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Abstract
Heritable platelet function disorders (PFDs) are genetically heterogeneous and poorly characterized. Pathogenic variants in RASGRP2, which encodes calcium and diacylglycerol-regulated guanine exchange factor I (CalDAG-GEFI), have been reported previously in 3 pedigrees with bleeding and reduced platelet aggregation responses. To better define the phenotype associated with pathogenic RASGRP2 variants, we compared high-throughput sequencing and phenotype data from 2042 cases in pedigrees with unexplained bleeding or platelet disorders to data from 5422 controls. Eleven cases harbored 11 different, previously unreported RASGRP2 variants that were biallelic and likely pathogenic. The variants included 5 high-impact variants predicted to prevent CalDAG-GEFI expression and 6 missense variants affecting the CalDAG-GEFI CDC25 domain, which mediates Rap1 activation during platelet inside-out αIIbβ3 signaling. Cases with biallelic RASGRP2 variants had abnormal mucocutaneous, surgical, and dental bleeding from childhood, requiring ≥1 blood or platelet transfusion in 78% of cases. Platelets displayed reduced aggregation in response to adenosine 5'-diphosphate and epinephrine, but variable aggregation defects with other agonists. There were no other consistent clinical or laboratory features. These data enable definition of human CalDAG-GEFI deficiency as a nonsyndromic, recessive PFD associated with a moderate or severe bleeding phenotype and complex defects in platelet aggregation.
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102
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Begandt D, Thome S, Sperandio M, Walzog B. How neutrophils resist shear stress at blood vessel walls: molecular mechanisms, subcellular structures, and cell-cell interactions. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 102:699-709. [PMID: 28619950 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3mr0117-026rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the first cells arriving at sites of tissue injury or infection to combat invading pathogens. Successful neutrophil recruitment to sites of inflammation highly depends on specific molecular mechanisms, fine-tuning the received information into signaling pathways and converting them into well-described recruitment steps. This review highlights the impact of vascular flow conditions on neutrophil recruitment and the multitude of mechanisms developed to enable this sophisticated process under wall shear stress conditions. The recruitment process underlies a complex interplay between adhesion and signaling molecules, as well as chemokines, in which neutrophils developed specific mechanisms to travel to sites of lesion in low and high shear stress conditions. Rolling, as the first step in the recruitment process, highly depends on endothelial selectins and their ligands on neutrophils, inducting of intracellular signaling and subsequently activating β2 integrins, enabling adhesion and postadhesion events. In addition, subcellular structures, such as microvilli, tethers, and slings allow the cell to arrest, even under high wall shear stress. Thereby, microvilli that are pulled out from the cell body form tethers that develop into slings upon their detachment from the substrate. In addition to the above-described primary capture, secondary capture of neutrophils via neutrophil-neutrophil or neutrophil-platelet interaction promotes the process of neutrophil recruitment to sites of lesion. Thus, precise mechanisms based on a complex molecular interplay, subcellular structures, and cell-cell interactions turn the delicate process of neutrophil trafficking during flow into a robust response allowing effective neutrophil accumulation at sites of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Begandt
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Sarah Thome
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Markus Sperandio
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Barbara Walzog
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
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103
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Meller J, Chen Z, Dudiki T, Cull RM, Murtazina R, Bal SK, Pluskota E, Stefl S, Plow EF, Trapp BD, Byzova TV. Integrin-Kindlin3 requirements for microglial motility in vivo are distinct from those for macrophages. JCI Insight 2017; 2:93002. [PMID: 28570266 PMCID: PMC5453700 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.93002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia play a critical role in the development and homeostasis of the CNS. While mobilization of microglia is critical for a number of pathologies, understanding of the mechanisms of their migration in vivo is limited and often based on similarities to macrophages. Kindlin3 deficiency as well as Kindlin3 mutations of integrin-binding sites abolish both integrin inside-out and outside-in signaling in microglia, thereby resulting in severe deficiencies in cell adhesion, polarization, and migration in vitro, which are similar to the defects observed in macrophages. In contrast, while Kindlin3 mutations impaired macrophage mobilization in vivo, they had no effect either on the population of microglia in the CNS during development or on mobilization of microglia and subsequent microgliosis in a model of multiple sclerosis. At the same time, acute microglial response to laser-induced injury was impaired by the lack of Kindlin3-integrin interactions. Based on 2-photon imaging of microglia in the brain, Kindlin3 is required for elongation of microglial processes toward the injury site and formation of phagosomes in response to brain injury. Thus, while Kindlin3 deficiency in human subjects is not expected to diminish the presence of microglia within CNS, it might delay the recovery process after injury, thereby exacerbating its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhihong Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bruce D Trapp
- Department of Neuroscience, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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104
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Palagano E, Slatter MA, Uva P, Menale C, Villa A, Abinun M, Sobacchi C. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation corrects osteopetrosis in a child carrying a novel homozygous mutation in the FERMT3 gene. Bone 2017; 97:126-129. [PMID: 28095295 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Osteopetrosis (OPT) is a rare skeletal disorder with phenotypic and genotypic heterogeneity: a variety of clinical features besides the bony defect may be present, and at least ten different genes are known to be involved in the disease pathogenesis. In the framework of this heterogeneity, we report the clinical description of a neonate, first child of consanguineous parents, who had osteoclast-rich osteopetrosis and bone marrow failure in early life, but no other usual classical features of infantile malignant OPT, such as visual or hearing impairments. Because of the severe presentation at birth, the patient received Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT) at 2months of age with successful outcome. Post-HSCT genetic investigation by means of exome sequencing identified a novel homozygous mutation in the Fermitin Family Member 3 (FERMT3) gene, which was predicted to disrupt the functionality of its protein product kindlin 3. Our report provides information relevant to physicians for recognizing patients with one of the rarest forms of infantile malignant OPT, and clearly demonstrates that HSCT cures kindlin 3 deficiency with severe phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Palagano
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Rozzano, Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Mary A Slatter
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Great North Children's Hospital, The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Primary Immunodeficiency Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Paolo Uva
- CRS4, Science and Technology Park Polaris, Pula, Italy
| | - Ciro Menale
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Rozzano, Italy; CNR-IRGB, Milan Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Villa
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Rozzano, Italy; CNR-IRGB, Milan Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Abinun
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Great North Children's Hospital, The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Primary Immunodeficiency Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Cristina Sobacchi
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Rozzano, Italy; CNR-IRGB, Milan Unit, Milan, Italy
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105
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NDR1-Dependent Regulation of Kindlin-3 Controls High-Affinity LFA-1 Binding and Immune Synapse Organization. Mol Cell Biol 2017; 37:MCB.00424-16. [PMID: 28137909 PMCID: PMC5376635 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00424-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-specific adhesion between T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APC) during the formation of the immunological synapse (IS) is mediated by LFA-1 and ICAM-1. Here, LFA-1–ICAM-1 interactions were measured at the single-molecule level on supported lipid bilayers. High-affinity binding was detected at low frequencies in the inner peripheral supramolecular activation cluster (SMAC) zone that contained high levels of activated Rap1 and kindlin-3. Rap1 was essential for T cell attachment, whereas deficiencies of ste20-like kinases, Mst1/Mst2, diminished high-affinity binding and abrogated central SMAC (cSMAC) formation with mislocalized kindlin-3 and vesicle transport regulators involved in T cell receptor recycling/releasing machineries, resulting in impaired T cell-APC interactions. We found that NDR1 kinase, activated by the Rap1 signaling cascade through RAPL and Mst1/Mst2, associated with and recruited kindlin-3 to the IS, which was required for high-affinity LFA-1/ICAM-1 binding and cSMAC formation. Our findings reveal crucial roles for Rap1 signaling via NDR1 for recruitment of kindlin-3 and IS organization.
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106
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Aygun D, Nepesov S, Gershoni R, Camcıoglu Y. Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency III: Report of Two Siblings. Pediatr Neonatol 2017; 58:99-100. [PMID: 28043831 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Aygun
- Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Serdar Nepesov
- Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ruth Gershoni
- Departments of Human Genetics and Pediatrics, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel; Bruce Rappoport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yıldız Camcıoglu
- Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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107
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Feng C, Wee WK, Chen H, Ong LT, Qu J, Tan HF, Tan SM. Expression of kindlin-3 in melanoma cells impedes cell migration and metastasis. Cell Adh Migr 2016; 11:419-433. [PMID: 27715393 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2016.1243645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Kindlins are a small family of 4.1-ezrin-radixin-moesin (FERM)-containing cytoplasmic proteins. Kindlin-3 is expressed in platelets, hematopoietic cells, and endothelial cells. Kindlin-3 promotes integrin activation, clustering and outside-in signaling. Aberrant expression of kindlin-3 was reported in melanoma and breast cancer. Intriguingly, kindlin-3 has been reported to either positively or negatively regulate cancer cell metastasis. In this study, we sought to clarify the expression of kindlin-3 in melanoma cells and its role in melanoma metastasis. Two widely used metastatic mouse and human melanoma cell lines B16-F10 and M10, respectively, were examined and found to lack kindlin-3 mRNA and protein expression. When kindlin-3 was ectopically expressed in these cells, cell migration was markedly reduced. These are attributed to aberrant Rac1 and RhoA activation and overt membrane ruffling. Our data demonstrate for the first time that despite its well established role as a positive regulator of integrin-mediated cell adhesion, aberrant expression of kindlin-3 could lead to imbalanced RhoGTPases signaling that impedes rather than promotes cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Feng
- a School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore
| | - Wei-Kiat Wee
- a School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore
| | - Huizhi Chen
- b School of Materials Science & Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , Nanyang Avenue, Singapore
| | - Li-Teng Ong
- a School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore
| | - Jing Qu
- a School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore
| | - Hui-Foon Tan
- a School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore
| | - Suet-Mien Tan
- a School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore
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108
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Rognoni E, Ruppert R, Fässler R. The kindlin family: functions, signaling properties and implications for human disease. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:17-27. [PMID: 26729028 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.161190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The kindlin (or fermitin) family of proteins comprises three members (kindlin-1,-2 and -3) of evolutionarily conserved focal adhesion (FA) proteins, whose best-known task is to increase integrin affinity for a ligand (also referred as integrin activation) through binding of β-integrin tails. The consequence of kindlin-mediated integrin activation and integrin-ligand binding is cell adhesion, spreading and migration, assembly of the extracellular matrix (ECM), cell survival, proliferation and differentiation. Another hallmark of kindlins is their involvement in disease. Mutations in the KINDLIN-1 (also known as FERMT1) gene cause Kindler syndrome (KS)--in which mainly skin and intestine are affected, whereas mutations in the KINDLIN-3 (also known as FERMT3) gene cause leukocyte adhesion deficiency type III (LAD III), which is characterized by impaired extravasation of blood effector cells and severe, spontaneous bleedings. Also, aberrant expression of kindlins in various forms of cancer and in tissue fibrosis has been reported. Although the malfunctioning of integrins represent a major cause leading to kindlin-associated diseases, increasing evidence also point to integrin-independent functions of kindlins that play an important role in the pathogenesis of certain disease aspects. Furthermore, isoform-specific kindlin functions have been discovered, explaining, for example, why loss of kindlins differentially affects tissue stem cell homeostasis or tumor development. This Commentary focuses on new and isoform-specific kindlin functions in different tissues and discusses their potential role in disease development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Rognoni
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - Raphael Ruppert
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - Reinhard Fässler
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried 82152, Germany
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109
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Piatt R, Paul DS, Lee RH, McKenzie SE, Parise LV, Cowley DO, Cooley BC, Bergmeier W. Mice Expressing Low Levels of CalDAG-GEFI Exhibit Markedly Impaired Platelet Activation With Minor Impact on Hemostasis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:1838-46. [PMID: 27417588 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.307874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The tight regulation of platelet adhesiveness, mediated by the αIIbβ3 integrin, is critical for hemostasis and prevention of thrombosis. We recently demonstrated that integrin affinity in platelets is controlled by the guanine nucleotide exchange factor, CalDAG-GEFI (CD-GEFI), and its target, RAP1. In this study, we investigated whether low-level expression of CD-GEFI leads to protection from thrombosis without pathological bleeding in mice. APPROACH AND RESULTS Cdg1(low) mice were generated by knockin of human CD-GEFI cDNA into the mouse Cdg1 locus. CD-GEFI expression in platelets from Cdg1(low) mice was reduced by ≈90% when compared with controls. Activation of RAP1 and αIIbβ3 was abolished at low agonist concentrations and partially inhibited at high agonist concentrations in Cdg1(low) platelets. Consistently, the aggregation response of Cdg1(low) platelets was weaker than that of wild-type platelets, but more efficient than that observed in Cdg1(-/-) platelets. Importantly, Cdg1(low) mice were strongly protected from arterial and immune complex-mediated thrombosis, with only minimal impact on primary hemostasis. CONCLUSIONS Together, our studies suggest the partial inhibition of CD-GEFI function as a powerful new approach to safely prevent thrombotic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Piatt
- From the McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (R.P., D.S.P., R.H.L., W.B.); Cardeza Foundation for Hematological Research, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (S.E.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (L.V.P., W.B.), Animal Models Core (D.O.C.), and Rodent Advanced Surgical Core (B.C.C.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - David S Paul
- From the McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (R.P., D.S.P., R.H.L., W.B.); Cardeza Foundation for Hematological Research, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (S.E.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (L.V.P., W.B.), Animal Models Core (D.O.C.), and Rodent Advanced Surgical Core (B.C.C.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Robert H Lee
- From the McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (R.P., D.S.P., R.H.L., W.B.); Cardeza Foundation for Hematological Research, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (S.E.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (L.V.P., W.B.), Animal Models Core (D.O.C.), and Rodent Advanced Surgical Core (B.C.C.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Steven E McKenzie
- From the McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (R.P., D.S.P., R.H.L., W.B.); Cardeza Foundation for Hematological Research, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (S.E.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (L.V.P., W.B.), Animal Models Core (D.O.C.), and Rodent Advanced Surgical Core (B.C.C.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Leslie V Parise
- From the McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (R.P., D.S.P., R.H.L., W.B.); Cardeza Foundation for Hematological Research, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (S.E.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (L.V.P., W.B.), Animal Models Core (D.O.C.), and Rodent Advanced Surgical Core (B.C.C.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Dale O Cowley
- From the McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (R.P., D.S.P., R.H.L., W.B.); Cardeza Foundation for Hematological Research, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (S.E.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (L.V.P., W.B.), Animal Models Core (D.O.C.), and Rodent Advanced Surgical Core (B.C.C.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Brian C Cooley
- From the McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (R.P., D.S.P., R.H.L., W.B.); Cardeza Foundation for Hematological Research, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (S.E.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (L.V.P., W.B.), Animal Models Core (D.O.C.), and Rodent Advanced Surgical Core (B.C.C.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Wolfgang Bergmeier
- From the McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (R.P., D.S.P., R.H.L., W.B.); Cardeza Foundation for Hematological Research, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (S.E.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (L.V.P., W.B.), Animal Models Core (D.O.C.), and Rodent Advanced Surgical Core (B.C.C.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
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110
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Abstract
Kindlins are 4.1-ezrin-ridixin-moesin (FERM) domain containing proteins. There are three kindlins in mammals, which share high sequence identity. Kindlin-1 is expressed primarily in epithelial cells, kindlin-2 is widely distributed and is particularly abundant in adherent cells, and kindlin-3 is expressed primarily in hematopoietic cells. These distributions are not exclusive; some cells express multiple kindlins, and transformed cells often exhibit aberrant expression, both in the isoforms and the levels of kindlins. Great interest in the kindlins has emerged from the recognition that they play major roles in controlling integrin function. In vitro studies, in vivo studies of mice deficient in kindlins, and studies of patients with genetic deficiencies of kindlins have clearly established that they regulate the capacity of integrins to mediate their functions. Kindlins are adaptor proteins; their function emanate from their interaction with binding partners, including the cytoplasmic tails of integrins and components of the actin cytoskeleton. The purpose of this review is to provide a brief overview of kindlin structure and function, a consideration of their binding partners, and then to focus on the relationship of each kindlin family member with cancer. In view of many correlations of kindlin expression levels and neoplasia and the known association of integrins with tumor progression and metastasis, we consider whether regulation of kindlins or their function would be attractive targets for treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward F Plow
- Joseph J. Jacobs Center for Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mitali Das
- Joseph J. Jacobs Center for Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Katarzyna Bialkowska
- Joseph J. Jacobs Center for Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Khalid Sossey-Alaoui
- Joseph J. Jacobs Center for Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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111
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The Rap1-RIAM-talin axis of integrin activation and blood cell function. Blood 2016; 128:479-87. [PMID: 27207789 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-12-638700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrin adhesion receptors mediate the adhesion of blood cells, such as leukocytes, to other cells, such as endothelial cells. Integrins also are critical for anchorage of hematopoietic precursors to the extracellular matrix. Blood cells can dynamically regulate the affinities of integrins for their ligands ("activation"), an event central to their functions. Here we review recent progress in understanding the mechanisms of integrin activation with a focus on the functions of blood cells. We discuss how talin binding to the integrin β cytoplasmic domain, in conjunction with the plasma membrane, induces long-range allosteric rearrangements that lead to integrin activation. Second, we review our understanding of how signaling events, particularly those involving Rap1 small guanosine triphosphate (GTP)hydrolases, can regulate the talin-integrin interaction and resulting activation. Third, we review recent findings that highlight the role of the Rap1-GTP-interacting adapter molecule (RIAM), encoded by the APBB1IP gene, in leukocyte integrin activation and consequently in leukocyte trafficking.
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112
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Yamahashi Y, Cavnar PJ, Hind LE, Berthier E, Bennin DA, Beebe D, Huttenlocher A. Integrin associated proteins differentially regulate neutrophil polarity and directed migration in 2D and 3D. Biomed Microdevices 2016; 17:100. [PMID: 26354879 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-015-9998-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Directed neutrophil migration in blood vessels and tissues is critical for proper immune function; however, the mechanisms that regulate three-dimensional neutrophil chemotaxis remain unclear. It has been shown that integrins are dispensable for interstitial three-dimensional (3D) leukocyte migration; however, the role of integrin regulatory proteins during directed neutrophil migration is not known. Using a novel microfluidic gradient generator amenable to 2D and 3D analysis, we found that the integrin regulatory proteins Kindlin-3, RIAM, and talin-1 differentially regulate neutrophil polarization and directed migration to gradients of chemoattractant in 2D versus 3D. Both talin-1-deficient and RIAM-deficient neutrophil-like cells had impaired adhesion, polarization, and migration on 2D surfaces whereas in 3D the cells polarized but had impaired 3D chemotactic velocity. Kindlin-3 deficient cells were able to polarize and migrate on 2D surfaces but had impaired directionality. In a 3D environment, Kindlin-3 deficient cells displayed efficient chemotaxis. These findings demonstrate that the role of integrin regulatory proteins in cell polarity and directed migration can be different in 2D and 3D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukie Yamahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Linden Drive, Room 4205 MSB, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Peter J Cavnar
- Department of Biology, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL, USA
| | - Laurel E Hind
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Linden Drive, Room 4205 MSB, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Erwin Berthier
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David A Bennin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Linden Drive, Room 4205 MSB, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - David Beebe
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Anna Huttenlocher
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Linden Drive, Room 4205 MSB, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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113
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NMR Characterization and Membrane Interactions of the Loop Region of Kindlin-3 F1 Subdomain. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153501. [PMID: 27101375 PMCID: PMC4839668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Kindlins-1,2 and 3 are FERM domain-containing cytosolic proteins involved in the activation and regulation of integrin-mediated cell adhesion. Apart from binding to integrin β cytosolic tails, kindlins and the well characterized integrin-activator talin bind membrane phospholipids. The ubiquitin-like F1 sub-domain of the FERM domain of talin contains a short loop that binds to the lipid membrane. By contrast, the F1 sub-domain of kindlins contains a long loop demonstrated binding to the membrane. Here, we report structural characterization and lipid interactions of the 83-residue F1 loop of kindlin-3 using NMR and optical spectroscopy methods. NMR studies demonstrated that the F1 loop of kindlin-3 is globally unfolded but stretches of residues assuming transient helical conformations could be detected in aqueous solution. We mapped membrane binding interactions of the F1 loop with small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs) containing either zwitterionic lipids or negatively charged lipids using 15N-1H HSQC titrations. These experiments revealed that the F1 loop of kindlin-3 preferentially interacted with the negatively charged SUVs employing almost all of the residues. By contrast, only fewer residues appeared to be interacted with SUVs containing neutral lipids. Further, CD and NMR data suggested stabilization of helical conformations and predominant resonance perturbations of the F1 loop in detergent containing solutions. Conformations of an isolated N-terminal peptide fragment, or EK21, of the F1 loop, containing a poly-Lys sequence motif, important for membrane interactions, were also investigated in detergent solutions. EK21 adopted a rather extended or β-type conformations in complex with negatively charged SDS micelles. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the conformations and residue-specific interactions of kindlin F1 loop with lipids. These data therefore provide important insights into the interactions of kindlin FERM domain with membrane lipids that contribute toward the integrin activating property.
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114
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Inherited platelet disorders: toward DNA-based diagnosis. Blood 2016; 127:2814-23. [PMID: 27095789 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-03-378588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Variations in platelet number, volume, and function are largely genetically controlled, and many loci associated with platelet traits have been identified by genome-wide association studies (GWASs).(1) The genome also contains a large number of rare variants, of which a tiny fraction underlies the inherited diseases of humans. Research over the last 3 decades has led to the discovery of 51 genes harboring variants responsible for inherited platelet disorders (IPDs). However, the majority of patients with an IPD still do not receive a molecular diagnosis. Alongside the scientific interest, molecular or genetic diagnosis is important for patients. There is increasing recognition that a number of IPDs are associated with severe pathologies, including an increased risk of malignancy, and a definitive diagnosis can inform prognosis and care. In this review, we give an overview of these disorders grouped according to their effect on platelet biology and their clinical characteristics. We also discuss the challenge of identifying candidate genes and causal variants therein, how IPDs have been historically diagnosed, and how this is changing with the introduction of high-throughput sequencing. Finally, we describe how integration of large genomic, epigenomic, and phenotypic datasets, including whole genome sequencing data, GWASs, epigenomic profiling, protein-protein interaction networks, and standardized clinical phenotype coding, will drive the discovery of novel mechanisms of disease in the near future to improve patient diagnosis and management.
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115
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Bledzka K, Bialkowska K, Sossey-Alaoui K, Vaynberg J, Pluskota E, Qin J, Plow EF. Kindlin-2 directly binds actin and regulates integrin outside-in signaling. J Cell Biol 2016; 213:97-108. [PMID: 27044892 PMCID: PMC4828686 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201501006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bledzka et al. show that kindlin-2 binds actin via its F0 domain, and mutation of this site diminishes cell spreading, revealing a new mechanism by which kindlin-2 regulates cellular responses. Reduced levels of kindlin-2 (K2) in endothelial cells derived from K2+/− mice or C2C12 myoblastoid cells treated with K2 siRNA showed disorganization of their actin cytoskeleton and decreased spreading. These marked changes led us to examine direct binding between K2 and actin. Purified K2 interacts with F-actin in cosedimentation and surface plasmon resonance analyses and induces actin aggregation. We further find that the F0 domain of K2 binds actin. A mutation, LK47/AA, within a predicted actin binding site (ABS) of F0 diminishes its interaction with actin by approximately fivefold. Wild-type K2 and K2 bearing the LK47/AA mutation were equivalent in their ability to coactivate integrin αIIbβ3 in a CHO cell system when coexpressed with talin. However, K2-LK47/AA exhibited a diminished ability to support cell spreading and actin organization compared with wild-type K2. The presence of an ABS in F0 of K2 that influences outside-in signaling across integrins establishes a new foundation for considering how kindlins might regulate cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Bledzka
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Katarzyna Bialkowska
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Khalid Sossey-Alaoui
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Julia Vaynberg
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Elzbieta Pluskota
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Jun Qin
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Edward F Plow
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
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116
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Abstract
The term “immune synapse” was originally coined to highlight the similarities between the synaptic contacts between neurons in the central nervous system and the cognate, antigen-dependent interactions between T cells and antigen-presenting cells. Here, instead of offering a comprehensive molecular catalogue of molecules involved in the establishment, stabilization, function, and resolution of the immune synapse, we follow a spatiotemporal timeline that begins at the initiation of exploratory contacts between the T cell and the antigen-presenting cell and ends with the termination of the contact. We focus on specific aspects that distinguish synapses established by cytotoxic and T helper cells as well as unresolved issues and controversies regarding the formation of this intercellular structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Ortega-Carrion
- Immunology Section, Department of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Vicente-Manzanares
- Immunology Section, Department of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
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117
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Lu L, Lin C, Yan Z, Wang S, Zhang Y, Wang S, Wang J, Liu C, Chen J. Kindlin-3 Is Essential for the Resting α4β1 Integrin-mediated Firm Cell Adhesion under Shear Flow Conditions. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:10363-71. [PMID: 26994136 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.717694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrin-mediated rolling and firm cell adhesion are two critical steps in leukocyte trafficking. Integrin α4β1 mediates a mixture of rolling and firm cell adhesion on vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) when in its resting state but only supports firm cell adhesion upon activation. The transition from rolling to firm cell adhesion is controlled by integrin activation. Kindlin-3 has been shown to bind to integrin β tails and trigger integrin activation via inside-out signaling. However, the role of kindlin-3 in regulating resting α4β1-mediated cell adhesion is not well characterized. Herein we demonstrate that kindlin-3 was required for the resting α4β1-mediated firm cell adhesion but not rolling adhesion. Knockdown of kindlin-3 significantly decreased the binding of kindlin-3 to β1 and down-regulated the binding affinity of the resting α4β1 to soluble VCAM-1. Notably, it converted the resting α4β1-mediated firm cell adhesion to rolling adhesion on VCAM-1 substrates, increased cell rolling velocity, and impaired the stability of cell adhesion. By contrast, firm cell adhesion mediated by Mn(2+)-activated α4β1 was barely affected by knockdown of kindlin-3. Structurally, lack of kindlin-3 led to a more bent conformation of the resting α4β1. Thus, kindlin-3 plays an important role in maintaining a proper conformation of the resting α4β1 to mediate both rolling and firm cell adhesion. Defective kindlin-3 binding to the resting α4β1 leads to a transition from firm to rolling cell adhesion on VCAM-1, implying its potential role in regulating the transition between integrin-mediated rolling and firm cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Lu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China and
| | - ChangDong Lin
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China and
| | - ZhanJun Yan
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Shu Wang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China and
| | - YouHua Zhang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China and
| | - ShiHui Wang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China and
| | - JunLei Wang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China and
| | - Cui Liu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China and
| | - JianFeng Chen
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China and
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118
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Suratannon N, Yeetong P, Srichomthong C, Amarinthnukrowh P, Chatchatee P, Sosothikul D, van Hagen PM, van der Burg M, Wentink M, Driessen GJ, Suphapeetiporn K, Shotelersuk V. Adaptive immune defects in a patient with leukocyte adhesion deficiency type III with a novel mutation in FERMT3. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2016; 27:214-7. [PMID: 26359933 DOI: 10.1111/pai.12485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Narissara Suratannon
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Patra Yeetong
- Center of Excellence for Medical Genetics, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Excellence Center for Medical Genetics, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chalurmpon Srichomthong
- Center of Excellence for Medical Genetics, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Excellence Center for Medical Genetics, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pramuk Amarinthnukrowh
- Center of Excellence for Medical Genetics, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Excellence Center for Medical Genetics, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pantipa Chatchatee
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Darintr Sosothikul
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - P Martin van Hagen
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mirjam van der Burg
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Wentink
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gertjan J Driessen
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Infectious Disease and Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kanya Suphapeetiporn
- Center of Excellence for Medical Genetics, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. .,Excellence Center for Medical Genetics, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand. .,Division of Medical Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Vorasuk Shotelersuk
- Center of Excellence for Medical Genetics, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Excellence Center for Medical Genetics, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
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119
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Immune and regulatory functions of neutrophils in inflammatory bone loss. Semin Immunol 2016; 28:146-58. [PMID: 26936034 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although historically viewed as merely anti-microbial effectors in acute infection or injury, neutrophils are now appreciated to be functionally versatile with critical roles also in chronic inflammation. Periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease that destroys the tooth-supporting gums and bone, is particularly affected by alterations in neutrophil numbers or function, as revealed by observations in monogenic disorders and relevant mouse models. Besides being a significant debilitating disease and health burden in its own right, periodontitis is thus an attractive model to dissect uncharted neutrophil-associated (patho)physiological pathways. Here, we summarize recent evidence that neutrophils can contribute to inflammatory bone loss not only through the typical bystander injury dogma but intriguingly also through their absence from the affected tissue, where they normally perform important immunomodulatory functions. Moreover, we discuss recent advances in the interactions of neutrophils with the vascular endothelium and - upon extravasation - with bacteria, and how the dysregulation of these interactions leads to inflammatory tissue damage. Overall, neutrophils have both protective and destructive roles in periodontitis, as they are involved in both the maintenance of periodontal tissue homeostasis and the induction of inflammatory bone loss. This highlights the importance of developing approaches that promote or sustain a fine balance between homeostatic immunity and inflammatory pathology.
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120
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Chemokines, their receptors and human disease: the good, the bad and the itchy. Immunol Cell Biol 2016; 93:364-71. [PMID: 25895814 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2015.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines are a highly specialized group of cytokines that coordinate trafficking and homing of leucocytes between bone marrow, lymphoid organs and sites of infection or inflammation. They are also responsible for structural organization within lymphoid organs. Aberrant expression or function of these molecules, or their receptors, has been linked to protection or susceptibility to specific infectious diseases, as well as the risk of autoimmune disease and malignancy, revealing critical roles of chemokines and their receptors in human health, disease and therapeutics. In this review, we focus on human diseases that provide lessons regarding the critical role of these specialized and complex cytokines.
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121
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Fine-tuning of integrin activation. Blood 2016; 127:275-6. [PMID: 26796106 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-10-676908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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122
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Genomic landscape of megakaryopoiesis and platelet function defects. Blood 2016; 127:1249-59. [PMID: 26787733 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-07-607952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Megakaryopoiesis is a complex, stepwise process that takes place largely in the bone marrow. At the apex of the hierarchy, hematopoietic stem cells undergo a number of lineage commitment decisions that ultimately lead to the production of polyploid megakaryocytes. On average, megakaryocytes release 10(11) platelets per day into the blood that repair vascular injuries and prevent excessive bleeding. This differentiation process is tightly controlled by exogenous and endogenous factors, which have been the topics of intense research in the hematopoietic field. Indeed, a skewing of megakaryocyte commitment and differentiation may entail the onset of myeloproliferative neoplasms and other preleukemic disorders together with acute megakaryoblastic leukemia, whereas quantitative or qualitative defects in platelet production can lead to inherited platelet disorders. The recent advent of next-generation sequencing has prompted mapping of the genomic landscape of these conditions to provide an accurate view of the underlying lesions. The aims of this review are to introduce the physiological pathways of megakaryopoiesis and to present landmark studies on acquired and inherited disorders that target them. These studies have not only introduced a new era in the fields of molecular medicine and targeted therapies but may also provide us with a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying normal megakaryopoiesis and thrombopoiesis that can inform efforts to create alternative sources of megakaryocytes and platelets.
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123
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Klapproth S, Moretti FA, Zeiler M, Ruppert R, Breithaupt U, Mueller S, Haas R, Mann M, Sperandio M, Fässler R, Moser M. Minimal amounts of kindlin-3 suffice for basal platelet and leukocyte functions in mice. Blood 2015; 126:2592-600. [PMID: 26438512 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-04-639310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic cells depend on integrin-mediated adhesion and signaling, which is induced by kindlin-3 and talin-1. To determine whether platelet and polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) functions require specific thresholds of kindlin-3, we generated mouse strains expressing 50%, 10%, or 5% of normal kindlin-3 levels. We report that in contrast to kindlin-3-null mice, which die perinatally of severe bleeding and leukocyte adhesion deficiency, mice expressing as little as 5% of kindlin-3 were viable and protected from spontaneous bleeding and infections. However, platelet adhesion and aggregation were reduced in vitro and bleeding times extended. Similarly, leukocyte adhesion, extravasation, and bacterial clearance were diminished. Quantification of protein copy numbers revealed stoichiometric quantities of kindlin-3 and talin-1 in platelets and neutrophils, indicating that reduction of kindlin-3 in our mouse strains progressively impairs the cooperation with talin-1. Our findings show that very low levels of kindlin-3 enable basal platelet and neutrophil functions, whereas in stress situations such as injury and infection, platelets and neutrophils require a maximum of functional integrins that is achieved with high and stoichiometric quantities of kindlin-3 and talin-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Klapproth
- Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Medicine, Martinsried, Germany; Walter Brendel Center for Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Federico A Moretti
- Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Medicine, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Marlis Zeiler
- Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Martinsried, Germany; and
| | - Raphael Ruppert
- Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Medicine, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ute Breithaupt
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute for Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, and
| | - Susanna Mueller
- Institute for Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Rainer Haas
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute for Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, and
| | - Matthias Mann
- Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Martinsried, Germany; and
| | - Markus Sperandio
- Walter Brendel Center for Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Reinhard Fässler
- Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Medicine, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Markus Moser
- Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Medicine, Martinsried, Germany
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124
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Dupré L, Houmadi R, Tang C, Rey-Barroso J. T Lymphocyte Migration: An Action Movie Starring the Actin and Associated Actors. Front Immunol 2015; 6:586. [PMID: 26635800 PMCID: PMC4649030 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is composed of a dynamic filament meshwork that builds the architecture of the cell to sustain its fundamental properties. This physical structure is characterized by a continuous remodeling, which allows cells to accomplish complex motility steps such as directed migration, crossing of biological barriers, and interaction with other cells. T lymphocytes excel in these motility steps to ensure their immune surveillance duties. In particular, actin cytoskeleton remodeling is a key to facilitate the journey of T lymphocytes through distinct tissue environments and to tune their stop and go behavior during the scanning of antigen-presenting cells. The molecular mechanisms controlling actin cytoskeleton remodeling during T lymphocyte motility have been only partially unraveled, since the function of many actin regulators has not yet been assessed in these cells. Our review aims to integrate the current knowledge into a comprehensive picture of how the actin cytoskeleton drives T lymphocyte migration. We will present the molecular actors that control actin cytoskeleton remodeling, as well as their role in the different T lymphocyte motile steps. We will also highlight which challenges remain to be addressed experimentally and which approaches appear promising to tackle them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Dupré
- INSERM, UMR 1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan , Toulouse , France ; Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier , Toulouse , France ; CNRS, UMR 5282 , Toulouse , France
| | - Raïssa Houmadi
- INSERM, UMR 1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan , Toulouse , France ; Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier , Toulouse , France ; CNRS, UMR 5282 , Toulouse , France
| | - Catherine Tang
- INSERM, UMR 1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan , Toulouse , France ; Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier , Toulouse , France ; CNRS, UMR 5282 , Toulouse , France ; Master BIOTIN, Université Montpellier I , Montpellier , France
| | - Javier Rey-Barroso
- INSERM, UMR 1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan , Toulouse , France ; Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier , Toulouse , France ; CNRS, UMR 5282 , Toulouse , France
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125
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Abstract
Immune responses depend on the ability of leukocytes to move from the circulation into tissue. This is enabled by mechanisms that guide leukocytes to the right exit sites and allow them to cross the barrier of the blood vessel wall. This process is regulated by a concerted action between endothelial cells and leukocytes, whereby endothelial cells activate leukocytes and direct them to extravasation sites, and leukocytes in turn instruct endothelial cells to open a path for transmigration. This Review focuses on recently described mechanisms that control and open exit routes for leukocytes through the endothelial barrier.
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126
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Abstract
The neutrophil transmigration across the blood endothelial cell barrier represents the prerequisite step of innate inflammation. Neutrophil recruitment to inflamed tissues occurs in a well-defined stepwise manner, which includes elements of neutrophil rolling, firm adhesion, and crawling onto the endothelial cell surface before transmigrating across the endothelial barrier. This latter step known as diapedesis can occur at the endothelial cell junction (paracellular) or directly through the endothelial cell body (transcellular). The extravasation cascade is controlled by series of engagement of various adhesive modules, which result in activation of bidirectional signals to neutrophils and endothelial cells for adequate cellular response. This review will focus on recent advances in our understanding of mechanism of leukocyte crawling and diapedesis, with an emphasis on leukocyte-endothelial interactions and the signaling pathways they transduce to determine the mode of diapedesis, junctional or nonjunctional. I will also discuss emerging evidence highlighting key differences in the two modes of diapedesis and why it is clinically important to understand specificity in the regulation of diapedesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Dominique Filippi
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
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127
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Crazzolara R, Maurer K, Schulze H, Zieger B, Zustin J, Schulz AS. A new mutation in the KINDLIN-3 gene ablates integrin-dependent leukocyte, platelet, and osteoclast function in a patient with leukocyte adhesion deficiency-III. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015; 62:1677-9. [PMID: 25854317 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.25537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Disabling mutations in integrin-mediated cell signaling have been a major focus of interest over the last decade for patients affected with leukocyte adhesion deficiency-III (LAD-III). In this study, we identified a new C>T point mutation in exon 13 in the FERMT3 gene in an infant diagnosed with LAD-III and showed that KINDLIN-3 expression is required for platelet aggregation and leukocyte function, but also osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. After allogeneic bone marrow transplant, all overt symptoms disappeared. This newly identified mutation along with its novel role in dysregulation of bone homeostasis extends our understanding of KINDLIN-3 in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Crazzolara
- Department for Pediatrics, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kathrin Maurer
- Department for Pediatrics, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Harald Schulze
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Zieger
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jozef Zustin
- Institute of Pathology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ansgar S Schulz
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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128
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Ruppert R, Moser M, Sperandio M, Rognoni E, Orban M, Liu WH, Schulz AS, Oostendorp RAJ, Massberg S, Fässler R. Kindlin-3-mediated integrin adhesion is dispensable for quiescent but essential for activated hematopoietic stem cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 212:1415-32. [PMID: 26282877 PMCID: PMC4548061 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20150269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ruppert et al. report that Kindlin-3–mediated integrin activation controls homing of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) to the bone marrow (BM) and the retention of activated, but not quiescent, HSCs in the BM niche. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) generate highly dividing hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs), which produce all blood cell lineages. HSCs are usually quiescent, retained by integrins in specific niches, and become activated when the pools of HPCs decrease. We report that Kindlin-3–mediated integrin activation controls homing of HSCs to the bone marrow (BM) and the retention of activated HSCs and HPCs but not of quiescent HSCs in their BM niches. Consequently, Kindlin-3–deficient HSCs enter quiescence and remain in the BM when cotransplanted with wild-type hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), whereas they are hyperactivated and lost in the circulation when wild-type HSPCs are absent, leading to their exhaustion and reduced survival of recipients. The accumulation of HSPCs in the circulation of leukocyte adhesion deficiency type III patients, who lack Kindlin-3, underlines the conserved functions of Kindlin-3 in man and the importance of our findings for human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Ruppert
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Markus Moser
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Markus Sperandio
- Walter Brendel Center of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Emanuel Rognoni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Martin Orban
- Medical Clinic and Policlinic I, Klinikum der Universität, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Wen-Hsin Liu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ansgar S Schulz
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Robert A J Oostendorp
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Steffen Massberg
- Medical Clinic and Policlinic I, Klinikum der Universität, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Reinhard Fässler
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
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129
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Djaafri I, Khayati F, Menashi S, Tost J, Podgorniak MP, Sadoux A, Daunay A, Teixeira L, Soulier J, Idbaih A, Setterblad N, Fauvel F, Calvo F, Janin A, Lebbé C, Mourah S. A novel tumor suppressor function of Kindlin-3 in solid cancer. Oncotarget 2015; 5:8970-85. [PMID: 25344860 PMCID: PMC4253411 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Kindlin-3 (FERMT-3) is known to be central in hemostasis and thrombosis control and its deficiency disrupts platelet aggregation and causes Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency disease. Here we report that Kindlin-3 has a tumor suppressive role in solid cancer. Our present genetic and functional data show that Kindlin-3 is downregulated in several solid tumors by a mechanism involving gene hypermethylation and deletions. In vivo experiments demonstrated that Kindlin-3 knockdown in 2 tumor cell models (breast cancer and melanoma) markedly increases metastasis formation, in accord with the in vitro increase of tumor cell malignant properties. The metastatic phenotype was supported by a mechanism involving alteration in β3-integrin activation including decreased phosphorylation, interaction with talin and the internalization of its active form leading to less cell attachment and more migration/invasion. These data uncover a novel and unexpected tumor suppressor role of Kindin-3 which can influence integrins targeted therapies development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibtissem Djaafri
- Inserm UMR-S 940 Paris, France. Institute of Hematology (IUH), Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Farah Khayati
- Inserm UMR-S 940 Paris, France. Institute of Hematology (IUH), Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France. AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Laboratoire de Pharmacologie-Génétique, Paris, France
| | | | - Jorg Tost
- Laboratory for Epigenetics, Centre National de Génotypage, CEA-Institut de Génomique, Evry, France. Laboratory for Functional Genomics, Fondation Jean Dausset - CEPH, Paris, France
| | | | - Aurelie Sadoux
- Inserm UMR-S 940 Paris, France. AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Laboratoire de Pharmacologie-Génétique, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Daunay
- Laboratory for Functional Genomics, Fondation Jean Dausset - CEPH, Paris, France
| | - Luis Teixeira
- AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Service d'oncologie médicale, Paris, France
| | - Jean Soulier
- Institute of Hematology (IUH), Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France. Hematology Laboratory APHP, Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Ahmed Idbaih
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Neurologie 2-Mazarin, Paris, France. Inserm U 975, Paris, 75013 France, CNRS, UMR, Paris, France
| | - Niclas Setterblad
- Inserm UMR-S 940 Paris, France. Institute of Hematology (IUH), Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Françoise Fauvel
- Inserm UMR-S 940 Paris, France. Institute of Hematology (IUH), Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Fabien Calvo
- Inserm UMR-S 940 Paris, France. Institute of Hematology (IUH), Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Anne Janin
- Institute of Hematology (IUH), Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France. Inserm, U728, Paris, France. AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Laboratoire de Pathologie, Paris, France
| | - Celeste Lebbé
- Institute of Hematology (IUH), Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France. AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Département de Dermatologie, Paris, France. Inserm U976, Paris, France
| | - Samia Mourah
- Inserm UMR-S 940 Paris, France. Institute of Hematology (IUH), Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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130
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The regulatory role of serum response factor pathway in neutrophil inflammatory response. Curr Opin Hematol 2015; 22:67-73. [PMID: 25402621 DOI: 10.1097/moh.0000000000000099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Neutrophils rapidly migrate to sites of injury and infection. Egress of neutrophils from the circulation into tissues is a highly regulated process involving several distinct steps. Cell-cell interactions mediated by selectins and integrins and reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton are key mechanisms facilitating appropriate neutrophil recruitment. Neutrophil function is impaired in inherited and acquired disorders, such as leukocyte adhesion deficiency and myelodysplasia. Since the discovery that deletion of all or part of chromosome 5 is the most common genetic aberration in myelodysplasia, the roles of several of the deleted genes have been investigated in hematopoiesis. Several genes encoding proteins of the serum response factor (SRF) pathway are located on 5q. This review focuses, in particular, on the role of SRF in myeloid maturation and neutrophil function. RECENT FINDINGS SRF and its pathway fulfill multiple complex roles in the regulation of the innate and adaptive immune system. Loss of SRF leads to defects in B-cell and T-cell development. SRF-deficient macrophages fail to spread, transmigrate, and phagocytose bacteria, and SRF-deficient neutrophils show defective chemotaxis in vitro and in vivo with failure of inside-out activation and trafficking of the Mac1 integrin complex. Loss of the formin mammalian Diaphanous 1, a regulator of linear actin polymerization and mediator of Ras homolog family member A signaling to SRF, results in aberrant myeloid differentiation and hyperactivity of the immune system. SUMMARY SRF is an essential transcription factor in hematopoiesis and mature myeloid cell function. SRF regulates neutrophil migration, integrin activation, and trafficking. Disruption of the SRF pathway results in myelodysplasia and immune dysfunction.
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131
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Dios-Esponera A, Isern de Val S, Sevilla-Movilla S, García-Verdugo R, García-Bernal D, Arellano-Sánchez N, Cabañas C, Teixidó J. Positive and negative regulation by SLP-76/ADAP and Pyk2 of chemokine-stimulated T-lymphocyte adhesion mediated by integrin α4β1. Mol Biol Cell 2015. [PMID: 26202465 PMCID: PMC4569313 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-07-1246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Stimulation by chemokines of integrin α4β1-dependent T-lymphocyte adhesion is a crucial step for lymphocyte trafficking. The adaptor Vav1 is required for chemokine-activated T-cell adhesion mediated by α4β1. Conceivably, proteins associating with Vav1 could potentially modulate this adhesion. Correlating with activation by the chemokine CXCL12 of T-lymphocyte attachment to α4β1 ligands, a transient stimulation in the association of Vav1 with SLP-76, Pyk2, and ADAP was observed. Using T-cells depleted for SLP-76, ADAP, or Pyk2, or expressing Pyk2 kinase-inactive forms, we show that SLP-76 and ADAP stimulate chemokine-activated, α4β1-mediated adhesion, whereas Pyk2 opposes T-cell attachment. While CXCL12-promoted generation of high-affinity α4β1 is independent of SLP-76, ADAP, and Pyk2, the strength of α4β1-VCAM-1 interaction and cell spreading on VCAM-1 are targets of regulation by these three proteins. GTPase assays, expression of activated or dominant-negative Rac1, or combined ADAP and Pyk2 silencing indicated that Rac1 activation by CXCL12 is a common mediator response in SLP-76-, ADAP-, and Pyk2-regulated cell adhesion involving α4β1. Our data strongly suggest that chemokine-stimulated associations between Vav1, SLP-76, and ADAP facilitate Rac1 activation and α4β1-mediated adhesion, whereas Pyk2 opposes this adhesion by limiting Rac1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Dios-Esponera
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Soledad Isern de Val
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Sevilla-Movilla
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa García-Verdugo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - David García-Bernal
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nohemí Arellano-Sánchez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Cabañas
- Centro de Biología Molecular (CSIC), Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquin Teixidó
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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132
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Interaction of kindlin-3 and β2-integrins differentially regulates neutrophil recruitment and NET release in mice. Blood 2015; 126:373-7. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-03-636720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Key Points
Kindlin-3–β2-integrin signaling in neutrophils is involved in regulation of both neutrophil recruitment and NET release. Disrupting the crosstalk between kindlin-3 and β2-integrins in neutrophils with a blocking peptide preferentially attenuates NET release.
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133
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Park EJ, Yuki Y, Kiyono H, Shimaoka M. Structural basis of blocking integrin activation and deactivation for anti-inflammation. J Biomed Sci 2015; 22:51. [PMID: 26152212 PMCID: PMC4495637 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-015-0159-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrins mediate leukocyte accumulation to the sites of inflammation, thereby enhancing their potential as an important therapeutic target for inflammatory disorders. Integrin activation triggered by inflammatory mediators or signaling pathway is a key step to initiate leukocyte migration to inflamed tissues; however, an appropriately regulated integrin deactivation is indispensable for maintaining productive leukocyte migration. While typical integrin antagonists that block integrin activation target the initiation of leukocyte migration, a novel class of experimental compounds has been designed to block integrin deactivation, thereby perturbing the progression of cell migration. Current review discusses the mechanisms by which integrin is activated and subsequently deactivated by focusing on its structure-function relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jeong Park
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, 514-8507, Japan. .,Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.
| | - Yoshikazu Yuki
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Kiyono
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan. .,International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.
| | - Motomu Shimaoka
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, 514-8507, Japan.
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134
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Kindlin-2 controls TGF-β signalling and Sox9 expression to regulate chondrogenesis. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7531. [PMID: 26151572 PMCID: PMC4498276 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The signals that control skeletogenesis are incompletely understood. Here we show that deleting Kindlin-2 in Prx1-expressing mesenchymal progenitors in mice causes neonatal lethality, chondrodysplasia and loss of the skull vault. Kindlin-2 ablation reduces chondrocyte density by decreasing cell proliferation and increasing apoptosis, and disrupts column formation, thus impairing the formation of the primary ossification center and causing severe limb shortening. Remarkably, Kindlin-2 localizes to not only focal adhesions, but also to the nuclei of chondrocytes. Loss of Kindlin-2 reduces, while the overexpression of Kindlin-2 increases, Sox9 expression. Furthermore, the overexpression of Sox9 restores the defects in chondrogenic differentiation induced by Kindlin-2 deletion in vitro. In addition, Kindlin-2 ablation inhibits TGF-β1-induced Smad2 phosphorylation and chondrocyte differentiation. Finally, deleting Kindlin-2 in chondrocytes directly impairs chondrocyte functions, resulting in progressive dwarfism and kyphosis in mice. These studies uncover a previously unrecognized function for Kindlin-2 and a mechanism for regulation of the chondrocyte differentiation programme and chondrogenesis. The Kidlins are proteins found in cell focal adhesion sites where they regulate integrins, and in the nucleus where their role is unknown. Here the authors show that Kindlin-2 controls chondrogenesis by regulating integrin b1 activation and Sox9 and TGF-β nuclear signalling.
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135
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Shukla SK, Rose W, Schrodi SJ. Complex host genetic susceptibility to Staphylococcus aureus infections. Trends Microbiol 2015; 23:529-36. [PMID: 26112911 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Understanding of the host genetic susceptibility to carriage of, and infections, due to Staphylococcus aureus, a nosocomial pathogen, is still in its nascent stages. Mouse models show variable susceptibility to S. aureus infections across mouse strains and disease models with roles for signaling pathways involving Toll-like receptors (TLR-1, TLR-2, and TLR-6), interleukins (IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-13), chemokines [CXC ligand (CXCL)-1 and CXCL-2], and T helper (Th)1/Th2 responses. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) for carriage in humans identified SNPs in IL4, DEFB1, CRP, and VDR for persistent nasal carriage. NR3C1 haplotypes may either enhance risk or provide protection from colonization. GWASs for all S. aureus diseases have suggested roles for DAPK3, a kinase, and XRN1, a nuclease, while CDON could have a role in complicated bacteremia. More studies are needed to identify host susceptibility genes along with confirmation from functional assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay K Shukla
- Center for Human Genetics, Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, 1000 North Oak Avenue-MLR, Marshfield, WI, USA.
| | - Warren Rose
- Pharmacy Practice Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Steven J Schrodi
- Center for Human Genetics, Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, 1000 North Oak Avenue-MLR, Marshfield, WI, USA
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136
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Mócsai A, Walzog B, Lowell CA. Intracellular signalling during neutrophil recruitment. Cardiovasc Res 2015; 107:373-85. [PMID: 25998986 PMCID: PMC4502828 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvv159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recruitment of leucocytes such as neutrophils to the extravascular space is a critical step of the inflammation process and plays a major role in the development of various diseases including several cardiovascular diseases. Neutrophils themselves play a very active role in that process by sensing their environment and responding to the extracellular cues by adhesion and de-adhesion, cellular shape changes, chemotactic migration, and other effector functions of cell activation. Those responses are co-ordinated by a number of cell surface receptors and their complex intracellular signal transduction pathways. Here, we review neutrophil signal transduction processes critical for recruitment to the site of inflammation. The two key requirements for neutrophil recruitment are the establishment of appropriate chemoattractant gradients and the intrinsic ability of the cells to migrate along those gradients. We will first discuss signalling steps required for sensing extracellular chemoattractants such as chemokines and lipid mediators and the processes (e.g. PI3-kinase pathways) leading to the translation of extracellular chemoattractant gradients to polarized cellular responses. We will then discuss signal transduction by leucocyte adhesion receptors (e.g. tyrosine kinase pathways) which are critical for adhesion to, and migration through the vessel wall. Finally, additional neutrophil signalling pathways with an indirect effect on the neutrophil recruitment process, e.g. through modulation of the inflammatory environment, will be discussed. Mechanistic understanding of these pathways provide better understanding of the inflammation process and may point to novel therapeutic strategies for controlling excessive inflammation during infection or tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Mócsai
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Tűzoltó utca 37-47, 1094 Budapest, Hungary MTA-SE 'Lendület' Inflammation Physiology Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and the Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Barbara Walzog
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Clifford A Lowell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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137
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Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type III: clinical features and treatment with stem cell transplantation. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2015; 37:264-8. [PMID: 25072369 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0000000000000228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type III (LADIII) is an autosomal recessive disorder that presents with a severe leukocyte adhesion defect and a Glanzmann-type thrombocytopathy. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT)--the only definitive treatment for LADIII--appears to have a high rate of complications. In this study, we describe a new group of patients with LADIII, highlighting further clinical and immunologic aspects of this disease, and reevaluating the effectiveness of HSCT for its treatment. The patients had clinical and laboratory findings consistent with LADIII. Molecular analysis confirmed the presence of a mutation in the kindlin-3 gene. HSCT was carried out in 3 patients and was successful in 2. The diagnosis of LADIII should be considered in all patients who present with recurrent infections and a bleeding diathesis, regardless of the leukocyte count. LADIII is a primary immune deficiency, which can be successfully corrected by bone marrow transplantation if applied early in the course of the disease using appropriate conditioning.
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138
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Savinko TS, Morrison VL, Uotila LM, Wolff CHJ, Alenius HT, Fagerholm SC. Functional Beta2-Integrins Restrict Skin Inflammation In Vivo. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:2249-2257. [PMID: 25918984 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Beta2-integrins and the important integrin regulator kindlin-3 are essential for leukocyte trafficking, but the role of beta2-integrins in regulating inflammation is still incompletely understood. Here, we have investigated skin inflammation in a mouse model where the kindlin-3 binding site in the beta2-integrin has been mutated (TTT/AAA-beta2-integrin knock-in), leading to expressed but dysfunctional integrins. We show that, surprisingly, neutrophil trafficking into the inflamed skin in a contact hypersensitivity model is normal in these mice, although trafficking of T cells and eosinophils into the skin is reduced. Instead, expression of dysfunctional integrins leads to increased mast cell and dendritic cell numbers in the skin, increased inflammatory cytokine production in the inflamed skin in vivo, and in mast cells in vitro. Furthermore, expression of dysfunctional integrins leads to increased dendritic cell activation and migration to lymph nodes and increased Th1 responses in vivo. Therefore, the kindlin-3/integrin interaction is important for trafficking of T cells and eosinophils but not absolutely required for neutrophil trafficking into the inflamed skin. Functional beta2-integrins also have a major role in restricting the immune response in the inflamed skin and lymph nodes in vivo, likely through effects on mast cell and dendritic cell numbers and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terhi S Savinko
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vicky L Morrison
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Liisa M Uotila
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - C Henrik J Wolff
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Systems Toxicology, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Harri T Alenius
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Systems Toxicology, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Susanna C Fagerholm
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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139
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Liu J, Wang Z, Thinn AMM, Ma YQ, Zhu J. The dual structural roles of the membrane distal region of the α-integrin cytoplasmic tail during integrin inside-out activation. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:1718-31. [PMID: 25749862 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.160663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on the mechanism of integrin inside-out activation have been focused on the role of β-integrin cytoplasmic tails, which are relatively conserved and bear binding sites for the intracellular activators including talin and kindlin. Cytoplasmic tails for α-integrins share a conserved GFFKR motif at the membrane-proximal region and this forms a specific interface with the β-integrin membrane-proximal region to keep the integrin inactive. The α-integrin membrane-distal regions, after the GFFKR motif, are diverse both in length and sequence and their roles in integrin activation have not been well-defined. In this study, we report that the α-integrin cytoplasmic membrane-distal region contributes to maintaining integrin in the resting state and to integrin inside-out activation. Complete deletion of the α-integrin membrane-distal region diminished talin- and kindlin-mediated integrin ligand binding and conformational change. A proper length and suitable amino acids in α-integrin membrane-distal region was found to be important for integrin inside-out activation. Our data establish an essential role for the α-integrin cytoplasmic membrane-distal region in integrin activation and provide new insights into how talin and kindlin induce the high-affinity integrin conformation that is required for fully functional integrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafu Liu
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Zhengli Wang
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA College of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Aye Myat Myat Thinn
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Yan-Qing Ma
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Jieqing Zhu
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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140
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Bialkowska K, Byzova TV, Plow EF. Site-specific phosphorylation of kindlin-3 protein regulates its capacity to control cellular responses mediated by integrin αIIbβ3. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:6226-42. [PMID: 25609252 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.634436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The contributions of integrins to cellular responses depend upon their activation, which is regulated by binding of proteins to their cytoplasmic tails. Kindlins are integrin cytoplasmic tail binding partners and are essential for optimal integrin activation, and kindlin-3 fulfills this role in hematopoietic cells. Here, we used human platelets and human erythroleukemia (HEL) cells, which express integrin αIIbβ3, to investigate whether phosphorylation of kindlin-3 regulates integrin activation. When HEL cells were stimulated with thrombopoietin or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), αIIbβ3 became activated as evidenced by binding of an activation-specific monoclonal antibody and soluble fibrinogen, adherence and spreading on fibrinogen, colocalization of β3 integrin and kindlin-3 in focal adhesions, and enhanced β3 integrin-kindlin-3 association in immunoprecipitates. Kindlin-3 knockdown impaired adhesion and spreading on fibrinogen. Stimulation of HEL cells with agonists significantly increased kindlin-3 phosphorylation as detected by mass spectrometric sequencing. Thr(482) or Ser(484) was identified as a phosphorylation site, which resides in a sequence not conserved in kindlin-1 or kindlin-2. These same residues were phosphorylated in kindlin-3 when platelets were stimulated with thrombin. When expressed in HEL cells, T482A/S484A kindlin-3 decreased soluble ligand binding and cell spreading on fibrinogen compared with wild-type kindlin-3. A membrane-permeable peptide containing residues 476-485 of kindlin-3 was introduced into HEL cells and platelets; adhesion and spreading of both cell types were blunted compared with a scrambled control peptide. These data identify a role of kindlin-3 phosphorylation in integrin β3 activation and provide a basis for functional differences between kindlin-3 and the two other kindlin paralogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Bialkowska
- From the Joseph J. Jacobs Center for Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Tatiana V Byzova
- From the Joseph J. Jacobs Center for Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Edward F Plow
- From the Joseph J. Jacobs Center for Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
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141
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review considers recent developments concerning the role of integrins in vascular biology with a specific emphasis on integrin activation, and the crosstalk between integrins and growth factor receptors. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies have shown leukocytes can mediate direct transfer of molecules into endothelial cells, how specific integrins can be used to transduce signaling events, in particular in vascular beds, and how endothelial cell integrins can be targeted with specific ligands for the delivery of therapeutics. Kindlin and talin are both essential for integrin activation based on in-vivo studies of mice and humans in which the genes encoding for these proteins have been inactivated. Recent studies have attempted to translate these in-vivo realities into in-vitro models with mixed results. SUMMARY Mechanisms and consequences of integrin-ligand interactions on blood and vascular cells remain a major topic of hematological research. Crucial to the ligand binding function of integrins are two intracellular binding partners, talin and kindlin. In seeking to define the molecular basis for 'integrin activation', a mechanism must be envisioned in which both proteins talin and kindlin are required to produce a productive functional response, be it platelet aggregation or leukocyte extravasation. On endothelial cells, integrins and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 influence the activation of one another by virtue of their direct physical interaction. It has been shown that this bidirectional communication is subject to regulation during angiogenesis.
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142
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Meller J, Rogozin IB, Poliakov E, Meller N, Bedanov-Pack M, Plow EF, Qin J, Podrez EA, Byzova TV. Emergence and subsequent functional specialization of kindlins during evolution of cell adhesiveness. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 26:786-96. [PMID: 25540429 PMCID: PMC4325847 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-08-1294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Kindlins are integrin-interacting proteins essential for integrin-mediated cell adhesiveness. In this study, we focused on the evolutionary origin and functional specialization of kindlins as a part of the evolutionary adaptation of cell adhesive machinery. Database searches revealed that many members of the integrin machinery (including talin and integrins) existed before kindlin emergence in evolution. Among the analyzed species, all metazoan lineages—but none of the premetazoans—had at least one kindlin-encoding gene, whereas talin was present in several premetazoan lineages. Kindlin appears to originate from a duplication of the sequence encoding the N-terminal fragment of talin (the talin head domain) with a subsequent insertion of the PH domain of separate origin. Sequence analysis identified a member of the actin filament-associated protein 1 (AFAP1) superfamily as the most likely origin of the kindlin PH domain. The functional divergence between kindlin paralogues was assessed using the sequence swap (chimera) approach. Comparison of kindlin 2 (K2)/kindlin 3 (K3) chimeras revealed that the F2 subdomain, in particular its C-terminal part, is crucial for the differential functional properties of K2 and K3. The presence of this segment enables K2 but not K3 to localize to focal adhesions. Sequence analysis of the C-terminal part of the F2 subdomain of K3 suggests that insertion of a variable glycine-rich sequence in vertebrates contributed to the loss of constitutive K3 targeting to focal adhesions. Thus emergence and subsequent functional specialization of kindlins allowed multicellular organisms to develop additional tissue-specific adaptations of cell adhesiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Meller
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Joseph J. Jacobs Center for Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Igor B Rogozin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894
| | - Eugenia Poliakov
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Nahum Meller
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Joseph J. Jacobs Center for Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Mark Bedanov-Pack
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894
| | - Edward F Plow
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Joseph J. Jacobs Center for Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Jun Qin
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Joseph J. Jacobs Center for Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Eugene A Podrez
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Joseph J. Jacobs Center for Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Tatiana V Byzova
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Joseph J. Jacobs Center for Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
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143
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Tracing the evolution of FERM domain of Kindlins. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2014; 80:193-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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144
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Verma NK, Kelleher D. Adaptor regulation of LFA-1 signaling in T lymphocyte migration: Potential druggable targets for immunotherapies? Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:3484-99. [PMID: 25251823 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The integrin lymphocyte function associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) plays a key role in leukocyte trafficking and in adaptive immune responses through interactions with adhesive ligands, such as ICAM-1. Specific blockade of these interactions has validated LFA-1 as a therapeutic target in many chronic inflammatory diseases, however LFA-1 antagonists have not been clinically successful due to the development of a general immunosuppression, causing fatal side effects. Growing evidence has now established that LFA-1 mediates an array of intracellular signaling pathways by triggering a number of downstream molecules. In this context, a class of multimodular domain-containing proteins capable of recruiting two or more effector molecules, collectively known as "adaptor proteins," has emerged as important mediators in LFA-1 signal transduction. Here, we provide an overview of the adaptor proteins involved in the intracellular signaling cascades by which LFA-1 regulates T-cell motility and immune responses. The complexity of the LFA-1-associated signaling delineated in this review suggests that it may be an important and challenging focus for future research, enabling the identification of "tunable" targets for the development of immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navin K Verma
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
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145
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Loss of beta2-integrin-mediated cytoskeletal linkage reprogrammes dendritic cells to a mature migratory phenotype. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5359. [PMID: 25348463 PMCID: PMC4258606 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton has been reported to restrict signaling in resting immune cells. Beta2-integrins, which mediate adhesion and cytoskeletal organization, are emerging as negative regulators of myeloid cell-mediated immune responses, but the molecular mechanisms involved are poorly understood. Here, we show that loss of the interaction between beta2-integrins and kindlin-3 abolishes the actin-linkage of integrins and the GM-CSF receptor in dendritic cells. This leads to increased GM-CSF receptor/Syk signaling, and to the induction of a transcriptional program characteristic of mature, migratory dendritic cells, accumulation of migratory dendritic cells in lymphoid organs, and increased Th1 immune responses in vivo. We observe increased GM-CSF responses and increased survival in neutrophils where the interaction between integrin and the cytoskeleton is disrupted. Thus, ligand-reinforced beta2-integrin tail interactions restrict cytokine receptor signaling, survival, maturation and migration in myeloid cells and thereby contribute to immune homeostasis in vivo.
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146
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Etzioni A. Leukocyte adhesion deficiency III - when integrins activation fails. J Clin Immunol 2014; 34:900-3. [PMID: 25239689 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-014-0094-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amos Etzioni
- Ruth Children Hospital, Haifa, Rappaport Medical School, Technion, Haifa, Israel,
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147
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Rozario T, Mead PE, DeSimone DW. Diverse functions of kindlin/fermitin proteins during embryonic development in Xenopus laevis. Mech Dev 2014; 133:203-17. [PMID: 25173804 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The kindlin/fermitin family includes three proteins involved in regulating integrin ligand-binding activity and adhesion. Loss-of-function mutations in kindlins1 and 3 have been implicated in Kindler Syndrome and Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency III (LAD-III) respectively, whereas kindlin2 null mice are embryonic lethal. Post translational regulation of cell-cell and cell-ECM adhesion has long been presumed to be important for morphogenesis, however, few specific examples of activation-dependent changes in adhesion molecule function in normal development have been reported. In this study, antisense morpholinos were used to reduce expression of individual kindlins in Xenopus laevis embryos in order to investigate their roles in early development. Kindlin1 knockdown resulted in developmental delays, gross malformations of the gut and eventual lethality by tadpole stages. Kindlin2 morphant embryos displayed late stage defects in vascular maintenance and angiogenic branching consistent with kindlin2 loss of function in the mouse. Antisense morpholinos were also used to deplete maternal kindlin2 protein in oocytes and eggs. Embryos lacking maternal kindlin2 arrested at early cleavage stages due to failures in cytokinesis. Kindlin3 morphant phenotypes included defects in epidermal ciliary beating and partial paralysis at tailbud stages but these embryos recovered eventually as morpholino levels decayed. These results indicate a remarkably diverse range of kindlin functions in vertebrate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Rozario
- Department of Cell Biology and The Morphogenesis and Regenerative Medicine Institute, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Paul E Mead
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Douglas W DeSimone
- Department of Cell Biology and The Morphogenesis and Regenerative Medicine Institute, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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148
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Huet-Calderwood C, Brahme NN, Kumar N, Stiegler AL, Raghavan S, Boggon TJ, Calderwood DA. Differences in binding to the ILK complex determines kindlin isoform adhesion localization and integrin activation. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:4308-21. [PMID: 25086068 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.155879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Kindlins are essential FERM-domain-containing focal adhesion (FA) proteins required for proper integrin activation and signaling. Despite the widely accepted importance of each of the three mammalian kindlins in cell adhesion, the molecular basis for their function has yet to be fully elucidated, and the functional differences between isoforms have generally not been examined. Here, we report functional differences between kindlin-2 and -3 (also known as FERMT2 and FERMT3, respectively); GFP-tagged kindlin-2 localizes to FAs whereas kindlin-3 does not, and kindlin-2, but not kindlin-3, can rescue α5β1 integrin activation defects in kindlin-2-knockdown fibroblasts. Using chimeric kindlins, we show that the relatively uncharacterized kindlin-2 F2 subdomain drives FA targeting and integrin activation. We find that the integrin-linked kinase (ILK)-PINCH-parvin complex binds strongly to the kindlin-2 F2 subdomain but poorly to that of kindlin-3. Using a point-mutated kindlin-2, we establish that efficient kindlin-2-mediated integrin activation and FA targeting require binding to the ILK complex. Thus, ILK-complex binding is crucial for normal kindlin-2 function and differential ILK binding contributes to kindlin isoform specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nina N Brahme
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Nikit Kumar
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Amy L Stiegler
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Srikala Raghavan
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, Karnataka 560065, India
| | - Titus J Boggon
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - David A Calderwood
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA Department of Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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149
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Xu Z, Chen X, Zhi H, Gao J, Bialkowska K, Byzova TV, Pluskota E, White GC, Liu J, Plow EF, Ma YQ. Direct interaction of kindlin-3 with integrin αIIbβ3 in platelets is required for supporting arterial thrombosis in mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:1961-7. [PMID: 24969775 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.303851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Kindlin-3 is a critical supporter of integrin function in platelets. Lack of expression of kindlin-3 protein in patients impairs integrin αIIbβ3-mediated platelet aggregation. Although kindlin-3 has been categorized as an integrin-binding partner, the functional significance of the direct interaction of kindlin-3 with integrin αIIbβ3 in platelets has not been established. Here, we evaluated the significance of the binding of kindlin-3 to integrin αIIbβ3 in platelets in supporting integrin αIIbβ3-mediated platelet functions. APPROACH AND RESULTS We generated a strain of kindlin-3 knockin (K3KI) mice that express a kindlin-3 mutant that carries an integrin-interaction defective substitution. K3KI mice could survive normally and express integrin αIIbβ3 on platelets similar to their wild-type counterparts. Functional analysis revealed that K3KI mice exhibited defective platelet function, including impaired integrin αIIbβ3 activation, suppressed platelet spreading and platelet aggregation, prolonged tail bleeding time, and absence of platelet-mediated clot retraction. In addition, whole blood drawn from K3KI mice showed resistance to in vitro thrombus formation and, as a consequence, K3KI mice were protected from in vivo arterial thrombosis. CONCLUSIONS These observations demonstrate that the direct binding of kindlin-3 to integrin αIIbβ3 is involved in supporting integrin αIIbβ3 activation and integrin αIIbβ3-dependent responses of platelets and consequently contributes significantly to arterial thrombus formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Xu
- From the Collaborative Research Program for Cell Adhesion Molecules, Shanghai University School of Life Sciences, Shanghai, China (Z.X., J.G., E.F.P., Y.-Q.M.); Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (Z.X., H.Z., G.C.W., Y.-Q.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (X.C., J.L.); and Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, OH (K.B., T.V.B., E.P., E.F.P.)
| | - Xue Chen
- From the Collaborative Research Program for Cell Adhesion Molecules, Shanghai University School of Life Sciences, Shanghai, China (Z.X., J.G., E.F.P., Y.-Q.M.); Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (Z.X., H.Z., G.C.W., Y.-Q.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (X.C., J.L.); and Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, OH (K.B., T.V.B., E.P., E.F.P.)
| | - Huiying Zhi
- From the Collaborative Research Program for Cell Adhesion Molecules, Shanghai University School of Life Sciences, Shanghai, China (Z.X., J.G., E.F.P., Y.-Q.M.); Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (Z.X., H.Z., G.C.W., Y.-Q.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (X.C., J.L.); and Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, OH (K.B., T.V.B., E.P., E.F.P.)
| | - Juan Gao
- From the Collaborative Research Program for Cell Adhesion Molecules, Shanghai University School of Life Sciences, Shanghai, China (Z.X., J.G., E.F.P., Y.-Q.M.); Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (Z.X., H.Z., G.C.W., Y.-Q.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (X.C., J.L.); and Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, OH (K.B., T.V.B., E.P., E.F.P.)
| | - Katarzyna Bialkowska
- From the Collaborative Research Program for Cell Adhesion Molecules, Shanghai University School of Life Sciences, Shanghai, China (Z.X., J.G., E.F.P., Y.-Q.M.); Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (Z.X., H.Z., G.C.W., Y.-Q.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (X.C., J.L.); and Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, OH (K.B., T.V.B., E.P., E.F.P.)
| | - Tatiana V Byzova
- From the Collaborative Research Program for Cell Adhesion Molecules, Shanghai University School of Life Sciences, Shanghai, China (Z.X., J.G., E.F.P., Y.-Q.M.); Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (Z.X., H.Z., G.C.W., Y.-Q.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (X.C., J.L.); and Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, OH (K.B., T.V.B., E.P., E.F.P.)
| | - Elzbieta Pluskota
- From the Collaborative Research Program for Cell Adhesion Molecules, Shanghai University School of Life Sciences, Shanghai, China (Z.X., J.G., E.F.P., Y.-Q.M.); Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (Z.X., H.Z., G.C.W., Y.-Q.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (X.C., J.L.); and Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, OH (K.B., T.V.B., E.P., E.F.P.)
| | - Gilbert C White
- From the Collaborative Research Program for Cell Adhesion Molecules, Shanghai University School of Life Sciences, Shanghai, China (Z.X., J.G., E.F.P., Y.-Q.M.); Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (Z.X., H.Z., G.C.W., Y.-Q.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (X.C., J.L.); and Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, OH (K.B., T.V.B., E.P., E.F.P.)
| | - Junling Liu
- From the Collaborative Research Program for Cell Adhesion Molecules, Shanghai University School of Life Sciences, Shanghai, China (Z.X., J.G., E.F.P., Y.-Q.M.); Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (Z.X., H.Z., G.C.W., Y.-Q.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (X.C., J.L.); and Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, OH (K.B., T.V.B., E.P., E.F.P.)
| | - Edward F Plow
- From the Collaborative Research Program for Cell Adhesion Molecules, Shanghai University School of Life Sciences, Shanghai, China (Z.X., J.G., E.F.P., Y.-Q.M.); Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (Z.X., H.Z., G.C.W., Y.-Q.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (X.C., J.L.); and Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, OH (K.B., T.V.B., E.P., E.F.P.)
| | - Yan-Qing Ma
- From the Collaborative Research Program for Cell Adhesion Molecules, Shanghai University School of Life Sciences, Shanghai, China (Z.X., J.G., E.F.P., Y.-Q.M.); Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (Z.X., H.Z., G.C.W., Y.-Q.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (X.C., J.L.); and Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, OH (K.B., T.V.B., E.P., E.F.P.).
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150
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Hugo TB, Heading KL. Leucocyte adhesion deficiency III in a mixed-breed dog. Aust Vet J 2014; 92:299-302. [PMID: 24954630 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leucocyte adhesion deficiencies are inherited disorders characterised by immunodeficiency leading to recurrent infections and a marked leucocytosis. We describe the clinical characteristics, diagnosis and management of an Australian mixed- breed dog with leucocyte adhesion deficiency III. CASE REPORT A 16-month-old male, neutered, German Shepherd × Rottweiler dog was investigated for pyrexia, persistent leucocytosis, marked periodontal disease, lameness, increased mucosal haemorrhages and poor wound healing. Numerous diagnostics were performed including a leucocyte adhesion deficiency III PCR test, which was positive. The patient was managed with topical pressure at bleeding sites, antibiotics, analgesics and dental prophylaxis when required. DISCUSSION Leucocyte adhesion deficiency III is a rare disorder that manifests because of impaired activation of beta integrins. This results in an absence of neutrophil chemotaxis and adhesion, and platelet dysfunction. Mutations within the KINDLIN3 gene resulting in the absence of the kindlin-3 protein have been identified as the cause of this disease. Leucocyte adhesion deficiency III has previously been reported in humans and a German Shepherd dog. This report describes the first reported case of leucocyte adhesion deficiency III in Australia and the first reported case in a mixed-breed dog worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- T B Hugo
- Melbourne Veterinary Specialist Centre, Glen Waverley, Victoria, Australia.
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