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Recent research advances in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Formos Med Assoc 2011; 109:777-87. [PMID: 21126650 DOI: 10.1016/s0929-6646(10)60123-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Revised: 08/01/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent progress in risk-adapted treatment for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia has secured 5-year event-free survival rates of approximately 80% and 5-year survival rates approaching 90%. With improved systemic and intrathecal chemotherapy, it is now feasible to omit safely in all patients prophylactic cranial irradiation, which was once a standard treatment. As high-resolution, genome-wide analyses of leukemic and normal host cells continue to identify novel subtypes of lymphoblastic leukemia and provide new insights into leukemogenesis, we can look forward to the time when all cases of this disease will be classified according to specific genetic abnormalities, some of which will yield "druggable" targets for more effective and less toxic treatments. Meanwhile, it is sobering to consider that a significant fraction of leukemia survivors will develop serious health problems within 30 years of their initial diagnosis. This underlines the need to introduce early countermeasures to reduce late therapy-related effects. The ultimate challenge is to gain a clear understanding of the factors that give rise to childhood leukemia in the first place, and enable preventive strategies to be devised and implemented.
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102
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Tsuda JR, Segato R, Barbosa W, Smith MDAC, Payão SLM. Cytogenetic effect of 5-azacytidine in patients with hematological malignancies. Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter 2011; 33:372-6. [PMID: 23049342 PMCID: PMC3415775 DOI: 10.5581/1516-8484.20110101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, the importance of cytogenetics has grown in the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of leukemias and myelodysplastic syndromes. 5-azacytidine is a drug that has well-known cytogenetical effects and is approved in the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes. To date, no studies have been performed to evaluate the impact of 5-azacytidine on the chromosomes of patients with hematological neoplasias. This study aimed to investigate the effects of 5-azacytidine on chromosomes of patients with different hematological malignancies using G-band analyses to identify possible cytogenetical alterations. Methods The peripheral blood of 18 patients with hematological malignancies and 18 controls was collected in heparinized tubes. 5-azacytidine was added, at a final concentration of 10-5M, to cultures 7 hours prior to harvest. Results Uncoiled centromeric/pericentromeric heterochromatin of chromosomes-1, 9 and 16 occurred more frequently in the patients than in controls. This higher frequency of uncoiled heterochromatin was statistically significant (p-value = 0.004) for chromosome-9. Conversely, we observed that the fragile site at 19q13 was more frequent in controls (p-value = 0.0468). Conclusions The results of this study suggest that satellite sequences, located in the heterochromatin of chromosome-9, are hypomethylated in hematological malignancies. This hypomethylation may contribute to the disease, activating transposable elements and/or promoting genomic instability, enabling the loss of heterozygosity of important tumor suppressor genes. An investigation of the 19q13 region may help to understand whether or not the predominant occurrence of the fragile site at 19q13 in controls is due to hypermethylation of this region.
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Xu LH, Fang JP, Weng WJ, Xu HG, Le Y. WITHDRAWN: Therapeutic efficacy of focal adhesion kinase downregulation in REH cells by RNA interference. Leuk Res 2010:S0145-2126(10)00580-1. [PMID: 21176958 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Hong Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, USA
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Chao MP, Alizadeh AA, Tang C, Jan M, Weissman-Tsukamoto R, Zhao F, Park CY, Weissman IL, Majeti R. Therapeutic antibody targeting of CD47 eliminates human acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer Res 2010; 71:1374-84. [PMID: 21177380 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-2238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common pediatric malignancy and constitutes 15% of adult leukemias. Although overall prognosis for pediatric ALL is favorable, high-risk pediatric patients and most adult patients have significantly worse outcomes. Multiagent chemotherapy is standard of care for both pediatric and adult ALL, but is associated with systemic toxicity and long-term side effects and is relatively ineffective against certain ALL subtypes. Recent efforts have focused on the development of targeted therapies for ALL including monoclonal antibodies. Here, we report the identification of CD47, a protein that inhibits phagocytosis, as an antibody target in standard and high-risk ALL. CD47 was found to be more highly expressed on a subset of human ALL patient samples compared with normal cell counterparts and to be an independent predictor of survival and disease refractoriness in several ALL patient cohorts. In addition, a blocking monoclonal antibody against CD47 enabled phagocytosis of ALL cells by macrophages in vitro and inhibited tumor engraftment in vivo. Significantly, anti-CD47 antibody eliminated ALL in the peripheral blood, bone marrow, spleen, and liver of mice engrafted with primary human ALL. These data provide preclinical support for the development of an anti-CD47 antibody therapy for treatment of human ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Chao
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford Cancer Center, and Ludwig Center at Stanford, Palo Alto, California, USA.
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105
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Chen SH, Yang CP, Hung IJ, Jaing TH, Shih LY, Tsai MH. Clinical features, molecular diagnosis, and treatment outcome of infants with leukemia in Taiwan. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010; 55:1264-71. [PMID: 20979094 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.22731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infant leukemia is rare and quite distinct from other childhood leukemias. Differentiating between leukemia and transient myeloproliferative disorder (TMD) in phenotypically normal infants is sometimes difficult. The clinical features and molecular analyses for the fusion transcripts of mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) gene rearrangement in infant leukemia have not been well documented in the Chinese population. PROCEDURE Forty-five consecutive infants diagnosed with leukemia between 1995 and 2007 in a tertiary medical center in Taiwan were studied. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) was diagnosed in 23 infants, acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in 21 (including TMD in 4), and juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) in 1. RESULTS The median white count at diagnosis was higher in ALL than in AML (154.4 × 10(9)/l vs. 58.3 × 10(9)/l, P = 0.05). Chromosome 11q23/MLL abnormalities were present in 77% of ALL and 31% of AML. The 5-year event-free survival (EFS) in infant ALL and AML showed no difference (18% vs. 12%, respectively). The only independent predictor of an adverse prognosis among infants diagnosed with ALL was high presenting white count ≥ 100 × 10(9)/l (P = 0.05). However, no factor was associated with an adverse outcome for infants with AML. CONCLUSIONS The molecular assessments and prognostic factors of infant leukemia in Taiwan mirror those in developed Western countries. Continued molecular investigations and development of more effective therapies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Hsiang Chen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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106
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Hu Y, Gu X, Li R, Luo Q, Xu Y. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β inhibition induces nuclear factor-κB-mediated apoptosis in pediatric acute lymphocyte leukemia cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2010; 29:154. [PMID: 21110852 PMCID: PMC3002327 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-29-154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molecular therapies that target genetic abnormalities in leukemic cells and their affected signaling pathways have been emerging in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) has recently been found to positively regulate the activity of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). Here, we investigated the relationship between GSK-3β inhibition and NF-κB in apoptosis of pediatric primary leukemia cells obtained from 39 newly diagnosed ALL children in China. METHODS Bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMC) were isolated by density gradient centrifugation from the heparinized aspirates of children with ALL. We used immunofluorescence staining to detect nuclear GSK-3β in these cells. After treatment with chemically distinct GSK-3β inhibitors in vitro, NF-κB transcriptional activity was identified by means of western blotting and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). NF-κB-mediated apoptosis was detected by Annexin V-PE/7-AAD double-staining flow cytometry. The expression level of the survivin gene was detected by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS GSK-3β significantly accumulates in the nuclei of ALL cells than in the nuclei of control cells. Cell death induced by GSK-3β inhibition in ALL cells was mediated by a downregulation of NF-κB p65 transcriptional activity. GSK-3β inhibition significantly decreased the expression of the NF-κB target gene survivin. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that inhibition of GSK-3β downregulates the NF-κB activation pathway, leading to suppression of the expression of an NF-κB-regulated gene and promotion of apoptosis in ALL cells in vitro. Furthermore, our findings suggest that GSK-3β or NF-κB is a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of pediatric ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanni Hu
- Laboratory of Oncology, Affiliated Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, No,136, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 86 400014, China
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Yuan B, O’Connor TR, Wang Y. 6-Thioguanine and S⁶-methylthioguanine are mutagenic in human cells. ACS Chem Biol 2010; 5:1021-7. [PMID: 20806951 DOI: 10.1021/cb100214b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Thiopurines are effective immunosuppressants and anticancer agents. However, the long-term use of thiopurines was found to be associated with a significantly increased risk of various types of cancer. To date, the specific mechanism(s) underlying the carcinogenicity associated with thiopurine treatment remain(s) unclear. Herein, we constructed duplex pTGFP-Hha10 shuttle vectors carrying a 6-thioguanine ((S)G) or S⁶-methylthioguanine (S⁶mG) at a unique site and allowed the vectors to propagate in three different human cell lines. Analysis of the replication products revealed that although neither thionucleoside blocked considerably DNA replication in any of the human cell lines, both (S)G and S⁶mG were mutagenic, resulting in G→A mutation at frequencies of ~8% and ~39%, respectively. Consistent with what was found from our previous study in E. coli cells, our data demonstrated that the mutagenic properties of (S)G and S⁶mG provided significant evidence for mutation induction as a potential carcinogenic mechanism associated with chronic thiopurine intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bifeng Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Timothy R. O’Connor
- Biology Division, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California 91010
| | - Yinsheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
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Chen SH, Yang W, Fan Y, Stocco G, Crews KR, Yang JJ, Paugh SW, Pui CH, Evans WE, Relling MV. A genome-wide approach identifies that the aspartate metabolism pathway contributes to asparaginase sensitivity. Leukemia 2010; 25:66-74. [PMID: 21072045 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2010.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Asparaginase is an important component for treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The basis for interindividual differences in asparaginase sensitivity remains unclear. To comprehensively identify genetic variants important in the cytotoxicity of asparaginase, we used a genome-wide association approach using the HapMap lymphoblastoid cell lines (87 CEU trio members) and 54 primary ALL leukemic blast samples at diagnosis. Asparaginase sensitivity was assessed as the drug concentration necessary to inhibit 50% of growth (inhibitory concentration (IC)(50)). In CEU lines, we tested 2,390,203 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotypes at the individual SNP (P<0.001) and gene level (P<0.05), and identified 329 SNPs representing 94 genes that were associated with asparaginase IC(50). The aspartate metabolism pathway was the most overrepresented among 199 pathways evaluated (P=8.1 × 10(-3)), with primary involvement of adenylosuccinate lyase and aspartyl-tRNA synthetase genes. We validated that SNPs in the aspartate metabolism pathway were also associated with asparaginase sensitivity in primary ALL leukemic blast samples (P=5.5 × 10(-5)). Our genome-wide interrogation of CEU cell lines and primary ALL blasts revealed that inherited genomic interindividual variation in a plausible candidate pathway can contribute to asparaginase sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-H Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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109
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Lin D, Liu C, Xue M, Liu R, Jiang L, Yu X, Bao G, Deng F, Yu M, Ao J, Zhou Y, Wu D, Liu H. The role of interleukin-15 polymorphisms in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13626. [PMID: 21049047 PMCID: PMC2963612 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin-15 (IL-15) plays important roles in the immune system and in the development of hematopoietic cells. Previous studies revealed that five SNPs in IL-15, rs10519612, rs10519613, rs35964658, rs17007695 and rs17015014, were significantly associated with childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) treatment response. In adult ALL, the expression of IL-15 was also correlated with the immunophenotypes of ALL. Therefore, we hypothesize that SNPs of IL-15 might also be associated with adult ALL. Methods and Findings We genotyped the above five SNPs of IL-15 gene by PCR-RFLP assays in adult ALL case-control studies. The current study included 121 adult ALL patients and 263 healthy controls. IL-15 genotypes and haplotypes were determined and the associations with the risk of ALL were analyzed by logistic regression. SNPs rs10519612 and rs17007695 were significantly associated with ALL (P = 0.013 and P = 0.001). We observed a 2-fold and 2.4-fold excess risk of developing ALL for the rs10519612 CC and rs17007695 TC genotype carriers compared with non-carriers, respectively. Haplotype analysis revealed that haplotypes ACAC, CAGT and CCAT were significantly associated with adult B-ALL, while haplotype CCAT conferred susceptibility to T-ALL. Conclusion These findings suggest that IL-15 gene polymorphisms are significantly associated with ALL in adult Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Lin
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Tumor Immunology, Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Department of Hematology, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Key Lab of the Ministry of Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chunliang Liu
- Deparment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Mengxing Xue
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Tumor Immunology, Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Department of Hematology, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Key Lab of the Ministry of Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Rengyun Liu
- Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lan Jiang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Tumor Immunology, Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Department of Hematology, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiao Yu
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Tumor Immunology, Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Department of Hematology, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Guangming Bao
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Tumor Immunology, Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Department of Hematology, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Fang Deng
- The People's Hospital of Bozhou, Bozhou, China
| | - Mingjie Yu
- The People's Hospital of Bozhou, Bozhou, China
| | - Jiafu Ao
- The People's Hospital of Bozhou, Bozhou, China
| | - Yifeng Zhou
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Tumor Immunology, Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Department of Hematology, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Depei Wu
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Tumor Immunology, Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Department of Hematology, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Key Lab of the Ministry of Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- * E-mail: (DW); (HL)
| | - Haiyan Liu
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Tumor Immunology, Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Department of Hematology, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Key Lab of the Ministry of Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- * E-mail: (DW); (HL)
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Bhatia S, Kaul D, Varma N. Functional genomics of tumor suppressor miR-196b in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Mol Cell Biochem 2010; 346:103-16. [PMID: 20924650 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-010-0597-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Accepted: 09/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Huge data accumulated in last few years have shown that differential expression of candidate miRNAs in normal versus transformed cell provides important insights into the pathogenesis of cancer including leukemias. In our previous report, we have revealed that miR-196b was significantly down-regulated in both EB-3 cells as well as B-cell ALL (acute lymphoblastic leukemia) patients as compared to their respective controls. We have unambiguously proven that miR-196b restoration in EB-3 cells leads to significant down-regulation of c-myc and its effector genes, i.e., human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), B-cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 (Bcl-2), apoptosis antagonizing transcription factor (AATF), and qualifies for tumor suppressor function in B-cell ALL. Keeping in view these results, the present study was aimed at dissecting the role of miR-196b and other miRNAs present near/within the genomic regions involved in genetic translocations characteristic of ALL in T-cell ALL cell lines and patient samples. We have demonstrated significant down-regulation in the expression of miR-196b in MOLT-4 and T-cell ALL patients with respect to the respective control cells. Transfection experiments revealed that none of the six identified miRNAs were able to knock down the expression of c-myc gene. Interestingly, it was found that miR-196b loses its ability to down-regulate c-myc gene expression in T-cell ALL as a consequence of mutations in target 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of the c-myc gene. Results of the present study revealed that miR-196b becomes non-functional in T-cell ALL as a consequence of mutations in 3'-UTR of c-myc gene in T-cell ALL cellular models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Bhatia
- Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
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111
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The proximal signaling network of the BCR-ABL1 oncogene shows a modular organization. Oncogene 2010; 29:5895-910. [PMID: 20697350 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BCR-ABL1 is a fusion tyrosine kinase, which causes multiple types of leukemia. We used an integrated proteomic approach that includes label-free quantitative protein complex and phosphorylation profiling by mass spectrometry to systematically characterize the proximal signaling network of this oncogenic kinase. The proximal BCR-ABL1 signaling network shows a modular and layered organization with an inner core of three leukemia transformation-relevant adaptor protein complexes (Grb2/Gab2/Shc1 complex, CrkI complex and Dok1/Dok2 complex). We introduced an 'interaction directionality' analysis, which annotates static protein networks with information on the directionality of phosphorylation-dependent interactions. In this analysis, the observed network structure was consistent with a step-wise phosphorylation-dependent assembly of the Grb2/Gab2/Shc1 and the Dok1/Dok2 complexes on the BCR-ABL1 core. The CrkI complex demonstrated a different directionality, which supports a candidate assembly on the Nedd9 (Hef1, CasL) scaffold. As adaptor protein family members can compensate for each other in leukemic transformation, we compared members of the Dok and Crk protein families and found both overlapping and differential binding patterns. We identified an additional level of regulation for the CrkII protein via binding to 14-3-3 proteins, which was independent from its inhibitory phosphorylation. We also identified novel components of the inner core complexes, including the kinases Pragmin (Sgk223) and Lrrk1 (Lrrk2 paralog). Pragmin was found as a component of the CrkI complex and is a potential link between BCR-ABL1/CrkI and RhoA signaling. Lrrk1 is an unusual kinase with a GTPase domain. We detected Lrrk1 as a component of the Grb2/Gab2/Shc1 complex and found that it functionally interacts with the regulator of small GTPases Arap1 (Centd2) and possibly participates in the mitogen-activated protein kinase response to cellular stresses. This modular and phosphorylation-driven interaction network provides a framework for the integration of pleiotropic signaling effects of BCR-ABL1 toward leukemic transformation.
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112
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Bicho A, Peça IN, Roque ACA, Cardoso MM. Anti-CD8 conjugated nanoparticles to target mammalian cells expressing CD8. Int J Pharm 2010; 399:80-6. [PMID: 20696228 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This work aimed at the development of targeted drug delivery systems using nanoparticles fused with antibodies. The antibody anti-human CD8 was coupled onto PLGA nanoparticles, and the ability of these particles to specifically target cells expressing CD8 was studied. The obtained particles were found to be of spherical shape exhibiting a size between 350 and 600 nm. In vitro experiments with different cellular cultures (TE671, CHO and HEK293) using unmodified nanoparticles containing rhodamine have shown that particles were present on their surface within 48 h of incubation. In vitro tests using anti-CD8 conjugated nanoparticles in CHO cell cultures indicated that all transfected cells which express CD8 show these particles on their surface within 1h of incubation. These results demonstrated that, in a shorter time, the produced particles can target cells expressing CD8 on their surface which offers the ability to reduce drug side effects. The antibody-coupled nanoparticles represent a promising approach to improve the efficacy of active targeting for lymphoblastic leukaemia therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bicho
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
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113
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Genetic variations in GRIA1 on chromosome 5q33 related to asparaginase hypersensitivity. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2010; 88:191-6. [PMID: 20592726 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2010.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The genetic variations that result in allergy to asparaginase are as yet undetermined. We interrogated more than 500,000 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 485 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), 322 in a discovery cohort, and 163 in a validation cohort. In the top 100 SNPs associated with allergy in the discovery cohort, chromosome 5 was overrepresented as compared with other chromosomes (P = 0.00032), hosting 10 SNPs annotated to genes. Among these 10 SNPs, one SNP (rs4958351) [corrected], in GRIA1 on chromosome 5q33, was replicated in the validation cohort (P = 1.8 x 10(-5), 2.9 x 10(-3), and 3.5 x 10(-7) in the discovery, validation, and combined cohorts, respectively). Four additional SNPs annotated to GRIA1 were also significantly associated with allergy (P < 0.05) in both cohorts. Chromosome 5q33 has previously been associated with asthma and atopy. These data contribute to the growing body of evidence that there is an inherited component to predisposition to drug allergy.
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Efficacy of MK-0457 and in combination with vorinostat against Philadelphia chromosome positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Ann Hematol 2010; 89:1081-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00277-010-0998-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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115
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Vijayakrishnan J, Houlston RS. Candidate gene association studies and risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Haematologica 2010; 95:1405-14. [PMID: 20511665 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2010.022095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the contribution of candidate gene association studies to the understanding of genetic susceptibility to childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies (January 1996-July 2009). Studies had to meet the following criteria: be case-control design, be studied by two or more studies, not be focused on HLA antigen genetic markers and be published in English. We identified 47 studies of polymorphic variation in 16 genes and acute lymphoblastic leukemia risk. To clarify the impact of individual polymorphisms on risk, pooled analyses were performed. Of the 25 polymorphic variants studied, significant associations (P<0.05) were seen in pooled analyses for eight variants: GSTM1 (OR =1.16; 95%CI: 1.04-1.30), MTRR A66G (OR=0.73, 95%CI:0.59-0.91), SHMT1 C1420T (OR=0.79, 95%CI: 0.65-0.98), RFC1 G80A (OR=1.37, 95%CI: 1.11-1.69), CYP1A1*2A (OR=1.36, 95%CI:1.11-1.66), CYP2E1*5B (OR=1.99, 95%CI:1.32-3.00) NQO1 C609T (OR=1.24, 95%CI:1.02-1.50) and XRCC1 G28152A (OR=1.78, 95%CI:1.32-2.42). These findings should, however, be interpreted with caution as the estimated false-positive report probabilities (FPRP) for each association were not noteworthy (i.e. FPRP>0.2). While candidate gene analyses are complementary to genome-wide association studies, future analyses should be based on sample sizes commensurate with the detection of small effects and attention needs to be paid to study design.
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Okabe S, Tauchi T, Ohyashiki K. Establishment of a new Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line (SK-9) with T315I mutation. Exp Hematol 2010; 38:765-72. [PMID: 20471447 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2010.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Revised: 04/16/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The BCR-ABL mutation, T315I, is a common mutation and is resistant to both imatinib and second-generation Abl kinase inhibitors. Although strategies to overcome resistance-mediated T315I mutation may improve the survival of BCR-ABL-positive leukemia patients, there is little information on cell-based studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS We established a new human BCR-ABL-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cell line, SK-9 with the T315I mutation, from the peripheral blood of a 36-year-old female patient. RESULTS Growth kinetic studies revealed an approximate population doubling time of 48 hours. The common B-cell phenotype is a feature of the SK-9 cell line. Cells have the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph) with many structural abnormalities, as well as the T315I mutation in the BCR-ABL gene. Insertion of SK-9 cells into athymic nude mice induced the formation of tumors in the lymph node that infiltrated into the spleen and bone marrow. We examined the drug sensitivity of imatinib, dasatinib, and nilotinib using a cell proliferation assay and an immunoblot assay. Cell proliferation did not decrease after imatinib, dasatinib, or nilotinib treatment as compared to the BCR-ABL-positive chronic myeloid leukemia cell line K562. Because phosphorylation of BCR-ABL and Crk-L did not decrease after imatinib and dasatinib treatment, it is suggested that SK-9 is resistant to imatinib, dasatinib, and nilotinib. CONCLUSION This cell line may provide a useful model for in vitro and in vivo cellular and molecular studies of BCR-ABL-positive ALL with T315I mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiichi Okabe
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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117
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Szczepański T, Harrison CJ, van Dongen JJM. Genetic aberrations in paediatric acute leukaemias and implications for management of patients. Lancet Oncol 2010; 11:880-9. [PMID: 20435517 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(09)70369-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The process of malignant transformation in paediatric acute leukaemias is complex, requiring at least two deleterious events resulting in DNA damage. This damage ranges from point-mutations to double-strand DNA breaks leading to various types of chromosomal rearrangements. In this review we summarise the most common genetic aberrations for the three main subtypes of paediatric acute leukaemia: B-cell-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and acute myeloid leukaemia. Several genetic aberrations are independent prognostic factors, and are now used in risk stratification for treatment. Molecular pathways activated by genetic aberrations could provide potential molecular targets for novel therapies. Some genetic aberrations represent sensitive targets for molecular detection of minimal residual disease. This provides hope for the development of targeted therapies, effective against leukaemic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Szczepański
- Department of Pediatric Haematology and Oncology, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland.
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118
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The anti-invasive activity of synthetic alkaloid ethoxyfagaronine on L1210 leukemia cells is mediated by down-regulation of plasminogen activators and MT1-MMP expression and activity. Invest New Drugs 2010; 29:730-41. [PMID: 20349265 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-010-9410-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Quaternary benzo[c]phenanthridines such as fagaronine are natural substances which have been reported to exhibit anticancer and anti-leukemic properties. However, the therapeutic use of these molecules is limited due to the high dose required to exhibit anti-tumor activity and subsequent toxicity. In this study, we describe the therapeutic potential of a new derivative of fagaronine, Ethoxyfagaronine (N-methyl-12-ethoxy-2hydroxy-3, 8, 9-trimethoxybenzo[c]-phenanthridiniumchlorhydrate) as an anti-leukemic agent. Cytotoxic activity and cell growth inhibition of Ethoxyfagaronine (Etxfag) was tested on murine L1210 leukemia cells using trypan blue assay and MTT assay. At the concentration of 10(-7) M, Etxfag induced less than 10% of cell death. Etxfag (10(-7) M) was tested on L1210 cell invasiveness using matrigel™ precoated transwell chambers and efficiently reduces the invasive potential of L1210 cells by more than 50% as compared with untreated cells. Western blot and immunofluorescence experiments showed that Etxfag decreased both MT1-MMP expression and activation at the cell surface, decreased plasmin activity by down-regulating u-PAR and uPA expression at the cell surface and increasing PAI-1 secretion in conditioned media. The set of our findings underscore the therapeutic potential of ethoxyfagaronine as a new potential anticancer agent able to prevent leukemic cell dissemination.
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119
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Faderl S, O'Brien S, Pui CH, Stock W, Wetzler M, Hoelzer D, Kantarjian HM. Adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia: concepts and strategies. Cancer 2010; 116:1165-76. [PMID: 20101737 PMCID: PMC5345568 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.24862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), a clonal expansion of hematopoietic blasts, is a highly heterogeneous disease comprising many entities for which distinct treatment strategies are pursued. Although ALL is a success story in pediatric oncology, results in adults lag behind those in children. An expansion of new drugs, more reliable immunologic and molecular techniques for the assessment of minimal residual disease, and efforts at more precise risk stratification are generating new aspects of adult ALL therapy. For this review, the authors summarized pertinent and recent literature on ALL biology and therapy, and they discuss current strategies and potential implications of novel approaches to the management of adult ALL. Cancer 2010. (c) 2010 American Cancer Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Faderl
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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120
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Selective inhibition of human leukemia cell growth and induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by pseudolaric acid B. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2010; 136:1333-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-010-0784-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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121
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Pui CH, Pei D, Sandlund JT, Ribeiro RC, Rubnitz JE, Raimondi SC, Onciu M, Campana D, Kun LE, Jeha S, Cheng C, Howard SC, Metzger ML, Bhojwani D, Downing JR, Evans WE, Relling MV. Long-term results of St Jude Total Therapy Studies 11, 12, 13A, 13B, and 14 for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 2010; 24:371-82. [PMID: 20010620 PMCID: PMC2820159 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2009.252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 08/06/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed the long-term outcome of 1011 patients treated in five successive clinical trials (Total Therapy Studies 11, 12, 13A, 13B, and 14) between 1984 and 1999. The event-free survival improved significantly (P=0.003) from the first two trials conducted in the 1980s to the three more recent trials conducted in the 1990s. Approximately 75% of patients treated in the 1980s and 80% in the 1990s were cured. Early intensive triple intrathecal therapy, together with more effective systemic therapy, including consolidation and reinduction treatment (Studies 13A and 13B) as well as dexamethasone (Study 13B), resulted in a very low rate of isolated central nervous system (CNS) relapse rate (<2%), despite the reduced use of cranial irradiation. Factors consistently associated with treatment outcome were age, leukocyte count, immunophenotype, DNA index, and minimal residual disease level after remission induction treatment. Owing to concerns about therapy-related secondary myeloid leukemia and brain tumors, in our current trials we reserve the use of etoposide for patients with refractory or relapsed leukemia undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and cranial irradiation for those with CNS relapse. The next main challenge is to further increase cure rates while improving quality of life for all patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Pui
- Department of Oncology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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122
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Cao Y, Wang J, Xu Y, Li G. Sensing purine nucleoside phosphorylase activity by using silver nanoparticles. Biosens Bioelectron 2010; 25:1032-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2009.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2009] [Revised: 08/27/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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123
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Bhojwani D, Howard SC, Pui CH. High-risk childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 9 Suppl 3:S222-30. [PMID: 19778845 DOI: 10.3816/clm.2009.s.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Although most children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are cured, certain subsets have a high risk of relapse. Relapse risk can be predicted by early response to therapy, clinical and pharmacogenetic features of the host, and genetic characteristics of leukemic cells. Though early treatment response can be assessed by the peripheral blast cell count after 1 week of single-agent glucocorticoid treatment or percent of bone marrow blasts by morphology after 1 or 2 weeks of multiagent induction treatment, determination of minimal residual disease by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or flow cytometry after 2 to 6 weeks of induction is the most precise and useful measure. Augmented therapy has improved outcome for the poor responders to initial treatment. Infants with mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL)-rearranged ALL comprise a very poor-risk group wherein further intensification of chemotherapy causes significant toxicity. Hybrid protocols incorporating drugs effective for acute myeloid leukemia could improve survival, a strategy being tested in international trials. Studies on the biology of MLL-induced leukemogenesis have prompted the development of novel targeted agents, currently under evaluation in clinical trials. Short-term outcomes of patients with Philadelphia chromosome (Ph)-positive ALL have improved significantly by adding tyrosine kinase inhibitors to standard chemotherapy regimens. New agents and methods to overcome resistance are under investigation, and allogeneic stem cell transplantation is recommended for certain subsets of patients, for example those with Ph+ and T-cell ALL with poor early response. Genome-wide interrogation of leukemic cell genetic abnormalities and germline genetic variations promise to identify new molecular targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Bhojwani
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-2794, USA.
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124
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Jeha S, Pui CH. Risk-adapted treatment of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2010; 23:973-90, v. [PMID: 19825448 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2009.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Optimal use of antileukemic agents and stringent application of risk-directed therapy in clinical trials have resulted in steady improvement in the outcome of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, with current cure rates exceeding 80% in developed countries. The intensity of treatment varies substantially among subsets of patients, as therapy is designed to reduce acute and long-term toxicity in low-risk groups while improving outcomes in poor risk groups by treatment intensification. Recent advances in genome-wide screening techniques, pharmacogenomic studies, and development of molecular therapeutics are ushering in an era of more refined personalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima Jeha
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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125
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Abstract
Acute leukaemias are characterized by recurring chromosomal aberrations and gene mutations that are crucial to disease pathogenesis. It is now evident that epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation and histone modifications, substantially contribute to the phenotype of leukaemia cells. An additional layer of epigenetic complexity is the pathogenetic role of microRNAs in leukaemias, and their key role in the transcriptional regulation of tumour suppressor genes and oncogenes. The genetic heterogeneity of acute leukaemias poses therapeutic challenges, but pharmacological agents that target components of the epigenetic machinery are promising as a component of the therapeutic arsenal for this group of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Olatoyosi Odenike
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Janet D. Rowley
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- To whom correspondence should be sent: Janet D. Rowley The University of Chicago Medical Center 5841 S. Maryland Ave., MC2115, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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126
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Long-term results of Taiwan Pediatric Oncology Group studies 1997 and 2002 for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 2009; 24:397-405. [PMID: 20016538 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2009.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The long-term outcome of 1390 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), treated in two successive clinical trials (Taiwan Pediatric Oncology Group (TPOG)-ALL-97 and TPOG-ALL-2002) between 1997 and 2007, is reported. The event-free survival improved significantly (P=0.0004) over this period, 69.3+/-1.9% in 1997-2001 to 77.4+/-1.7% in 2002-2007. A randomized trial in TPOG-97 testing L-asparaginase versus epidoxorubicin in combination with vincristine and prednisolone for remission induction in standard-risk (SR; low-risk) patients yielded similar outcomes. Another randomized trial, in TPOG-2002, showed that for SR patients, two reinduction courses did not improve long-term outcome over one course. Decreasing use of prophylactic cranial irradiation in the period 1997-2008 was not associated with increased rates of CNS relapse, prompting complete omission of prophylactic cranial irradiation from TPOG protocols, beginning in 2009. Decreased use of etoposide and cranial irradiation likely contributed to the low incidence of second cancers. High-risk B-lineage ALL, T-cell, CD10 negativity, t(9;22), infant, and higher leukocyte count were consistently adverse factors, whereas hyperdiploidy >50 was a consistently favorable factor. Higher leukocyte count and t(9;22) retained prognostic significance in both TPOG-97 and TPOG-2002 by multivariate analysis. Although long-term outcome in TPOG clinical trials is comparable with results being reported worldwide, the persistent strength of certain prognostic variables and the lower frequencies of favorable outcome predictors, such as ETV6-RUNX1 and hyperdiploidy >50, in Taiwanese children warrant renewed effort to cure a higher proportion of patients while preserving their quality of life.
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127
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Gene expression classifiers for relapse-free survival and minimal residual disease improve risk classification and outcome prediction in pediatric B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2009; 115:1394-405. [PMID: 19880498 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-05-218560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To determine whether gene expression profiling could improve outcome prediction in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) at high risk for relapse, we profiled pretreatment leukemic cells in 207 uniformly treated children with high-risk B-precursor ALL. A 38-gene expression classifier predictive of relapse-free survival (RFS) could distinguish 2 groups with differing relapse risks: low (4-year RFS, 81%, n = 109) versus high (4-year RFS, 50%, n = 98; P < .001). In multivariate analysis, the gene expression classifier (P = .001) and flow cytometric measures of minimal residual disease (MRD; P = .001) each provided independent prognostic information. Together, they could be used to classify children with high-risk ALL into low- (87% RFS), intermediate- (62% RFS), or high- (29% RFS) risk groups (P < .001). A 21-gene expression classifier predictive of end-induction MRD effectively substituted for flow MRD, yielding a combined classifier that could distinguish these 3 risk groups at diagnosis (P < .001). These classifiers were further validated on an independent high-risk ALL cohort (P = .006) and retainedindependent prognostic significance (P < .001) in the presence of other recently described poor prognostic factors (IKAROS/IKZF1 deletions, JAK mutations, and kinase expression signatures). Thus, gene expression classifiers improve ALL risk classification and allow prospective identification of children who respond or fail current treatment regimens. These trials were registered at http://clinicaltrials.gov under NCT00005603.
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128
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Litzow MR. Therapy of Philadelphia chromosome-negative acute lymphoblastic leukemia in adults: new paradigms. Future Oncol 2009; 5:1039-50. [PMID: 19792972 DOI: 10.2217/fon.09.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the outcomes for adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) lag behind the stunningly successful results seen in children, new paradigms and new discoveries bring hope that this disparity will steadily lessen. The adoption of the use of pediatric intensity-type regimens in adolescents and young adults show promise in improving outcomes in this population. Recent donor-versus-no-donor comparisons in the allogeneic transplant setting highlight a potent graft-versus-leukemia effect in ALL, and the application of reduced intensity conditioning transplants may exploit this effect while reducing nonrelapse mortality. New therapeutic targets, such as CD22 in precusor B-cell ALL and mutations in NOTCH1 in T-cell ALL, are being exploited in clinical trials. Finally, use of molecular techniques and flow cytometry to quantitate minimal residual disease will allow further stratifications of patients by risk, identification of new therapeutic targets and will lessen drug toxicity through the use of pharmacogenomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Litzow
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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129
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Das SG, Doshi JM, Tian D, Addo SN, Srinivasan B, Hermanson DL, Xing C. Structure−Activity Relationship and Molecular Mechanisms of Ethyl 2-Amino-4-(2-ethoxy-2-oxoethyl)-6-phenyl-4H-chromene-3-carboxylate (sHA 14-1) and Its Analogues. J Med Chem 2009; 52:5937-49. [DOI: 10.1021/jm9005059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia G. Das
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis Minnesota 55455
| | - Jignesh M. Doshi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis Minnesota 55455
| | - Defeng Tian
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis Minnesota 55455
| | - Sadiya N. Addo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis Minnesota 55455
| | - Balasubramanian Srinivasan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis Minnesota 55455
| | - David L. Hermanson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis Minnesota 55455
| | - Chengguo Xing
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis Minnesota 55455
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130
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Costa A, Osório C, Dias S. MicroRNA expression profiling in bone marrow: implications in hematological malignancies. Biotechnol J 2009; 4:88-97. [PMID: 19156746 DOI: 10.1002/biot.200800194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA) have been recently attributed a crucial role in the control of gene expression in numerous physiological and pathological processes including growth, differentiation and even oncogenesis. Besides detailed mechanistic studies on their generation and function, there has been a great deal of interest in the study of miRNA as surrogate markers of disease. Numerous studies have attempted to define miRNA profiles as predictors of disease outcome, or for the classification/diagnosis of different pathologies. In the present review, we summarize the main studies describing the involvement of miRNA in bone marrow (BM) diseases and in normal BM function during hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Costa
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, CIPM, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Lisboa, Portugal
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131
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Copland M. Ikaros deletions are associated with poor prognosis in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Future Oncol 2009; 5:455-8. [PMID: 19450174 DOI: 10.2217/fon.09.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluation of: Mullighan CG, Su X, Zhang J et al.: Deletion of IKZF1 and prognosis in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. N. Engl. J. Med. 360, 470–480 (2009). Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common malignancy of childhood and despite impressive remission rates, approximately 20% of children with ALL relapse with disease that is often difficult to treat. Recently, genome-wide analysis has identified recurring genetic alterations in B-cell ALL, including mutation of PAX5 and deletions of IKZF1, IKZF3, E2A, EBF and LEF1. This large clinical study evaluates the prognostic impact of these genetic abnormalities in two independent cohorts of children with B-cell progenitor ALL and identifies deletion of IKZF1 (which encodes the lymphoid transcription factor Ikaros) as a predictor of poor outcome. This finding demonstrates the importance of IKZF1 status in pediatric ALL, and provides strong supporting evidence for its inclusion in pediatric ALL risk stratification for treatment protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mhairi Copland
- Paul O'Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Gartnavel General Hospital, 1053 Great Western Road, Glasgow, G12 0YN, UK.
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132
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Multilevel targeting of hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal, differentiation and apoptosis for leukemia therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2009; 122:264-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Accepted: 03/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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133
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Cobaleda C, Sánchez-García I. B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: towards understanding its cellular origin. Bioessays 2009; 31:600-9. [PMID: 19444834 DOI: 10.1002/bies.200800234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- César Cobaleda
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus M. de Unamuno s/n, 37007-SALAMANCA, Spain.
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Sitaresmi MN, Mostert S, Schook RM, Sutaryo, Veerman AJP. Treatment refusal and abandonment in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Indonesia: an analysis of causes and consequences. Psychooncology 2009; 19:361-7. [DOI: 10.1002/pon.1578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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135
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Hon Pui
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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136
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Yang J, Cheng C, Yang W, Pei D, Cao X, Fan Y, Pounds S, Treviño LR, French D, Campana D, Downing JR, Evans WE, Pui CH, Devidas M, Bowman W, Camitta BM, Willman C, Davies SM, Borowitz MJ, Carroll WL, Hunger SP, Relling MV. Genome-wide interrogation of germline genetic variation associated with treatment response in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. JAMA 2009; 301:393-403. [PMID: 19176441 PMCID: PMC2664534 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2009.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the prototype for a drug-responsive malignancy. Although cure rates exceed 80%, considerable unexplained interindividual variability exists in treatment response. OBJECTIVES To assess the contribution of inherited genetic variation to therapy response and to identify germline single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with risk of minimal residual disease (MRD) after remission induction chemotherapy. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS Genome-wide interrogation of 476,796 germline SNPs to identify genotypes that were associated with MRD in 2 independent cohorts of children with newly diagnosed ALL: 318 patients in St Jude Total Therapy protocols XIIIB and XV and 169 patients in Children's Oncology Group trial P9906. Patients were enrolled between 1994 and 2006 and last follow-up was in 2006. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Minimal residual disease at the end of induction therapy, measured by flow cytometry. RESULTS There were 102 SNPs associated with MRD in both cohorts (median odds ratio, 2.18; P < or = .0125), including 5 SNPs in the interleukin 15 (IL15) gene. Of these 102 SNPs, 21 were also associated with hematologic relapse (P < .05). Of 102 SNPs, 21 were also associated with antileukemic drug disposition, generally linking MRD eradication with greater drug exposure. In total, 63 of 102 SNPs were associated with early response, relapse, or drug disposition. CONCLUSION Host genetic variations are associated with treatment response for childhood ALL, with polymorphisms related to leukemia cell biology and host drug disposition associated with lower risk of residual disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hosp., Memphis, TN
| | - Cheng Cheng
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hosp., Memphis, TN
| | | | - Deqing Pei
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hosp., Memphis, TN
| | - Xueyuan Cao
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hosp., Memphis, TN
| | - Yiping Fan
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hosp., Memphis, TN
| | - Stan Pounds
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hosp., Memphis, TN
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - W.P. Bowman
- Cook Children’s Medical Center, Ft. Worth, TX
| | | | | | - Stella M. Davies
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital and Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | | | | | - Stephen P. Hunger
- The Children’s Hospital and the University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO
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138
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Johnson HD, Thorson JS. Characterization of CalE10, the N-oxidase involved in calicheamicin hydroxyaminosugar formation. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:17662-3. [PMID: 19055330 PMCID: PMC2704561 DOI: 10.1021/ja807557a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
As the first in vitro characterization of a sugar N-oxidase, this study establishes CalE10 as the key oxidase involved in calicheamicin hydroxylamino glycoside formation. This study confirms that oxidation occurs at the sugar nucleotide stage prior to glycosyltransfer, and substrate specificity studies reveal CalE10-catalyzed oxidation to be regiospecific and to present trace amounts of the corresponding nitrosugar in vitro. This work also sets a precedent for the future study of other N-oxidases involved in hydroxylamino-, nitroso-, and/or nitrosugar formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather D. Johnson
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences and University of Wisconsin National Drug Discovery Group, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Jon S. Thorson
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences and University of Wisconsin National Drug Discovery Group, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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139
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Nygren MK, Døsen-Dahl G, Stubberud H, Wälchli S, Munthe E, Rian E. beta-catenin is involved in N-cadherin-dependent adhesion, but not in canonical Wnt signaling in E2A-PBX1-positive B acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Exp Hematol 2008; 37:225-33. [PMID: 19101069 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2008.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2008] [Revised: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The t(1;19)(q23;13) translocation, resulting in the production of the E2A-PBX1 chimeric protein, is a common nonrandom translocation in pediatric B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). The E2A-PBX1 chimeric protein activates expression of several genes, including Wnt16. In the present study, we explored the role of Wnt16 and beta-catenin in t(1;19) B-ALL cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Canonical Wnt signaling was measured by TOPflash activity. Localization of beta-catenin in the cell membrane and its involvement in leukemia-stroma interaction were studied by confocal microscopy. Adhesion to N-cadherin was analyzed by adding (3)H-thymidin-labeled cells to N-cadherin-coated wells. RESULTS In contrast to previous reports, we detected no effects on cell viability or proliferation upon modulation of the Wnt16 levels. Moreover, despite high levels of Wnt16 and beta-catenin, the cells had very low levels of canonical Wnt signaling. Instead, beta-catenin was located in the cell membrane along with N-cadherin. E2A-PBX1-positive leukemia cells adhered strongly to bone marrow stroma cells, and we showed that adherence junctions stained strongly for both proteins. Moreover, knockdown of beta-catenin reduced the adhesion of E2A-PBX1-positive leukemia cells to N-cadherin, suggesting that beta-catenin and N-cadherin play a central role in homotypic cell-to-cell adhesion and in leukemia-stroma adhesion. Interestingly, knockdown of Wnt16 by small interfering RNA reduced the level of N-cadherin. CONCLUSION Wnt16 does not activate canonical Wnt signaling in E2A-PBX1-positive cells. Instead, beta-catenin is involved in N-cadherin-dependent adherence junctions, suggesting for the first time that leukemia-stroma interactions may be mediated via an N-cadherin-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit Kveine Nygren
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Montebello, Oslo, Norway
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Døsen-Dahl G, Munthe E, Nygren MK, Stubberud H, Hystad ME, Rian E. Bone marrow stroma cells regulate TIEG1 expression in acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells: Role of TGFβ/BMP-6 and TIEG1 in chemotherapy escape. Int J Cancer 2008; 123:2759-66. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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141
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Ichikawa S. [Medicinal chemistry targeting nucleosides and nucleic acids based on fine synthetic chemistry]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2008; 128:1403-30. [PMID: 18827462 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.128.1403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nucleosides and nucleotides are one of the most important elements for cells by the fact that they are components of DNAs and RNAs. In addition, they play important roles in most fundamental cellular metabolic pathways such as energy donors, second messengers, and cofactors for various enzymes. Therefore, there exists a rich source in drug discovery targeting nucleosides and nucleotides. In order to utilize nucleosides and nucleic acids on the drug development, it is very important to develop reactions and methods, by which the highly coordinating and labile nucleoside intermediates can be used. With these in mind, we have been working on synthetic nucleoside and nucleic acid chemistry. First, branched sugar nucleoside derivatives, which are potential antitumor agents, have been synthesized utilizing samarium diiodide (SmI(2)) mediated Reformatsky reaction or aldol reaction. 3'-beta-Carbamoylmethylcytidine (CAMC) was found to exhibit potent cytotoxicity against various human tumor cell lines. Synthetic methodology of the caprazamycins, which are promising antibacterial nucleoside natural products, was also developed by the strategy including beta-selective ribosylation without using a neighboring group participation. Our synthetic route provided a range of key analogues with partial structures to define the pharmacophore. Simplification of the caprazamycins was further pursued to develop diketopiperazine analogs. Medicinal chemistry of oligodeoxynucleotides has been conducted. Thus, novel triazole-linked dumbbell oligodeoxynucleotides and modular bent oligodeoxynucleotides were synthesized. They exhibit excellent binding affinity to NF-kappaB or HMGB1 A-box protein, which are important therapeutic targets. Therefore, the results obtained conclusively demonstrated these oligodeoxynucleotides could be proposed as powerful decoy molecules.
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142
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Sitaresmi MN, Mostert S, Gundy CM, Sutaryo, Veerman AJP. Health-related quality of life assessment in Indonesian childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2008; 6:96. [PMID: 18992169 PMCID: PMC2613134 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7525-6-96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2008] [Accepted: 11/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Most studies on Health-related Quality of Life (HRQOL) in children with cancer were conducted in developed countries. The aims of this study were to assess the HRQOL in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients in Indonesia and to assess the influence of demographic and medical characteristics on HRQOL. Methods After cultural linguistic validation, a cross-sectional study of HRQOL was conducted with childhood ALL patients and their guardians in various phases of treatment using the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory™ (PedsQL™) 4.0 Generic Core Scale and the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory™ (PedsQL™) 3.0 Cancer Module. Results Ninety-eight guardians and 55 patients participated. The internal consistency of both scales ranged from 0.57 to 0.92. HRQOL of Indonesian patients was comparable with those in developed countries. There were moderate to good correlations between self-reports and proxy-reports, however guardians tended to report worse HRQOL than patients. Children of the 2–5 year-group significantly had more problems in procedural anxiety, treatment anxiety and communication subscales than in older groups (p < 0.05). In the non-intensive phase HRQOL was significantly better than in the intensive phase, both in patient self-reports and proxy-reports. Conclusion Younger children had more problems in procedural anxiety, treatment anxiety and communication subscales. Therefore, special care during intervention procedures is needed to promote their normal development. Psychosocial support should be provided to children and their parents to facilitate their coping with disease and its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei N Sitaresmi
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
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143
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Attia RR, Gardner LA, Mahrous E, Taxman DJ, Legros L, Rowe S, Ting JPY, Geller A, Kotb M. Selective targeting of leukemic cell growth in vivo and in vitro using a gene silencing approach to diminish S-adenosylmethionine synthesis. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:30788-95. [PMID: 18753136 PMCID: PMC2576526 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m804159200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2008] [Revised: 08/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We exploited the fact that leukemic cells utilize significantly higher levels of S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) than normal lymphocytes and developed tools that selectively diminished their survival under physiologic conditions. Using RNA interference gene silencing technology, we modulated the kinetics of methionine adenosyltransferase-II (MAT-II), which catalyzes SAMe synthesis from ATP and l-Met. Specifically, we silenced the expression of the regulatory MAT-IIbeta subunit in Jurkat cells and accordingly shifted the K(m L-Met) of the enzyme 10-15-fold above the physiologic levels of l-Met, thereby reducing enzyme activity and SAMe pools, inducing excessive apoptosis and diminishing leukemic cell growth in vitro and in vivo. These effects were reversed at unphysiologically high l-Met (>50 microm), indicating that diminished leukemic cell growth at physiologic l-Met levels was a direct result of the increase in MAT-II K(m L-Met) due to MAT-IIbeta ablation and the consequent reduction in SAMe synthesis. In our NOD/Scid IL-2Rgamma(null) humanized mouse model of leukemia, control shRNA-transduced Jurkat cells exhibited heightened engraftment, whereas cells lacking MAT-IIbeta failed to engraft for up to 5 weeks post-transplant. These stark differences in malignant cell survival, effected by MAT-IIbeta ablation, suggest that it may be possible to use this approach to disadvantage leukemic cell survival in vivo with little to no harm to normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramy R Attia
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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144
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Lahoud G, Timoshchuk V, Lebedev A, Arar K, Hou YM, Gamper H. Properties of pseudo-complementary DNA substituted with weakly pairing analogs of guanine or cytosine. Nucleic Acids Res 2008; 36:6999-7008. [PMID: 18987000 PMCID: PMC2602760 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkn797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A straightforward enzymatic protocol for converting regular DNA into pseudo-complementary DNA could improve the performance of oligonucleotide microarrays by generating readily hybridizable structure-free targets. Here we screened several highly destabilizing analogs of G and C for one that could be used with 2-aminoadenine (nA) and 2-thiothymine (sT) to generate structure-free DNA that is fully accessible to complementary probes. The analogs, which included bioactive bases such as 6-thioguanine (sG), 5-nitrocytosine (NitroC), 2-pyrimidinone (P; the free base of zebularine) and 6-methylfuranopyrimidinone (MefP), were prepared as dNTPs and evaluated as substrates for T7 and Phi29 DNA polymerases that lacked editor function. Pairing properties of the analogs were characterized by solution hybridization assays using modified oligonucleotides or primer extension products. P and MeP did not support robust primer extension whereas sG and NitroC did. In hybridization assays, however, sG lacked discrimination and NitroC paired too strongly to C. The dNTPs of two other base analogs, 7-nitro-7-deazahypoxanthine (NitrocH) and 2-thiocytosine (sC), exhibited the greatest promise. Either analog could be used with nA and sT to generate DNA that was nearly structure-free. Hybridization of probes to these modified DNAs will require the development of base analogs that pair strongly to NitrocH or sC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Lahoud
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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145
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Acquaviva J, Chen X, Ren R. IRF-4 functions as a tumor suppressor in early B-cell development. Blood 2008; 112:3798-806. [PMID: 18713947 PMCID: PMC2572804 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-10-117838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2007] [Accepted: 07/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor-4 (IRF-4) is a hematopoietic cell-restricted transcription factor important for hematopoietic development and immune response regulation. It was also originally identified as the product of a proto-oncogene involved in chromosomal translocations in multiple myeloma. In contrast to its oncogenic function in late stages of B lymphopoiesis, expression of IRF-4 is down-regulated in certain myeloid and early B-lymphoid malignancies. In this study, we found that the IRF-4 protein levels are increased in lymphoblastic cells transformed by the BCR/ABL oncogene in response to BCR/ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib. We further found that IRF-4 deficiency enhances BCR/ABL transformation of B-lymphoid progenitors in vitro and accelerates disease progression of BCR/ABL-induced acute B-lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) in mice, whereas forced expression of IRF-4 potently suppresses BCR/ABL transformation of B-lymphoid progenitors in vitro and BCR/ABL-induced B-ALL in vivo. Further analysis showed that IRF-4 inhibits growth of BCR/ABL+ B lymphoblasts primarily through negative regulation of cell-cycle progression. These results demonstrate that IRF-4 functions as tumor suppressor in early B-cell development and may allow elucidation of new molecular pathways significant to the lymphoid leukemogenesis by BCR/ABL. The context dependent roles of IRF-4 in oncogenesis should be an important consideration in developing cancer therapies targeting IRF-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Acquaviva
- Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center and Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454-9110, USA
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146
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Usher SG, Radford AD, Villiers EJ, Blackwood L. RAS, FLT3, and C-KIT mutations in immunophenotyped canine leukemias. Exp Hematol 2008; 37:65-77. [PMID: 18977066 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2008.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2008] [Revised: 09/08/2008] [Accepted: 09/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the frequency of FLT3, C-KIT, and RAS mutations in canine leukemia patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid blood samples were recruited from dogs with suspected leukemia, categorized by quantitative and cytological evaluation and immunophenotyping. Flow cytometry was carried out using antibodies against CD3; CD3e; CD4; CD5; CD8; CD11a, b, c, and d; CD14; CD21; CD34; CD45 and 45RA; CD79a; CD90 (THY-1); major histocompatibility complex II; myeloperoxidase; MAC387; and neutrophil-specific antibody. Genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood and analyzed for mutations in N, H, and K-RAS, FLT3, and C-KIT genes by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. RESULTS Fifty-seven (77.0%) of 74 samples submitted from dogs with suspected leukemia had cytologically and immunophenotypically confirmed leukemia. There were 36 (63.2%) acute leukemias, 16 (28.1%) chronic, 3 (5.3%) prolymphocytic, 1 natural killer cell, and 1 chronic leukemia undergoing blast transformation. N-RAS mis-sense mutations were identified in 14 (25%) dogs with acute myeloid (AML) or lymphoid (ALL) leukemia, and also in one dog in the leukemic phase of lymphoma. Mutations in K-RAS were found in two dogs with AML. There were no H-RAS mutations. FLT3 internal tandem duplications were identified in three dogs with ALL, and a mis-sense mutation was found in one dog with ALL. C-KIT mutations were identified in three dogs with AML. Sixty-one percent of dogs with acute leukemia harbored mutations in N/K-RAS, FLT3, or C-KIT. CONCLUSION RAS, FLT3, and C-KIT mutations, analogous to those found in human leukemia, occur commonly in acute canine leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne G Usher
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, University of Liverpool, The Leahurst Campus, Neston, Wirral, UK
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147
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Distinct microRNA expression profiles in acute myeloid leukemia with common translocations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:15535-40. [PMID: 18832181 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0808266105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are postulated to be important regulators in cancers. Here, we report a genome-wide miRNA expression analysis in 52 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) samples with common translocations, including t(8;21)/AML1(RUNX1)-ETO(RUNX1T1), inv(16)/CBFB-MYH11, t(15;17)/PML-RARA, and MLL rearrangements. Distinct miRNA expression patterns were observed for t(15;17), MLL rearrangements, and core-binding factor (CBF) AMLs including both t(8;21) and inv(16) samples. Expression signatures of a minimum of two (i.e., miR-126/126*), three (i.e., miR-224, miR-368, and miR-382), and seven (miR-17-5p and miR-20a, plus the aforementioned five) miRNAs could accurately discriminate CBF, t(15;17), and MLL-rearrangement AMLs, respectively, from each other. We further showed that the elevated expression of miR-126/126* in CBF AMLs was associated with promoter demethylation but not with amplification or mutation of the genomic locus. Our gain- and loss-of-function experiments showed that miR-126/126* inhibited apoptosis and increased the viability of AML cells and enhanced the colony-forming ability of mouse normal bone marrow progenitor cells alone and particularly, in cooperation with AML1-ETO, likely through targeting Polo-like kinase 2 (PLK2), a tumor suppressor. Our results demonstrate that specific alterations in miRNA expression distinguish AMLs with common translocations and imply that the deregulation of specific miRNAs may play a role in the development of leukemia with these associated genetic rearrangements.
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148
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Bailey LC, Lange BJ, Rheingold SR, Bunin NJ. Bone-marrow relapse in paediatric acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Lancet Oncol 2008; 9:873-83. [PMID: 18760243 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(08)70229-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Marrow relapse is the major obstacle to cure for 10-15% of young patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). Recent investigations into the biology of minimal residual disease indicate that many early relapses derive from residual cells present at first diagnosis, but some late relapses might represent new mutations in leukaemic cells not eliminated by conventional therapy. Treatment of marrow relapse involves higher doses and more intensive schedules of the drugs used for initial therapy with or without haemopoietic stem cell transplantation. In most reports, transplantation is better than continuation chemotherapy in early marrow relapse, but its role in later relapse is less clear. Current therapy cures 10% of patients with early marrow relapses and 50% of those with late relapses, but outcomes have changed little in the past two decades. Understanding the molecular biology of ALL underlies development of improved risk stratification and new therapies. Although better drugs are needed, introduction of new agents into clinical trials in paediatric disease has been difficult. Innovative trial designs and use of valid surrogate endpoints may expedite this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Charles Bailey
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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149
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Mahajan A. Management of Relapse in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Childhood. APOLLO MEDICINE 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0976-0016(11)60481-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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150
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Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway provides cells with the means to interpret external signal cues or conditions, and respond accordingly. This cascade regulates many cell functions such as differentiation, proliferation and migration. Through modulation of both the amplitude and duration of MAPK signalling, cells can control their responses to the multiple activators of the pathway. In addition, recent work has highlighted the importance of the cellular compartment from which the signalling occurs. Cells have developed intricate systems that enable them to localise MAPK components to specific subcellular domains in response to a particular stimulus. Consequently, different factors can activate the same kinase in separate locations. Crucial to this ability are molecular scaffolds, which act as signalling modules for MAPKs, confining them to the desired compartment. The participation of the MAPK network in fundamental physiological processes, such as cell proliferation and inflammation, and the derangement of the homeostasis that occurs in disease processes, renders MAPK a highly desirable target for therapeutic intervention. As we enhance our comprehension of scaffolds and other regulatory molecules, novel targets for drug design may be discovered that will afford selective and specific MAPK modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Brown
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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