lineage and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Imielinski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Institute for Computational Biomedicine, and Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; New York Genome Center, New York, NY 10013, USA.
| | - Guangwu Guo
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Matthew Meyerson
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Zhu H, Zhang Y, Chen J, Qiu J, Huang K, Wu M, Xia C. IDH1 R132H Mutation Enhances Cell Migration by Activating AKT-mTOR Signaling Pathway, but Sensitizes Cells to 5-FU Treatment as NADPH and GSH Are Reduced. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169038. [PMID: 28052098 PMCID: PMC5215606 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim of study Mutations of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH1 and IDH2) gene were recently discovered in vast majority of World Health Organization (WHO) grade II/III gliomas. This study is to understand the effects of IDH1 R132H mutation in gliomagenesis and to develop new strategies to treat glioma with IDH1 R132H mutation. Materials and methods Over expression of IDH1 R132H in U87MG cells was done by transfecting cells with IDH1 R132H plasmid. MTT assay, scratch repair assay and western blot were performed to study effects of IDH1 R132H mutation on cell proliferation, migration, regulating AKT-mTOR signaling pathway and cell death respectively. NADP+/NADPH and GSH quantification assays were performed to evaluate effects of IDH1 R132H mutation on the production of antioxidant NADPH and GSH. Results We found that over expression of IDH1 R132H mutation decreased cell proliferation consistent with previous reports; however, it increased cell migration and enhanced AKT-mTOR signaling pathway activation. Mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) 1 also change the function of the enzymes and cause them to produce 2-hydroxyglutarate and not produce NADPH. We tested the level of NADPH and GSH and demonstrated that IDH1 R132H mutant stable cells had significantly low NADPH and GSH level compared to control or IDH1 wild type stable cells. The reduced antioxidants (NADPH and GSH) sensitized U87MG cells with IDH R132H mutant to 5-FU treatment. Conclusion Our study highlights the important role of IHD1 R132H mutant in up- regulating AKT-mTOR signaling pathway and enhancing cell migration. Furthermore, we demonstrate that IDH1 R132H mutation affects cellular redox status and sensitizes gliomas cells with IDH1 R132H mutation to 5FU treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixia Zhu
- Soochow University, Soochow, Jiangsu, China
- Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Soochow University, Soochow, Jiangsu, China
| | | | - Jiangdong Qiu
- Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Keting Huang
- Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mindan Wu
- Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunlin Xia
- Soochow University, Soochow, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail:
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106
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Deng Y, Tan XT, Wu Q, Wang X. Correlations Between COL2A and Aggrecan Genetic Polymorphisms and the Risk and Clinicopathological Features of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration in a Chinese Han Population: A Case-Control Study. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2016; 21:108-115. [PMID: 27991836 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2016.0256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This case-control study was designed to evaluate the association of three COL2A1 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) (rs1793953, rs2276454, and rs1793937) and Aggrecan variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphisms with the risk and clinicopathological features of intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) in a Chinese Han population. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data from 295 IVDD patients (case group) and 324 healthy volunteers (control group) were collected between January 2012 and December 2014. Magnetic resonance examinations were conducted on all included subjects. The frequency distributions of the COL2A1 and Aggrecan polymorphisms were detected using direct sequencing and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis, respectively. RESULTS The genotype and allele frequencies of the COL2A1 genetic polymorphisms (rs1793953 and rs2276454) and the Aggrecan VNTR polymorphisms differed significantly between the case group and the control group (all p < 0.05). The haplotype analysis indicated that the frequencies of ACGL (L, long) and GTCL haplotypes were lower in the case group than in the control group (both p < 0.05). In the case group, the genotype and allele frequencies of the COL2A1 genes, rs1793953 and rs2276454, and Aggrecan VNTR significantly differed in terms of Pfirrmann grades III, IV, and V (all p < 0.05). Personal history of spine sprain or crush injury, history of IVDD in a first-degree relative, and COL2A1 rs2276454 and Aggrecan VNTR presence may be independent risk factors of IVDD (all p < 0.05, odds ratio [OR] >1), whereas tea drinking habit, part-time sports participation, and COL2A1 rs1793953 presence may be protective factors of IVDD (all p < 0.05, OR <1). CONCLUSION Our study provides evidence that COL2A1 and Aggrecan genetic polymorphisms may be correlated with the risk and clinicopathological features of IVDD in a Chinese Han population, and ACGL and GTCL haplotypes may be protective factors of IVDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Deng
- 1 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Ti Tan
- 2 Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical School, Wuhan University , Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Wu
- 1 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- 1 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan, P.R. China
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Heddar A, Fermey P, Coutant S, Angot E, Sabourin JC, Michelin P, Parodi N, Charbonnier F, Vezain M, Bougeard G, Baert-Desurmont S, Frébourg T, Tournier I. Familial solitary chondrosarcoma resulting from germline EXT2 mutation. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2016; 56:128-134. [PMID: 27636706 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Germline mutations of EXT2, encoding Exostosin Glycosyltransferase 2, are associated with multiple osteochondromas (MO), an autosomal dominant disease characterized by the development of multiple peripheral cartilaginous benign tumors with a weak risk of malignant transformation. We report here a family with a remarkable clinical presentation characterized by the development of isolated chondrosarcomas, mostly located in ribs. Comparative analysis of exomes from two third-degree affected relatives led us to identify a single common disruptive variation, corresponding to a stop mutation (c.237G > A, p.Trp79*; (NM_000401.3); c.138G > A, p.Trp46*; (NM_207122.1)) within exon 2 of the EXT2 gene. Interestingly, no obvious sign of MO was detected in affected members by radiological examination. This report shows that germline mutations of EXT2 can result, not only in the development of multiple benign osteochondromas, but also in the development of isolated malignant cartilaginous tumors including central tumors, and that the presence of germline EXT2 mutation should be considered in patients suspected to have an inherited predisposition to chondrosarcoma, even in the absence of MO. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelkader Heddar
- Inserm U1079, Faculty of Medicine, UNIROUEN, Normandie Univ and Department of Genetics, Rouen University Hospital, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Pierre Fermey
- Inserm U1079, Faculty of Medicine, UNIROUEN, Normandie Univ and Department of Genetics, Rouen University Hospital, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Sophie Coutant
- Inserm U1079, Faculty of Medicine, UNIROUEN, Normandie Univ and Department of Genetics, Rouen University Hospital, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Emilie Angot
- Department of Pathology, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | | | - Paul Michelin
- Department of Radiology, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Nathalie Parodi
- Inserm U1079, Faculty of Medicine, UNIROUEN, Normandie Univ and Department of Genetics, Rouen University Hospital, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Françoise Charbonnier
- Inserm U1079, Faculty of Medicine, UNIROUEN, Normandie Univ and Department of Genetics, Rouen University Hospital, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Myriam Vezain
- Inserm U1079, Faculty of Medicine, UNIROUEN, Normandie Univ and Department of Genetics, Rouen University Hospital, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Gaëlle Bougeard
- Inserm U1079, Faculty of Medicine, UNIROUEN, Normandie Univ and Department of Genetics, Rouen University Hospital, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Stéphanie Baert-Desurmont
- Inserm U1079, Faculty of Medicine, UNIROUEN, Normandie Univ and Department of Genetics, Rouen University Hospital, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Thierry Frébourg
- Inserm U1079, Faculty of Medicine, UNIROUEN, Normandie Univ and Department of Genetics, Rouen University Hospital, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Isabelle Tournier
- Inserm U1079, Faculty of Medicine, UNIROUEN, Normandie Univ and Department of Genetics, Rouen University Hospital, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
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108
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Clinical Decision Making: Integrating Advances in the Molecular Understanding of Spine Tumors. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2016; 41 Suppl 20:S171-S177. [PMID: 27488298 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000001836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Literature review. OBJECTIVE To describe advancements in molecular techniques, biomarkers, technology, and targeted therapeutics and the potential these modalities hold to predict treatment paradigms, clinical outcomes, and/or survival in patients diagnosed with primary spinal column tumors. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Advances in molecular technologies and techniques have influenced the prevention, diagnosis, and overall management of patients diagnosed with cancer. Assessment of genomic, proteomic alterations, epigenetic, and posttranslational modifications as well as developments in diagnostic modalities and targeted therapeutics, although the best studied in nonspinal metastatic disease, have led to increased understanding of spine oncology that is expected to improve patient outcomes. In this manuscript, the technological advancements that are expected to change the landscape of spinal oncology are discussed with a focus on how these technologies will aid in clinical decision-making for patients diagnosed with primary spinal tumors. METHODS A review of the literature was performed focusing on studies that integrated next-generation sequencing, circulating tumor cells/circulating tumor DNA, advances in imaging modalities and/or radiotherapy in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. RESULTS We discuss genetic and epigenetic drivers, aberrations in receptor tyrosine kinase signaling, and emerging therapeutic strategies that include receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors, immunotherapy strategies, and vaccine-based cancer prevention strategies. CONCLUSION The wide range of approaches currently in use and the emerging technologies yet to be fully realized will allow for better development of rationale therapeutics to improve patient outcomes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A.
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Analysis of PD-L1, T-cell infiltrate and HLA expression in chondrosarcoma indicates potential for response to immunotherapy specifically in the dedifferentiated subtype. Mod Pathol 2016; 29:1028-37. [PMID: 27312065 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2016.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Therapies targeting the programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) or its ligand (PD-L1) promote antitumor T-cell activity, leading to unprecedented long-lasting tumor responses in some advanced cancers. Because of radiotherapy and chemotherapy resistance, no effective treatments have been defined for advanced chondrosarcomas. We here report an immunohistochemical analysis of PD-L1 expression in a large series of conventional, mesenchymal, clear cell and dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas using tissue microarrays. In the PD-L1-positive tumors, we analyzed the immune microenvironment (T-cell and macrophage infiltration as well as HLA class I expression) using whole sections. PD-L1 expression was absent in conventional (n=119), mesenchymal (n=19) and clear cell (n=20) chondrosarcomas. Forty-one percent (9 of the 22) of dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas displayed PD-L1 positivity. These results were confirmed in an independent cohort using whole tissue sections of dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas in which PD-L1 expression was detected in 52% (11 of the 21) of cases. PD-L1 expression was exclusively found in the dedifferentiated component and expression positively correlated with other immune parameters such as high number of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (P=0.014) and positive HLA class I expression (P=0.024) but not with patient overall survival (P=0.22). The presence of PD-L1 expression in association with immune-infiltrating cells and HLA class I expression in nearly 50% of the dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas provides rationale for including these patients in clinical trials with PD-1/PD-L1-targeted therapies.
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110
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α-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR) expression in chordomas differentiates them from chondrosarcomas. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21277. [PMID: 26888362 PMCID: PMC4758046 DOI: 10.1038/srep21277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims: Chordomas and chondrosarcomas are malignant mesenchymal tumours with overlapping morphological and immunohistochemical (IHC) characteristics. Our aim was to evaluate the IHC expression of α-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR/P504S), β-catenin and E-cadherin in chordomas relative to chondrosarcomas and assess the utility of these markers for differential diagnosis. Methods: Archival sections of 18 chordomas, 19 chondrosarcomas and 10 mature cartilage samples were immunostained and scored for AMACR, β-catenin and E-cadherin and the relative differential capacity of each marker was calculated. In addition, AMACR mRNA level was assessed in 5 chordomas by RT-PCR and evaluated by comparative CT method. Results: AMACR and β-catenin stained 88.9% and 94.1% of the chordomas respectively, 21.1% and 10.5% of the chondrosarcomas correspondingly and none of the mature cartilage samples. E-cadherin stained positively 82.4% of the chordomas, 36.8% of the chondrosarcomas and 42.9% of the mature cartilage cases. Both AMACR and β-catenin showed statistically significant difference between chordomas and chondrosarcomas (p < 0.001 for both), unlike E-cadherin. AMACR was detected at the mRNA level. Conclusions: AMACR is expressed in most of the chordomas but only in a minority of chondrosarcomas. AMACR may serve as IHC marker of chordoma with differentiating ability comparable to that of β-catenin.
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111
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Myklebost O. Personalized cancer therapy for soft tissue sarcomas: progress and pitfalls. Per Med 2015; 12:593-602. [PMID: 29750616 DOI: 10.2217/pme.15.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Precise differential diagnosis has led to good definition of most sarcoma subgroups, but although increasing molecular understanding and better diagnostic techniques will improve this further, the many subgroups lead to fragmented opportunities and limit even more the insufficient commercial interest. For novel, targeted strategies, gastrointestinal stromal tumors are a prime example of how a drug developed for another target in leukemia, has been successfully repurposed. The availability of new sequencing technologies creates a hope for better molecular stratification combined with new, targeted therapies to alleviate some of the therapeutic need, at least for some of the patients. However, the documentation of real clinical benefit will be challenging, and calls for systematic, research-based treatment and international collaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Myklebost
- Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, PO Box 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian Cancer Genomics Consortium (Cancer Genomics.No), Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian Sarcoma Consortium (NoSarC.No), Oslo, Norway.,Institute for Bioscience, University of Oslo, Norway
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112
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Abstract
Pathologic diagnosis of primary bone neoplasms can be challenging primarily due to rarity of the disease entities, overlapping imaging and histologic findings, and lack of tumor-specific immunohistochemical stains. Although slow to evolve, in recent years there has been a rapid advance in the discovery of new and novel molecular markers in primary bone neoplasms, which has enhanced diagnostic accuracy and has shed light into their pathogenesis. Modern technological approaches such as next-generation sequencing including RNA sequencing are serving as "rapid discovery platforms" for new and novel mutations and translocations with diagnostic, prognostic, and possible therapeutic applicability. As next-generation sequencing technologies are finding their place in clinical laboratories, one could envision routine testing for mutations spanning across a gene or translocations with multiple breakpoints and partner genes. This review will focus on the clinical relevance and applicability of molecular markers in primary bone neoplasms with examples.
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113
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Krejci
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
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114
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Hochart A, Dieux A, Coucke P, Fron D, Fayoux P, Labalette P, Boutry N, Escande F, Aubert S, Renaud F, Rocourt N, Vinchon M, Leblond P. Association between Kniest dysplasia and chondrosarcoma in a child. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 167A:3204-8. [PMID: 26345137 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Constitutive COL2A1 mutations are associated with a wide variety of clinical manifestations known as type II collagenopathies. Among them is Kniest dysplasia, which is phenotypically variable and includes both skeletal (short trunk and limbs, kyphoscoliosis, prominent joints, and osteoarthritis) and craniofacial characteristics. Kniest dysplasia mutations primarily arise in the triple-helicoidal region of the alpha 1 (II) chain in COL2A1 between exons 12 and 24. Somatic COL2A1 mutations have been identified in chondrosarcoma, a rare cartilage forming neoplasm, with a hypermutability of the gene reported in 37% of cases. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no reported increase in predisposition to chondrosarcoma in human collagenopathies, and no reported clinical association between these congenital diseases and cartilaginous tumors. In the case study presented here, we report the first description of an association between these two rare diseases involving COL2A1, in a child presenting with Kniest dysplasia and a grade I sphenoethmoidal chondrosarcoma. We also describe a new constitutive mutation in COL2A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Hochart
- Pediatric Oncology Unit, Oscar Lambret Center, Lille, France
| | - Anne Dieux
- Department of Clinical Genetic, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Paul Coucke
- Department of Medical Genetic, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Damien Fron
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery, Lille University Hospital, France
| | - Pierre Fayoux
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Pierre Labalette
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Nathalie Boutry
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Fabienne Escande
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Sébastien Aubert
- Department of Neuropathology, Biology and Pathology Center, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Florence Renaud
- Department of Neuropathology, Biology and Pathology Center, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | | | - Matthieu Vinchon
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Pierre Leblond
- Pediatric Oncology Unit, Oscar Lambret Center, Lille, France.,Unité Tumorigénèse et Résistance aux Traitements, INSERM U908, Oscar Lambret Center, Lille, France
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115
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Gallo LH, Meyer AN, Motamedchaboki K, Nelson KN, Haas M, Donoghue DJ. Novel Lys63-linked ubiquitination of IKKβ induces STAT3 signaling. Cell Cycle 2015; 13:3964-76. [PMID: 25486864 PMCID: PMC4615003 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.988026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
NFκB signaling plays a significant role in human disease, including breast and ovarian carcinoma, insulin resistance, embryonic lethality and liver degeneration, rheumatoid arthritis, aging and Multiple Myeloma (MM). Inhibitor of κB (IκB) kinase β (IKKβ) regulates canonical Nuclear Factor κB (NFκB) signaling in response to inflammation and cellular stresses. NFκB activation requires Lys63-linked (K63-linked) ubiquitination of upstream proteins such as NEMO or TAK1, forming molecular complexes with membrane-bound receptors. We demonstrate that IKKβ itself undergoes K63-linked ubiquitination. Mutations in IKKβ at Lys171, identified in Multiple Myeloma and other cancers, lead to a dramatic increase in kinase activation and K63-linked ubiquitination. These mutations also result in persistent activation of STAT3 signaling. Liquid chromatography (LC)-high mass accuracy tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analysis identified Lys147, Lys418, Lys555 and Lys703 as predominant ubiquitination sites in IKKβ. Specific inhibition of the UBC13-UEV1A complex responsible for K63-linked ubiquitination establishes Lys147 as the predominant site of K63-ubiquitin conjugation and responsible for STAT3 activation. Thus, IKKβ activation leads to ubiquitination within the kinase domain and assemblage of a K63-ubiquitin conjugated signaling platform. These results are discussed with respect to the importance of upregulated NFκB signaling known to occur frequently in MM and other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro H Gallo
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry ; University of California San Diego ; La Jolla , CA USA
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116
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MicroRNAs in the pathobiology of sarcomas. J Transl Med 2015; 95:987-94. [PMID: 26121318 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2015.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcomas are a rare and heterogeneous group of tumors. The last decade has witnessed extensive efforts to understand the pathobiology of many aggressive sarcoma types. In parallel, we have also begun to unravel the complex gene regulation processes mediated by microRNAs (miRNAs) in sarcomas and other cancers, discovering that microRNAs have critical roles in the majority of both oncogenic and tumor suppressor signaling networks. Expression profiles and a greater understanding of the biologic roles of microRNAs and other noncoding RNAs have considerably expanded our current knowledge and provided key pathobiological insights into many sarcomas, and helped identify novel therapeutic targets. The limited number of sarcoma patients in each sarcoma type and their heterogeneity pose distinct challenges in translating this knowledge into the clinic. It will be critical to prioritize these novel targets and choose those that have a broad applicability. A small group of microRNAs have conserved roles across many types of sarcomas and other cancers. Therapies that target these key microRNA-gene signaling and regulatory networks, in combination with standard of care treatment, may be the pivotal component in significantly improving treatment outcomes in patients with sarcoma or other cancers.
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117
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Mutant IDH1 Dysregulates the Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Association with Gene-Specific Histone Modifications to Cartilage- and Bone-Related Genes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131998. [PMID: 26161668 PMCID: PMC4498635 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic mutations in the isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)1/2 genes endow encoding proteins with neomorphic activity to produce the potential oncometabolite, 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG), which induces the hypermethylation of histones and DNA. The incidence of IDH1/2 mutations in cartilaginous tumors was previously shown to be the highest among various types of tumors, except for those in the central nervous system. Mutations have been detected in both benign (enchondromas) and malignant (chondrosarcomas) types of cartilaginous tumors, whereas they have rarely been found in other mesenchymal tumors such as osteosarcomas. To address this unique tumor specificity, we herein examined the effects of IDH1 R132C, which is the most prevalent mutant in cartilaginous tumors, on the differentiation properties of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). The induction of the IDH1 R132C gene into MSCs markedly increased the amount of 2-HG and up-regulated global histone methylation. The induction of IDH1 R132C promoted the chondrogenic differentiation of hMSCs by enhancing the expression of SOX9 and COL2A1 genes in association with an increase in the active mark (H3K4me3), but disrupted cartilage matrix formation. On the other hand, IDH1 R132C inhibited expression of the ALPL gene in association with an increase in the repressive mark (H3K9me3), and subsequently inhibited the osteogenic properties of hMSCs and human osteosarcoma cells. Since osteogenic properties are an indispensable feature for the diagnosis of osteosarcoma, the inhibitory effects of IDH1 R132C on osteogenic properties may contribute to the lack of osteosarcomas with the IDH1 R132C mutation. These results suggested that IDH1 R132C contributed to the formation of cartilaginous tumors by dysregulating the chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs via gene-specific histone modulation.
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118
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Delaunay-Lemarie C, Vincourt JB, Marie B, Battaglia-Hsu SF, Etienne S, Sirveaux F, Nguyen Thi PL, Magdalou J, Vignaud JM, Gauchotte G. In malignant cartilagenous tumors, immunohistochemical expression of procollagen PC1CP peptide is higher and that of PC2CP lower than in benign cartilaginous lesions. Virchows Arch 2015; 467:329-37. [PMID: 26100916 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-015-1799-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Few studies on oncogenesis of chondrosarcoma (CS) are available in the literature. Our previously published experimental evidence suggests that while the C-propeptide of procollagen Iα1 (PC1CP), a component of cartilage, favors tumor progression, the C-propeptide of procollagen IIα1 (PC2CP) exerts antitumor properties. In this study, we analyzed expression of PC1CP and PC2CP by immunohistochemistry in a series of enchondromas and CS. Our retrospective series consisted of 88 cases, including 43 CSs, 34 enchondromas and 11 nontumor samples. Immunohistochemical staining for PC1CP and PC2CP was evaluated in the cytoplasm and in the extracellular matrix (ECM). Diffuse staining for PC1CP in ECM was significantly more frequent in tumor than in nontumor samples (32 % vs. 0 %; p = 0.03), and in CSs than in enchondromas (44 vs. 18 %; p = 0.02). ECM semiquantitative score was higher in tumors than in nontumor samples (p < 0.005) and higher in CSs than in enchondromas (p = 0.05). Staining for PC2CP in ECM was more frequently found in enchondromas than in CSs (59 vs. 33 %; p = 0.02). ECM semiquantitative score was higher in enchondromas than in CSs (p = 0.02). Diffuse staining for PC1CP in combination with absence of staining for PC2CP had 94 % specificity for CS but with a sensitivity of only 35 %. Expression of neither PC1CP nor PC2CP correlated with recurrence-free survival or occurrence of metastases. In conclusion, we show that the expression of PC1CP is higher and that of PC2CP lower in malignant cartilaginous tumors. These results support an oncogenic role of PC1CP and anti-oncogenic property of PC2CP in cartilaginous tumors.
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119
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Horlings HM, Flanagan AM, Huntsman DG. Categorization of cancer through genomic complexity could guide research and management strategies. J Pathol 2015; 236:397-402. [PMID: 25864408 DOI: 10.1002/path.4542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer management decisions are currently informed by cancer type and clinical stage, as well as age, health condition, and individual patient needs. Cancer is a genetic disease and recent genomic studies have revealed the genomic landscape of multiple tumour types. This has led to readily available catalogues of genomic features for many cancers and efforts to incorporate such information into treatment decisions. From this has evolved the concept that mutation-based taxonomies may supersede the current cell of origin-based categorization of neoplasia. Unfortunately, genomic features as clinically actionable information may not be directly transferable between tumour types, due to the importance of cellular and genomic context. However, we believe that high-level views of different genomic landscapes could broadly inform research study design and treatment strategies. Herein, we use ovarian and bone cancer as examples to propose a genomic complexity-based categorization for cancer. In addition to informing clinical study design, we describe how this categorization scheme could impact (i) improvement of accuracy of histological diagnoses, (ii) stratification of patients for targeted therapies, (iii) research study design, and (iv) personalized treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo M Horlings
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - David G Huntsman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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120
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Massie CE, Spiteri I, Ross-Adams H, Luxton H, Kay J, Whitaker HC, Dunning MJ, Lamb AD, Ramos-Montoya A, Brewer DS, Cooper CS, Eeles R, Warren AY, Tavaré S, Neal DE, Lynch AG. HES5 silencing is an early and recurrent change in prostate tumourigenesis. Endocr Relat Cancer 2015; 22:131-44. [PMID: 25560400 PMCID: PMC4335379 DOI: 10.1530/erc-14-0454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men, resulting in over 10 000 deaths/year in the UK. Sequencing and copy number analysis of primary tumours has revealed heterogeneity within tumours and an absence of recurrent founder mutations, consistent with non-genetic disease initiating events. Using methylation profiling in a series of multi-focal prostate tumours, we identify promoter methylation of the transcription factor HES5 as an early event in prostate tumourigenesis. We confirm that this epigenetic alteration occurs in 86-97% of cases in two independent prostate cancer cohorts (n=49 and n=39 tumour-normal pairs). Treatment of prostate cancer cells with the demethylating agent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine increased HES5 expression and downregulated its transcriptional target HES6, consistent with functional silencing of the HES5 gene in prostate cancer. Finally, we identify and test a transcriptional module involving the AR, ERG, HES1 and HES6 and propose a model for the impact of HES5 silencing on tumourigenesis as a starting point for future functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E Massie
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UKDivision of Genetics and EpidemiologyThe Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UKDepartment of Biological Sciences and School of MedicineUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich, UKRoyal Marsden NHS Foundation TrustLondon and Sutton, UKDepartments of PathologyUrologySurgical OncologyAddenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Inmaculada Spiteri
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UKDivision of Genetics and EpidemiologyThe Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UKDepartment of Biological Sciences and School of MedicineUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich, UKRoyal Marsden NHS Foundation TrustLondon and Sutton, UKDepartments of PathologyUrologySurgical OncologyAddenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Helen Ross-Adams
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UKDivision of Genetics and EpidemiologyThe Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UKDepartment of Biological Sciences and School of MedicineUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich, UKRoyal Marsden NHS Foundation TrustLondon and Sutton, UKDepartments of PathologyUrologySurgical OncologyAddenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hayley Luxton
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UKDivision of Genetics and EpidemiologyThe Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UKDepartment of Biological Sciences and School of MedicineUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich, UKRoyal Marsden NHS Foundation TrustLondon and Sutton, UKDepartments of PathologyUrologySurgical OncologyAddenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jonathan Kay
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UKDivision of Genetics and EpidemiologyThe Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UKDepartment of Biological Sciences and School of MedicineUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich, UKRoyal Marsden NHS Foundation TrustLondon and Sutton, UKDepartments of PathologyUrologySurgical OncologyAddenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hayley C Whitaker
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UKDivision of Genetics and EpidemiologyThe Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UKDepartment of Biological Sciences and School of MedicineUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich, UKRoyal Marsden NHS Foundation TrustLondon and Sutton, UKDepartments of PathologyUrologySurgical OncologyAddenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark J Dunning
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UKDivision of Genetics and EpidemiologyThe Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UKDepartment of Biological Sciences and School of MedicineUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich, UKRoyal Marsden NHS Foundation TrustLondon and Sutton, UKDepartments of PathologyUrologySurgical OncologyAddenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alastair D Lamb
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UKDivision of Genetics and EpidemiologyThe Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UKDepartment of Biological Sciences and School of MedicineUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich, UKRoyal Marsden NHS Foundation TrustLondon and Sutton, UKDepartments of PathologyUrologySurgical OncologyAddenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UKDivision of Genetics and EpidemiologyThe Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UKDepartment of Biological Sciences and School of MedicineUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich, UKRoyal Marsden NHS Foundation TrustLondon and Sutton, UKDepartments of PathologyUrologySurgical OncologyAddenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UKDivision of Genetics and EpidemiologyThe Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UKDepartment of Biological Sciences and School of MedicineUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich, UKRoyal Marsden NHS Foundation TrustLondon and Sutton, UKDepartments of PathologyUrologySurgical OncologyAddenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Antonio Ramos-Montoya
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UKDivision of Genetics and EpidemiologyThe Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UKDepartment of Biological Sciences and School of MedicineUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich, UKRoyal Marsden NHS Foundation TrustLondon and Sutton, UKDepartments of PathologyUrologySurgical OncologyAddenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel S Brewer
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UKDivision of Genetics and EpidemiologyThe Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UKDepartment of Biological Sciences and School of MedicineUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich, UKRoyal Marsden NHS Foundation TrustLondon and Sutton, UKDepartments of PathologyUrologySurgical OncologyAddenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Colin S Cooper
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UKDivision of Genetics and EpidemiologyThe Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UKDepartment of Biological Sciences and School of MedicineUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich, UKRoyal Marsden NHS Foundation TrustLondon and Sutton, UKDepartments of PathologyUrologySurgical OncologyAddenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UKDivision of Genetics and EpidemiologyThe Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UKDepartment of Biological Sciences and School of MedicineUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich, UKRoyal Marsden NHS Foundation TrustLondon and Sutton, UKDepartments of PathologyUrologySurgical OncologyAddenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rosalind Eeles
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UKDivision of Genetics and EpidemiologyThe Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UKDepartment of Biological Sciences and School of MedicineUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich, UKRoyal Marsden NHS Foundation TrustLondon and Sutton, UKDepartments of PathologyUrologySurgical OncologyAddenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UKDivision of Genetics and EpidemiologyThe Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UKDepartment of Biological Sciences and School of MedicineUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich, UKRoyal Marsden NHS Foundation TrustLondon and Sutton, UKDepartments of PathologyUrologySurgical OncologyAddenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anne Y Warren
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UKDivision of Genetics and EpidemiologyThe Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UKDepartment of Biological Sciences and School of MedicineUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich, UKRoyal Marsden NHS Foundation TrustLondon and Sutton, UKDepartments of PathologyUrologySurgical OncologyAddenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Simon Tavaré
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UKDivision of Genetics and EpidemiologyThe Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UKDepartment of Biological Sciences and School of MedicineUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich, UKRoyal Marsden NHS Foundation TrustLondon and Sutton, UKDepartments of PathologyUrologySurgical OncologyAddenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - David E Neal
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UKDivision of Genetics and EpidemiologyThe Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UKDepartment of Biological Sciences and School of MedicineUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich, UKRoyal Marsden NHS Foundation TrustLondon and Sutton, UKDepartments of PathologyUrologySurgical OncologyAddenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UKDivision of Genetics and EpidemiologyThe Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UKDepartment of Biological Sciences and School of MedicineUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich, UKRoyal Marsden NHS Foundation TrustLondon and Sutton, UKDepartments of PathologyUrologySurgical OncologyAddenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UKDivision of Genetics and EpidemiologyThe Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UKDepartment of Biological Sciences and School of MedicineUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich, UKRoyal Marsden NHS Foundation TrustLondon and Sutton, UKDepartments of PathologyUrologySurgical OncologyAddenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andy G Lynch
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UKDivision of Genetics and EpidemiologyThe Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UKDepartment of Biological Sciences and School of MedicineUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich, UKRoyal Marsden NHS Foundation TrustLondon and Sutton, UKDepartments of PathologyUrologySurgical OncologyAddenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
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Yang F, Petsalaki E, Rolland T, Hill DE, Vidal M, Roth FP. Protein domain-level landscape of cancer-type-specific somatic mutations. PLoS Comput Biol 2015; 11:e1004147. [PMID: 25794154 PMCID: PMC4368709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying driver mutations and their functional consequences is critical to our understanding of cancer. Towards this goal, and because domains are the functional units of a protein, we explored the protein domain-level landscape of cancer-type-specific somatic mutations. Specifically, we systematically examined tumor genomes from 21 cancer types to identify domains with high mutational density in specific tissues, the positions of mutational hotspots within these domains, and the functional and structural context where possible. While hotspots corresponding to specific gain-of-function mutations are expected for oncoproteins, we found that tumor suppressor proteins also exhibit strong biases toward being mutated in particular domains. Within domains, however, we observed the expected patterns of mutation, with recurrently mutated positions for oncogenes and evenly distributed mutations for tumor suppressors. For example, we identified both known and new endometrial cancer hotspots in the tyrosine kinase domain of the FGFR2 protein, one of which is also a hotspot in breast cancer, and found new two hotspots in the Immunoglobulin I-set domain in colon cancer. Thus, to prioritize cancer mutations for further functional studies aimed at more precise cancer treatments, we have systematically correlated mutations and cancer types at the protein domain level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Evangelia Petsalaki
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas Rolland
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology (CCSB), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David E. Hill
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology (CCSB), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Marc Vidal
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology (CCSB), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Frederick P. Roth
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology (CCSB), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
In mice, activated Hedgehog (Hh) signaling induces tumors with myogenic differentiation. In humans, hyperactive Hh signaling due to germline PATCHED1 (PTCH1) mutations has been linked to nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS). We report an embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma in a 16-month-old girl with NBCCS and review the literature on myogenic neoplasms in NBCCS, including 8 fetal rhabdomyomas and 3 rhabdomyosarcomas. Of note, 3 population studies, including 255 individuals with NBCCS aged 4 months to 87 years, did not identify any myogenic tumors. Thus, myogenic tumors in NBCCS are rare and include both rhabdomyosarcomas and fetal rhabdomyomas.
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123
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Abstract
Enchondromas are benign cartilage tumors and precursors to malignant chondrosarcomas. Somatic mutations in the isocitrate dehydrogenase genes (IDH1 and IDH2) are present in the majority of these tumor types. How these mutations cause enchondromas is unclear. Here, we identified the spectrum of IDH mutations in human enchondromas and chondrosarcomas and studied their effects in mice. A broad range of mutations was identified, including the previously unreported IDH1-R132Q mutation. These mutations harbored enzymatic activity to catalyze α-ketoglutarate to d-2-hydroxyglutarate (d-2HG). Mice expressing Idh1-R132Q in one allele in cells expressing type 2 collagen showed a disordered growth plate, with persistence of type X-expressing chondrocytes. Chondrocyte cell cultures from these animals or controls showed that there was an increase in proliferation and expression of genes characteristic of hypertrophic chondrocytes with expression of Idh1-R132Q or 2HG treatment. Col2a1-Cre;Idh1-R132Q mutant knock-in mice (mutant allele expressed in chondrocytes) did not survive after the neonatal stage. Col2a1-Cre/ERT2;Idh1-R132 mutant conditional knock-in mice, in which Cre was induced by tamoxifen after weaning, developed multiple enchondroma-like lesions. Taken together, these data show that mutant IDH or d-2HG causes persistence of chondrocytes, giving rise to rests of growth-plate cells that persist in the bone as enchondromas.
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Cancer genomics: why rare is valuable. J Mol Med (Berl) 2015; 93:369-81. [PMID: 25676695 PMCID: PMC4366545 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-015-1260-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rare conditions are sometimes ignored in biomedical research because of difficulties in obtaining specimens and limited interest from fund raisers. However, the study of rare diseases such as unusual cancers has again and again led to breakthroughs in our understanding of more common diseases. It is therefore unsurprising that with the development and accessibility of next-generation sequencing, much has been learnt from studying cancers that are rare and in particular those with uniform biological and clinical behavior. Herein, we describe how shotgun sequencing of cancers such as granulosa cell tumor, endometrial stromal sarcoma, epithelioid hemangioendothelioma, ameloblastoma, small-cell carcinoma of the ovary, clear-cell carcinoma of the ovary, nonepithelial ovarian tumors, chondroblastoma, and giant cell tumor of the bone has led to rapidly translatable discoveries in diagnostics and tumor taxonomies, as well as providing insights into cancer biology.
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125
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Scourzic L, Mouly E, Bernard OA. TET proteins and the control of cytosine demethylation in cancer. Genome Med 2015; 7:9. [PMID: 25632305 PMCID: PMC4308928 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-015-0134-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery that ten-eleven translocation (TET) proteins are α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases involved in the conversion of 5-methylcytosines (5-mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC), 5-formylcytosine and 5-carboxycytosine has revealed new pathways in the cytosine methylation and demethylation process. The description of inactivating mutations in TET2 suggests that cellular transformation is in part caused by the deregulation of this 5-mC conversion. The direct and indirect deregulation of methylation control through mutations in DNA methyltransferase and isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) genes, respectively, along with the importance of cytosine methylation in the control of normal and malignant cellular differentiation have provided a conceptual framework for understanding the early steps in cancer development. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the cytosine methylation cycle and its implication in cellular transformation, with an emphasis on TET enzymes and 5-hmC. Ongoing clinical trials targeting the activity of mutated IDH enzymes provide a proof of principle that DNA methylation is targetable, and will trigger further therapeutic applications aimed at controlling both early and late stages of cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurianne Scourzic
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité 1170, équipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 94805 Villejuif, France ; Institut Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France ; University Paris 11 Sud, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Enguerran Mouly
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité 1170, équipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 94805 Villejuif, France ; Institut Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France ; University Paris 11 Sud, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Olivier A Bernard
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité 1170, équipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 94805 Villejuif, France ; Institut Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France ; University Paris 11 Sud, 91405 Orsay, France
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Dimitrov L, Hong CS, Yang C, Zhuang Z, Heiss JD. New developments in the pathogenesis and therapeutic targeting of the IDH1 mutation in glioma. Int J Med Sci 2015; 12:201-13. [PMID: 25678837 PMCID: PMC4323358 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.11047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last five years, IDH1 mutations in human malignancies have significantly shaped the diagnosis and management of cancer patients. Ongoing intense research efforts continue to alter our understanding of the role of the IDH1 mutation in tumor formation. Currently, evidence suggests the IDH1 mutation to be an early event in tumorigenesis with multiple downstream oncogenic consequences including maintenance of a hypermethylator phenotype, alterations in HIF signalling, and disruption of collagen maturation contributing to a cancer-promoting extracellular matrix. The most recent reports elucidating these mechanisms is described in this review with an emphasis on the pathogenesis of the IDH1 mutation in glioma. Conflicting findings from various studies are discussed, in order to highlight areas warranting further research. Finally, the latest progress in developing novel therapies against the IDH1 mutation is presented, including recent findings from ongoing phase 1 clinical trials and the exciting prospect of vaccine immunotherapy targeting the IDH1 mutant protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia Dimitrov
- 1. Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Greater London, E1 2AD, United Kingdom ; 2. Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Christopher S Hong
- 2. Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Chunzhang Yang
- 2. Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Zhengping Zhuang
- 2. Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - John D Heiss
- 2. Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Reimann E, Kõks S, Ho XD, Maasalu K, Märtson A. Whole exome sequencing of a single osteosarcoma case--integrative analysis with whole transcriptome RNA-seq data. Hum Genomics 2014; 8:20. [PMID: 25496518 PMCID: PMC4272536 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-014-0020-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteosarcoma (OS) is a prevalent primary malignant bone tumour with unknown etiology. These highly metastasizing tumours are among the most frequent causes of cancer-related deaths. Thus, there is an urgent need for different markers, and with our study, we were aiming towards finding novel biomarkers for OS. METHODS For that, we analysed the whole exome of the tumorous and non-tumour bone tissue from the same patient with OS applying next-generation sequencing. For data analysis, we used several softwares and combined the exome data with RNA-seq data from our previous study. RESULTS In the tumour exome, we found wide genomic rearrangements, which should qualify as chromotripsis-we detected almost 3,000 somatic single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and small indels and more than 2,000 copy number variants (CNVs) in different chromosomes. Furthermore, the somatic changes seem to be associated to bone tumours, whereas germline mutations to cancer in general. We confirmed the previous findings that the most significant pathway involved in OS pathogenesis is probably the WNT/β-catenin signalling pathway. Also, the IGF1/IGF2 and IGF1R homodimer signalling and TP53 (including downstream tumour suppressor gene EI24) pathways may have a role. Additionally, the mucin family genes, especially MUC4 and cell cycle controlling gene CDC27 may be considered as potential biomarkers for OS. CONCLUSIONS The genes, in which the mutations were detected, may be considered as targets for finding biomarkers for OS. As the study is based on a single case and only DNA and RNA analysis, further confirmative studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ene Reimann
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, Tartu, 50411, Estonia. .,Department of Reproductive Biology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 64 Kreutzwaldi Street, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Sulev Kõks
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, Tartu, 50411, Estonia. .,Department of Reproductive Biology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 64 Kreutzwaldi Street, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Xuan Dung Ho
- Department of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, University of Tartu, 8 Puusepa Street, Tartu, Estonia. .,Department of Oncology, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Ngo Quyen Street, Hue, Vietnam.
| | - Katre Maasalu
- Department of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, University of Tartu, 8 Puusepa Street, Tartu, Estonia. .,Traumatology and Orthopaedics Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, 8 Puusepa Street, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Aare Märtson
- Department of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, University of Tartu, 8 Puusepa Street, Tartu, Estonia. .,Traumatology and Orthopaedics Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, 8 Puusepa Street, Tartu, Estonia.
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Abstract
Cancer is the ultimate disorder of the genome, characterised not by just one or two mutations, but by hundreds to thousands of acquired mutations that have been accrued through the development of a tumour. Thanks to the recent increase in the speed of sequencing offered by modern sequencing technologies, we are no longer restricted to exploring tiny fragments of protein-coding portions of the human genome. We can now read all the genetic material in human cells. Here, the framework of a next-generation sequencing experiment is explained, giving insight into the advances and difficulties posed by processing the enormous datasets generated through these methods. Some of the recent insights into tumour biology, that exploit the extraordinary surge in scale and the digital nature of next-generation sequencing, are highlighted, including cancer gene discovery, the detection of mutation signatures and cancer evolution. Technological and intellectual developments are starting to shape the personalized cancer genomic profiles of tomorrow. Let's train the next-generation of clinicians to be able to read them from today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Nik-Zainal
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK, and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
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129
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Amary MF, Ye H, Forbes G, Damato S, Maggiani F, Pollock R, Tirabosco R, Flanagan AM. Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 mutations (IDH1) and p16/CDKN2A copy number change in conventional chondrosarcomas. Virchows Arch 2014; 466:217-22. [PMID: 25432631 PMCID: PMC4325180 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-014-1685-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To determine whether IDH1 mutations are present in primary and relapsed (local and distal) conventional central chondrosarcomas; and secondly, to assess if loss of p16/CDKN2A is associated with tumour grade progression, 102 tumour samples from 37 patients, including material from presenting and relapse events, were assessed. All wild-type cases for IDH1 R132 substitutions were also tested for IDH2 R172 and R140 alterations. The primary tumour and the most recent relapse sample were tested for p16/CDKN2A by interphase fluorescence in situ hybridisation. An additional 120 central cartilaginous tumours from different patients were also tested for p16/CDKN2A copy number. The study shows that if an IDH1 mutation were detected in a primary central chondrosarcoma, it is always detected at the time of presentation, and the same mutation is detected in local recurrences and metastatic events. We show that p16/CDKN2A copy number variation occurs subsequent to the IDH1 mutation, and confirm that p16/CDKN2A copy number variation occurs in 75 % of high grade central chondrosarcomas, and not in low grade cartilaginous tumours. Finally, p16/CDKN2A copy number variation is seen in both the IDH1 wild-type and mutant cartilaginous central tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fernanda Amary
- Cancer Institute, University College London, Huntley Street, WC1E 6BT, London, UK,
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130
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Abstract
Despite the recent identification of recurrent SETBP1 mutations in atypical chronic myeloid leukemia (aCML), a complete description of the somatic lesions responsible for the onset of this disorder is still lacking. To find additional somatic abnormalities in aCML, we performed whole-exome sequencing on 15 aCML cases. In 2 cases (13.3%), we identified somatic missense mutations in the ETNK1 gene. Targeted resequencing on 515 hematological clonal disorders revealed the presence of ETNK1 variants in 6 (8.8%) of 68 aCML and 2 (2.6%) of 77 chronic myelomonocytic leukemia samples. These mutations clustered in a small region of the kinase domain, encoding for H243Y and N244S (1/8 H243Y; 7/8 N244S). They were all heterozygous and present in the dominant clone. The intracellular phosphoethanolamine/phosphocholine ratio was, on average, 5.2-fold lower in ETNK1-mutated samples (P < .05). Similar results were obtained using myeloid TF1 cells transduced with ETNK1 wild type, ETNK1-N244S, and ETNK1-H243Y, where the intracellular phosphoethanolamine/phosphocholine ratio was significantly lower in ETNK1-N244S (0.76 ± 0.07) and ETNK1-H243Y (0.37 ± 0.02) than in ETNK1-WT (1.37 ± 0.32; P = .01 and P = .0008, respectively), suggesting that ETNK1 mutations may inhibit the catalytic activity of the enzyme. In summary, our study shows for the first time the evidence of recurrent somatic ETNK1 mutations in the context of myeloproliferative/myelodysplastic disorders.
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131
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An orthotopic mouse model for chondrosarcoma of bone provides an in vivo tool for drug testing. Virchows Arch 2014; 466:101-9. [PMID: 25331842 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-014-1670-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Chondrosarcoma is a malignant cartilaginous tumor of the bone. Recently, mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 (IDH1) and isocitrate dehydrogenase-2 (IDH2) were identified in central chondrosarcomas. As chondrosarcomas are notoriously resistant to conventional treatment modalities, the need for model systems to screen new treatment options is high. We used two chondrosarcoma cell lines (CH2879 and SW1353) to generate a bioluminescent orthotopic chondrosarcoma mouse model. Cell lines were stably transduced with a lentiviral luciferase expression vector, and after clonal selection, luciferase-expressing clones were subcutaneously and orthotopically implanted in nude mice. Mice injected with CH2879 cells were treated with doxorubicin over a period of 6 weeks. Both cell lines resulted in tumor growth. CH2879 tumors were consistently larger than SW1353 tumors. No difference in size could be observed between subcutaneous and orthotopic tumors. Tumor growth could be monitored over time through assessment of luciferase activity, without harming the mice. Using this model, we show that doxorubicin does not have a significant effect on in vivo tumor growth. We describe an orthotopic chondrosarcoma mouse model that can be used to test new treatment strategies evolving from in vitro research.
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132
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The H3K27me3 demethylase UTX is a gender-specific tumor suppressor in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2014; 125:13-21. [PMID: 25320243 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-05-577270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive form of leukemia that is mainly diagnosed in children and shows a skewed gender distribution toward males. In this study, we report somatic loss-of-function mutations in the X-linked histone H3K27me3 demethylase ubiquitously transcribed X (UTX) chromosome, in human T-ALL. Interestingly, UTX mutations were exclusively present in male T-ALL patients and allelic expression analysis revealed that UTX escapes X-inactivation in female T-ALL lymphoblasts and normal T cells. Notably, we demonstrate in vitro and in vivo that the H3K27me3 demethylase UTX functions as a bona fide tumor suppressor in T-ALL. Moreover, T-ALL driven by UTX inactivation exhibits collateral sensitivity to pharmacologic H3K27me3 inhibition. All together, our results show how a gender-specific and therapeutically relevant defect in balancing H3K27 methylation contributes to T-cell leukemogenesis.
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133
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Totoki Y, Yoshida A, Hosoda F, Nakamura H, Hama N, Ogura K, Yoshida A, Fujiwara T, Arai Y, Toguchida J, Tsuda H, Miyano S, Kawai A, Shibata T. Unique mutation portraits and frequent COL2A1 gene alteration in chondrosarcoma. Genome Res 2014; 24:1411-20. [PMID: 25024164 PMCID: PMC4158757 DOI: 10.1101/gr.160598.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chondrosarcoma is the second most frequent malignant bone tumor. However, the etiological background of chondrosarcomagenesis remains largely unknown, along with details on molecular alterations and potential therapeutic targets. Massively parallel paired-end sequencing of whole genomes of 10 primary chondrosarcomas revealed that the process of accumulation of somatic mutations is homogeneous irrespective of the pathological subtype or the presence of IDH1 mutations, is unique among a range of cancer types, and shares significant commonalities with that of prostate cancer. Clusters of structural alterations localized within a single chromosome were observed in four cases. Combined with targeted resequencing of additional cartilaginous tumor cohorts, we identified somatic alterations of the COL2A1 gene, which encodes an essential extracellular matrix protein in chondroskeletal development, in 19.3% of chondrosarcoma and 31.7% of enchondroma cases. Epigenetic regulators (IDH1 and YEATS2) and an activin/BMP signal component (ACVR2A) were recurrently altered. Furthermore, a novel FN1-ACVR2A fusion transcript was observed in both chondrosarcoma and osteochondromatosis cases. With the characteristic accumulative process of somatic changes as a background, molecular defects in chondrogenesis and aberrant epigenetic control are primarily causative of both benign and malignant cartilaginous tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Totoki
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | | | - Fumie Hosoda
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nakamura
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Natsuko Hama
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Koichi Ogura
- Division of Musculoskeletal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Aki Yoshida
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Fujiwara
- Division of Musculoskeletal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Arai
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Junya Toguchida
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | | | - Satoru Miyano
- Laboratory of DNA Informatics Analysis, Human Genome Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Akira Kawai
- Division of Musculoskeletal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Shibata
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan;
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Molenaar RJ, Radivoyevitch T, Maciejewski JP, van Noorden CJF, Bleeker FE. The driver and passenger effects of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 mutations in oncogenesis and survival prolongation. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2014; 1846:326-41. [PMID: 24880135 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH1 and IDH2) are key events in the development of glioma, acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chondrosarcoma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC), and angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma. They also cause D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria and Ollier and Maffucci syndromes. IDH1/2 mutations are associated with prolonged survival in glioma and in ICC, but not in AML. The reason for this is unknown. In their wild-type forms, IDH1 and IDH2 convert isocitrate and NADP(+) to α-ketoglutarate (αKG) and NADPH. Missense mutations in the active sites of these enzymes induce a neo-enzymatic reaction wherein NADPH reduces αKG to D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2HG). The resulting D-2HG accumulation leads to hypoxia-inducible factor 1α degradation, and changes in epigenetics and extracellular matrix homeostasis. Such mutations also imply less NADPH production capacity. Each of these effects could play a role in cancer formation. Here, we provide an overview of the literature and discuss which downstream molecular effects are likely to be the drivers of the oncogenic and survival-prolonging properties of IDH1/2 mutations. We discuss interactions between mutant IDH1/2 inhibitors and conventional therapies. Understanding of the biochemical consequences of IDH1/2 mutations in oncogenesis and survival prolongation will yield valuable information for rational therapy design: it will tell us which oncogenic processes should be blocked and which "survivalogenic" effects should be retained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remco J Molenaar
- Department of Cell Biology & Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Tomas Radivoyevitch
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jaroslaw P Maciejewski
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Cornelis J F van Noorden
- Department of Cell Biology & Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fonnet E Bleeker
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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135
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Behjati S, Maschietto M, Williams RD, Side L, Hubank M, West R, Pearson K, Sebire N, Tarpey P, Futreal A, Brooks T, Stratton MR, Anderson J. A pathogenic mosaic TP53 mutation in two germ layers detected by next generation sequencing. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96531. [PMID: 24810334 PMCID: PMC4014518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Li-Fraumeni syndrome is caused by germline TP53 mutations and is clinically characterized by a predisposition to a range of cancers, most commonly sarcoma, brain tumours and leukemia. Pathogenic mosaic TP53 mutations have only rarely been described. Methods and Findings We describe a 2 years old child presenting with three separate cancers over a 6 month period; two soft tissue mesenchymal tumors and an aggressive metastatic neuroblastoma. As conventional testing of blood DNA by Sanger sequencing for mutations in TP53, ALK, and SDH was negative, whole exome sequencing of the blood DNA of the patient and both parents was performed to screen more widely for cancer predisposing mutations. In the patient's but not the parents' DNA we found a c.743 G>A, p.Arg248Gln (CCDS11118.1) TP53 mutation in 3–20% of sequencing reads, a level that would not generally be detectable by Sanger sequencing. Homozygosity for this mutation was detected in all tumor samples analyzed, and germline mosaicism was demonstrated by analysis of the child's newborn blood spot DNA. The occurrence of separate tumors derived from different germ layers suggests that this de novo mutation occurred early in embryogenesis, prior to gastrulation. Conclusion The case demonstrates pathogenic mosaicim, detected by next generation deep sequencing, that arose in the early stages of embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Behjati
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mariana Maschietto
- Unit of Molecular Haematology and Cancer Biology, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard D. Williams
- Unit of Molecular Haematology and Cancer Biology, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Side
- Departments of Clinical Genetics, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Hubank
- Unit of Molecular Haematology and Cancer Biology, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca West
- Unit of Molecular Haematology and Cancer Biology, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katie Pearson
- Unit of Molecular Haematology and Cancer Biology, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Sebire
- Departments of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Tarpey
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Futreal
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tony Brooks
- Unit of Molecular Haematology and Cancer Biology, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R. Stratton
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - John Anderson
- Unit of Molecular Haematology and Cancer Biology, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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136
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Mutsaers AJ, Walkley CR. Cells of origin in osteosarcoma: mesenchymal stem cells or osteoblast committed cells? Bone 2014; 62:56-63. [PMID: 24530473 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is a disease with many complex genetic abnormalities but few well defined genetic drivers of tumor initiation and evolution. The disease is diagnosed and defined through the observation of malignant osteoblastic cells that produce osteoid, however the exact cell of origin for this cancer remains to be definitively defined. Evidence exists to support a mesenchymal stem cell as well as committed osteoblast precursors as the cell of origin. Increasing numbers of experimental models have begun to shed light on to the likely cell population that gives rise to OS in vivo with the weight of evidence favoring an osteoblastic population as the cell of origin. As more information is gathered regarding osteosarcoma initiating cells and how they may relate to the cell of origin we will derive a better understanding of the development of this disease which may ultimately lead to clinical improvements through more personalized therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Mutsaers
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carl R Walkley
- Stem Cell Regulation Unit and ACRF Rational Drug Discovery Centre, St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.
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137
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Behjati S, Tarpey PS, Sheldon H, Martincorena I, Van Loo P, Gundem G, Wedge DC, Ramakrishna M, Cooke SL, Pillay N, Vollan HKM, Papaemmanuil E, Koss H, Bunney TD, Hardy C, Joseph OR, Martin S, Mudie L, Butler A, Teague JW, Patil M, Steers G, Cao Y, Gumbs C, Ingram D, Lazar AJ, Little L, Mahadeshwar H, Protopopov A, Al Sannaa GA, Seth S, Song X, Tang J, Zhang J, Ravi V, Torres KE, Khatri B, Halai D, Roxanis I, Baumhoer D, Tirabosco R, Amary MF, Boshoff C, McDermott U, Katan M, Stratton MR, Futreal PA, Flanagan AM, Harris A, Campbell PJ. Recurrent PTPRB and PLCG1 mutations in angiosarcoma. Nat Genet 2014; 46:376-379. [PMID: 24633157 PMCID: PMC4032873 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Angiosarcoma is an aggressive malignancy that arises spontaneously or secondarily to ionizing radiation or chronic lymphoedema. Previous work has identified aberrant angiogenesis, including occasional somatic mutations in angiogenesis signaling genes, as a key driver of angiosarcoma. Here we employed whole-genome, whole-exome and targeted sequencing to study the somatic changes underpinning primary and secondary angiosarcoma. We identified recurrent mutations in two genes, PTPRB and PLCG1, which are intimately linked to angiogenesis. The endothelial phosphatase PTPRB, a negative regulator of vascular growth factor tyrosine kinases, harbored predominantly truncating mutations in 10 of 39 tumors (26%). PLCG1, a signal transducer of tyrosine kinases, encoded a recurrent, likely activating p.Arg707Gln missense variant in 3 of 34 cases (9%). Overall, 15 of 39 tumors (38%) harbored at least one driver mutation in angiogenesis signaling genes. Our findings inform and reinforce current therapeutic efforts to target angiogenesis signaling in angiosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Behjati
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2XY, UK
| | - Patrick S Tarpey
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Helen Sheldon
- The Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Inigo Martincorena
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Peter Van Loo
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
- Human Genome Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics, VIB and KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gunes Gundem
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - David C Wedge
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Manasa Ramakrishna
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Susanna L Cooke
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Nischalan Pillay
- Histopathology, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, Stanmore, Middlesex, HA7 4LP, UK
- University College London Cancer Institute, Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Hans Kristian M Vollan
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
- Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, N-0310 Oslo, Norway
- The K.G. Jebsen Center for Breast Cancer Research, University of Oslo, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Elli Papaemmanuil
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Hans Koss
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Division of Molecular Structure, MRC-National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Tom D Bunney
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Claire Hardy
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Olivia R Joseph
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Sancha Martin
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Laura Mudie
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Adam Butler
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Jon W Teague
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Meena Patil
- Department of Pathology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Graham Steers
- Department of Pathology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Yu Cao
- M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, 1901 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Curtis Gumbs
- M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, 1901 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Davis Ingram
- M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, 1901 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Alexander J Lazar
- M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, 1901 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Latasha Little
- M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, 1901 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Harshad Mahadeshwar
- M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, 1901 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Alexei Protopopov
- M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, 1901 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Ghadah A Al Sannaa
- M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, 1901 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Sahil Seth
- M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, 1901 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Xingzhi Song
- M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, 1901 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Jiabin Tang
- M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, 1901 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, 1901 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Vinod Ravi
- M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, 1901 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Keila E Torres
- M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, 1901 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Bhavisha Khatri
- Histopathology, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, Stanmore, Middlesex, HA7 4LP, UK
| | - Dina Halai
- Histopathology, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, Stanmore, Middlesex, HA7 4LP, UK
| | - Ioannis Roxanis
- Department of Pathology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Daniel Baumhoer
- Bone Tumour Reference Centre, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Institute for Applied Cancer Science, Switzerland
| | - Roberto Tirabosco
- Histopathology, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, Stanmore, Middlesex, HA7 4LP, UK
| | - M Fernanda Amary
- Histopathology, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, Stanmore, Middlesex, HA7 4LP, UK
| | - Chris Boshoff
- University College London Cancer Institute, Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Pfizer Oncology, 10555 Science Center Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92121
| | - Ultan McDermott
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Matilda Katan
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Michael R Stratton
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - P Andrew Futreal
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
- M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, 1901 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Adrienne M Flanagan
- Histopathology, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, Stanmore, Middlesex, HA7 4LP, UK
- University College London Cancer Institute, Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Adrian Harris
- The Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
- Department of Pathology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Peter J Campbell
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
- Department of Haematology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2XY, UK
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138
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Campbell VT, Nadesan P, Ali SA, Wang CYY, Whetstone H, Poon R, Wei Q, Keilty J, Proctor J, Wang LW, Apte SS, McGovern K, Alman BA, Wunder JS. Hedgehog Pathway Inhibition in Chondrosarcoma Using the Smoothened Inhibitor IPI-926 Directly Inhibits Sarcoma Cell Growth. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:1259-69. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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139
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Guilhamon P, Eskandarpour M, Halai D, Wilson GA, Feber A, Teschendorff AE, Gomez V, Hergovich A, Tirabosco R, Fernanda Amary M, Baumhoer D, Jundt G, Ross MT, Flanagan AM, Beck S. Meta-analysis of IDH-mutant cancers identifies EBF1 as an interaction partner for TET2. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2166. [PMID: 23863747 PMCID: PMC3759038 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) genes 1 and 2 are frequently mutated in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), low-grade glioma, cholangiocarcinoma (CC) and chondrosarcoma (CS). For AML, low-grade glioma and CC, mutant IDH status is associated with a DNA hypermethylation phenotype, implicating altered epigenome dynamics in the aetiology of these cancers. Here we show that the IDH variants in CS are also associated with a hypermethylation phenotype and display increased production of the oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate, supporting the role of mutant IDH-produced 2-hydroxyglutarate as an inhibitor of TET-mediated DNA demethylation. Meta-analysis of the acute myeloid leukaemia, low-grade glioma, cholangiocarcinoma and CS methylation data identifies cancer-specific effectors within the retinoic acid receptor activation pathway among the hypermethylated targets. By analysing sequence motifs surrounding hypermethylated sites across the four cancer types, and using chromatin immunoprecipitation and western blotting, we identify the transcription factor EBF1 (early B-cell factor 1) as an interaction partner for TET2, suggesting a sequence-specific mechanism for regulating DNA methylation. Cancer-associated mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase are proposed to impair TET2-dependent DNA demethylation. By comparing the methylomes of IDH-mutant cancers, the authors identify the transcription factor EBF1 as a partner of TET2, suggesting a possible means for targeting TET2 to specific DNA sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Guilhamon
- Medical Genomics, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
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140
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Samuel AM, Costa J, Lindskog DM. Genetic alterations in chondrosarcomas - keys to targeted therapies? Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2014; 37:95-105. [PMID: 24458248 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-014-0166-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chondrosarcomas are malignant tumors of chondrocytes and represent the second most common type of primary bone tumors. Within the context of normal chondrogenesis, this review summarizes results from recent research outlining the key molecular changes that occur during the development of this sarcoma type. RESULTS Current data support the notion that a two-hit scenario, common to many tumors, also underlies chondrosarcoma formation. First, early-stage mutations alter the normal proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes, thereby predisposing them to malignant transformation. These early-stage mutations, found in both benign cartilaginous lesions and chondrosarcomas, include alterations affecting the IHH/PTHrP and IDH1/IDH2 pathways. As they are not observed in malignant cells, mutations in the EXT1 and EXT2 genes are considered early-stage events providing an environment that alters IHH/PTHrP signaling, thereby inducing mutations in adjacent cells. Due to normal cell cycle control that remains active, a low rate of malignant transformation is seen in benign cartilaginous lesions with early-stage mutations. In contrast, late-stage mutations, seen in most malignant chondrosarcomas, appear to induce malignant transformation as they are not found in benign cartilaginous lesions. These late-stage mutations primarily involve cell cycle pathway regulators including p53 and pRB, two genes that are also known to be implicated in numerous other human tumor types. CONCLUSIONS Now the key genetic alterations involved in both early and late stages of chondrosarcoma development have been identified, focus should be shifted to the identification of druggable molecular targets for the design of novel chondrosarcoma-specific therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre M Samuel
- Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA,
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141
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Mak IW, Evaniew N, Ghert M. Lost in translation: animal models and clinical trials in cancer treatment. Am J Transl Res 2014; 8:1911-21. [PMID: 25342884 PMCID: PMC4206199 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s49584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is the term used to describe over 100 diseases that share several common hallmarks. Despite prevention, early detection, and novel therapies, cancer is still the second leading cause of death in the USA. Successful bench-to-bedside translation of basic scientific findings about cancer into therapeutic interventions for patients depends on the selection of appropriate animal experimental models. Cancer research uses animal and human cancer cell lines in vitro to study biochemical pathways in these cancer cells. In this review, we summarize the important animal models of cancer with focus on their advantages and limitations. Mouse cancer models are well known, and are frequently used for cancer research. Rodent models have revolutionized our ability to study gene and protein functions in vivo and to better understand their molecular pathways and mechanisms. Xenograft and chemically or genetically induced mouse cancers are the most commonly used rodent cancer models. Companion animals with spontaneous neoplasms are still an underexploited tool for making rapid advances in human and veterinary cancer therapies by testing new drugs and delivery systems that have shown promise in vitro and in vivo in mouse models. Companion animals have a relatively high incidence of cancers, with biological behavior, response to therapy, and response to cytotoxic agents similar to those in humans. Shorter overall lifespan and more rapid disease progression are factors contributing to the advantages of a companion animal model. In addition, the current focus is on discovering molecular targets for new therapeutic drugs to improve survival and quality of life in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Wy Mak
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University Hamilton, Ontario, Canada ; Juravinski Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nathan Evaniew
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University Hamilton, Ontario, Canada ; Juravinski Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michelle Ghert
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University Hamilton, Ontario, Canada ; Juravinski Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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142
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Mak IWY, Evaniew N, Ghert M. Lost in translation: animal models and clinical trials in cancer treatment. Am J Transl Res 2014; 6:114-118. [PMID: 24489990 PMCID: PMC3902221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Due to practical and ethical concerns associated with human experimentation, animal models have been essential in cancer research. However, the average rate of successful translation from animal models to clinical cancer trials is less than 8%. Animal models are limited in their ability to mimic the extremely complex process of human carcinogenesis, physiology and progression. Therefore the safety and efficacy identified in animal studies is generally not translated to human trials. Animal models can serve as an important source of in vivo information, but alternative translational approaches have emerged that may eventually replace the link between in vitro studies and clinical applications. This review summarizes the current state of animal model translation to clinical practice, and offers some explanations for the general lack of success in this process. In addition, some alternative strategies to the classic in vivo approach are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella WY Mak
- Department of Surgery, McMaster UniversityHamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Juravinski Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health SciencesHamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nathan Evaniew
- Department of Surgery, McMaster UniversityHamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Juravinski Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health SciencesHamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michelle Ghert
- Department of Surgery, McMaster UniversityHamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Juravinski Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health SciencesHamilton, Ontario, Canada
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143
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Bolli N, Avet-Loiseau H, Wedge DC, Van Loo P, Alexandrov LB, Martincorena I, Dawson KJ, Iorio F, Nik-Zainal S, Bignell GR, Hinton JW, Li Y, Tubio JM, McLaren S, O' Meara S, Butler AP, Teague JW, Mudie L, Anderson E, Rashid N, Tai YT, Shammas MA, Sperling AS, Fulciniti M, Richardson PG, Parmigiani G, Magrangeas F, Minvielle S, Moreau P, Attal M, Facon T, Futreal PA, Anderson KC, Campbell PJ, Munshi NC. Heterogeneity of genomic evolution and mutational profiles in multiple myeloma. Nat Commun 2014; 5:2997. [PMID: 24429703 PMCID: PMC3905727 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 668] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is an incurable plasma cell malignancy with a complex and incompletely understood molecular pathogenesis. Here we use whole-exome sequencing, copy-number profiling and cytogenetics to analyse 84 myeloma samples. Most cases have a complex subclonal structure and show clusters of subclonal variants, including subclonal driver mutations. Serial sampling reveals diverse patterns of clonal evolution, including linear evolution, differential clonal response and branching evolution. Diverse processes contribute to the mutational repertoire, including kataegis and somatic hypermutation, and their relative contribution changes over time. We find heterogeneity of mutational spectrum across samples, with few recurrent genes. We identify new candidate genes, including truncations of SP140, LTB, ROBO1 and clustered missense mutations in EGR1. The myeloma genome is heterogeneous across the cohort, and exhibits diversity in clonal admixture and in dynamics of evolution, which may impact prognostic stratification, therapeutic approaches and assessment of disease response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niccolo Bolli
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, CIMR, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Hervé Avet-Loiseau
- Unité de Génomique du Myélome, CHU Rangueil, Toulouse 31059, France
- CRCT, INSERM U1037, Toulouse 31400, France
| | - David C. Wedge
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Peter Van Loo
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
- Department of Human Genetics, VIB and University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | | | - Inigo Martincorena
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Kevin J. Dawson
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Francesco Iorio
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory—European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Serena Nik-Zainal
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
- Department of Medical Genetics, Addenbrooke’s Hospital NHS Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Graham R. Bignell
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Jonathan W. Hinton
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Yilong Li
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Jose M.C. Tubio
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Stuart McLaren
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Sarah O' Meara
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Adam P. Butler
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Jon W. Teague
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Laura Mudie
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Elizabeth Anderson
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Naim Rashid
- Lebow Institute of Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Yu-Tzu Tai
- Lebow Institute of Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Masood A. Shammas
- Lebow Institute of Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Boston Veterans Administration Healthcare System, West Roxbury, Massachusetts 02132, USA
| | - Adam S. Sperling
- Lebow Institute of Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Mariateresa Fulciniti
- Lebow Institute of Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Paul G. Richardson
- Lebow Institute of Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Giovanni Parmigiani
- Dana–Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Florence Magrangeas
- Center for Cancer Research Nantes-Angers, UMR 892 Inserm-6299 CNRS-University of Nantes, IRS-UN, Nantes 4407, France
- UMGC, University Hospital, Nantes 44093, France
| | - Stephane Minvielle
- Center for Cancer Research Nantes-Angers, UMR 892 Inserm-6299 CNRS-University of Nantes, IRS-UN, Nantes 4407, France
- UMGC, University Hospital, Nantes 44093, France
| | - Philippe Moreau
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital, Nantes 44093, France
| | - Michel Attal
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital and CRCT, INSERM U1037, Toulouse 31400, France
| | - Thierry Facon
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital, Lille 59045, France
| | - P Andrew Futreal
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
- Present address: MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kenneth C. Anderson
- Lebow Institute of Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Peter J. Campbell
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, CIMR, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Nikhil C. Munshi
- Lebow Institute of Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Boston Veterans Administration Healthcare System, West Roxbury, Massachusetts 02132, USA
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144
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Hu L, Li Z, Cheng J, Rao Q, Gong W, Liu M, Shi YG, Zhu J, Wang P, Xu Y. Crystal structure of TET2-DNA complex: insight into TET-mediated 5mC oxidation. Cell 2013; 155:1545-55. [PMID: 24315485 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
TET proteins oxidize 5-methylcytosine (5mC) on DNA and play important roles in various biological processes. Mutations of TET2 are frequently observed in myeloid malignance. Here, we present the crystal structure of human TET2 bound to methylated DNA at 2.02 Å resolution. The structure shows that two zinc fingers bring the Cys-rich and DSBH domains together to form a compact catalytic domain. The Cys-rich domain stabilizes the DNA above the DSBH core. TET2 specifically recognizes CpG dinucleotide and shows substrate preference for 5mC in a CpG context. 5mC is inserted into the catalytic cavity with the methyl group orientated to catalytic Fe(II) for reaction. The methyl group is not involved in TET2-DNA contacts so that the catalytic cavity allows TET2 to accommodate 5mC derivatives for further oxidation. Mutations of Fe(II)/NOG-chelating, DNA-interacting, and zinc-chelating residues are frequently observed in human cancers. Our studies provide a structural basis for understanding the mechanisms of TET-mediated 5mC oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Hu
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ze Li
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jingdong Cheng
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qinhui Rao
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wei Gong
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Mengjie Liu
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yujiang Geno Shi
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine and Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jiayu Zhu
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yanhui Xu
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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145
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Behjati S, Tarpey PS, Presneau N, Scheipl S, Pillay N, Van Loo P, Wedge DC, Cooke SL, Gundem G, Davies H, Nik-Zainal S, Martin S, McLaren S, Goodie V, Robinson B, Butler A, Teague JW, Halai D, Khatri B, Myklebost O, Baumhoer D, Jundt G, Hamoudi R, Tirabosco R, Amary MF, Futreal PA, Stratton MR, Campbell PJ, Flanagan AM. Distinct H3F3A and H3F3B driver mutations define chondroblastoma and giant cell tumor of bone. Nat Genet 2013; 45:1479-82. [PMID: 24162739 PMCID: PMC3839851 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 557] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It is recognized that some mutated cancer genes contribute to the development of many cancer types, whereas others are cancer type specific. For genes that are mutated in multiple cancer classes, mutations are usually similar in the different affected cancer types. Here, however, we report exquisite tumor type specificity for different histone H3.3 driver alterations. In 73 of 77 cases of chondroblastoma (95%), we found p.Lys36Met alterations predominantly encoded in H3F3B, which is one of two genes for histone H3.3. In contrast, in 92% (49/53) of giant cell tumors of bone, we found histone H3.3 alterations exclusively in H3F3A, leading to p.Gly34Trp or, in one case, p.Gly34Leu alterations. The mutations were restricted to the stromal cell population and were not detected in osteoclasts or their precursors. In the context of previously reported H3F3A mutations encoding p.Lys27Met and p.Gly34Arg or p.Gly34Val alterations in childhood brain tumors, a remarkable picture of tumor type specificity for histone H3.3 driver alterations emerges, indicating that histone H3.3 residues, mutations and genes have distinct functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Behjati
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2XY
| | - Patrick S Tarpey
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Nadège Presneau
- University College London Cancer Institute, Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Sarah Cannon / University College London Advanced Diagnostics Molecular Profiling Research Laboratories, Capper Street, London, WC1E 6JA, UK
| | - Susanne Scheipl
- University College London Cancer Institute, Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Universitätsklinik für Orthopädie und Orthopädische Chirurgie, Medizinische Universität, Graz, Austria
| | - Nischalan Pillay
- University College London Cancer Institute, Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Histopathology, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, Stanmore, Middlesex, HA7 4LP, UK
| | - Peter Van Loo
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
- Human Genome Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics, VIB and KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 box 602, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - David C Wedge
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Susanna L Cooke
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Gunes Gundem
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Helen Davies
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Serena Nik-Zainal
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Sancha Martin
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Stuart McLaren
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Victoria Goodie
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Ben Robinson
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Adam Butler
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Jon W Teague
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Dina Halai
- Histopathology, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, Stanmore, Middlesex, HA7 4LP, UK
| | - Bhavisha Khatri
- Histopathology, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, Stanmore, Middlesex, HA7 4LP, UK
| | - Ola Myklebost
- Department of Tumour Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Daniel Baumhoer
- Bone Tumour Reference Centre, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gernot Jundt
- Bone Tumour Reference Centre, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rifat Hamoudi
- University College London Cancer Institute, Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Sarah Cannon / University College London Advanced Diagnostics Molecular Profiling Research Laboratories, Capper Street, London, WC1E 6JA, UK
| | - Roberto Tirabosco
- Histopathology, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, Stanmore, Middlesex, HA7 4LP, UK
| | - M Fernanda Amary
- Histopathology, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, Stanmore, Middlesex, HA7 4LP, UK
| | - P Andrew Futreal
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Michael R Stratton
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Peter J Campbell
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
- Department of Haematology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2XY
| | - Adrienne M Flanagan
- University College London Cancer Institute, Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Sarah Cannon / University College London Advanced Diagnostics Molecular Profiling Research Laboratories, Capper Street, London, WC1E 6JA, UK
- Histopathology, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, Stanmore, Middlesex, HA7 4LP, UK
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146
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Cherry AL, Finta C, Karlström M, Jin Q, Schwend T, Astorga-Wells J, Zubarev RA, Del Campo M, Criswell AR, de Sanctis D, Jovine L, Toftgård R. Structural basis of SUFU-GLI interaction in human Hedgehog signalling regulation. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA. SECTION D, BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2013; 69:2563-79. [PMID: 24311597 PMCID: PMC3852661 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444913028473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hedgehog signalling plays a fundamental role in the control of metazoan development, cell proliferation and differentiation, as highlighted by the fact that its deregulation is associated with the development of many human tumours. SUFU is an essential intracellular negative regulator of mammalian Hedgehog signalling and acts by binding and modulating the activity of GLI transcription factors. Despite its central importance, little is known about SUFU regulation and the nature of SUFU-GLI interaction. Here, the crystal and small-angle X-ray scattering structures of full-length human SUFU and its complex with the key SYGHL motif conserved in all GLIs are reported. It is demonstrated that GLI binding is associated with major conformational changes in SUFU, including an intrinsically disordered loop that is also crucial for pathway activation. These findings reveal the structure of the SUFU-GLI interface and suggest a mechanism for an essential regulatory step in Hedgehog signalling, offering possibilities for the development of novel pathway modulators and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Cherry
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition and Center for Biosciences, Karolinska Institutet, Novum, Hälsovägen 7, SE-141 83 Huddinge, Sweden
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147
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Puls F, Niblett AJ, Mangham DC. Molecular pathology of bone tumours: diagnostic implications. Histopathology 2013; 64:461-76. [DOI: 10.1111/his.12275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Puls
- Department of Musculoskeletal Pathology; Royal Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust; Robert Aitken Institute of Clinical Research; Birmingham UK
| | - Angela J Niblett
- Department of Musculoskeletal Pathology; Royal Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust; Robert Aitken Institute of Clinical Research; Birmingham UK
| | - D Chas Mangham
- Department of Musculoskeletal Pathology; Royal Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust; Robert Aitken Institute of Clinical Research; Birmingham UK
- Department of Musculoskeletal Pathology; Robert Jones & Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust; Oswestry Shropshire UK
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