101
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Zhao R, Fallon TR, Saladi SV, Pardo-Saganta A, Villoria J, Mou H, Vinarsky V, Gonzalez-Celeiro M, Nunna N, Hariri LP, Camargo F, Ellisen LW, Rajagopal J. Yap tunes airway epithelial size and architecture by regulating the identity, maintenance, and self-renewal of stem cells. Dev Cell 2014; 30:151-65. [PMID: 25043474 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of how stem cells are regulated to maintain appropriate tissue size and architecture is incomplete. We show that Yap (Yes-associated protein 1) is required for the actual maintenance of an adult mammalian stem cell. Without Yap, adult airway basal stem cells are lost through their unrestrained differentiation, resulting in the simplification of a pseudostratified epithelium into a columnar one. Conversely, Yap overexpression increases stem cell self-renewal and blocks terminal differentiation, resulting in epithelial hyperplasia and stratification. Yap overexpression in differentiated secretory cells causes them to partially reprogram and adopt a stem cell-like identity. In contrast, Yap knockdown prevents the dedifferentiation of secretory cells into stem cells. We then show that Yap functionally interacts with p63, the cardinal transcription factor associated with myriad epithelial basal stem cells. In aggregate, we show that Yap regulates all of the cardinal behaviors of airway epithelial stem cells and determines epithelial architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhao
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Timothy R Fallon
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | | | - Ana Pardo-Saganta
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jorge Villoria
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Hongmei Mou
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Vladimir Vinarsky
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Meryem Gonzalez-Celeiro
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Naveen Nunna
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Lida P Hariri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Fernando Camargo
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Leif W Ellisen
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jayaraj Rajagopal
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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102
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Tan EH, Morton JP, Timpson P, Tucci P, Melino G, Flores ER, Sansom OJ, Vousden KH, Muller PAJ. Functions of TAp63 and p53 in restraining the development of metastatic cancer. Oncogene 2014; 33:3325-33. [PMID: 23873029 PMCID: PMC4181588 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Many tumours harbour mutations in the p53 tumour-suppressor gene that result in the expression of a mutant p53 protein. This mutant p53 protein has, in most cases, lost wild-type transcriptional activity and can also acquire novel functions in promoting invasion and metastasis. One of the mechanisms underlying these novel functions involves the ability of the mutant p53 to interfere with other transcription factors, including the p53 family protein TAp63. To investigate whether simultaneous depletion of both p53 and TAp63 can recapitulate the effect of mutant p53 expression in vivo, we used a mouse model of pancreatic cancer in which the expression of mutant p53 resulted in the rapid appearance of primary tumours and metastases. As shown previously, loss of one allele of wild-type (WT) p53 accelerated tumour development. A change of one WT p53 allele into mutant p53 did not further accelerate tumour development, but did promote the formation of metastasis. By contrast, loss of TAp63 did not significantly accelerate tumour development or metastasis. However, simultaneous depletion of p53 and TAp63 led to both rapid tumour development and metastatic potential, although the incidence of metastases remained lower than that seen in mutant p53-expressing tumours. TAp63/p53-null cells derived from these mice also showed an enhanced ability to scatter and invade in tissue culture as was observed in mutant p53 cells. These data suggest that depletion of TAp63 in a p53-null tumour can promote metastasis and recapitulate-to some extent-the consequences of mutant p53 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- EH Tan
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - JP Morton
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - P Timpson
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Program, Sydney, Australia
| | - P Tucci
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Leicester, UK
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende (CS), Italy
| | - G Melino
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Leicester, UK
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico and University of Rome, “Tor Vergata,” Rome, Italy
| | - ER Flores
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - OJ Sansom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - KH Vousden
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - PAJ Muller
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
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103
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McDade SS, Patel D, Moran M, Campbell J, Fenwick K, Kozarewa I, Orr NJ, Lord CJ, Ashworth AA, McCance DJ. Genome-wide characterization reveals complex interplay between TP53 and TP63 in response to genotoxic stress. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:6270-85. [PMID: 24823795 PMCID: PMC4041465 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to genotoxic stress the TP53 tumour suppressor activates target gene expression to induce cell cycle arrest or apoptosis depending on the extent of DNA damage. These canonical activities can be repressed by TP63 in normal stratifying epithelia to maintain proliferative capacity or drive proliferation of squamous cell carcinomas, where TP63 is frequently overexpressed/amplified. Here we use ChIP-sequencing, integrated with microarray analysis, to define the genome-wide interplay between TP53 and TP63 in response to genotoxic stress in normal cells. We reveal that TP53 and TP63 bind to overlapping, but distinct cistromes of sites through utilization of distinctive consensus motifs and that TP53 is constitutively bound to a number of sites. We demonstrate that cisplatin and adriamycin elicit distinct effects on TP53 and TP63 binding events, through which TP53 can induce or repress transcription of an extensive network of genes by direct binding and/or modulation of TP63 activity. Collectively, this results in a global TP53-dependent repression of cell cycle progression, mitosis and DNA damage repair concomitant with activation of anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic canonical target genes. Further analyses reveal that in the absence of genotoxic stress TP63 plays an important role in maintaining expression of DNA repair genes, loss of which results in defective repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon S McDade
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Daksha Patel
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Michael Moran
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - James Campbell
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Cancer Research, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Kerry Fenwick
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Cancer Research, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Iwanka Kozarewa
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Cancer Research, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Nicholas J Orr
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Cancer Research, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Christopher J Lord
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Cancer Research, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Alan A Ashworth
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Cancer Research, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Dennis J McCance
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
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104
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Assefnia S, Kang K, Groeneveld S, Yamaji D, Dabydeen S, Alamri A, Liu X, Hennighausen L, Furth PA. Trp63 is regulated by STAT5 in mammary tissue and subject to differentiation in cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2014; 21:443-57. [PMID: 24692510 PMCID: PMC4073690 DOI: 10.1530/erc-14-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Transformation-related protein 63 (Trp63), the predominant member of the Trp53 family, contributes to epithelial differentiation and is expressed in breast neoplasia. Trp63 features two distinct promoters yielding specific mRNAs encoding two major TRP63 isoforms, a transactivating transcription factor and a dominant negative isoform. Specific TRP63 isoforms are linked to cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, survival, and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT). Although TRP63 overexpression in cultured cells is used to elucidate functions, little is known about Trp63 regulation in normal and cancerous mammary tissues. This study used ChIP-seq to interrogate transcription factor binding and histone modifications of the Trp63 locus in mammary tissue and RNA-seq and immunohistochemistry to gauge gene expression. H3K4me2 and H3K4me3 marks coincided only with the proximal promoter, supporting RNA-seq data showing the predominance of the dominant negative isoform. STAT5 bound specifically to the Trp63 proximal promoter and Trp63 mRNA levels were elevated upon deleting Stat5 from mammary tissue, suggesting its role as a negative regulator. The dominant negative TRP63 isoform was localized to nuclei of basal mammary epithelial cells throughout reproductive cycles and retained in a majority of the triple-negative cancers generated from loss of full-length Brca1. Increased expression of dominant negative isoforms was correlated with developmental windows of increased progesterone receptor binding to the proximal Trp63 promoter and decreased expression during lactation was correlated with STAT5 binding to the same region. TRP63 is present in the majority of triple-negative cancers resulting from loss of Brca1 but diminished in less differentiated cancer subtypes and in cancer cells undergoing EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahin Assefnia
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Keunsoo Kang
- Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 8 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-0822, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Svenja Groeneveld
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
- Department Pharmazie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany
| | - Daisuke Yamaji
- Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 8 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-0822, USA
| | - Sarah Dabydeen
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ahmad Alamri
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
- College of Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xuefeng Liu
- Department of Pathology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Lothar Hennighausen
- Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 8 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-0822, USA
| | - Priscilla A. Furth
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Medicine, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
- Corresponding author: Priscilla A. Furth, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, 3970 Reservoir Rd NW, Research Bldg., Room 520A, Washington, DC 20057 USA
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105
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Riehmer V, Gietzelt J, Beyer U, Hentschel B, Westphal M, Schackert G, Sabel MC, Radlwimmer B, Pietsch T, Reifenberger G, Weller M, Weber RG, Loeffler M. Genomic profiling reveals distinctive molecular relapse patterns in IDH1/2 wild-type glioblastoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2014; 53:589-605. [PMID: 24706357 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular changes associated with the progression of glioblastoma after standard radiochemotherapy remain poorly understood. We compared genomic profiles of 27 paired primary and recurrent IDH1/2 wild-type glioblastomas by genome-wide array-based comparative genomic hybridization. By bioinformatic analysis, primary and recurrent tumor profiles were normalized and segmented, chromosomal gains and losses identified taking the tumor cell content into account, and difference profiles deduced. Seven of 27 (26%) pairs lacked DNA copy number differences between primary and recurrent tumors (equal pairs). The recurrent tumors in 9/27 (33%) pairs contained all chromosomal imbalances of the primary tumors plus additional ones, suggesting a sequential acquisition of and/or selection for aberrations during progression (sequential pairs). In 11/27 (41%) pairs, the profiles of primary and recurrent tumors were divergent, i.e., the recurrent tumors contained additional aberrations but had lost others, suggesting a polyclonal composition of the primary tumors and considerable clonal evolution (discrepant pairs). Losses on 9p21.3 harboring the CDKN2A/B locus were significantly more common in primary tumors from sequential and discrepant (nonequal) pairs. Nonequal pairs showed ten regions of recurrent genomic differences between primary and recurrent tumors harboring 46 candidate genes associated with tumor recurrence. In particular, copy numbers of genes encoding apoptosis regulators were frequently changed at progression. In summary, approximately 25% of IDH1/2 wild-type glioblastoma pairs have stable genomic imbalances. In contrast, approximately 75% of IDH1/2 wild-type glioblastomas undergo further genomic aberrations and alter their clonal composition upon recurrence impacting their genomic profile, a process possibly facilitated by 9p21.3 loss in the primary tumor. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Riehmer
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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106
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Alexander CM, Joshi PA, Khokha R. Fully interlocking: a story of teamwork among breast epithelial cells. Dev Cell 2014; 28:114-5. [PMID: 24480641 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this issue of Developmental Cell, Forster et al. (2014) show that the basal myoepithelial cell layer directs the final maturation of the adjacent luminal cell sheet during pregnancy. Do all mammary epithelial cells both give and take instructions from others to create the milk production machinery?
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Alexander
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Purna A Joshi
- Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 2M9, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rama Khokha
- Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 2M9, Ontario, Canada
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107
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D'Aguanno S, Barcaroli D, Rossi C, Zucchelli M, Ciavardelli D, Cortese C, De Cola A, Volpe S, D'Agostino D, Todaro M, Stassi G, Di Ilio C, Urbani A, De Laurenzi V. p63 isoforms regulate metabolism of cancer stem cells. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:2120-36. [PMID: 24597989 DOI: 10.1021/pr4012574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
p63 is an important regulator of epithelial development expressed in different variants containing (TA) or lacking (ΔN) the N-terminal transactivation domain. The different isoforms regulate stem-cell renewal and differentiation as well as cell senescence. Several studies indicate that p63 isoforms also play a role in cancer development; however, very little is known about the role played by p63 in regulating the cancer stem phenotype. Here we investigate the cellular signals regulated by TAp63 and ΔNp63 in a model of epithelial cancer stem cells. To this end, we used colon cancer stem cells, overexpressing either TAp63 or ΔNp63 isoforms, to carry out a proteomic study by chemical-labeling approach coupled to network analysis. Our results indicate that p63 is implicated in a wide range of biological processes, including metabolism. This was further investigated by a targeted strategy at both protein and metabolite levels. The overall data show that TAp63 overexpressing cells are more glycolytic-active than ΔNp63 cells, indicating that the two isoforms may regulate the key steps of glycolysis in an opposite manner. The mass-spectrometry proteomics data of the study have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange Consortium ( http://proteomecentral.proteomexchange.org ) via the PRIDE partner repository with data set identifiers PXD000769 and PXD000768.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona D'Aguanno
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio University" , Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti-Pescara 66100, Italy
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108
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Genomic DNA copy number alterations from precursor oral lesions to oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2014; 50:404-12. [PMID: 24613650 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oral cancer is a multifactorial disease in which both environmental and genetic factors contribute to the aetiopathogenesis. Oral cancer is the sixth most common cancer worldwide with a higher incidence among Melanesian and South Asian countries. More than 90% of oral cancers are oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The present study aimed to determine common genomic copy number alterations (CNAs) and their frequency by including 12 studies that have been conducted on OSCCs using array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH). In addition, we reviewed the literature dealing with CNAs that drive oral precursor lesions to the invasive tumors. Results showed a sequential accumulation of genetic changes from oral precursor lesions to invasive tumors. With the disease progression, accumulation of genetic changes increases in terms of frequency, type and size of the abnormalities, even on different regions of the same chromosome. Gains in 3q (36.5%), 5p (23%), 7p (21%), 8q (47%), 11q (45%), 20q (31%) and losses in 3p (37%), 8p (18%), 9p (10%) and 18q (11%) were the most common observations among those studies. However, losses are less frequent than gains but it appears that they might be the primary clonal events in causing oral cancer.
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109
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Huang SY, Fang CY, Wu CC, Tsai CH, Lin SF, Chen JY. Reactive oxygen species mediate Epstein-Barr virus reactivation by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84919. [PMID: 24376853 PMCID: PMC3869928 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
N-nitroso compounds (NOCs) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) reactivation have been suggested to play a role in the development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Although chemicals have been shown to be a risk factor contributing to the carcinogenesis of NPC, the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. We demonstrated recently that N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) enhances the genomic instability and tumorigenicity of NPC cells via induction of EBV reactivation. However, the mechanisms that trigger EBV reactivation from latency remain unclear. Here, we address the role of ROS in induction of EBV reactivation under MNNG treatment. EBV reactivation was induced in over 70% of EBV-positive NA cells and the promoter of Rta (Rp) was activated after MNNG treatment. Inhibitor experiments revealed ATM, p38 MAPK and JNK were activated by ROS and involved in MNNG-induced EBV reactivation. Significantly, ROS scavengers N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), catalase and reduced glutathione inhibited EBV reactivation under MNNG and H₂O₂ treatment, suggesting ROS mediate EBV reactivation. The p53 was essential for EBV reactivation and the Rp activation by MNNG. Moreover, the p53 was phosphorylated, translocated into nucleus, and bound to Rp following ROS stimulation. The results suggest ROS play an important role in initiation of EBV reactivation by MNNG through a p53-dependent mechanism. Our findings demonstrate novel signaling mechanisms used by NOCs to induce EBV reactivation and provide a novel insight into NOCs link the EBV reactivation in the contribution to the development of NPC. Notably, this study indicates that antioxidants might be effective for inhibiting N-nitroso compound-induced EBV reactivation and therefore could be promising preventive and therapeutic agents for EBV reactivation-associated malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Yen Huang
- Graduate Program of Biotechnology in Medicine of National Tsing Hua University and National Health Research Institutes, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Life Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yeu Fang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Chun Wu
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hwa Tsai
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Su-Fang Lin
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Yang Chen
- Graduate Program of Biotechnology in Medicine of National Tsing Hua University and National Health Research Institutes, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
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110
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Forkhead transcription factor FOXF1 is a novel target gene of the p53 family and regulates cancer cell migration and invasiveness. Oncogene 2013; 33:4837-46. [PMID: 24186199 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
p53 is an established tumor suppressor that can activate the transcription of multiple target genes. Recent evidence suggests that p53 may contribute to the regulation of cell invasion and migration. In this study, we show that the forkhead box transcription factor FOXF1 is a novel target of the p53 family because FOXF1 is upregulated by p53, TAp73 and TAp63. We show that FOXF1 is induced upon DNA damage in a p53-dependent manner. Furthermore, we identified a response element located within the FOXF1 gene that is responsive to wild-type p53, TAp73β and TAp63γ. The ectopic expression of FOXF1 inhibited cancer cell invasion and migration, whereas the inactivation of FOXF1 stimulated cell invasion and migration. We also show that FOXF1 regulates the transcriptional activity of E-cadherin (CDH1) by acting on its FOXF1 consensus binding site located upstream of the E-cadherin gene. Collectively, our results show that FOXF1 is a p53 family target gene, and our data suggest that FOXF1 and p53 form a portion of a regulatory transcriptional network that appears to have an important role in cancer cell invasion and migration.
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111
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Bid HK, Roberts RD, Cam M, Audino A, Kurmasheva RT, Lin J, Houghton PJ, Cam H. ΔNp63 promotes pediatric neuroblastoma and osteosarcoma by regulating tumor angiogenesis. Cancer Res 2013; 74:320-9. [PMID: 24154873 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-0894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor gene p53 and its family members p63/p73 are critical determinants of tumorigenesis. ΔNp63 is a splice variant of p63, which lacks the N-terminal transactivation domain. It is thought to antagonize p53-, p63-, and p73-dependent translation, thus blocking their tumor suppressor activity. In our studies of the pediatric solid tumors neuroblastoma and osteosarcoma, we find overexpression of ΔNp63; however, there is no correlation of ΔNp63 expression with p53 mutation status. Our data suggest that ΔNp63 itself endows cells with a gain-of-function that leads to malignant transformation, a function independent of any p53 antagonism. Here, we demonstrate that ΔNp63 overexpression, independent of p53, increases secretion of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8, leading to elevated phosphorylation of STAT3 (Tyr-705). We show that elevated phosphorylation of STAT3 leads to stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) protein, resulting in VEGF secretion. We also show human clinical data, which suggest a mechanistic role for ΔNp63 in osteosarcoma metastasis. In summary, our studies reveal the mechanism by which ΔNp63, as a master transcription factor, modulates tumor angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant K Bid
- Authors' Affiliations: Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital; and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
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112
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Stinchcombe TE. Targeted Therapies for Locally Advanced or Metastatic Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Lung. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2013; 14:568-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s11864-013-0256-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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113
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Hoebe EK, Le Large TYS, Greijer AE, Middeldorp JM. BamHI-A rightward frame 1, an Epstein-Barr virus-encoded oncogene and immune modulator. Rev Med Virol 2013; 23:367-83. [PMID: 23996634 PMCID: PMC4272418 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) causes several benign and malignant disorders of lymphoid and epithelial origin. EBV-related tumors display distinct patterns of viral latent gene expression, of which the BamHI-A rightward frame 1 (BARF1) is selectively expressed in carcinomas, regulated by cellular differentiation factors including ΔNp63α. BARF1 functions as a viral oncogene, immortalizing and transforming epithelial cells of different origin by acting as a mitogenic growth factor, inducing cyclin-D expression, and up-regulating antiapoptotic Bcl-2, stimulating host cell growth and survival. In addition, secreted hexameric BARF1 has immune evasive properties, functionally corrupting macrophage colony stimulating factor, as supported by recent functional and structural data. Therefore, BARF1, an intracellular and secreted protein, not only has multiple pathogenic functions but also can function as a target for immune responses. Deciphering the role of BARF1 in EBV biology will contribute to novel diagnostic and treatment options for EBV-driven carcinomas. Herein, we discuss recent insights on the regulation of BARF1 expression and aspects of structure-function relating to its oncogenic and immune suppressive properties. © 2013 The Authors. Reviews in Medical Virology published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline K Hoebe
- VU University Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Napoli M, Flores ER. The family that eats together stays together: new p53 family transcriptional targets in autophagy. Genes Dev 2013; 27:971-4. [PMID: 23651851 DOI: 10.1101/gad.219147.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a biological process that is crucial to maintain cellular homeostasis and is regulated by several metabolic pathways, including the p53 tumor suppressor pathway. In this issue of Genes & Development, Kenzelmann Broz and colleagues (pp. 1016-1031) show how the p53 family as a whole, including p63 and p73, collaborate in controlling autophagy to support tumor suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Napoli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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