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Yardeni T, Jacobs K, Niethamer TK, Ciccone C, Anikster Y, Kurochkina N, Gahl WA, Huizing M. Murine isoforms of UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerase/ManNAc kinase: Secondary structures, expression profiles, and response to ManNAc therapy. Glycoconj J 2013; 30:609-18. [PMID: 23266873 PMCID: PMC3622838 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-012-9459-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The bifunctional enzyme UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerase/ManNAc kinase (GNE) catalyzes the first two committed steps in sialic acid synthesis. Non-allosteric GNE gene mutations cause the muscular disorder GNE myopathy (also known as hereditary inclusion body myopathy), whose exact pathology remains unknown. Increased knowledge of GNE regulation, including isoform regulation, may help elucidate the pathology of GNE myopathy. While eight mRNA transcripts encoding human GNE isoforms are described, we only identified two mouse Gne mRNA transcripts, encoding mGne1 and mGne2, homologous to human hGNE1 and hGNE2. Orthologs of the other human isoforms were not identified in mice. mGne1 appeared as the ubiquitously expressed, major mouse isoform. The mGne2 encoding transcript is differentially expressed and may act as a tissue-specific regulator of sialylation. mGne2 expression appeared significantly increased the first 2 days of life, possibly reflecting the high sialic acid demand during this period. Tissues of the knock-in Gne p.M712T mouse model had similar mGne transcript expression levels among genotypes, indicating no effect of the mutation on mRNA expression. However, upon treatment of these mice with N-acetylmannosamine (ManNAc, a Gne substrate, sialic acid precursor, and proposed therapy for GNE myopathy), Gne transcript expression, in particular mGne2, increased significantly, likely resulting in increased Gne enzymatic activities. This dual effect of ManNAc supplementation (increased flux through the sialic acid pathway and increased Gne activity) needs to be considered when treating GNE myopathy patients with ManNAc. In addition, the existence and expression of GNE isoforms needs consideration when designing other therapeutic strategies for GNE myopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Yardeni
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20895, USA
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978 Israel
| | - Katherine Jacobs
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20895, USA
| | - Terren K. Niethamer
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20895, USA
| | - Carla Ciccone
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20895, USA
| | - Yair Anikster
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978 Israel
| | - Natalya Kurochkina
- The School of Theoretical Modeling, Department of Biophysics, Chevy Chase, MD 20825, USA
| | - William A. Gahl
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20895, USA
| | - Marjan Huizing
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20895, USA
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Fischer C, Kleinschnitz K, Wrede A, Muth I, Kruse N, Nishino I, Schmidt J. Cell stress molecules in the skeletal muscle of GNE myopathy. BMC Neurol 2013; 13:24. [PMID: 23496965 PMCID: PMC3616993 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-13-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mutations of the UDP-N-acetylglucosamine-2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine-kinase (GNE)-gene are causally related to GNE myopathy. Yet, underlying pathomechanisms of muscle fibre damage have remained elusive. In sporadic inclusion body myositis (sIBM), the pro-inflammatory cell-stress mediators αB-crystallin and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) are crucial markers of the disease pathology. Methods 10 muscle biopsies from GNE myopathy patients were analyzed for mRNA-expression of markers of cell-stress, inflammation and β-amyloid and compared to non-myopathic controls. Using double-labeling immunohistochemistry, serial sections of skeletal muscle biopsies were stained for amyloid precursor protein (APP), major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-I, αB-crystallin, neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), interleukin (IL)-1β, β-amyloid, iNOS, and phosphorylated neurofilament (P-neurofilament) as well as hematoxylin/eosin histochemistry. Corresponding areas of all biopsies with a total of 2,817 muscle fibres were quantitatively assessed for all markers. Results mRNA-expression of APP, NCAM, iNOS, TNF-α and TGF-β was higher in GNE myopathy compared to controls, yet this was not statistically significant. The mRNA-expression of APP and αB-crystallin significantly correlated with the expression of several pro-inflammatory and cell-stress-associated markers as NCAM, IL-1β, TGF-β, CCL-3, and CCL4. By immunohistochemistry, αB-crystallin and iNOS were co-upregulated and the number of fibres positive for αB-crystallin, NCAM, MHC-I and iNOS significantly correlated with each other. A large fraction of fibres positive for αB-crystallin were double positive for iNOS and vice-versa. Moreover, several fibres with structural abnormalities were positive for αB-crystallin and iNOS. Notably, particularly normal appearing fibres displayed an overexpression of these molecules. Conclusions The cell-stress molecules αB-crystallin and iNOS are overexpressed in GNE myopathy muscle and may identify early disease mechanisms. The data help to better understand the pathology of GNE myopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Fischer
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
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103
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Khademian H, Mehravar E, Urtizberea JA, Sagoo S, Sandoval L, Carbajo R, Darvish B, Valles-Ayoub Y, Darvish D. Prevalence ofGNEp.M712T and hereditary inclusion body myopathy (HIBM) in Sangesar population of Northern Iran. Clin Genet 2013; 84:589-92. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.12086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Khademian
- HIBM Research Group; Reseda CA USA
- Sangesar Charity Organization for HIBM; Sangesar Semnan Iran
| | - E Mehravar
- Sangesar Charity Organization for HIBM; Sangesar Semnan Iran
| | | | - S Sagoo
- HIBM Research Group; Reseda CA USA
| | - L Sandoval
- HIBM Research Group; Reseda CA USA
- Department of Life Sciences; Los Angeles Mission College; Sylmar CA USA
| | - R Carbajo
- HIBM Research Group; Reseda CA USA
- Department of Biology; California State University Northridge; Northridge CA USA
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104
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Iwata Y, Suzuki O, Wakabayashi S. Decreased surface sialic acid content is a sensitive indicator of muscle damage. Muscle Nerve 2013; 47:372-8. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.23632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Iwata
- Department of Molecular Physiology; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute; Fujishiro-dai 5-7 Suita Osaka 565-8565 Japan
| | - Osamu Suzuki
- Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases; National Institute of Biomedical Innovation; Ibaraki Osaka Japan
| | - Shigeo Wakabayashi
- Department of Molecular Physiology; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute; Fujishiro-dai 5-7 Suita Osaka 565-8565 Japan
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Amano M, Eriksson H, Manning JC, Detjen KM, André S, Nishimura SI, Lehtiö J, Gabius HJ. Tumour suppressor p16(INK4a) - anoikis-favouring decrease in N/O-glycan/cell surface sialylation by down-regulation of enzymes in sialic acid biosynthesis in tandem in a pancreatic carcinoma model. FEBS J 2013; 279:4062-80. [PMID: 22943525 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tumour suppressor p16(INK4a) is known to exert cell-cycle control via cyclin-dependent kinases. An emerging aspect of its functionality is the orchestrated modulation of N/O-glycosylation and galectin expression to induce anoikis in human Capan-1 pancreatic carcinoma cells. Using chemoselective N/O-glycan enrichment technology (glycoblotting) and product characterization, we first verified a substantial decrease in sialylation. Tests combining genetic (i.e. transfection with α2,6-sialyltransferase-specific cDNA) or metabolic (i.e. medium supplementation with N-acetylmannosamine to track down a bottleneck in sialic acid biosynthesis) engineering with cytofluorometric analysis of lectin binding indicated a role of limited substrate availability, especially for α2,6-sialylation, which switches off reactivity for anoikis-triggering homodimeric galectin-1. Quantitative MS analysis of protein level changes confirmed an enhanced galectin-1 presence along with an influence on glycosyltransferases (β1,4-galactosyltransferase-IV, α2,3-sialyltransferase-I) and detected p16(INK4a) -dependent down-regulation of two enzymes in the biosynthesis pathway for sialic acid [i.e. the bifunctional UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase (GNE) and N-acetylneuraminic acid 9-phosphate synthase] (P < 0.001). By contrast, quantitative assessment for the presence of nuclear CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid synthase (which is responsible for providing the donor for enzymatic sialylation that also acts as feedback inhibitor of the epimerase activity of GNE) revealed a trend for an increase. Partial restoration of sialylation in GNE-transfected cells supports the implied role of sialic acid availability for the glycophenotype. Fittingly, the extent of anoikis was reduced in double-transfected (p16(INK4a) /GNE) cells. Thus, a second means of modulating cell reactivity to the growth effector galectin-1 is established in addition to the common route of altering α2,6-sialyltransferase expression: regulating enzymes of the pathway for sialic acid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maho Amano
- Field of Drug Discovery Research, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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106
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Hinderlich S, Weidemann W, Yardeni T, Horstkorte R, Huizing M. UDP-GlcNAc 2-Epimerase/ManNAc Kinase (GNE): A Master Regulator of Sialic Acid Synthesis. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2013; 366:97-137. [PMID: 23842869 DOI: 10.1007/128_2013_464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase is the key enzyme of sialic acid biosynthesis in vertebrates. It catalyzes the first two steps of the cytosolic formation of CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid from UDP-N-acetylglucosamine. In this review we give an overview of structure, biochemistry, and genetics of the bifunctional enzyme and its complex regulation. Furthermore, we will focus on diseases related to UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Hinderlich
- Department of Life Sciences and Technology, Beuth Hochschule für Technik Berlin, University of Applied Sciences, Berlin, Germany,
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107
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Variable Phenotypes of Knockin Mice Carrying the M712T Gne Mutation. Neuromolecular Med 2012; 15:180-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s12017-012-8209-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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108
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Niethamer TK, Yardeni T, Leoyklang P, Ciccone C, Astiz-Martinez A, Jacobs K, Dorward HM, Zerfas PM, Gahl WA, Huizing M. Oral monosaccharide therapies to reverse renal and muscle hyposialylation in a mouse model of GNE myopathy. Mol Genet Metab 2012; 107:748-55. [PMID: 23122659 PMCID: PMC3504164 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2012.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
GNE myopathy, previously termed hereditary inclusion body myopathy (HIBM), is an adult-onset neuromuscular disorder characterized by progressive muscle weakness. The disorder results from biallelic mutations in GNE, encoding UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase, the key enzyme of sialic acid synthesis. GNE myopathy, associated with impaired glycan sialylation, has no approved therapy. Here we test potential sialylation-increasing monosaccharides for their effectiveness in prophylaxis (at the embryonic and neonatal stages) and therapy (after the onset of symptoms) by evaluating renal and muscle hyposialylation in a knock-in mouse model (Gne p.M712T) of GNE myopathy. We demonstrate that oral mannosamine (ManN), but not sialic acid (Neu5Ac), mannose (Man), galactose (Gal), or glucosamine (GlcN), administered to pregnant female mice has a similar prophylactic effect on renal hyposialylation, pathology and neonatal survival of mutant offspring, as previously shown for N-acetylmannosamine (ManNAc) therapy. ManN may be converted to ManNAc by a direct, yet unknown, pathway, or may act through another mode of action. The other sugars (Man, Gal, GlcN) may either not cross the placental barrier (Neu5Ac) and/or may not be able to directly increase sialylation. Because GNE myopathy patients will likely require treatment in adulthood after onset of symptoms, we also administered ManNAc (1 or 2g/kg/day for 12 weeks), Neu5Ac (2 g/kg/day for 12 weeks), or ManN (2 g/kg/day for 6 weeks) in drinking water to 6 month old mutant Gne p.M712T mice. All three therapies markedly improved the muscle and renal hyposialylation, as evidenced by lectin histochemistry for overall sialylation status and immunoblotting of specific sialoproteins. These preclinical data strongly support further evaluation of oral ManNAc, Neu5Ac and ManN as therapy for GNE myopathy and conceivably for certain glomerular diseases with hyposialylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terren K. Niethamer
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Tal Yardeni
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Graduate Partner Program, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Petcharat Leoyklang
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Carla Ciccone
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Adrian Astiz-Martinez
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Katherine Jacobs
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Heidi M. Dorward
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Patricia M. Zerfas
- Office of Research Services, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - William A. Gahl
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Office of Rare Diseases Research, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Marjan Huizing
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Corresponding author at: Medical Genetics Branch, NHGRI, NIH, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1851, Bld 10, Rm 10C103, Bethesda, MD 20892-1851, USA, Tel: ++1 (301) 402 2797, Fax: ++1 (301) 480 7825,
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109
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Ikeda-Sakai Y, Manabe Y, Fujii D, Kono S, Narai H, Omori N, Nishino I, Abe K. Novel Mutations of the GNE Gene in Distal Myopathy with Rimmed Vacuoles Presenting with Very Slow Progression. Case Rep Neurol 2012; 4:120-5. [PMID: 22855677 PMCID: PMC3409516 DOI: 10.1159/000341561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We report novel compound heterozygous mutations of the UDP-N-acetylglucosamine-2-epimerase and N-acetylmannosamine kinase (GNE) gene, c.302G>A (p.R101H) and c.617-4A>G, in a Japanese family with distal myopathy with rimmed vacuoles (DMRV) presenting with slow progression. The three patients could stand and walk even 36, 34, and 39 years after onset, respectively, although affected individuals become wheelchair bound on average 12 years after onset of the disease. The clinical spectrum of DMRV seems to be wider than previously thought in terms of both the clinical course and the severity of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Ikeda-Sakai
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Okayama Medical Center, Okayama University, Okayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Manabe
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Okayama Medical Center, Okayama University, Okayama, Tokyo, Japan
- *Yasuhiro Manabe, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Okayama Medical Center, 1711-1 Tamasu Kitaku, Okayama 701-1192 (Japan), Tel. +81 86 294 9911, E-Mail
| | - Daiki Fujii
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Okayama Medical Center, Okayama University, Okayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Syoichiro Kono
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Okayama Medical Center, Okayama University, Okayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisashi Narai
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Okayama Medical Center, Okayama University, Okayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Omori
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Okayama Medical Center, Okayama University, Okayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ichizo Nishino
- Department of Neuromuscular Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Abe
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Tokyo, Japan
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Mitrani-Rosenbaum S, Yakovlev L, Becker Cohen M, Telem M, Elbaz M, Yanay N, Yotvat H, Ben Shlomo U, Harazi A, Fellig Y, Argov Z, Sela I. Sustained expression and safety of human GNE in normal mice after gene transfer based on AAV8 systemic delivery. Neuromuscul Disord 2012; 22:1015-24. [PMID: 22633753 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2012.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Revised: 03/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
GNE myopathy is an autosomal recessive adult onset disorder caused by mutations in the GNE gene. GNE encodes the bifunctional enzyme UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase/N-acetyl mannosamine kinase, the key enzyme in the biosynthesis pathway of sialic acid. Additional functions for GNE have been described recently, but the mechanism leading from GNE mutation to this myopathy is unclear. Therefore a gene therapy approach could address all potential defects caused by GNE mutations in muscle. We show that AAV8 viral vectors carrying wild type human GNE cDNA are able to transduce murine muscle cells and human GNE myopathy-derived muscle cells in culture and to express the transgene in these cells. Furthermore, the intravenous administration of this viral vector to healthy mice allows expression of the GNE transgene mRNA and of the coexpressed luciferase protein, for at least 6months in skeletal muscles, with no clinical or pathological signs of focal or general toxicity, neither from the virus particles nor from the wild type human GNE overexpression. Our results support the future use of an AAV8 based vector platform for a safe and efficient therapy of muscle in GNE myopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Mitrani-Rosenbaum
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
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111
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Abstract
Early postnatal development encounters milk as a key environmental variable and yet the sole nutrient source. One evolutionary conserved constituent of milk is sialic acid, which is generally displayed on glycoconjugates and free glycans. During early postnatal development, high sialic acid need was proposed to be unmet by the endogenous sialic acid synthetic capacity. Hence, milk sialic acid was proposed to serve as a conditional nutrient for the newborn. In the elderly, at the other end of ontogeny, decreased sialylation in the brain, saliva, and immune system is observed. Analogous to the neonatal situation, the endogenous synthetic capacity may be unable to keep up with the need in this age group. The data discussed here propose a functional dietary role of sialic acid as a building block for sialylation and beyond.
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112
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Mori-Yoshimura M, Monma K, Suzuki N, Aoki M, Kumamoto T, Tanaka K, Tomimitsu H, Nakano S, Sonoo M, Shimizu J, Sugie K, Nakamura H, Oya Y, Hayashi YK, Malicdan MCV, Noguchi S, Murata M, Nishino I. Heterozygous UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerase and N-acetylmannosamine kinase domain mutations in the GNE gene result in a less severe GNE myopathy phenotype compared to homozygous N-acetylmannosamine kinase domain mutations. J Neurol Sci 2012; 318:100-5. [PMID: 22507750 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2012.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucosamine (UDP-N-acetyl)-2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase (GNE) myopathy, also called distal myopathy with rimmed vacuoles (DMRV) or hereditary inclusion body myopathy (HIBM), is a rare, progressive autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the GNE gene. Here, we examined the relationship between genotype and clinical phenotype in participants with GNE myopathy. METHODS Participants with GNE myopathy were asked to complete a questionnaire regarding medical history and current symptoms. RESULTS A total of 71 participants with genetically confirmed GNE myopathy (27 males and 44 females; mean age, 43.1±13.0 (mean±SD) years) completed the questionnaire. Initial symptoms (e.g., foot drop and lower limb weakness) appeared at a mean age of 24.8±8.3 years. Among the 71 participants, 11 (15.5%) had the ability to walk, with a median time to loss of ambulation of 17.0±2.1 years after disease onset. Participants with a homozygous mutation (p.V572L) in the N-acetylmannosamine kinase domain (KD/KD participants) had an earlier disease onset compared to compound heterozygous participants with mutations in the uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) 2-epimerase and N-acetylmannosamine kinase domains (ED/KD participants; 26.3±7.3 vs. 21.2±11.1 years, respectively). KD/KD participants were more frequently non-ambulatory compared to ED/KD participants at the time of survey (80% vs. 50%). Data were verified using medical records available from 17 outpatient participants. CONCLUSIONS Homozygous KD/KD participants exhibited a more severe phenotype compared to heterozygous ED/KD participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madoka Mori-Yoshimura
- Department of Neurology, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan.
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113
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Ito M, Sugihara K, Asaka T, Toyama T, Yoshihara T, Furuichi K, Wada T, Asano M. Glycoprotein hyposialylation gives rise to a nephrotic-like syndrome that is prevented by sialic acid administration in GNE V572L point-mutant mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29873. [PMID: 22253810 PMCID: PMC3258264 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the key enzyme of sialic acid biosynthesis, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase/N-acetyl-mannosamine kinase, result in distal myopathy with rimmed vacuoles (DMRV)/hereditary inclusion body myopathy (HIBM) in humans. Sialic acid is an acidic monosaccharide that modifies non-reducing terminal carbohydrate chains on glycoproteins and glycolipids, and it plays an important role in cellular adhesions and interactions. In this study, we generated mice with a V572L point mutation in the GNE kinase domain. Unexpectedly, these mutant mice had no apparent myopathies or motor dysfunctions. However, they had a short lifespan and exhibited renal impairment with massive albuminuria. Histological analysis showed enlarged glomeruli with mesangial matrix deposition, leading to glomerulosclerosis and abnormal podocyte foot process morphologies in the kidneys. Glycan analysis using several lectins revealed glomerular epithelial cell hyposialylation, particularly the hyposialylation of podocalyxin, which is one of important molecules for the glomerular filtration barrier. Administering Neu5Ac to the mutant mice from embryonic stages significantly suppressed the albuminuria and renal pathology, and partially recovered the glomerular glycoprotein sialylation. These findings suggest that the nephrotic-like syndrome observed in these mutant mice resulted from impaired glomerular filtration due to the hyposialylation of podocyte glycoproteins, including podocalyxin. Furthermore, it was possible to prevent the nephrotic-like disease in these mice by beginning Neu5Ac treatment during gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitutoshi Ito
- Division of Transgenic Animal Science, Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kazushi Sugihara
- Division of Transgenic Animal Science, Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | | | - Tadashi Toyama
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Toru Yoshihara
- Division of Transgenic Animal Science, Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kengo Furuichi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Wada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masahide Asano
- Division of Transgenic Animal Science, Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
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114
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Malicdan MCV, Noguchi S, Tokutomi T, Goto YI, Nonaka I, Hayashi YK, Nishino I. Peracetylated N-acetylmannosamine, a synthetic sugar molecule, efficiently rescues muscle phenotype and biochemical defects in mouse model of sialic acid-deficient myopathy. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:2689-705. [PMID: 22157763 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.297051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Distal myopathy with rimmed vacuoles/hereditary inclusion body myopathy (DMRV/hIBM), characterized by progressive muscle atrophy, weakness, and degeneration, is due to mutations in GNE, a gene encoding a bifunctional enzyme critical in sialic acid biosynthesis. In the DMRV/hIBM mouse model, which exhibits hyposialylation in various tissues in addition to muscle atrophy, weakness, and degeneration, we recently have demonstrated that the myopathic phenotype was prevented by oral administration of N-acetylneuraminic acid, N-acetylmannosamine, and sialyllactose, underscoring the crucial role of hyposialylation in the disease pathomechanism. The choice for the preferred molecule, however, was limited probably by the complex pharmacokinetics of sialic acids and the lack of biomarkers that could clearly show dose response. To address these issues, we screened several synthetic sugar compounds that could increase sialylation more remarkably and allow demonstration of measurable effects in the DMRV/hIBM mice. In this study, we found that tetra-O-acetylated N-acetylmannosamine increased cell sialylation most efficiently, and in vivo evaluation in DMRV/hIBM mice revealed a more dramatic, measurable effect and improvement in muscle phenotype, enabling us to establish analysis of protein biomarkers that can be used for assessing response to treatment. Our results provide a proof of concept in sialic acid-related molecular therapy with synthetic monosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Christine V Malicdan
- Department of Neuromuscular Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
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115
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Valles-Ayoub Y, Esfandiarifard S, Sinai P, Carbajo R, Khokher Z, No D, Pietruszka M, Darvish B, Kakkis E, Darvish D. Serum neural cell adhesion molecule is hyposialylated in hereditary inclusion body myopathy. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2011; 16:313-7. [PMID: 22085395 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2011.0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary inclusion body myopathy (HIBM) is a young-adult onset autosomal recessive disorder caused by a hypomorphic rate limiting enzyme of sialic acid biosynthesis. The enzyme is UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase, and is encoded by the GNE gene. HIBM causes slowly progressive muscle weakness and atrophy. Patients are typically diagnosed at 20-30 years of age, and most patients are incapacitated and wheelchair-confined by 30-50 years of age. Some sialic acid containing glycoproteins, including neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), are hyposialylated in HIBM muscle biopsy samples. We developed a method to allow detection of serum NCAM sialylation using Western blot, and tested serum samples from several patients and a HIBM mouse model. Preliminary results showed a clear difference in polysialylated and hyposialylated forms of NCAM extracted from serum, and showed NCAM is hyposialylated in HIBM serum samples. This initial finding may prove useful in reducing the need for serial muscle biopsies in HIBM treatment trials. Additional studies are underway to further validate this finding and to evaluate the specificity, reliability, and robustness of this potential serum biomarker for HIBM.
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116
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Chugh SS, Clement LC, Macé C. New insights into human minimal change disease: lessons from animal models. Am J Kidney Dis 2011; 59:284-92. [PMID: 21974967 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2011.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of minimal change disease (MCD), considered to be the simplest form of nephrotic syndrome, has been one of the major unsolved mysteries in kidney disease. In this review, recent landmark studies that have led to the unraveling of MCD are discussed. A recent study now explains the molecular basis of major clinical and morphologic changes in MCD. Overproduction of angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4) in podocytes in MCD causes binding of ANGPTL4 to the glomerular basement membrane, development of nephrotic-range selective proteinuria, diffuse effacement of foot processes, and loss of glomerular basement membrane charge, but is not associated with changes shown by light microscopy in the glomerular and tubulointerstitial compartments. At least some of this ability of ANGPTL4 to induce proteinuria is linked to a deficiency of sialic acid residues because oral supplementation with sialic acid precursor N-acetyl-d-mannosamine improves sialylation of podocyte-secreted ANGPTL4 and significantly decreases proteinuria. Animal models of MCD, recent advances in potential biomarkers, and studies of upstream factors that may initiate glomerular changes also are discussed. In summary, recent progress in understanding MCD is likely to influence the diagnosis and treatment of MCD in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumant S Chugh
- Glomerular Disease Therapeutics Laboratory, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA.
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117
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Malicdan MCV, Noguchi S, Nishino I. A preclinical trial of sialic acid metabolites on distal myopathy with rimmed vacuoles/hereditary inclusion body myopathy, a sugar-deficient myopathy: a review. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2011; 3:127-35. [PMID: 21179605 DOI: 10.1177/1756285609359546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Distal myopathy with rimmed vacuoles (DMRV), also called hereditary inclusion body myopathy (hIBM), is a moderately progressive hereditary muscle disorder affecting young adults. DMRV/hIBM is characterized clinically by muscle atrophy and weakness initially involving the distal muscles, and pathologically by the presence of small angular fibers, formation of rimmed vacuoles and deposition of various proteins in the muscle fibers. This disease is known to be caused by mutations in the UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase gene, which encodes the essential enzyme in sialic acid biosynthesis, leading to a reduction of sialic acid levels in the serum and skeletal muscles of affected patients. As it is a metabolic disease, metabolite supplementation is theoretically one of the therapeutic options. In this review, recent animal models for DMRV/hIBM are briefly characterized followed by a focus on the administration of sialic acid metabolites as a reliable therapeutic option to DMRV/hIBM with the following points highlighted: the property of compounds, the pharmacokinetic metabolism in vivo, and the therapeutic effects on the DMRV/hIBM mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Christine V Malicdan
- Department of Neuromuscular Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
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118
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Wickramasinghe S, Medrano JF. Primer on genes encoding enzymes in sialic acid metabolism in mammals. Biochimie 2011; 93:1641-6. [PMID: 21689720 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Sialic acid, a nine-carbon sugar acid usually is present in the non-reducing terminal position of free oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates. Sialylated conjugates in mammals perform important roles in cellular recognition, signaling, host-pathogen interaction and neuronal development. Metabolism of sialylated conjugates involves a complex pathway consisting of enzymes distributed among the different compartments in the cell. These enzymes are encoded by 32 genes diversely distributed throughout the mammalian genome. Genetic variants in some of these genes are associated with embryonic lethality and abnormal phenotypes in mice and neuromuscular diseases, carcinomas and immune-mediated diseases in humans. In humans, the CMP-NeuAc-hydroxylase (CMAH) enzyme is inactivated due to a deletion mutation in the encoded enzyme. This lack of Neu5Gc phenotype makes humans unique among mammals. This review focuses on genes encoding enzymes in sialic acid metabolism pathways in mammalian cells with special emphasis on the human, mouse and cow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Wickramasinghe
- Department of Animal Science, University of California-Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616-8521, USA
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119
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Nemunaitis G, Jay CM, Maples PB, Gahl WA, Huizing M, Yardeni T, Tong AW, Phadke AP, Pappen BO, Bedell C, Allen H, Hernandez C, Templeton NS, Kuhn J, Senzer N, Nemunaitis J. Hereditary inclusion body myopathy: single patient response to intravenous dosing of GNE gene lipoplex. Hum Gene Ther 2011; 22:1331-41. [PMID: 21517694 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2010.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hereditary inclusion body myopathy (HIBM) is an autosomal recessive adult-onset myopathy due to mutations in the GNE (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase) gene. Affected patients have no therapeutic options. We have previously demonstrated in preclinical testing the ability to safely correct GNE gene function through liposomal delivery of the wild-type GNE gene. Results were verified in a single patient treated by intravenous infusion of GNE gene lipoplex. A single patient (patient 001) with severe HIBM treated with a compassionate investigational new drug received seven doses of GNE gene lipoplex via intravenous infusion at the following doses: 0.4, 0.4, 1.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, and 7.0 mg of DNA. GNE transgene expression, downstream induction of sialic acid, safety, and muscle function were evaluated. Transient low-grade fever, myalgia, tachycardia, transaminase elevation, hyponatremia, and hypotension were observed after infusion of each dose of GNE gene lipoplex. Quadriceps muscle expression of the delivered GNE, plasmid, and RNA was observed 24 hr after the 5.0-mg dose and at significantly greater levels 72 hr after the 7.0-mg infusion in comparison with expression in quadriceps muscle immediately before infusion. Sialic acid-related proteins were increased and stabilization in the decline of muscle strength was observed. We conclude that clinical safety and activity have been demonstrated with intravenous infusion of GNE gene lipoplex. Further assessment will involve a phase I trial of intravenous administration of GNE gene lipoplex in individuals with less advanced HIBM with more muscle function.
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120
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Nemunaitis G, Maples PB, Jay C, Gahl WA, Huizing M, Poling J, Tong AW, Phadke AP, Pappen BO, Bedell C, Templeton NS, Kuhn J, Senzer N, Nemunaitis J. Hereditary inclusion body myopathy: single patient response to GNE gene Lipoplex therapy. J Gene Med 2011; 12:403-12. [PMID: 20440751 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hereditary inclusion body myopathy (HIBM) is an autosomal recessive adult onset myopathy. It is characterized by mutations of the GNE (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase) gene. Afflicted patients have no therapeutic options. In preclinical testing, we have previously demonstrated the ability to correct GNE gene function and the safety of delivery of wild type GNE gene using a liposomal delivery vehicle. METHODS A single patient (subject #001) with severe HIBM treated by compassionate investigational new drug received four doses of GNE gene Lipoplex via intramuscular injection. GNE transgene expression, downstream induction of sialic acid, safety and muscle function were evaluated. RESULTS Significant durable improvement in locoregional skeletal muscle function was observed in the injected left extensor carpi radialis longus of #001 in correlation with GNE transgene upregulation and local induction of sialic acid. Other than transient low grade fever and pain at the injection site, no significant toxicity was observed. CONCLUSIONS Proof of principle for manufacturing of 'clinical grade' GNE gene Lipoplex, clinical safety and activity are demonstrated with GNE gene Lipoplex. Further assessment will involve intravenous administration and subsequent phase I trial involving additional but less severely afflicted HIBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Nemunaitis
- Mary Crowley Cancer Research Centers, 1700 Pacific, Dallas, TX 75201, USA
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121
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Clement LC, Avila-Casado C, Macé C, Soria E, Bakker WW, Kersten S, Chugh SS. Podocyte-secreted angiopoietin-like-4 mediates proteinuria in glucocorticoid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome. Nat Med 2010; 17:117-22. [PMID: 21151138 PMCID: PMC3021185 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lionel C Clement
- Glomerular Disease Therapeutics Laboratory, and Nephrology Research and Training Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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122
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Yamamoto T. Marine bacterial sialyltransferases. Mar Drugs 2010; 8:2781-94. [PMID: 21139844 PMCID: PMC2996176 DOI: 10.3390/md8112781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Revised: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sialyltransferases transfer N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) from the common donor substrate of these enzymes, cytidine 5′-monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid (CMP-Neu5Ac), to acceptor substrates. The enzymatic reaction products including sialyl-glycoproteins, sialyl-glycolipids and sialyl-oligosaccharides are important molecules in various biological and physiological processes, such as cell-cell recognition, cancer metastasis, and virus infection. Thus, sialyltransferases are thought to be important enzymes in the field of glycobiology. To date, many sialyltransferases and the genes encoding them have been obtained from various sources including mammalian, bacterial and viral sources. During the course of our research, we have detected over 20 bacteria that produce sialyltransferases. Many of the bacteria we isolated from marine environments are classified in the genus Photobacterium or the closely related genus Vibrio. The paper reviews the sialyltransferases obtained mainly from marine bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Yamamoto
- Glycotechnology Business Unit, Japan Tobacco Inc., 700 Higashibara, Iwata, Shizuoka 438-0802, Japan.
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123
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Galuska SP, Geyer H, Weinhold B, Kontou M, Röhrich RC, Bernard U, Gerardy-Schahn R, Reutter W, Münster-Kühnel A, Geyer R. Quantification of nucleotide-activated sialic acids by a combination of reduction and fluorescent labeling. Anal Chem 2010; 82:4591-8. [PMID: 20429516 DOI: 10.1021/ac100627e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Sialic acids usually represent the terminal monosaccharide of glycoconjugates and are directly involved in many biological processes. The cellular concentration of their nucleotide-activated form is one pacemaker for the highly variable sialylation of glycoconjugates. Hence, the determination of CMP-sialic acid levels is an important factor to understand the complex glycosylation machinery of cells and to standardize the production of glycotherapeutics. We have established a highly sensitive strategy to quantify the concentration of nucleotide-activated sialic acid by a combination of reduction and fluorescent labeling using the fluorophore 1,2-diamino-4,5-methylenedioxybenzene (DMB). The labeling with DMB requires free keto as well as carboxyl groups of the sialic acid molecule. Reduction of the keto group prior to the labeling process precludes the labeling of nonactivated sialic acids. Since the keto group is protected against reduction by the CMP-substitution, labeling of nucleotide-activated sialic acids is still feasible after reduction. Subsequent combination of the DMB-high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) application with mass spectrometric approaches, such as matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and electrospray-ionization (ESI)-MS, allows the unambiguous identification of both natural and modified CMP-sialic acids and localization of potential substituents. Thus, the described strategy offers a sensitive detection, identification, and quantification of nucleotide-activated sialic acid derivatives in the femtomole range without the need for nucleotide-activated standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian P Galuska
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Giessen, Friedrichstrasse 24, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
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124
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Freeze HH, Sharma V. Metabolic manipulation of glycosylation disorders in humans and animal models. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2010; 21:655-62. [PMID: 20363348 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Revised: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, over 40 inherited human glycosylation disorders were identified. Most patients have hypomorphic, rather than null alleles. The phenotypic spectrum is broad and most of the disorders affect embryonic and early post-natal development; a few appear in adult life. Some deficiencies can be treated with simple dietary sugar (monosaccharide) supplements. Here we focus on four glycosylation disorders that have been treated with supplements in patients or in model systems, primarily the mouse. Surprisingly, small differences in the amount of exogenous sugar have a major impact on the diseases in specific cells or organs while others are unaffected. The underlying mechanisms are mostly unknown, but changes in the contributions of the de novo, salvage and dietary pathways may contribute to the beneficial outcome. Clearly, the metabolic chart is not flat; all arrows are not equally robust at all points of time and space. This metabolic perspective may help explain some of these observations and guide the development of other vertebrate models of glycosylation disorders that can respond to dietary manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hudson H Freeze
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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125
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Grandis M, Gulli R, Cassandrini D, Gazzerro E, Benedetti L, Narciso E, Nobbio L, Bruno C, Minetti C, Bellone E, Reni L, Mancardi GL, Mandich P, Schenone A. The spectrum of GNE mutations: allelic heterogeneity for a common phenotype. Neurol Sci 2010; 31:377-80. [PMID: 20300792 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-010-0248-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2008] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary inclusion body myopathy (IBM2) was mainly reported in Middle Eastern Jewish patients. Distal myopathy with rimmed vacuoles has been described as a worldwide distributed distal myopathy. Both diseases are caused by mutations of the UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase (GNE) gene. Herein we report two patients: an Egyptian Muslim patient with the "common" Middle Eastern mutation (M712T), rarely described in non-Jewish patients; and an Italian patient carrying a novel GNE mutation (L179F) in the epimerase domain. Our patients share common clinical and histopathological features, with some interesting aspects. The first patient presented a clinical deterioration during her first pregnancy confirming that an increased requirement of sialic acid during pregnancy may trigger a clinical worsening. The second patient showed a slowly progressive deterioration, different from other patients carrying mutations in the epimerase domain, who had a severe and rapid progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Grandis
- Section of Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation, Department of Neuroscience, Ophthalmology and Genetics, University of Genova, Via de Toni 5, 16132, Genoa, Italy.
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126
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Nishino I. [Eludication of pathomechanism of and development of therapy for autophagic vacuolar myopathies]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2010; 50:1-6. [PMID: 20120346 DOI: 10.5692/clinicalneurol.50.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Autophagic vacuolar myopathy (AVM) is an entity defined by the presence of autophagic vacuoles on muscle pathology. There are two emerging categories in AVM in addition to the best characterized Pompe disease. One is Danon disease and its related disorders, which are characterized by autophagic vacuoles with unique sarcolemmal features (AVSF). AVSF express virtually all sarcolemmal proteins, in addition to acetylcholinesterase, on their vacuolar membranes. Danon disease is caused by primary deficiency of a lysosomal membrane protein, LAMP-2. Interestingly, in this disease, the number of AVSF increases as the patients age. Other AVSF myopathies include X-linked myopathy with excessive autophagy which is now known to be caused by VMA21 mutations. The other AVM is typified by the presence of rimmed vacuoles, which are actually clusters of autophagic vacuoles on electron microscopy. One of the well known diseases in this group is distal myopathy with rimmed vacuoles (DMRV), also called hereditary inclusion body myopathy (HIBM). DMRV is caused by mutations in GNE gene that encode a rate-limiting enzyme in the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway. Interestingly, in DMRV model mice, sialic acid supplementation almost completely precluded the disease phenotype, indicating that decreased sialic acid is the cause of myopathic phenotype and sialic acid supplementation can prevent the disease process. Interestingly, both genetically diagnosable AVSF myopathies are primarily due to lysosomal dysfunctions. In contrast, rimmed vacuoles are secondarily caused by extra-lysosomal defects, such as hyposialylation in DMRV/HIBM, and are formed at later stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichizo Nishino
- Department of Neuromuscular Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP)
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127
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Nishino I, Malicdan MCV, Noguchi S. [Development of therapy for distal myopathy with rimmed vacuoles]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2009; 49:852-5. [PMID: 20030229 DOI: 10.5692/clinicalneurol.49.852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Distal myopathy with rimmed vacuoles (DMRV), also called hereditary inclusion body myopathy, is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous missense mutations in GNE which encodes a protein with two enzymatic activities in sialic acid biosynthesis: UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerase and ManNAc kinase. The disease starts from 1540 years and is slowly progressive. DMRV preferentially affects tibialis anterior and hamstrings muscles, and has characteristic findings in muscle pathology which include rimmed vacuoles, tubulofilamentous inclusions, deposition of amyloid, and phosphorylated tau. We generated DMRV mice (Gne -/- hGNE D176V-Tg) by crossmating Gne knock-out heterozygous mouse and human GNE p.D176V transgenic mouse. This model mouse recapitulates DMRV clinically, pathologically, and biochemically by developing muscle weakness and atrophy from 21 weeks, amyloid deposition from 31 weeks, and rimmed vacuoles and phosphorylated tau from 41 weeks while having lifelong hyposialylation. We gave three types of GNE metabolites, ManNAc, NeuAc and sialyllactose, to DMRV mice orally from 15 weeks until 55 weeks of age. Sialic acid supplementation almost completely precluded the disease and virtually no sign of DMRV was seen even at 55 weeks of age, indicating that decreased sialic acid is the cause of myopathic phenotype and sialic acid supplementation can prevent the disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichizo Nishino
- Department of Neuromuscular Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP)
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128
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Houweling PJ, North KN. Sarcomeric α-actinins and their role in human muscle disease. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.09.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In skeletal muscle, the sarcomeric α-actinins (α-actinin-2 and -3) are a major component of the Z-line and crosslink actin thin filaments to maintain the structure of the sarcomere. Based on their known protein binding partners, the sarcomeric α-actinins are likely to have a number of structural, signaling and metabolic roles in skeletal muscle. In addition, the α-actinins interact with many proteins responsible for inherited muscle disorders. In this paper, we explore the role of the sarcomeric α-actinins in normal skeletal muscle and in the pathogenesis of a range of neuromuscular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Houweling
- Institute for Neuroscience & Muscle Research, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney 2145, NSW, Australia
| | - Kathryn N North
- Institute for Neuroscience & Muscle Research, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney 2145, NSW, Australia and Discipline of Paediatrics & Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, NSW, Australia
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129
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Lessons from GNE-deficient embryonic stem cells: sialic acid biosynthesis is involved in proliferation and gene expression. Glycobiology 2009; 20:107-17. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwp153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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130
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Du J, Meledeo MA, Wang Z, Khanna HS, Paruchuri VDP, Yarema KJ. Metabolic glycoengineering: sialic acid and beyond. Glycobiology 2009; 19:1382-401. [PMID: 19675091 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwp115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This report provides a perspective on metabolic glycoengineering methodology developed over the past two decades that allows natural sialic acids to be replaced with chemical variants in living cells and animals. Examples are given demonstrating how this technology provides the glycoscientist with chemical tools that are beginning to reproduce Mother Nature's control over complex biological systems - such as the human brain - through subtle modifications in sialic acid chemistry. Several metabolic substrates (e.g., ManNAc, Neu5Ac, and CMP-Neu5Ac analogs) can be used to feed flux into the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway resulting in numerous - and sometime quite unexpected - biological repercussions upon nonnatural sialoside display in cellular glycans. Once on the cell surface, ketone-, azide-, thiol-, or alkyne-modified glycans can be transformed with numerous ligands via bioorthogonal chemoselective ligation reactions, greatly increasing the versatility and potential application of this technology. Recently, sialic acid glycoengineering methodology has been extended to other pathways with analog incorporation now possible in surface-displayed GalNAc and fucose residues as well as nucleocytoplasmic O-GlcNAc-modified proteins. Finally, recent efforts to increase the "druggability" of sugar analogs used in metabolic glycoengineering, which have resulted in unanticipated "scaffold-dependent" activities, are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Du
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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131
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Potential therapy for hereditary myopathy. Nat Rev Neurol 2009. [DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2009.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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132
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Broccolini A, Gidaro T, Morosetti R, Mirabella M. Hereditary inclusion-body myopathy: Clues on pathogenesis and possible therapy. Muscle Nerve 2009; 40:340-9. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.21385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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133
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Udd B. Genetics and pathogenesis of distal muscular dystrophies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009; 652:23-38. [PMID: 20225017 DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-2813-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Distal myopathies are distal muscular dystrophies because they are genetic disorders with progressive loss of muscle tissue. The true distal dystrophies not only show a distal onset; they also remain more distal than proximal throughout the course of the disease. Currently almost 20 different entities of distal muscular dystrophies have been genetically determined, compared to just five entities delineated on clinical grounds in the 1980s. Half of the genes underlying these disorders have been associated with distal phenotypes only, whereas the other genes can manifest also with other than distal phenotypes such as proximal, scapuloperoneal or generalized phenotypes. Interestingly, most of the genes causing distal muscular dystrophies code for protein components of the sarcomere, in contrast to the proximal dystrophies in which most of the genes cause defects in sarcolemmal proteins. The reason for why some gene defects predominantly affect distal muscles is not well understood. The fact that the majority of these defects are due to structural and functional components of the sarcomere is intriguing but so far it does not provide further clues for understanding or for therapeutic approaches. The highly selective involvement of muscles in many of the distal dystrophies is even less well understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjarne Udd
- Neuromuscular Centre, Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere, Helsinki, Finland.
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