101
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Raman V, Van Dessel N, O'Connor OM, Forbes NS. The motility regulator flhDC drives intracellular accumulation and tumor colonization of Salmonella. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:44. [PMID: 30755273 PMCID: PMC6373116 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-018-0490-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Salmonella have potential as anticancer therapeutic because of their innate tumor specificity. In clinical studies, this specificity has been hampered by heterogeneous responses. Understanding the mechanisms that control tumor colonization would enable the design of more robust therapeutic strains. Two mechanisms that could affect tumor colonization are intracellular accumulation and intratumoral motility. Both of these mechanisms have elements that are controlled by the master motility regulator flhDC. We hypothesized that 1) overexpressing flhDC in Salmonella increases intracellular bacterial accumulation in tumor cell masses, and 2) intracellular accumulation of Salmonella drives tumor colonization in vitro. Methods To test these hypotheses, we transformed Salmonella with genetic circuits that induce flhDC and express green fluorescent protein after intracellular invasion. The genetically modified Salmonella was perfused into an in vitro tumor-on-a-chip device. Time-lapse fluorescence microscopy was used to quantify intracellular and colonization dynamics within tumor masses. A mathematical model was used to determine how these mechanisms are related to each other. Results Overexpression of flhDC increased intracellular accumulation and tumor colonization 2.5 and 5 times more than control Salmonella, respectively (P < 0.05). Non-motile Salmonella accumulated in cancer cells 26 times less than controls (P < 0.001). Minimally invasive, ΔsipB, Salmonella colonized tumor masses 2.5 times less than controls (P < 0.05). When flhDC was selectively induced after penetration into tumor masses, Salmonella both accumulated intracellularly and colonized tumor masses 2 times more than controls (P < 0.05). Mathematical modeling of tumor colonization dynamics demonstrated that intracellular accumulation increased retention of Salmonella in tumors by effectively causing the bacteria to bind to cancer cells and preventing leakage out of the tumors. These results demonstrated that increasing intracellular bacterial density increased overall tumor colonization and that flhDC could be used to control both. Conclusions This study demonstrates a mechanistic link between motility, intracellular accumulation and tumor colonization. Based on our results, we envision that therapeutic strains of Salmonella could use inducible flhDC to drive tumor colonization. More intratumoral bacteria would enable delivery of higher therapeutic payloads into tumors and would improve treatment efficacy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40425-018-0490-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu Raman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, 159 Goessmann Laboratory, 686 North Pleasant St, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Nele Van Dessel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, 159 Goessmann Laboratory, 686 North Pleasant St, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Owen M O'Connor
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, 159 Goessmann Laboratory, 686 North Pleasant St, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Neil S Forbes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, 159 Goessmann Laboratory, 686 North Pleasant St, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
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102
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Fisch D, Yakimovich A, Clough B, Wright J, Bunyan M, Howell M, Mercer J, Frickel E. Defining host-pathogen interactions employing an artificial intelligence workflow. eLife 2019; 8:e40560. [PMID: 30744806 PMCID: PMC6372283 DOI: 10.7554/elife.40560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
For image-based infection biology, accurate unbiased quantification of host-pathogen interactions is essential, yet often performed manually or using limited enumeration employing simple image analysis algorithms based on image segmentation. Host protein recruitment to pathogens is often refractory to accurate automated assessment due to its heterogeneous nature. An intuitive intelligent image analysis program to assess host protein recruitment within general cellular pathogen defense is lacking. We present HRMAn (Host Response to Microbe Analysis), an open-source image analysis platform based on machine learning algorithms and deep learning. We show that HRMAn has the capacity to learn phenotypes from the data, without relying on researcher-based assumptions. Using Toxoplasma gondii and Salmonella enterica Typhimurium we demonstrate HRMAn's capacity to recognize, classify and quantify pathogen killing, replication and cellular defense responses. HRMAn thus presents the only intelligent solution operating at human capacity suitable for both single image and high content image analysis. Editorial note This article has been through an editorial process in which the authors decide how to respond to the issues raised during peer review. The Reviewing Editor's assessment is that all the issues have been addressed (see decision letter).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fisch
- Host-Toxoplasma Interaction LaboratoryThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Artur Yakimovich
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell BiologyUniversity College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Barbara Clough
- Host-Toxoplasma Interaction LaboratoryThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Joseph Wright
- Host-Toxoplasma Interaction LaboratoryThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Monique Bunyan
- Host-Toxoplasma Interaction LaboratoryThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Jason Mercer
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell BiologyUniversity College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Eva Frickel
- Host-Toxoplasma Interaction LaboratoryThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
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103
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Clague MJ, Urbé S, Komander D. Breaking the chains: deubiquitylating enzyme specificity begets function. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2019; 20:338-352. [DOI: 10.1038/s41580-019-0099-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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104
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van Wijk SJ, Fulda S, Dikic I, Heilemann M. Visualizing ubiquitination in mammalian cells. EMBO Rep 2019; 20:embr.201846520. [PMID: 30665942 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201846520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Covalent modification of proteins with ubiquitin is essential for the majority of biological processes in mammalian cells. Numerous proteins are conjugated with single or multiple ubiquitin molecules or chains in a dynamic fashion, often determining protein half-lives, localization or function. Experimental approaches to study ubiquitination have been dominated by genetic and biochemical analysis of enzyme structure-function relationships, reaction mechanisms and physiological relevance. Here, we provide an overview of recent developments in microscopy-based imaging of ubiquitination, available reagents and technologies. We discuss the progress in direct and indirect imaging of differentially linked ubiquitin chains in fixed and living cells using confocal fluorescence microscopy and super-resolution microscopy, illustrated by the role of ubiquitin in antibacterial autophagy and pro-inflammatory signalling. Finally, we speculate on future developments and forecast a transition from qualitative to quantitative super-resolution approaches to understand fundamental aspects of ubiquitination and the formation and distribution of functional E3 ligase protein complexes in their native environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd Jl van Wijk
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Paediatrics, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Simone Fulda
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Paediatrics, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ivan Dikic
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University - Medical Faculty, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mike Heilemann
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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105
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Selective Autophagy Regulates Innate Immunity Through Cargo Receptor Network. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1209:145-166. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-0606-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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106
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Knuth AK, Rösler S, Schenk B, Kowald L, van Wijk SJL, Fulda S. Interferons Transcriptionally Up-Regulate MLKL Expression in Cancer Cells. Neoplasia 2018; 21:74-81. [PMID: 30521981 PMCID: PMC6310689 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are key players in the tumor immune response and act by inducing the expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). Here, we identify the mixed-lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase (MLKL) as an ISG in various cancer cell lines. Both type I and type II IFNs increase the expression of MLKL indicating that MLKL up-regulation is a general feature of IFN signaling. IFNγ up-regulates mRNA as well as protein levels of MLKL demonstrating that IFNγ transcriptionally regulates MLKL. This notion is further supported by Actinomycin D chase experiments showing that IFNγ-stimulated up-regulation of MLKL is prevented in the presence of the transcriptional inhibitor Actinomycin D. Also, knockdown of the transcription factor IFN-regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 1 as well as knockout of IRF1 significantly attenuate IFNγ-mediated induction of MLKL mRNA levels. Up-regulation of MLKL by IFNγ provides a valuable tool to sensitize cells towards necroptotic cell death and to overcome apoptosis resistance of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Kathrin Knuth
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefanie Rösler
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Barbara Schenk
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lisa Kowald
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sjoerd J L van Wijk
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Simone Fulda
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site, Frankfurt, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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107
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Xue Q, Liu H, Zhu Z, Yang F, Xue Q, Cai X, Liu X, Zheng H. Seneca Valley Virus 3C protease negatively regulates the type I interferon pathway by acting as a viral deubiquitinase. Antiviral Res 2018; 160:183-189. [PMID: 30408499 PMCID: PMC7111287 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms that enable Seneca Valley Virus (SVV) to escape the host innate immune response are not well known. Previous studies demonstrated that SVV 3Cpro suppresses innate immune responses by cleavage of host proteins and degradation of IRF3 and IRF7 protein expression. Here, we showed that SVV 3C protease (3Cpro) has deubiquitinating activity. Overexpressed 3Cpro inhibits the ubiquitination of cellular substrates, acting on both lysine-48- and lysine-63-linked polyubiquitin chains. SVV infection also possessed deubiquitinating activity. The ubiquitin-proteasome system was significantly involved in SVV replication. Furthermore, 3Cpro inhibited the ubiquitination of retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I), TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), and TNF receptor-associated factor 3 (TRAF3), thereby blocking the expression of interferon (IFN)-β and IFN stimulated gene 54 (ISG54) mRNAs. A detailed analysis revealed that mutations (H48A, C160A, or H48A/C160A) that ablate the Cys and His residues of 3Cpro abrogated its deubiquitinating activity and the ability of 3Cpro to block IFN-β induction. Together, our results demonstrate a novel mechanism developed by SVV 3Cpro to promote viral replication, and may also provide a novel strategy for improving ubiquitination-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Huisheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Zixiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Qinghong Xue
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xuepeng Cai
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiangtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China.
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108
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Méndez-Ardoy A, Lostalé-Seijo I, Montenegro J. Where in the Cell Is our Cargo? Methods Currently Used To Study Intracellular Cytosolic Localisation. Chembiochem 2018; 20:488-498. [PMID: 30178574 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The internalisation and delivery of active substances into cells is a field of growing interest for chemical biology and therapeutics. As we move from small-molecule-based drugs towards bigger cargos, such as antibodies, enzymes, nucleases or nucleic acids, the development of efficient delivery systems becomes critical for their practical application. Different strategies and synthetic carriers have been developed; these include cationic lipids, gold nanoparticles, polymers, cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), protein surface modification etc. However, all of these methodologies still present limitations relating to the precise targeting of the different intracellular compartments and, in particular, difficulties in access to the cellular cytosol. Additionally, the precise quantification of the cellular uptake of a compound is not enough to demonstrate delivery and/or functional activity. Therefore, methods to determine cellular distributions of cargos and carriers are of critical importance for identifying the barriers that are blocking the activity. Herein we survey the different techniques that can currently be used to track and to monitor the subcellular localisation of the synthetic compounds that we deliver inside cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Méndez-Ardoy
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e, Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Irene Lostalé-Seijo
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e, Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Javier Montenegro
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e, Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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109
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Sharma V, Verma S, Seranova E, Sarkar S, Kumar D. Selective Autophagy and Xenophagy in Infection and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:147. [PMID: 30483501 PMCID: PMC6243101 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, a cellular homeostatic process, which ensures cellular survival under various stress conditions, has catapulted to the forefront of innate defense mechanisms during intracellular infections. The ability of autophagy to tag and target intracellular pathogens toward lysosomal degradation is central to this key defense function. However, studies involving the role and regulation of autophagy during intracellular infections largely tend to ignore the housekeeping function of autophagy. A growing number of evidences now suggest that the housekeeping function of autophagy, rather than the direct pathogen degradation function, may play a decisive role to determine the outcome of infection and immunological balance. We discuss herein the studies that establish the homeostatic and anti-inflammatory function of autophagy, as well as role of bacterial effectors in modulating and coopting these functions. Given that the core autophagy machinery remains largely the same across diverse cargos, how selectivity plays out during intracellular infection remains intriguing. We explore here, the contrasting role of autophagy adaptors being both selective as well as pleotropic in functions and discuss whether E3 ligases could bring in the specificity to cargo selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vartika Sharma
- Cellular Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Surbhi Verma
- Cellular Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Elena Seranova
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sovan Sarkar
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Dhiraj Kumar
- Cellular Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
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110
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Revisiting Bacterial Ubiquitin Ligase Effectors: Weapons for Host Exploitation. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113576. [PMID: 30428531 PMCID: PMC6274744 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein ubiquitylation plays a central role in eukaryotic cell physiology. It is involved in several regulatory processes, ranging from protein folding or degradation, subcellular localization of proteins, vesicular trafficking and endocytosis to DNA repair, cell cycle, innate immunity, autophagy, and apoptosis. As such, it is reasonable that pathogens have developed a way to exploit such a crucial system to enhance their virulence against the host. Hence, bacteria have evolved a wide range of effectors capable of mimicking the main players of the eukaryotic ubiquitin system, in particular ubiquitin ligases, by interfering with host physiology. Here, we give an overview of this topic and, in particular, we detail and discuss the mechanisms developed by pathogenic bacteria to hijack the host ubiquitination system for their own benefit.
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111
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Roles of ubiquitin in autophagy and cell death. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 93:125-135. [PMID: 30195063 PMCID: PMC6854449 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The balance between cell survival and cell death is often lost in human pathologies such as inflammation and cancer. Autophagy plays a critical role in cell survival: essential nutrients are generated by autophagy-dependent degradation and recycling of cellular garbage. On the other hand, cell death is induced by different programs, such as apoptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis. Emerging evidence is revealing how cell survival and cell death pathways are coordinated to determine cell fate. For instance, posttranslational modification of proteins with ubiquitin regulates many steps of autophagy and cell death pathways. In this review article, we will discuss how the ubiquitin system influences cell death and autophagy.
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112
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Wandel MP, Pathe C, Werner EI, Ellison CJ, Boyle KB, von der Malsburg A, Rohde J, Randow F. GBPs Inhibit Motility of Shigella flexneri but Are Targeted for Degradation by the Bacterial Ubiquitin Ligase IpaH9.8. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 22:507-518.e5. [PMID: 29024643 PMCID: PMC5644667 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Interferon exposure boosts cell-autonomous immunity for more efficient pathogen control. But how interferon-enhanced immunity protects the cytosol against bacteria and how professionally cytosol-dwelling bacteria avoid clearance are insufficiently understood. Here we demonstrate that the interferon-induced GTPase family of guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs) coats Shigella flexneri in a hierarchical manner reliant on GBP1. GBPs inhibit actin-dependent motility and cell-to-cell spread of bacteria but are antagonized by IpaH9.8, a bacterial ubiquitin ligase secreted into the host cytosol. IpaH9.8 ubiquitylates GBP1, GBP2, and GBP4 to cause the proteasome-dependent destruction of existing GBP coats. This ubiquitin coating of Shigella favors the pathogen as it liberates bacteria from GBP encapsulation to resume actin-mediated motility and cell-to-cell spread. We conclude that an important function of GBP recruitment to S. flexneri is to prevent the spread of infection to neighboring cells while IpaH9.8 helps bacterial propagation by counteracting GBP-dependent cell-autonomous immunity. Guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs) coat S. flexneri in a GBP1-dependent manner GBP coats antagonize bacterial actin-dependent motility and cell-to-cell spreading IpaH9.8, a bacterial E3 ubiquitin ligase, targets GBPs for degradation IpaH9.8 re-establishes bacterial motility and cell-to-cell spread
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal P Wandel
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Division of Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Claudio Pathe
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Division of Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Emma I Werner
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Division of Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Cara J Ellison
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Division of Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Keith B Boyle
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Division of Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Alexander von der Malsburg
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Division of Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - John Rohde
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University Halifax, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Felix Randow
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Division of Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK; University of Cambridge, Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
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113
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Abstract
Ubiquitylation is an essential posttranslational modification that controls cell division, differentiation, and survival in all eukaryotes. By combining multiple E3 ligases (writers), ubiquitin-binding effectors (readers), and de-ubiquitylases (erasers) with functionally distinct ubiquitylation tags, the ubiquitin system constitutes a powerful signaling network that is employed in similar ways from yeast to humans. Here, we discuss conserved principles of ubiquitin-dependent signaling that illustrate how this posttranslational modification shapes intracellular signaling networks to establish robust development and homeostasis throughout the eukaryotic kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Oh
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA; .,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - David Akopian
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Michael Rape
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA; .,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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114
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Liu J, Pan L. Structural bases of the assembly, recognition and disassembly of linear ubiquitin chain. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1865:1410-1422. [PMID: 29981772 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Linear ubiquitin chain is a latest discovered type of poly-ubiquitin chain that is broadly involved in innate immune and inflammatory pathways. Dysfunctions in its assembly, recognition or disassembly are intimately related with numerous immunodeficiency or autoimmune diseases. Our understanding of the molecular mechanism for linear ubiquitin chain formation, recognition and disassembly has being significantly evolved in recent years, with particular contribution from the biochemical and structural characterizations of related proteins. Here, we focus on the relevant proteins for the synthesis, recognition and digestion of linear ubiquitin chain, and review recent findings to summarize currently known molecular mechanism from a perspective of structural biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Lifeng Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China.
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115
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Cheng MI, Chen C, Engström P, Portnoy DA, Mitchell G. Actin-based motility allows Listeria monocytogenes to avoid autophagy in the macrophage cytosol. Cell Microbiol 2018; 20:e12854. [PMID: 29726107 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes grows in the host cytosol and uses the surface protein ActA to promote actin polymerisation and mediate actin-based motility. ActA, along with two secreted bacterial phospholipases C, also mediates avoidance from autophagy, a degradative process that targets intracellular microbes. Although it is known that ActA prevents autophagic recognition of L. monocytogenes in epithelial cells by masking the bacterial surface with host factors, the relative roles of actin polymerisation and actin-based motility in autophagy avoidance are unclear in macrophages. Using pharmacological inhibition of actin polymerisation and a collection of actA mutants, we found that actin polymerisation prevented the colocalisation of L. monocytogenes with polyubiquitin, the autophagy receptor p62, and the autophagy protein LC3 during macrophage infection. In addition, the ability of L. monocytogenes to stimulate actin polymerisation promoted autophagy avoidance and growth in macrophages in the absence of phospholipases C. Time-lapse microscopy using green fluorescent protein-LC3 macrophages and a probe for filamentous actin showed that bacteria undergoing actin-based motility moved away from LC3-positive membranes. Collectively, these results suggested that although actin polymerisation protects the bacterial surface from autophagic recognition, actin-based motility allows escape of L. monocytogenes from autophagic membranes in the macrophage cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy I Cheng
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Patrik Engström
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Daniel A Portnoy
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Gabriel Mitchell
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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116
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Siqueira MDS, Ribeiro RDM, Travassos LH. Autophagy and Its Interaction With Intracellular Bacterial Pathogens. Front Immunol 2018; 9:935. [PMID: 29875765 PMCID: PMC5974045 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular responses to stress can be defined by the overwhelming number of changes that cells go through upon contact with and stressful conditions such as infection and modifications in nutritional status. One of the main cellular responses to stress is autophagy. Much progress has been made in the understanding of the mechanisms involved in the induction of autophagy during infection by intracellular bacteria. This review aims to discuss recent findings on the role of autophagy as a cellular response to intracellular bacterial pathogens such as, Streptococcus pyogenes, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Shigella flexneri, Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, and Legionella pneumophila, how the autophagic machinery senses these bacteria directly or indirectly (through the detection of bacteria-induced nutritional stress), and how some of these bacterial pathogens manage to escape from autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana da Silva Siqueira
- Laboratory of Immunoreceptors and Signaling, Immunobiology Program, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renato de Moraes Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Immunoreceptors and Signaling, Immunobiology Program, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo H Travassos
- Laboratory of Immunoreceptors and Signaling, Immunobiology Program, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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117
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Fennell LM, Rahighi S, Ikeda F. Linear ubiquitin chain-binding domains. FEBS J 2018; 285:2746-2761. [PMID: 29679476 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitin modification (ubiquitination) of target proteins can vary with respect to chain lengths, linkage type, and chain forms, such as homologous, mixed, and branched ubiquitin chains. Thus, ubiquitination can generate multiple unique surfaces on a target protein substrate. Ubiquitin-binding domains (UBDs) recognize ubiquitinated substrates, by specifically binding to these unique surfaces, modulate the formation of cellular signaling complexes and regulate downstream signaling cascades. Among the eight different homotypic chain types, Met1-linked (also termed linear) chains are the only chains in which linkage occurs on a non-Lys residue of ubiquitin. Linear ubiquitin chains have been implicated in immune responses, cell death and autophagy, and several UBDs - specific for linear ubiquitin chains - have been identified. In this review, we describe the main principles of ubiquitin recognition by UBDs, focusing on linear ubiquitin chains and their roles in biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian M Fennell
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Austria
| | - Simin Rahighi
- Chapman University School of Pharmacy (CUSP), Harry and Diane Health Science Campus, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Fumiyo Ikeda
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Austria
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118
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The Superimposed Deubiquitination Effect of OTULIN and Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) Nsp11 Promotes Multiplication of PRRSV. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00175-18. [PMID: 29444948 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00175-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Linear ubiquitination plays an important role in the regulation of the immune response by regulating nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). The linear ubiquitination-specific deubiquitinase ovarian tumor domain deubiquitinase with linear linkage specificity (OTULIN) can control the immune signaling transduction pathway by restricting the Met1-linked ubiquitination process. In our study, the porcine OTLLIN gene was cloned and deubiquitin functions were detected in a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)-infected-cell model. PRRSV infection promotes the expression of the OTULIN gene; in turn, overexpression of OTULIN contributes to PRRSV proliferation. There is negative regulation of innate immunity with OTULIN during viral infection. The cooperative effects of swine OTULIN and PRRSV Nsp11 potentiate the ability to reduce levels of cellular protein ubiquitin associated with innate immunity. Importantly, PRRSV Nsp11 recruits OTULIN through a nonenzymatic combination to enhance its ability to remove linear ubiquitination targeting NEMO, resulting in a superimposed effect that inhibits the production of type I interferons (IFNs). Our report presents a new model of virus utilization of the ubiquitin-protease system in vivo from the perspective of the viral proteins that interact with cell deubiquitination enzymes, providing new ideas for prevention and control of PRRSV.IMPORTANCE Deubiquitination effects of swine OTULIN were identified. The interaction between porcine OTULIN and PRRSV Nsp11 is dependent on the OTU domain. PRRSV Nsp11 recruits OTULIN through a nonenzymatic combination to promote removal of linear ubiquitination targeting NEMO, resulting in a superimposed effect that inhibits the production of type I IFNs.
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119
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Tschurtschenthaler M, Adolph TE. The Selective Autophagy Receptor Optineurin in Crohn's Disease. Front Immunol 2018; 9:766. [PMID: 29692785 PMCID: PMC5902526 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a pathway that allows cells to target organelles, protein complexes, or invading microorganisms for lysosomal degradation. The specificity of autophagic processes is becoming increasingly recognized and is conferred by selective autophagy receptors such as Optineurin (OPTN). As an autophagy receptor, OPTN controls the clearance of Salmonella infection and mediates mitochondrial turnover. Recent studies demonstrated that OPTN is critically required for pathogen clearance and an appropriate cytokine response in macrophages. Moreover, OPTN emerges as a critical regulator of inflammation emanating from epithelial cells in the intestine. OPTN directly interacts with and promotes the removal of inositol-requiring enzyme 1α, a central inflammatory signaling hub of the stressed endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Perturbations of ER and autophagy functions have been linked to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and specifically Crohn's disease. Collectively, these studies may explain how perturbations at the ER can be resolved by selective autophagy to restrain inflammatory processes in the intestine and turn the spotlight on OPTN as a key autophagy receptor. This review covers a timely perspective on the regulation and function of OPTN in health and IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Tschurtschenthaler
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Timon Erik Adolph
- Department of Medicine I (Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism), Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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120
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Slowicka K, van Loo G. Optineurin Functions for Optimal Immunity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:769. [PMID: 29692786 PMCID: PMC5902560 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Optineurin (OPTN) was identified 20 years ago in a yeast-two-hybrid screen with a viral protein known to inhibit the cytolytic effects of tumor necrosis factor. Since then, OPTN has been identified as a ubiquitin-binding protein involved in many signaling pathways and cellular processes, and mutations in the OPTN gene have been associated with glaucoma, Paget’s disease of bone and neurodegenerative pathologies. Its role in autophagy, however, has attracted most attention in recent years and may explain (some of) the mechanisms behind the disease-associated mutations of OPTN. In this brief review, we focus on the role of OPTN in inflammation and immunity and describe how this may translate to its involvement in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Slowicka
- Unit of Cellular and Molecular Pathophysiology, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert van Loo
- Unit of Cellular and Molecular Pathophysiology, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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121
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Mitchell G, Isberg RR. Innate Immunity to Intracellular Pathogens: Balancing Microbial Elimination and Inflammation. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 22:166-175. [PMID: 28799902 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent excitement regarding immune clearance of intracellular microorganisms has focused on two systems that maintain cellular homeostasis. One system includes cellular autophagy components that mediate degradation of pathogens in membrane-bound compartments, in a process termed xenophagy. The second system is driven by interferon-regulated GTPases that promote rupture of pathogen-containing vacuoles and microbial degradation. In the case of xenophagy, pathogen sequestration and compartmentalization suppress inflammation. In contrast, interferon-driven events can lead to exposure of pathogen-associated molecular patterns to the host cytosol with consequent inflammasome activation. Paradoxically, signals and factors involved in xenophagy also mobilize interferon-regulated GTPases, which drive the inflammatory response, indicating considerable cross-talk between these pathways. How these responses are prioritized remains to be understood. In this review, we describe mechanisms of intracellular pathogen clearance that rely on the autophagy machinery and interferon-regulated GTPases, and speculate how these pathways engage each other to balance pathogen elimination with inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Mitchell
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ralph R Isberg
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 150 Harrison Ave., Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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122
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Cooperative Immune Suppression by Escherichia coli and Shigella Effector Proteins. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00560-17. [PMID: 29339461 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00560-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The enteric attaching and effacing (A/E) pathogens enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) and the invasive pathogens enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) and Shigella encode type III secretion systems (T3SS) used to inject effector proteins into human host cells during infection. Among these are a group of effectors required for NF-κB-mediated host immune evasion. Recent studies have identified several effector proteins from A/E pathogens and EIEC/Shigella that are involved in suppression of NF-κB and have uncovered their cellular and molecular functions. A novel mechanism among these effectors from both groups of pathogens is to coordinate effector function during infection. This cooperativity among effector proteins explains how bacterial pathogens are able to effectively suppress innate immune defense mechanisms in response to diverse classes of immune receptor signaling complexes (RSCs) stimulated during infection.
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123
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Xu H, Qin W, Hu X, Mu S, Zhu J, Lu W, Luo Y. Lentivirus-mediated overexpression of OTULIN ameliorates microglia activation and neuroinflammation by depressing the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion rats. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:83. [PMID: 29544517 PMCID: PMC5856386 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1117-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ischemic stroke-induced neuroinflammation is mainly mediated by microglial cells. The nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway is the key transcriptional pathway that initiates inflammatory responses following cerebral ischemia. OTULIN, a critical negative regulator of the NF-κΒ signaling pathway, exerts robust effects on peripheral immune cell-mediated inflammation and is regarded as an essential mediator for repressing inflammation in vivo. The effect of OTULIN on inflammatory responses in the central nervous system (CNS) was previously unstudied. This current study investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of OTULIN both in vitro and in vivo in ischemic stroke models. Methods Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) or an intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Overexpression of the OTULIN gene was utilized to observe the effect of OTULIN on ischemic stroke outcomes. The effect of OTULIN overexpression on microglia-mediated neuroinflammation was examined in rat primary microglia (PM) and in the microglial cell line N9 after induction by oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-treated neuronal medium. The activation and inflammatory responses of microglia were detected using immunofluorescence, ELISA, and qRT-PCR. The details of molecular mechanism were assessed using Western blotting. Results In the tMCAO rats, the focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury induced a continuous increase in OTULIN expression within 72 h, and OTULIN expression was increased in activated microglial cells. OTULIN overexpression obviously decreased the cerebral infarct volume, improved the neurological function deficits, and reduced neuronal loss at 72 h after reperfusion, and it also inhibited the activation of microglia and attenuated the release of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 by suppressing the NF-κB pathway at 24 h after tMCAO. In vitro, OTULIN overexpression inhibited the microglia-mediated neuroinflammation by reducing the production of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 via depressing the NF-κB pathway in both PM and N9 cells. Conclusions OTULIN provides a potential therapeutic target for ischemic brain injury by ameliorating the excessive activation of microglial cells and neuroinflammation through repressing the NF-κB signaling pathway. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-018-1117-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbei Xu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.,Laboratory Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Wenyi Qin
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xiao Hu
- Department of Neurology, Guizhou Provincial People's hospital, Guizhou, 50002, China
| | - Song Mu
- Department of Anus & Intestine surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, 550004, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.,Laboratory Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Wenhao Lu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.,Laboratory Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yong Luo
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China. .,Laboratory Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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124
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Wang L, Yan J, Niu H, Huang R, Wu S. Autophagy and Ubiquitination in Salmonella Infection and the Related Inflammatory Responses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:78. [PMID: 29594070 PMCID: PMC5861197 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonellae are facultative intracellular pathogens that cause globally distributed diseases with massive morbidity and mortality in humans and animals. In the past decades, numerous studies were focused on host defenses against Salmonella infection. Autophagy has been demonstrated to be an important defense mechanism to clear intracellular pathogenic organisms, as well as a regulator of immune responses. Ubiquitin modification also has multiple effects on the host immune system against bacterial infection. It has been indicated that ubiquitination plays critical roles in recognition and clearance of some invading bacteria by autophagy. Additionally, the ubiquitination of autophagy proteins in autophagy flux and inflammation-related substance determines the outcomes of infection. However, many intracellular pathogens manipulate the ubiquitination system to counteract the host immunity. Salmonellae interfere with host responses via the delivery of ~30 effector proteins into cytosol to promote their survival and proliferation. Among them, some could link the ubiquitin-proteasome system with autophagy during infection and affect the host inflammatory responses. In this review, novel findings on the issue of ubiquitination and autophagy connection as the mechanisms of host defenses against Salmonella infection and the subverted processes are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidan Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jing Yan
- Department of Microbiology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hua Niu
- Department of Microbiology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Rui Huang
- Department of Microbiology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shuyan Wu
- Department of Microbiology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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125
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Host-pathogen interactions and subversion of autophagy. Essays Biochem 2017; 61:687-697. [PMID: 29233878 PMCID: PMC5869863 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20170058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Macroautophagy (‘autophagy’), is the process by which cells can form a double-membraned vesicle that encapsulates material to be degraded by the lysosome. This can include complex structures such as damaged mitochondria, peroxisomes, protein aggregates and large swathes of cytoplasm that can not be processed efficiently by other means of degradation. Recycling of amino acids and lipids through autophagy allows the cell to form intracellular pools that aid survival during periods of stress, including growth factor deprivation, amino acid starvation or a depleted oxygen supply. One of the major functions of autophagy that has emerged over the last decade is its importance as a safeguard against infection. The ability of autophagy to selectively target intracellular pathogens for destruction is now regarded as a key aspect of the innate immune response. However, pathogens have evolved mechanisms to either evade or reconfigure the autophagy pathway for their own survival. Understanding how pathogens interact with and manipulate the host autophagy pathway will hopefully provide a basis for combating infection and increase our understanding of the role and regulation of autophagy. Herein, we will discuss how the host cell can identify and target invading pathogens and how pathogens have adapted in order to evade destruction by the host cell. In particular, we will focus on interactions between the mammalian autophagy gene 8 (ATG8) proteins and the host and pathogen effector proteins.
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126
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Abstract
Ubiquitination is a widespread post-translational modification that controls multiple steps in autophagy, a major lysosome-mediated intracellular degradation pathway. A variety of ubiquitin chains are attached as selective labels on protein aggregates and dysfunctional organelles, thus promoting their autophagy-dependent degradation. Moreover, ubiquitin modification of autophagy regulatory components is essential to positively or negatively regulate autophagy flux in both non-selective and selective pathways. We review the current findings that elucidate the components, timing, and kinetics of the multivalent role of ubiquitin signals in control of amplitude and selectivity of autophagy pathways as well as their impact on the development of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Grumati
- From the Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University Frankfurt-Medical Faculty, University Hospital, 60590 Frankfurt am Main and
| | - Ivan Dikic
- From the Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University Frankfurt-Medical Faculty, University Hospital, 60590 Frankfurt am Main and .,the Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt-Riedberg Campus, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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127
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Abstract
The cellular degradative pathway of autophagy has a fundamental role in immunity. Here, we review the function of autophagy and autophagy proteins in inflammation. We discuss how the autophagy machinery controls the burden of infectious agents while simultaneously limiting inflammatory pathologies, which often involves processes that are distinct from conventional autophagy. Among the newly emerging processes we describe are LC3-associated phagocytosis and targeting by autophagy proteins, both of which require many of the same proteins that mediate conventional autophagy. We also discuss how autophagy contributes to differentiation of myeloid and lymphoid cell types, coordinates multicellular immunity, and facilitates memory responses. Together, these functions establish an intimate link between autophagy, mucosal immunity, and chronic inflammatory diseases. Finally, we offer our perspective on current challenges and barriers to translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Matsuzawa-Ishimoto
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute and.,Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; ,
| | - Seungmin Hwang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA;
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute and.,Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; ,
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128
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Herhaus L, Dikic I. Regulation of Salmonella-host cell interactions via the ubiquitin system. Int J Med Microbiol 2017; 308:176-184. [PMID: 29126744 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella infections cause acute intestinal inflammatory responses through the action of bacterial effector proteins secreted into the host cytosol. These proteins promote Salmonella survival, amongst others, by deregulating the host innate immune system and interfering with host cell ubiquitylation signaling. This review describes the recent findings of dynamic changes of the host ubiquitinome during pathogen infection, how bacterial effector proteins modulate the host ubiquitin system and how the host innate immune system counteracts Salmonella invasion by using these pathogens as signaling platforms to initiate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Herhaus
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University Frankfurt - Medical Faculty, University Hospital, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ivan Dikic
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University Frankfurt - Medical Faculty, University Hospital, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Riedberg Campus, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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129
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Coers J. Sweet host revenge: Galectins and GBPs join forces at broken membranes. Cell Microbiol 2017; 19. [PMID: 28973783 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Most bacterial pathogens enter and exit eukaryotic cells during their journey through the vertebrate host. In order to endure inside a eukaryotic cell, bacterial invaders commonly employ bacterial secretion systems to inject host cells with virulence factors that co-opt the host's membrane trafficking systems and thereby establish specialised pathogen-containing vacuoles (PVs) as intracellular niches permissive for microbial growth and survival. To defend against these microbial adversaries hiding inside PVs, host organisms including humans evolved an elaborate cell-intrinsic armoury of antimicrobial weapons that include noxious gases, antimicrobial peptides, degradative enzymes, and pore-forming proteins. This impressive defence machinery needs to be accurately delivered to PVs, in order to fight off vacuole-dwelling pathogens. Here, I discuss recent evidence that the presence of bacterial secretion systems at PVs and the associated destabilisation of PV membranes attract such antimicrobial delivery systems consisting of sugar-binding galectins as well as dynamin-like guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs). I will review recent advances in our understanding of intracellular immune recognition of PVs by galectins and GBPs, discuss how galectins and GBPs control host defence, and highlight important avenues of future research in this exciting area of cell-autonomous immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörn Coers
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
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130
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Abstract
Ubiquitination is a post‐translational modification in which ubiquitin, a 76‐amino acid polypeptide, is covalently bound to one or more lysines of a target protein. Ubiquitination is mediated by the coordinated activity of ubiquitin activating (E1), conjugating (E2), and ligating (E3) enzymes. Ubiquitin is widely investigated for its ability to regulate key biological processes in the cell, including protein degradation and host–bacteria interactions. The determinants underlying bacterial ubiquitination, and their precise roles in host defense, have not been fully resolved. In this issue of EMBO Reports, Polajnar et al1 discover that Ring‐between‐Ring (RBR) E3 ligase ARIH1 (also known as HHARI) is involved in formation of the ubiquitin coat surrounding cytosolic Salmonella. Evidence suggests that ARIH1, in cooperation with E3 ligases LRSAM1 and HOIP, modulates the recognition of intracellular bacteria for cell‐autonomous immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damián Lobato-Márquez
- Section of Microbiology, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Serge Mostowy
- Section of Microbiology, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection Imperial College London, London, UK
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131
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Polajnar M, Dietz MS, Heilemann M, Behrends C. Expanding the host cell ubiquitylation machinery targeting cytosolic Salmonella. EMBO Rep 2017; 18:1572-1585. [PMID: 28784601 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201643851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitylation is one of the cardinal post-translational modifications in the cell, balancing several distinct biological processes and acting as a pathogen recognition receptor during bacterial pathogen invasion. A dense layer of polyubiquitin chains marks invading bacteria that gain access to the host cytosol for their selective clearance via xenophagy. However, the enzymes that mediate recognition of cytosolic bacteria and generate this ubiquitin (Ub) coat remain largely elusive. To address this, we employed an image-based RNAi screening approach to monitor the loss of Ub on Salmonella upon depletion of human Ub E3 ligases in cells. Using this approach, we identified ARIH1 as one of the ligases involved in the formation of Ub coat on cytosolic bacteria. In addition, we provide evidence that the RING-between-RING ligase ARIH1, together with LRSAM1 and HOIP, forms part of a network of ligases that orchestrates recognition of intracellular Salmonella and participates in the activation of the host cell immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Polajnar
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University School of Medicine, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, München, Germany
| | - Marina S Dietz
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mike Heilemann
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christian Behrends
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University School of Medicine, Frankfurt am Main, Germany .,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, München, Germany
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