101
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Kaplan C, Jing B, Winterflood CM, Bridges AA, Occhipinti P, Schmied J, Grinhagens S, Gronemeyer T, Tinnefeld P, Gladfelter AS, Ries J, Ewers H. Absolute Arrangement of Subunits in Cytoskeletal Septin Filaments in Cells Measured by Fluorescence Microscopy. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:3859-3864. [PMID: 25939363 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b00693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We resolved the organization of subunits in cytoskeletal polymers in cells by light microscopy. Septin GTPases form linear complexes of about 32 nm length that polymerize into filaments. We visualized both termini of septin complexes by single molecule microscopy in vitro. Complexes appeared as 32 nm spaced localization pairs, and filaments appeared as stretches of equidistant localizations. Cellular septins were resolved as localization pairs and thin stretches of equidistant localizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Kaplan
- †Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bo Jing
- †Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Andrew A Bridges
- ‡Life Science Center, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Patricia Occhipinti
- ‡Life Science Center, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | | | - Sören Grinhagens
- ∥Institute of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Gronemeyer
- ∥Institute of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Amy S Gladfelter
- ‡Life Science Center, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Jonas Ries
- †Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Helge Ewers
- †Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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102
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Lin Y, Long JJ, Huang F, Duim WC, Kirschbaum S, Zhang Y, Schroeder LK, Rebane AA, Velasco MGM, Virrueta A, Moonan DW, Jiao J, Hernandez SY, Zhang Y, Bewersdorf J. Quantifying and optimizing single-molecule switching nanoscopy at high speeds. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128135. [PMID: 26011109 PMCID: PMC4444241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-molecule switching nanoscopy overcomes the diffraction limit of light by stochastically switching single fluorescent molecules on and off, and then localizing their positions individually. Recent advances in this technique have greatly accelerated the data acquisition speed and improved the temporal resolution of super-resolution imaging. However, it has not been quantified whether this speed increase comes at the cost of compromised image quality. The spatial and temporal resolution depends on many factors, among which laser intensity and camera speed are the two most critical parameters. Here we quantitatively compare the image quality achieved when imaging Alexa Fluor 647-immunolabeled microtubules over an extended range of laser intensities and camera speeds using three criteria - localization precision, density of localized molecules, and resolution of reconstructed images based on Fourier Ring Correlation. We found that, with optimized parameters, single-molecule switching nanoscopy at high speeds can achieve the same image quality as imaging at conventional speeds in a 5-25 times shorter time period. Furthermore, we measured the photoswitching kinetics of Alexa Fluor 647 from single-molecule experiments, and, based on this kinetic data, we developed algorithms to simulate single-molecule switching nanoscopy images. We used this software tool to demonstrate how laser intensity and camera speed affect the density of active fluorophores and influence the achievable resolution. Our study provides guidelines for choosing appropriate laser intensities for imaging Alexa Fluor 647 at different speeds and a quantification protocol for future evaluations of other probes and imaging parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Lin
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Integrated Graduate Program in Physical and Engineering Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Jane J. Long
- Yale College, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Fang Huang
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Whitney C. Duim
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Stefanie Kirschbaum
- Institute for Molecular Biophysics, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | - Yongdeng Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Lena K. Schroeder
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Aleksander A. Rebane
- Integrated Graduate Program in Physical and Engineering Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Mary Grace M. Velasco
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Integrated Graduate Program in Physical and Engineering Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Alejandro Virrueta
- Integrated Graduate Program in Physical and Engineering Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Daniel W. Moonan
- Integrated Graduate Program in Physical and Engineering Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Junyi Jiao
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Integrated Graduate Program in Physical and Engineering Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Sandy Y. Hernandez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Integrated Graduate Program in Physical and Engineering Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Yongli Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Integrated Graduate Program in Physical and Engineering Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Joerg Bewersdorf
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Integrated Graduate Program in Physical and Engineering Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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103
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Zhou L, Zhang X, Lv Y, Yang C, Lu D, Wu Y, Chen Z, Liu Q, Tan W. Localizable and Photoactivatable Fluorophore for Spatiotemporal Two-Photon Bioimaging. Anal Chem 2015; 87:5626-31. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liyi Zhou
- Molecular
Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio-Sensing
and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College
of Biology, and Collaborative Research Center of Molecular Engineering
for Theranostics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Xiaobing Zhang
- Molecular
Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio-Sensing
and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College
of Biology, and Collaborative Research Center of Molecular Engineering
for Theranostics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Yifan Lv
- Molecular
Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio-Sensing
and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College
of Biology, and Collaborative Research Center of Molecular Engineering
for Theranostics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Molecular
Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio-Sensing
and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College
of Biology, and Collaborative Research Center of Molecular Engineering
for Theranostics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Danqing Lu
- Molecular
Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio-Sensing
and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College
of Biology, and Collaborative Research Center of Molecular Engineering
for Theranostics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Yuan Wu
- Molecular
Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio-Sensing
and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College
of Biology, and Collaborative Research Center of Molecular Engineering
for Theranostics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, Center
for Research at Bio/Nano Interface, Shands Cancer Center, University
of Florida Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Molecular
Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio-Sensing
and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College
of Biology, and Collaborative Research Center of Molecular Engineering
for Theranostics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Qiaoling Liu
- Molecular
Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio-Sensing
and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College
of Biology, and Collaborative Research Center of Molecular Engineering
for Theranostics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Weihong Tan
- Molecular
Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio-Sensing
and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College
of Biology, and Collaborative Research Center of Molecular Engineering
for Theranostics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, Center
for Research at Bio/Nano Interface, Shands Cancer Center, University
of Florida Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
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104
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Valley CC, Liu S, Lidke DS, Lidke KA. Sequential superresolution imaging of multiple targets using a single fluorophore. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123941. [PMID: 25860558 PMCID: PMC4393115 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence superresolution (SR) microscopy, or fluorescence nanoscopy, provides nanometer scale detail of cellular structures and allows for imaging of biological processes at the molecular level. Specific SR imaging methods, such as localization-based imaging, rely on stochastic transitions between on (fluorescent) and off (dark) states of fluorophores. Imaging multiple cellular structures using multi-color imaging is complicated and limited by the differing properties of various organic dyes including their fluorescent state duty cycle, photons per switching event, number of fluorescent cycles before irreversible photobleaching, and overall sensitivity to buffer conditions. In addition, multiple color imaging requires consideration of multiple optical paths or chromatic aberration that can lead to differential aberrations that are important at the nanometer scale. Here, we report a method for sequential labeling and imaging that allows for SR imaging of multiple targets using a single fluorophore with negligible cross-talk between images. Using brightfield image correlation to register and overlay multiple image acquisitions with ~10 nm overlay precision in the x-y imaging plane, we have exploited the optimal properties of AlexaFluor647 for dSTORM to image four distinct cellular proteins. We also visualize the changes in co-localization of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor and clathrin upon EGF addition that are consistent with clathrin-mediated endocytosis. These results are the first to demonstrate sequential SR (s-SR) imaging using direct stochastic reconstruction microscopy (dSTORM), and this method for sequential imaging can be applied to any superresolution technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C. Valley
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Research and Treatment Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Sheng Liu
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Diane S. Lidke
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Research and Treatment Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Keith A. Lidke
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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105
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Zhang M, Chen J, Gao J, Wang Z, Xu H, Cai M, Jiang J, Tian Z, Wang H. Magnetic-field-enabled resolution enhancement in super-resolution imaging. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:6722-7. [PMID: 25688027 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp05914j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel strategy for modulating the photophysics of organic dyes in super-resolution fluorescence imaging using an external magnetic field was reported. The magnetic field induced increase in fluorescence intensity, localization number of probe molecules, and the number of photons emitted per molecule as compared to those acquired without a magnetic field were experimentally confirmed. Improved dSTORM localization precision and imaging resolution were consequently achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China.
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106
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Dang VT, Sullivan MB. Emerging methods to study bacteriophage infection at the single-cell level. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:724. [PMID: 25566233 PMCID: PMC4274963 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria and their viruses (phages) are abundant across diverse ecosystems and their interactions influence global biogeochemical cycles and incidence of disease. Problematically, both classical and metagenomic methods insufficiently assess the host specificity of phages and phage–host infection dynamics in nature. Here we review emerging methods to study phage–host interaction and infection dynamics with a focus on those that offer resolution at the single-cell level. These methods leverage ever-increasing sequence data to identify virus signals from single-cell amplified genome datasets or to produce primers/probes to target particular phage–bacteria pairs (digital PCR and phageFISH), even in complex communities. All three methods enable study of phage infection of uncultured bacteria from environmental samples, while the latter also discriminates between phage–host interaction outcomes (e.g., lytic, chronic, lysogenic) in model systems. Together these techniques enable quantitative, spatiotemporal studies of phage–bacteria interactions from environmental samples of any ecosystem, which will help elucidate and predict the ecological and evolutionary impacts of specific phage–host pairings in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinh T Dang
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Matthew B Sullivan
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona Tucson, AZ, USA ; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona Tucson, AZ, USA
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107
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Fricke F, Dietz MS, Heilemann M. Single-Molecule Methods to Study Membrane Receptor Oligomerization. Chemphyschem 2014; 16:713-21. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201402765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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108
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Lew M, Moerner WE. Azimuthal polarization filtering for accurate, precise, and robust single-molecule localization microscopy. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:6407-13. [PMID: 25272093 PMCID: PMC4245985 DOI: 10.1021/nl502914k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Many single nanoemitters such as fluorescent molecules produce dipole radiation that leads to systematic position errors in both particle tracking and super-resolution microscopy. Via vectorial diffraction equations and simulations, we show that imaging only azimuthally polarized light in the microscope naturally avoids emission from the z-component of the transition dipole moment, resulting in negligible localization errors for all emitter orientations and degrees of objective lens misfocus. Furthermore, localization accuracy is maintained even in the presence of aberrations resulting from imaging in mismatched media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew
D. Lew
- Departments of Chemistry and Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - W. E. Moerner
- Departments of Chemistry and Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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109
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Weisenburger S, Jing B, Hänni D, Reymond L, Schuler B, Renn A, Sandoghdar V. Cryogenic colocalization microscopy for nanometer-distance measurements. Chemphyschem 2014; 15:763-70. [PMID: 24677759 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201301080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Revised: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The main limiting factor in spatial resolution of localization microscopy is the number of detected photons. Recently we showed that cryogenic measurements improve the photostability of fluorophores, giving access to Angstrom precision in localization of single molecules. Here, we extend this method to colocalize two fluorophores attached to well-defined positions of a double-stranded DNA. By measuring the separations of the fluorophore pairs prepared at different design positions, we verify the feasibility of cryogenic distance measurement with sub-nanometer accuracy. We discuss the important challenges of our method as well as its potential for further improvement and various applications.
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110
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Johnson DS, Toledo-Crow R, Mattheyses AL, Simon SM. Polarization-controlled TIRFM with focal drift and spatial field intensity correction. Biophys J 2014; 106:1008-19. [PMID: 24606926 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM) is becoming an increasingly common methodology to narrow the illumination excitation thickness to study cellular process such as exocytosis, endocytosis, and membrane dynamics. It is also frequently used as a method to improve signal/noise in other techniques such as in vitro single-molecule imaging, stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy/photoactivated localization microscopy imaging, and fluorescence resonance energy transfer imaging. The unique illumination geometry of TIRFM also enables a distinct method to create an excitation field for selectively exciting fluorophores that are aligned either parallel or perpendicular to the optical axis. This selectivity has been used to study orientation of cell membranes and cellular proteins. Unfortunately, the coherent nature of laser light, the typical excitation source in TIRFM, often creates spatial interference fringes across the illuminated area. These fringes are particularly problematic when imaging large cellular areas or when accurate quantification is necessary. Methods have been developed to minimize these fringes by modulating the TIRFM field during a frame capture period; however, these approaches eliminate the possibility to simultaneously excite with a specific polarization. A new, to our knowledge, technique is presented, which compensates for spatial fringes while simultaneously permitting rapid image acquisition of both parallel and perpendicular excitation directions in ~25 ms. In addition, a back reflection detection scheme was developed that enables quick and accurate alignment of the excitation laser. The detector also facilitates focus drift compensation, a common problem in TIRFM due to the narrow excitation depth, particularly when imaging over long time courses or when using a perfusion flow chamber. The capabilities of this instrument were demonstrated by imaging membrane orientation using DiO on live cells and on lipid bilayers that were supported on a glass slide (supported lipid bilayer). The use of the approach to biological problems was illustrated by examining the temporal and spatial dynamics of exocytic vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Johnson
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Ricardo Toledo-Crow
- Research Engineering Lab, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Alexa L Mattheyses
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Sanford M Simon
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York.
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111
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Lin Q, Du Z, Yang Y, Fang Q, Bao C, Yang Y, Zhu L. Intracellular Thiols and Photo-Illumination Sequentially Activate Doubly Locked Molecular Probes for Long-Term Cell Highlighting and Tracking with Precise Spatial Accuracy. Chemistry 2014; 20:16314-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201403905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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112
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Polarization of excitation light influences molecule counting in single-molecule localization microscopy. Histochem Cell Biol 2014; 143:11-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-014-1267-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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113
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Chozinski TJ, Gagnon LA, Vaughan JC. Twinkle, twinkle little star: photoswitchable fluorophores for super-resolution imaging. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:3603-12. [PMID: 25010263 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Photoswitchable fluorescent probes are key elements of newly developed super-resolution fluorescence microscopy techniques that enable far-field interrogation of biological systems with a resolution of 50 nm or better. In contrast to most conventional fluorescence imaging techniques, the performance achievable by most super-resolution techniques is critically impacted by the photoswitching properties of the fluorophores. Here we review photoswitchable fluorophores for super-resolution imaging with discussion of the fundamental principles involved, a focus on practical implementation with available tools, and an outlook on future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lauren A Gagnon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joshua C Vaughan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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114
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Wang Y, Schnitzbauer J, Hu Z, Li X, Cheng Y, Huang ZL, Huang B. Localization events-based sample drift correction for localization microscopy with redundant cross-correlation algorithm. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:15982-91. [PMID: 24977854 PMCID: PMC4162368 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.015982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Highly accurate sample drift correction is essential in super-resolution localization microscopy to guarantee a high spatial resolution, especially when the technique is used to visualize small cell organelle. Here we present a localization events-based drift correction method using a redundant cross-correlation algorithm originally developed to correct beam-induced motion in cryo-electron microscopy. With simulated, synthesized as well as experimental data, we have demonstrated its superior precision compared to previously published localization events-based drift correction methods. The major advantage of this method is the robustness when the number of localization events is low, either because a short correction time step is required or because the imaged structure is small and sparse. This method has allowed us to improve the effective resolution when imaging Golgi apparatus in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yina Wang
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074,
China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074,
China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Joerg Schnitzbauer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158,
USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Zhe Hu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074,
China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074,
China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Xueming Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158,
USA
| | - Yifan Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158,
USA
| | - Zhen-Li Huang
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074,
China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074,
China
| | - Bo Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158,
USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158,
USA
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115
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Three-dimensional super-resolution and localization of dense clusters of single molecules. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5388. [PMID: 24953078 PMCID: PMC4066253 DOI: 10.1038/srep05388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
When a single molecule is detected in a wide-field microscope, the image approximates the point spread function of the system. However, as the distribution of molecules becomes denser and their images begin to overlap, existing solutions to determine the number of molecules present and their precise three-dimensional locations can tolerate little to no overlap. We propose a localization scheme that can identify several overlapping molecule images while maintaining high localization precision. A solution to this problem involving matched optical and digital techniques, as here proposed, can substantially increase the allowable labeling density and accelerate the data collection time of single-molecule localization microscopy by more than one order of magnitude.
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116
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Sauer M. Localization microscopy coming of age: from concepts to biological impact. J Cell Sci 2014; 126:3505-13. [PMID: 23950110 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.123612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Super-resolution fluorescence imaging by single-molecule photoactivation or photoswitching and position determination (localization microscopy) has the potential to fundamentally revolutionize our understanding of how cellular function is encoded at the molecular level. Among all powerful, high-resolution imaging techniques introduced in recent years, localization microscopy excels because it delivers single-molecule information about molecular distributions, even giving absolute numbers of proteins present in subcellular compartments. This provides insight into biological systems at a molecular level that can yield direct experimental feedback for modeling the complexity of biological interactions. In addition, efficient new labeling methods and strategies to improve localization are emerging that promise to achieve true molecular resolution. This raises localization microscopy as a powerful complementary method for correlative light and electron microscopy experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Sauer
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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117
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Habuchi S. Super-resolution molecular and functional imaging of nanoscale architectures in life and materials science. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2014; 2:20. [PMID: 25152893 PMCID: PMC4126472 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2014.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Super-resolution (SR) fluorescence microscopy has been revolutionizing the way in which we investigate the structures, dynamics, and functions of a wide range of nanoscale systems. In this review, I describe the current state of various SR fluorescence microscopy techniques along with the latest developments of fluorophores and labeling for the SR microscopy. I discuss the applications of SR microscopy in the fields of life science and materials science with a special emphasis on quantitative molecular imaging and nanoscale functional imaging. These studies open new opportunities for unraveling the physical, chemical, and optical properties of a wide range of nanoscale architectures together with their nanostructures and will enable the development of new (bio-)nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Habuchi
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology , Jeddah , Saudi Arabia
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118
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Raab M, Schmied JJ, Jusuk I, Forthmann C, Tinnefeld P. Fluorescence microscopy with 6 nm resolution on DNA origami. Chemphyschem 2014; 15:2431-5. [PMID: 24895173 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201402179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Resolution of emerging superresolution microscopy is commonly characterized by the width of a point-spread-function or by the localization accuracy of single molecules. In contrast, resolution is defined as the ability to separate two objects. Recently, DNA origamis have been proven as valuable scaffold for self-assembled nanorulers in superresolution microscopy. Here, we use DNA origami nanorulers to overcome the discrepancy of localizing single objects and separating two objects by resolving two docking sites at distances of 18, 12, and 6 nm by using the superresolution technique DNA PAINT(point accumulation for imaging in nanoscale topography). For the smallest distances, we reveal the influence of localization noise on the yield of resolvable structures that we rationalize by Monte Carlo simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Raab
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Braunschweig University of Technology, Hans-Sommer Str. 10, 38106 Braunschweig (Germany)
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119
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Allen JR, Ross ST, Davidson MW. Sample preparation for single molecule localization microscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 15:18771-83. [PMID: 24084850 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp53719f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Single molecule localization-based optical nanoscopy was introduced in 2006, surpassing traditional diffraction-limited resolutions by an order of magnitude. Seven years later, this superresolution technique is continuing to follow a trend of increasing popularity and pervasiveness, with the proof-of-concept work long finished and commercial implementations now available. However one important aspect that tends to become lost in translation is the importance of proper sample preparation, with very few resources addressing the considerations that must be made when preparing samples for imaging with single molecule level sensitivity. Presented here is a an in-depth analysis of all aspects of sample preparation for single molecule superresolution, including both live and fixed cell preparation, choice of fluorophore, fixation and staining techniques, and imaging buffer considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Allen
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory and Department of Biological Science, The Florida State University, 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, 32304, Florida, USA.
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120
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Characterization and development of photoactivatable fluorescent proteins for single-molecule-based superresolution imaging. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:8452-7. [PMID: 24912163 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1406593111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoactivatable fluorescent proteins (PAFPs) have been widely used for superresolution imaging based on the switching and localization of single molecules. Several properties of PAFPs strongly influence the quality of the superresolution images. These properties include (i) the number of photons emitted per switching cycle, which affects the localization precision of individual molecules; (ii) the ratio of the on- and off-switching rate constants, which limits the achievable localization density; (iii) the dimerization tendency, which could cause undesired aggregation of target proteins; and (iv) the signaling efficiency, which determines the fraction of target-PAFP fusion proteins that is detectable in a cell. Here, we evaluated these properties for 12 commonly used PAFPs fused to both bacterial target proteins, H-NS, HU, and Tar, and mammalian target proteins, Zyxin and Vimentin. Notably, none of the existing PAFPs provided optimal performance in all four criteria, particularly in the signaling efficiency and dimerization tendency. The PAFPs with low dimerization tendencies exhibited low signaling efficiencies, whereas mMaple showed the highest signaling efficiency but also a high dimerization tendency. To address this limitation, we engineered two new PAFPs based on mMaple, which we termed mMaple2 and mMaple3. These proteins exhibited substantially reduced or undetectable dimerization tendencies compared with mMaple but maintained the high signaling efficiency of mMaple. In the meantime, these proteins provided photon numbers and on-off switching rate ratios that are comparable to the best achieved values among PAFPs.
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121
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Sun M, Huang J, Bunyak F, Gumpper K, De G, Sermersheim M, Liu G, Lin PH, Palaniappan K, Ma J. Superresolution microscope image reconstruction by spatiotemporal object decomposition and association: application in resolving t-tubule structure in skeletal muscle. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:12160-12176. [PMID: 24921337 PMCID: PMC4162352 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.012160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
One key factor that limits resolution of single-molecule superresolution microscopy relates to the localization accuracy of the activated emitters, which is usually deteriorated by two factors. One originates from the background noise due to out-of-focus signals, sample auto-fluorescence, and camera acquisition noise; and the other is due to the low photon count of emitters at a single frame. With fast acquisition rate, the activated emitters can last multiple frames before they transiently switch off or permanently bleach. Effectively incorporating the temporal information of these emitters is critical to improve the spatial resolution. However, majority of the existing reconstruction algorithms locate the emitters frame by frame, discarding or underusing the temporal information. Here we present a new image reconstruction algorithm based on tracklets, short trajectories of the same objects. We improve the localization accuracy by associating the same emitters from multiple frames to form tracklets and by aggregating signals to enhance the signal to noise ratio. We also introduce a weighted mean-shift algorithm (WMS) to automatically detect the number of modes (emitters) in overlapping regions of tracklets so that not only well-separated single emitters but also individual emitters within multi-emitter groups can be identified and tracked. In combination with a maximum likelihood estimator method (MLE), we are able to resolve low to medium density of overlapping emitters with improved localization accuracy. We evaluate the performance of our method with both synthetic and experimental data, and show that the tracklet-based reconstruction is superior in localization accuracy, particularly for weak signals embedded in a strong background. Using this method, for the first time, we resolve the transverse tubule structure of the mammalian skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhai Sun
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210,
USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Jiaqing Huang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210,
USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Filiz Bunyak
- Department of Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211,
USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Kristyn Gumpper
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210,
USA
| | - Gejing De
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210,
USA
| | - Matthew Sermersheim
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210,
USA
| | - George Liu
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544,
USA
| | - Pei-Hui Lin
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210,
USA
| | | | - Jianjie Ma
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210,
USA
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122
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Winter PW, Shroff H. Faster fluorescence microscopy: advances in high speed biological imaging. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2014; 20:46-53. [PMID: 24815857 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The past decade has seen explosive growth in new high speed imaging methods. These can broadly be classified as either point-scanning (which offer better depth penetration) or parallelized systems (which offer higher speed). We discuss each class generally, and cover specific advances in diffraction-limited microscopes (laser-scanning confocal, spinning-disk, and light-sheet) and superresolution microscopes (single-molecule imaging, stimulated emission-depletion, and structured illumination). A theme of our review is that there is no free lunch: each technique has strengths and weaknesses, and an advance in speed usually comes at the expense of either spatial resolution or depth penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Winter
- Section on High Resolution Optical Imaging, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, 13 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
| | - Hari Shroff
- Section on High Resolution Optical Imaging, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, 13 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
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123
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Chung JJ, Shim SH, Everley RA, Gygi SP, Zhuang X, Clapham DE. Structurally distinct Ca(2+) signaling domains of sperm flagella orchestrate tyrosine phosphorylation and motility. Cell 2014; 157:808-22. [PMID: 24813608 PMCID: PMC4032590 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.02.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Spermatozoa must leave one organism, navigate long distances, and deliver their paternal DNA into a mature egg. For successful navigation and delivery, a sperm-specific calcium channel is activated in the mammalian flagellum. The genes encoding this channel (CatSpers) appear first in ancient uniflagellates, suggesting that sperm use adaptive strategies developed long ago for single-cell navigation. Here, using genetics, super-resolution fluorescence microscopy, and phosphoproteomics, we investigate the CatSper-dependent mechanisms underlying this flagellar switch. We find that the CatSper channel is required for four linear calcium domains that organize signaling proteins along the flagella. This unique structure focuses tyrosine phosphorylation in time and space as sperm acquire the capacity to fertilize. In heterogeneous sperm populations, we find unique molecular phenotypes, but only sperm with intact CatSper domains that organize time-dependent and spatially specific protein tyrosine phosphorylation successfully migrate. These findings illuminate flagellar adaptation, signal transduction cascade organization, and fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Ju Chung
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, 320 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sang-Hee Shim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Robert A Everley
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Steven P Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xiaowei Zhuang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Physics, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - David E Clapham
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, 320 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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124
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Durisic N, Cuervo LL, Lakadamyali M. Quantitative super-resolution microscopy: pitfalls and strategies for image analysis. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2014; 20:22-8. [PMID: 24793374 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Super-resolution microscopy is an enabling technology that allows biologists to visualize cellular structures at nanometer length scales using far-field optics. To break the diffraction barrier, it is necessary to leverage the distinct molecular states of fluorescent probes. At the same time, the existence of these different molecular states and the photophysical properties of the fluorescent probes can complicate data quantification and interpretation. Here, we review the pitfalls in super-resolution data analysis that must be avoided for proper interpretation of images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nela Durisic
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, Mediterranean Technology Park, Av. Carl Friedrich Gauss, 3, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Lara Laparra Cuervo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, Mediterranean Technology Park, Av. Carl Friedrich Gauss, 3, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Melike Lakadamyali
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, Mediterranean Technology Park, Av. Carl Friedrich Gauss, 3, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain.
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125
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Art and artifacts in single-molecule localization microscopy: beyond attractive images. Nat Methods 2014; 11:235-8. [PMID: 24577272 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.2852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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126
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Cambi A, Lakadamyali M, Lidke DS, Garcia-Parajo MF. Meeting report--Visualizing signaling nanoplatforms at a higher spatiotemporal resolution. J Cell Sci 2014; 126:3817-21. [PMID: 23995382 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.137901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The International Symposium entitled ‘Visualizing signaling nanoplatforms at a higher spatiotemporal resolution’ sponsored by the Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) was held on 29–31 May 2013 at the ICFO-Institute of Photonic Sciences, in Barcelona, Spain. The meeting brought together a multidisciplinary group of international leaders in the fields of super-resolution imaging (nanoscopy) and cell membrane biology, and served as a forum to further our understanding of the fundamental mechanisms that govern nanostructures and protein–function relationships at the cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Cambi
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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127
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Abstract
In this review, we introduce the principles of spatial resolution improvement in super-resolution microscopies that were recently developed. These super-resolution techniques utilize the interaction of light and fluorescent probes in order to break the diffraction barrier that limits spatial resolution. The imaging property of each super-resolution technique is also compared with the corresponding conventional one. Typical applications of the super-resolution techniques in biological research are also introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Yamanaka
- Department of Applied Physics Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nicholas I Smith
- Department of Applied Physics Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Katsumasa Fujita
- Department of Applied Physics Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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128
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Jungmann R, Avendaño MS, Woehrstein JB, Dai M, Shih WM, Yin P. Multiplexed 3D cellular super-resolution imaging with DNA-PAINT and Exchange-PAINT. Nat Methods 2014; 11:313-8. [PMID: 24487583 PMCID: PMC4153392 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.2835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 719] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Super-resolution fluorescence microscopy is a powerful tool for biological research, but obtaining multiplexed images for a large number of distinct target species remains challenging. Here we use the transient binding of short fluorescently labeled oligonucleotides (DNA-PAINT, a variation of point accumulation for imaging in nanoscale topography) for simple and easy-to-implement multiplexed super-resolution imaging that achieves sub-10-nm spatial resolution in vitro on synthetic DNA structures. We also report a multiplexing approach (Exchange-PAINT) that allows sequential imaging of multiple targets using only a single dye and a single laser source. We experimentally demonstrate ten-color super-resolution imaging in vitro on synthetic DNA structures as well as four-color two-dimensional (2D) imaging and three-color 3D imaging of proteins in fixed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Jungmann
- 1] Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [3]
| | - Maier S Avendaño
- 1] Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [3]
| | - Johannes B Woehrstein
- 1] Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2]
| | - Mingjie Dai
- 1] Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Program in Biophysics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - William M Shih
- 1] Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Peng Yin
- 1] Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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129
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Hedde PN, Nienhaus GU. Super-resolution localization microscopy with photoactivatable fluorescent marker proteins. PROTOPLASMA 2014; 251:349-62. [PMID: 24162869 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-013-0566-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent proteins (FPs) have become popular imaging tools because of their high specificity, minimal invasive labeling and allowing visualization of proteins and structures inside living organisms. FPs are genetically encoded and expressed in living cells, therefore, labeling involves minimal effort in comparison to approaches involving synthetic dyes. Photoactivatable FPs (paFPs) comprise a subclass of FPs that can change their absorption/emission properties such as brightness and color upon irradiation. This methodology has found a broad range of applications in the life sciences, especially in localization-based super-resolution microscopy of cells, tissues and even entire organisms. In this review, we discuss recent developments and applications of paFPs in super-resolution localization imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Niklas Hedde
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
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130
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Carlini L, Benke A, Reymond L, Lukinavičius G, Manley S. Reduced dyes enhance single-molecule localization density for live superresolution imaging. Chemphyschem 2014; 15:750-5. [PMID: 24554553 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201301004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cell-permeable rhodamine dyes are reductively quenched by NaBH4 into a non-fluorescent leuco-rhodamine form. Quenching is reversible, and their fluorescence is recovered when the dyes are oxidized. In living cells, oxidation occurs spontaneously, and can result in up to ten-fold higher densities of single molecule localizations, and more photons per localization as compared with unmodified dyes. These two parameters directly impact the achievable resolution, and we see a significant improvement in the quality of live-cell point-localization super-resolution images taken with reduced dyes. These improvements carry over to increase the density of trajectories for single-molecule tracking experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Carlini
- Laboratory of Experimental Biophysics, Institute of Physics of Biological Systems, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) in Chemical Biology, Lausanne (Switzerland)
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131
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A simple method to estimate the average localization precision of a single-molecule localization microscopy experiment. Histochem Cell Biol 2014; 141:629-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-014-1192-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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132
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Tabarin T, Pageon SV, Bach CTT, Lu Y, O'Neill GM, Gooding JJ, Gaus K. Insights into Adhesion Biology Using Single-Molecule Localization Microscopy. Chemphyschem 2014; 15:606-18. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201301041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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133
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Allen JR, Ross ST, Davidson MW. Structured Illumination Microscopy for Superresolution. Chemphyschem 2014; 15:566-76. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201301086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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134
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Fox-Roberts P, Wen T, Suhling K, Cox S. Fixed pattern noise in localization microscopy. Chemphyschem 2014; 15:677-86. [PMID: 24482113 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201300756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Localization microscopy vastly improves the resolution achieved by fluorescence microscopy by fitting the positions of individual fluorophores. We examine the reconstructions produced by different fitting algorithms for instances of fixed pattern noise--systematic tendencies to alter estimated emitter positions according to their subpixel location in a way that does not reflect the ground truth structure. We show that while not readily visible at standard empirical signal strengths, fixed pattern noise can occur when performing sub-pixel fitting, and that its degree varies according to the algorithm used and the relative size of the pixels compared to the point spread function. For pixel sizes in the range 80-170 nm, this results in variations in accuracy of the order of 2-4 nm-comparatively small for many applications, but non-negligible in scenarios where very high accuracy is sought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Fox-Roberts
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, SE1 1UL (United Kingdom)
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135
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136
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Jia S, Vaughan JC, Zhuang X. Isotropic 3D Super-resolution Imaging with a Self-bending Point Spread Function. NATURE PHOTONICS 2014; 8:302-306. [PMID: 25383090 PMCID: PMC4224117 DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2014.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Airy beams maintain their intensity profiles over a large propagation distance without substantial diffraction and exhibit lateral bending during propagation1-5. This unique property has been exploited for micromanipulation of particles6, generation of plasma channels7 and guidance of plasmonic waves8, but has not been explored for high-resolution optical microscopy. Here, we introduce a self-bending point spread function (SB-PSF) based on Airy beams for three-dimensional (3D) super-resolution fluorescence imaging. We designed a side-lobe-free SB-PSF and implemented a two-channel detection scheme to enable unambiguous 3D localization of fluorescent molecules. The lack of diffraction and the propagation-dependent lateral bending make the SB-PSF well suited for precise 3D localization of molecules over a large imaging depth. Using this method, we obtained super-resolution imaging with isotropic 3D localization precision of 10-15 nm over a 3 μm imaging depth from ∼2000 photons per localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Jia
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joshua C. Vaughan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xiaowei Zhuang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed.
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137
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Shtengel G, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Goh WI, Hess HF, Kanchanawong P. Imaging cellular ultrastructure by PALM, iPALM, and correlative iPALM-EM. Methods Cell Biol 2014; 123:273-94. [PMID: 24974033 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-420138-5.00015-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Many biomolecules in cells can be visualized with high sensitivity and specificity by fluorescence microscopy. However, the resolution of conventional light microscopy is limited by diffraction to ~200-250 nm laterally and >500 nm axially. Here, we describe superresolution methods based on single-molecule localization analysis of photoswitchable fluorophores (PALM: photoactivated localization microscopy) as well as our recent three-dimensional (3D) method (iPALM: interferometric PALM) that allows imaging with a resolution better than 20 nm in all three dimensions. Considerations for their implementations, applications to multicolor imaging, and a recent development that extend the imaging depth of iPALM to ~750 nm are discussed. As the spatial resolution of superresolution fluorescence microscopy converges with that of electron microscopy (EM), direct imaging of the same specimen using both approaches becomes feasible. This could be particularly useful for cross validation of experiments, and thus, we also describe recent methods that were developed for correlative superresolution fluorescence and EM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gleb Shtengel
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Farm Research Campus, Ashburn, Virginia, USA
| | - Yilin Wang
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wah Ing Goh
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Harald F Hess
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Farm Research Campus, Ashburn, Virginia, USA
| | - Pakorn Kanchanawong
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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138
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van de Linde S, Sauer M. How to switch a fluorophore: from undesired blinking to controlled photoswitching. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:1076-87. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60195a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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139
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Backlund MP, Lew MD, Backer AS, Sahl SJ, Moerner WE. The role of molecular dipole orientation in single-molecule fluorescence microscopy and implications for super-resolution imaging. Chemphyschem 2013; 15:587-99. [PMID: 24382708 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201300880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Numerous methods for determining the orientation of single-molecule transition dipole moments from microscopic images of the molecular fluorescence have been developed in recent years. At the same time, techniques that rely on nanometer-level accuracy in the determination of molecular position, such as single-molecule super-resolution imaging, have proven immensely successful in their ability to access unprecedented levels of detail and resolution previously hidden by the optical diffraction limit. However, the level of accuracy in the determination of position is threatened by insufficient treatment of molecular orientation. Here we review a number of methods for measuring molecular orientation using fluorescence microscopy, focusing on approaches that are most compatible with position estimation and single-molecule super-resolution imaging. We highlight recent methods based on quadrated pupil imaging and on double-helix point spread function microscopy and apply them to the study of fluorophore mobility on immunolabeled microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael P Backlund
- Department of Chemistry. Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 (USA)
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140
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Super-resolution microscopy of live cells using single molecule localization. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-013-6088-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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141
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Holm T, Klein T, Löschberger A, Klamp T, Wiebusch G, van de Linde S, Sauer M. A Blueprint for Cost-Efficient Localization Microscopy. Chemphyschem 2013; 15:651-4. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201300739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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142
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Sahl SJ, Moerner WE. Super-resolution fluorescence imaging with single molecules. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2013; 23:778-87. [PMID: 23932284 PMCID: PMC3805708 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The ability to detect, image and localize single molecules optically with high spatial precision by their fluorescence enables an emergent class of super-resolution microscopy methods which have overcome the longstanding diffraction barrier for far-field light-focusing optics. Achieving spatial resolutions of 20-40nm or better in both fixed and living cells, these methods are currently being established as powerful tools for minimally-invasive spatiotemporal analysis of structural details in cellular processes which benefit from enhanced resolution. Briefly covering the basic principles, this short review then summarizes key recent developments and application examples of two-dimensional and three-dimensional (3D) multi-color techniques and faster time-lapse schemes. The prospects for quantitative imaging - in terms of improved ability to correct for dipole-emission-induced systematic localization errors and to provide accurate counts of molecular copy numbers within nanoscale cellular domains - are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen J Sahl
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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143
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Chen D, Yu B, Li H, Huo Y, Cao B, Xu G, Niu H. Approach to multiparticle parallel tracking in thick samples with three-dimensional nanoresolution. OPTICS LETTERS 2013; 38:3712-3715. [PMID: 24081033 DOI: 10.1364/ol.38.003712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This Letter proposes a method referred to as distorted grating (DG) and double-helix point spread function (DH-PSF) combination microscopy (DDCM), which is capable of multiparticle parallel localization and tracking in a transparent sample thicker than 10 μm, the thickness of cells. A special phase mask, combining the field depth extension capabilities of DG with the three-dimensional (3D) nanolocalization capabilities of the DH-PSF, is designed for multiparticle parallel localization. Time-lapse tracking of one particle moving along the z axis and parallel tracking of two particles are simulated. Results demonstrate that, with only a single snapshot, particles can be localized, tracking with 3D nanoresolution wherever they are. The theoretical localization precisions of DDCM, DH-PSF, and multifocus microscopy are compared. DDCM results in almost constant localization precisions in all three dimensions for a depth of field larger than 10 μm. DDCM is expected to become a tool in investigations of important dynamic events in living cells.
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144
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Lew MD, Backlund MP, Moerner WE. Rotational mobility of single molecules affects localization accuracy in super-resolution fluorescence microscopy. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:3967-72. [PMID: 23360306 PMCID: PMC3696529 DOI: 10.1021/nl304359p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The asymmetric nature of single-molecule (SM) dipole emission patterns limits the accuracy of position determination in localization-based super-resolution fluorescence microscopy. The degree of mislocalization depends highly on the rotational mobility of SMs; only for SMs rotating within a cone half angle α > 60° can mislocalization errors be bounded to ≤10 nm. Simulations demonstrate how low or high rotational mobility can cause resolution degradation or distortion in super-resolution reconstructions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Lew
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Mikael P. Backlund
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - W. E. Moerner
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
- Corresponding Author. To whom correspondence should be addressed.
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145
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Hensel M, Klingauf J, Piehler J. Imaging the invisible: resolving cellular microcompartments by superresolution microscopy techniques. Biol Chem 2013; 394:1097-113. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2012-0324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Unraveling the spatio-temporal organization of dynamic cellular microcompartments requires live cell imaging techniques capable of resolving submicroscopic structures. While the resolution of traditional far-field fluorescence imaging techniques is limited by the diffraction barrier, several fluorescence-based microscopy techniques providing sub-100 nm resolution have become available during the past decade. Here, we briefly introduce the optical principles of these techniques and compare their capabilities and limitations with respect to spatial and temporal resolution as well as live cell capabilities. Moreover, we summarize how these techniques contributed to a better understanding of plasma membrane microdomains, the dynamic nanoscale organization of neuronal synapses and the sub-compartmentation of microorganisms. Based on these applications, we highlight complementarity of these techniques and their potential to address specific challenges in the context of dynamic cellular microcompartments, as well as the perspectives to overcome current limitations of these methods.
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146
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Olivier N, Keller D, Gönczy P, Manley S. Resolution doubling in 3D-STORM imaging through improved buffers. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69004. [PMID: 23874848 PMCID: PMC3714239 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Super-resolution imaging methods have revolutionized fluorescence microscopy by revealing the nanoscale organization of labeled proteins. In particular, single-molecule methods such as Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy (STORM) provide resolutions down to a few tens of nanometers by exploiting the cycling of dyes between fluorescent and non-fluorescent states to obtain a sparse population of emitters and precisely localizing them individually. This cycling of dyes is commonly induced by adding different chemicals, which are combined to create a STORM buffer. Despite their importance, the composition of these buffers has scarcely evolved since they were first introduced, fundamentally limiting what can be resolved with STORM. By identifying a new chemical suitable for STORM and optimizing the buffer composition for Alexa-647, we significantly increased the number of photons emitted per cycle by each dye, providing a simple means to enhance the resolution of STORM independently of the optical setup used. Using this buffer to perform 3D-STORM on biological samples, we obtained images with better than 10 nanometer lateral and 30 nanometer axial resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Olivier
- Laboratory for Experimental Biophysics, School of Basic Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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147
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Lee SF, Vérolet Q, Fürstenberg A. Improved super-resolution microscopy with oxazine fluorophores in heavy water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:8948-51. [PMID: 23828815 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201302341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven F Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
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148
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Lee SF, Vérolet Q, Fürstenberg A. Verbesserte hochauflösende Mikroskopie mit Oxazinfarbstoffen in schwerem Wasser. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201302341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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149
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Video-rate nanoscopy using sCMOS camera-specific single-molecule localization algorithms. Nat Methods 2013; 10:653-8. [PMID: 23708387 PMCID: PMC3696415 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.2488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Newly developed scientific complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (sCMOS) cameras have the potential to dramatically accelerate data acquisition in single-molecule switching nanoscopy (SMSN) while simultaneously increasing the effective quantum efficiency. However, sCMOS-intrinsic pixel-dependent readout noise substantially reduces the localization precision and introduces localization artifacts. Here we present algorithms that overcome these limitations and provide unbiased, precise localization of single molecules at the theoretical limit. In combination with a multi-emitter fitting algorithm, we demonstrate single-molecule localization super-resolution imaging at up to 32 reconstructed images/second (recorded at 1,600–3,200 camera frames/second) in both fixed and living cells.
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150
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Li J, Lin S, Wang J, Jia S, Yang M, Hao Z, Zhang X, Chen PR. Ligand-Free Palladium-Mediated Site-Specific Protein Labeling Inside Gram-Negative Bacterial Pathogens. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:7330-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ja402424j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules
Center, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Department
of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shixian Lin
- Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules
Center, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Department
of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules
Center, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Department
of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shang Jia
- Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules
Center, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Department
of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Maiyun Yang
- Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules
Center, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Department
of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ziyang Hao
- Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules
Center, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Department
of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou
730000, China
| | - Peng R. Chen
- Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules
Center, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Department
of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
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