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Devesa J, Lema H, Zas E, Munín B, Taboada P, Devesa P. Learning and Memory Recoveries in a Young Girl Treated with Growth Hormone and Neurorehabilitation. J Clin Med 2016; 5:jcm5020014. [PMID: 26821051 PMCID: PMC4773770 DOI: 10.3390/jcm5020014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background-To describe the results obtained after treating a non growth hormone-deficient 10-year-old girl who suffered asphyxia during delivery, resulting in important cognitive deficits, with growth hormone (GH) and neurorehabilitation. Methods-GH was administered (mg/day) at doses of 0.5 over three months followed by 0.9, every two weeks over three months, and then alternating 1.2 three days/week and 0.3 two days/week. Neurorehabilitation consisted of daily sessions of neurostimulation, speech therapy, occupational therapy and auditive stimulation. Treatment lasted nine months. Results-Scores obtained in all the areas treated showed that, at discharge, the patient clearly increased her cognitive abilities, memory and language competence index; her intelligence quotient score increased from 51 to 80, and the index of functional independence measure reached a value of 120 over 126 (maximal value). Conclusions-This case suggests that GH administration may play a role in improving cognitive deficits during neurorehabilitation in children with brain damage suffered during delivery. This agrees with the known effects of GH on cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Devesa
- Medical Centre Foltra, Travesía de Montouto 24, Teo 15886, Spain.
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15710, Spain.
| | - Hortensia Lema
- Medical Centre Foltra, Travesía de Montouto 24, Teo 15886, Spain.
| | - Eva Zas
- Medical Centre Foltra, Travesía de Montouto 24, Teo 15886, Spain.
| | - Borja Munín
- Medical Centre Foltra, Travesía de Montouto 24, Teo 15886, Spain.
| | - Pilar Taboada
- Medical Centre Foltra, Travesía de Montouto 24, Teo 15886, Spain.
| | - Pablo Devesa
- Medical Centre Foltra, Travesía de Montouto 24, Teo 15886, Spain.
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Devesa J, Díaz-Getino G, Rey P, García-Cancela J, Loures I, Nogueiras S, Hurtado de Mendoza A, Salgado L, González M, Pablos T, Devesa P. Brain Recovery after a Plane Crash: Treatment with Growth Hormone (GH) and Neurorehabilitation: A Case Report. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:30470-82. [PMID: 26703581 PMCID: PMC4691184 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to describe the results obtained after growth hormone (GH) treatment and neurorehabilitation in a young man that suffered a very grave traumatic brain injury (TBI) after a plane crash. Methods: Fifteen months after the accident, the patient was treated with GH, 1 mg/day, at three-month intervals, followed by one-month resting, together with daily neurorehabilitation. Blood analysis at admission showed that no pituitary deficits existed. At admission, the patient presented: spastic tetraplegia, dysarthria, dysphagia, very severe cognitive deficits and joint deformities. Computerized tomography scanners (CT-Scans) revealed the practical loss of the right brain hemisphere and important injuries in the left one. Clinical and blood analysis assessments were performed every three months for three years. Feet surgery was needed because of irreducible equinovarus. Results: Clinical and kinesitherapy assessments revealed a prompt improvement in cognitive functions, dysarthria and dysphagia disappeared and three years later the patient was able to live a practically normal life, walking alone and coming back to his studies. No adverse effects were observed during and after GH administration. Conclusions: These results, together with previous results from our group, indicate that GH treatment is safe and effective for helping neurorehabilitation in TBI patients, once the acute phase is resolved, regardless of whether or not they have GH-deficiency (GHD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Devesa
- Scientific Direction Medical Centre Foltra, Teo 15886, Spain.
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15710, Spain.
| | | | - Pablo Rey
- Scientific Direction Medical Centre Foltra, Teo 15886, Spain.
| | | | - Iria Loures
- Scientific Direction Medical Centre Foltra, Teo 15886, Spain.
| | - Sonia Nogueiras
- Scientific Direction Medical Centre Foltra, Teo 15886, Spain.
| | | | - Lucía Salgado
- Scientific Direction Medical Centre Foltra, Teo 15886, Spain.
| | - Mónica González
- Scientific Direction Medical Centre Foltra, Teo 15886, Spain.
| | - Tamara Pablos
- Scientific Direction Medical Centre Foltra, Teo 15886, Spain.
| | - Pablo Devesa
- Scientific Direction Medical Centre Foltra, Teo 15886, Spain.
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Vila G, Akerblad AC, Mattsson AF, Riedl M, Webb SM, Hána V, Nielsen EH, Biller BM, Luger A. Pregnancy outcomes in women with growth hormone deficiency. Fertil Steril 2015; 104:1210-7.e1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.07.1132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Chung JY, Sunwoo JS, Kim MW, Kim M. The neuroprotective effects of human growth hormone as a potential treatment for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:1201-3. [PMID: 26487835 PMCID: PMC4590220 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.162690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Young Chung
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Kangwon National University, Gangwondo, South Korea
| | - Jun-Sang Sunwoo
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min-Wook Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea ; Institute of Catholic Integrative Medicine (ICIM), Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Manho Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea ; Protein Metabolism Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Growth hormone (GH) increases cognition and expression of ionotropic glutamate receptors (AMPA and NMDA) in transgenic zebrafish (Danio rerio). Behav Brain Res 2015; 294:36-42. [PMID: 26235327 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The growth hormone/insulin-like factor I (GH/IGF-I) somatotropic axis is responsible for somatic growth in vertebrates, and has important functions in the nervous system. Among these, learning and memory functions related to the neural expression of ionotropic glutamate receptors, mainly types AMPA (α-amino-3hydroxy-5methylisoxazole-4propionic) and NMDA (N-methyl-d-aspartate) can be highlighted. Studies on these mechanisms have been almost exclusively conducted on mammal models, with little information available on fish. Consequently, this study aimed at evaluating the effects of the somatotropic axis on learning and memory of a GH-transgenic zebrafish (Danio rerio) model (F0104 strain). Long-term memory (LTM) was tested in an inhibitory avoidance apparatus, and brain expression of igf-I and genes that code for the main subunits of the AMPA and NMDA receptors were evaluated. Results showed a significant increase in LTM for transgenic fish. Transgenic animals also showed a generalized pattern of increase in the expression of AMPA and NMDA genes, as well as a three-fold induction in igf-I expression in the brain. When analyzed together, these results indicate that GH, mediated by IGF-I, has important effects on the brain, with improvement in LTM as a result of increased glutamate receptors. The transgenic strain F0104 was shown to be an interesting model for elucidating the intricate mechanisms related to the effect of the somatotropic axis on learning and memory in vertebrates.
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Scratch SE, Anderson PJ, Doyle LW, Thompson DK, Ahmadzai ZM, Greaves RF, Inder TE, Hunt RW. High Postnatal Growth Hormone Levels Are Related to Cognitive Deficits in a Group of Children Born Very Preterm. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100:2709-17. [PMID: 25974734 PMCID: PMC4490305 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-4342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVES Little is known regarding the influence of GH on brain development, especially in infants born very preterm (VP; <30 weeks' gestation). Preterm infants are thought to have higher levels of GH in the first days of life compared with full-term infants. VP infants experience cognitive difficulties in childhood and have a diffuse pattern of structural brain abnormalities. This study aimed to explore the relationship between postnatal GH concentrations following VP birth and its association with cognitive functioning and brain volumes at age 7 years. METHODS Eighty-three infants born VP had GH concentrations measured at eight time points postnatally, and 2- and 6-week area under the curve (AUC) summary measures were calculated. Followup at age 7 years included neuropsychological assessment and brain magnetic resonance imaging. Univariable and multivariable regression modeling were used where AUC for GH was the main predictor of neurodevelopmental outcome at age 7 years. RESULTS Univariable modeling revealed that higher GH levels (2-week AUC) were related to poorer performance on a verbal working memory (P = .04) and shifting attention task (P = .01). These relationships persisted on multivariable modeling and when the 6-week AUC was analyzed; working memory (P = .03), immediate spatial memory (P = .02), and delayed spatial memory (P = .03) deficits were found. Higher GH levels were also associated with larger amygdala volumes after adjustment for potential confounders (P = .002, 2-week AUC; P = .03, 6-week AUC). CONCLUSIONS Higher postnatal GH levels may potentially contribute to the documented neurodevelopmental abnormalities seen in children born VP at school age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon E Scratch
- Clinical Sciences (S.E.S., P.J.A., L.W.D., D.K.T., Z.M.A., R.F.G., T.E.I., R.W.H.), Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Victoria, 3052 Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences (S.E.S., P.J.A., L.W.D., D.K.T., R.W.H.), The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010 Australia; The Royal Women's Hospital (L.W.D.), Victoria, 3052 Australia; School of Medical Sciences (R.F.G.), RMIT University, Victoria, 3000 Australia; Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine (T.E.I.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; and The Royal Children's Hospital (R.W.H.), Melbourne, 3052 Australia
| | - Peter J Anderson
- Clinical Sciences (S.E.S., P.J.A., L.W.D., D.K.T., Z.M.A., R.F.G., T.E.I., R.W.H.), Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Victoria, 3052 Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences (S.E.S., P.J.A., L.W.D., D.K.T., R.W.H.), The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010 Australia; The Royal Women's Hospital (L.W.D.), Victoria, 3052 Australia; School of Medical Sciences (R.F.G.), RMIT University, Victoria, 3000 Australia; Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine (T.E.I.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; and The Royal Children's Hospital (R.W.H.), Melbourne, 3052 Australia
| | - Lex W Doyle
- Clinical Sciences (S.E.S., P.J.A., L.W.D., D.K.T., Z.M.A., R.F.G., T.E.I., R.W.H.), Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Victoria, 3052 Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences (S.E.S., P.J.A., L.W.D., D.K.T., R.W.H.), The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010 Australia; The Royal Women's Hospital (L.W.D.), Victoria, 3052 Australia; School of Medical Sciences (R.F.G.), RMIT University, Victoria, 3000 Australia; Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine (T.E.I.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; and The Royal Children's Hospital (R.W.H.), Melbourne, 3052 Australia
| | - Deanne K Thompson
- Clinical Sciences (S.E.S., P.J.A., L.W.D., D.K.T., Z.M.A., R.F.G., T.E.I., R.W.H.), Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Victoria, 3052 Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences (S.E.S., P.J.A., L.W.D., D.K.T., R.W.H.), The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010 Australia; The Royal Women's Hospital (L.W.D.), Victoria, 3052 Australia; School of Medical Sciences (R.F.G.), RMIT University, Victoria, 3000 Australia; Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine (T.E.I.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; and The Royal Children's Hospital (R.W.H.), Melbourne, 3052 Australia
| | - Zohra M Ahmadzai
- Clinical Sciences (S.E.S., P.J.A., L.W.D., D.K.T., Z.M.A., R.F.G., T.E.I., R.W.H.), Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Victoria, 3052 Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences (S.E.S., P.J.A., L.W.D., D.K.T., R.W.H.), The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010 Australia; The Royal Women's Hospital (L.W.D.), Victoria, 3052 Australia; School of Medical Sciences (R.F.G.), RMIT University, Victoria, 3000 Australia; Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine (T.E.I.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; and The Royal Children's Hospital (R.W.H.), Melbourne, 3052 Australia
| | - Ronda F Greaves
- Clinical Sciences (S.E.S., P.J.A., L.W.D., D.K.T., Z.M.A., R.F.G., T.E.I., R.W.H.), Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Victoria, 3052 Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences (S.E.S., P.J.A., L.W.D., D.K.T., R.W.H.), The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010 Australia; The Royal Women's Hospital (L.W.D.), Victoria, 3052 Australia; School of Medical Sciences (R.F.G.), RMIT University, Victoria, 3000 Australia; Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine (T.E.I.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; and The Royal Children's Hospital (R.W.H.), Melbourne, 3052 Australia
| | - Terrie E Inder
- Clinical Sciences (S.E.S., P.J.A., L.W.D., D.K.T., Z.M.A., R.F.G., T.E.I., R.W.H.), Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Victoria, 3052 Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences (S.E.S., P.J.A., L.W.D., D.K.T., R.W.H.), The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010 Australia; The Royal Women's Hospital (L.W.D.), Victoria, 3052 Australia; School of Medical Sciences (R.F.G.), RMIT University, Victoria, 3000 Australia; Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine (T.E.I.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; and The Royal Children's Hospital (R.W.H.), Melbourne, 3052 Australia
| | - Rodney W Hunt
- Clinical Sciences (S.E.S., P.J.A., L.W.D., D.K.T., Z.M.A., R.F.G., T.E.I., R.W.H.), Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Victoria, 3052 Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences (S.E.S., P.J.A., L.W.D., D.K.T., R.W.H.), The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010 Australia; The Royal Women's Hospital (L.W.D.), Victoria, 3052 Australia; School of Medical Sciences (R.F.G.), RMIT University, Victoria, 3000 Australia; Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine (T.E.I.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; and The Royal Children's Hospital (R.W.H.), Melbourne, 3052 Australia
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Abstract
BACKGROUND This cross-sectional study examined the associations of hormones and age with short-term memory and perceptual capacity in 472 healthy Asian men. METHODS The symbol digit and digit span tests from the Swedish Performance Evaluation System were used to assess perceptual capacity and memory. Linear regression analyses with the stepwise method were carried out with the SPSS 21.0 package. RESULTS Age was associated with lower dehydorepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEA/S), insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1), thyroxine (T4), testosterone (T), bioavailable T (BioT) and error rate (Err) but higher glucose (GLU), sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), estradiol (E2) and retention time (RT). High GLU was associated with higher error rate, longer RT of the perceptual capacity domain and shorter digit span (DSpan) of the short-term memory domain. Higher insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (BP3) was associated with longer DSpan. High cortisol (Cor) was associated with higher Err, while high DHEA/S was associated with shorter RT. All other hormones from the adrenal, somatotrophic and gonadal were not significantly associated with cognition. CONCLUSION The findings suggest (1) a role for tighter control of blood glucose levels in cognitive decline with aging in men, (2) different hormones may be related to different parameters of cognition and "cognition" is not a unitary phenomenon and (3) further investigation of the potential for exogenous DHEA/S to slow cognitive decline in aging, especially as it relates to reaction time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor H-H Goh
- Department of Medical Education, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University , Bentley, WA , Australia
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108
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Zihl J, Almeida OFX. Neuropsychology of Neuroendocrine Dysregulation after Traumatic Brain Injury. J Clin Med 2015; 4:1051-62. [PMID: 26239465 PMCID: PMC4470216 DOI: 10.3390/jcm4051051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocrine dysfunction is a common effect of traumatic brain injury (TBI). In addition to affecting the regulation of important body functions, the disruption of endocrine physiology can significantly impair mental functions, such as attention, memory, executive function, and mood. This mini-review focuses on alterations in mental functioning that are associated with neuroendocrine disturbances in adults who suffered TBI. It summarizes the contribution of hormones to the regulation of mental functions, the consequences of TBI on mental health and neuroendocrine homeostasis, and the effects of hormone substitution on mental dysfunction caused by TBI. The available empirical evidence suggests that comprehensive assessment of mental functions should be standard in TBI subjects presenting with hormone deficiency and that hormone replacement therapy should be accompanied by pre- and post-assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Zihl
- Department of Psychology, LMU University of Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany.
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109
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Chaplin JE, Kriström B, Jonsson B, Tuvemo T, Albertsson-Wikland K. Growth Hormone Treatment Improves Cognitive Function in Short Children with Growth Hormone Deficiency. Horm Res Paediatr 2015; 83:000375529. [PMID: 25823753 DOI: 10.1159/000375529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS We investigated the association between cognition and growth hormone (GH) status and GH treatment in short prepubertal children with broadly ranging GH secretion. METHODS A total of 99 children (age 3-11 years), 41 with GH deficiency (GHD) and 58 with idiopathic short stature (ISS), were randomized to a fixed dose (43 µg/kg/day) or a prediction model-guided individualized dose (17-100 µg/kg/day) and followed up for 24 months. In a longitudinal and mixed within- and between-subjects study, we examined clinical effect size changes, measured by Cohen's d, in full-scale IQ (FSIQ) and secondary IQ indices. RESULTS Significant increases giving medium effect size in FSIQ (p = 0.001, Cohen's d = 0.63), performance IQ (p = 0.001, Cohen's d = 0.65) and processing speed (p = 0.005, Cohen's d = 0.71) were found in the GH-deficient group. In contrast, perceptual organization only increased in the ISS group (p = 0.001, Cohen's d = 0.53). Baseline IQ was normally distributed with small but significant differences between the groups: GH-deficient children had lower FSIQ (p = 0.042) and lower performance IQ (p = 0.021). Using multiple regression analysis, 40% of the variance in delta processing speed scores (0-24 months) was explained by GHmax and IGF-ISDS at baseline. CONCLUSION IQ, specifically fluid intelligence, increased in the GH-deficient children. The pretreatment status of the GH/IGF-I axis was significantly predictive for these changes. © 2015 S. Karger AG, Basel.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Eric Chaplin
- Gothenburg Pediatric Growth Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Science, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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110
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Halil M, Cemal Kizilarslanoglu M, Emin Kuyumcu M, Yesil Y, Cruz Jentoft AJ. Cognitive aspects of frailty: mechanisms behind the link between frailty and cognitive impairment. J Nutr Health Aging 2015; 19:276-83. [PMID: 25732212 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-014-0535-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Whereas physical impairment is the main hallmark of frailty, evidence suggests that other dimensions, such as psychological, cognitive and social factors also contribute to this multidimensional condition. Cognition is now considered a relevant domain of frailty. Cognitive and physical frailty interact: cognitive problems and dementia are more prevalent in physically frail individuals, and those with cognitive impairment are more prone to become frail. Disentangling the relationship between cognition and frailty may lead to new intervention strategies for the prevention and treatment of both conditions. Both frailty and cognitive decline share common potential mechanisms. This review examines the relationship between frailty and cognitive decline and explores the role of vascular changes, hormones, vitamin D, inflammation, insulin resistance, and nutrition in the development of physical frailty and cognitive problems, as potential underlying mechanisms behind this link. Dual tasking studies may be a useful way to explore and understand the relation between cognitive and physical frailty. Further studies are needed to elucidate this complex relation to improve the outcomes of frailty.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Halil
- Muhammet Cemal Kizilarslanoglu, MD, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, 06100 Ankara, Turkey, Tel: +903123053071, Fax: +903123097620, e-mail:
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111
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Welcome MO, Mastorakis NE, Pereverzev VA. Sweet taste receptor signaling network: possible implication for cognitive functioning. Neurol Res Int 2015; 2015:606479. [PMID: 25653876 PMCID: PMC4306214 DOI: 10.1155/2015/606479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sweet taste receptors are transmembrane protein network specialized in the transmission of information from special "sweet" molecules into the intracellular domain. These receptors can sense the taste of a range of molecules and transmit the information downstream to several acceptors, modulate cell specific functions and metabolism, and mediate cell-to-cell coupling through paracrine mechanism. Recent reports indicate that sweet taste receptors are widely distributed in the body and serves specific function relative to their localization. Due to their pleiotropic signaling properties and multisubstrate ligand affinity, sweet taste receptors are able to cooperatively bind multiple substances and mediate signaling by other receptors. Based on increasing evidence about the role of these receptors in the initiation and control of absorption and metabolism, and the pivotal role of metabolic (glucose) regulation in the central nervous system functioning, we propose a possible implication of sweet taste receptor signaling in modulating cognitive functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menizibeya O. Welcome
- World Scientific and Engineering Academy and Society, Ag. Ioannou Theologou 17-23, Zografou, 15773 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikos E. Mastorakis
- World Scientific and Engineering Academy and Society, Ag. Ioannou Theologou 17-23, Zografou, 15773 Athens, Greece
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Technical University of Sofia, 8 Kl. Ohridski Boulevard, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Vladimir A. Pereverzev
- Department of Normal Physiology, Belarusian State Medical University, Dzerzhinsky Avenue 83, 220116 Minsk, Belarus
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Rudnitskaya EA, Maksimova KY, Muraleva NA, Logvinov SV, Yanshole LV, Kolosova NG, Stefanova NA. Beneficial effects of melatonin in a rat model of sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Biogerontology 2014; 16:303-16. [PMID: 25515660 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-014-9547-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin synthesis is disordered in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). To determine the role of melatonin in the pathogenesis of AD, suitable animal models are needed. The OXYS rats are an experimental model of accelerated senescence that has also been proposed as a spontaneous rat model of AD-like pathology. In the present study, we demonstrate that disturbances in melatonin secretion occur in OXYS rats at 4 months of age. These disturbances occur simultaneously with manifestation of behavioral abnormalities against the background of neurodegeneration and alterations in hormonal status but before the signs of amyloid-β accumulation. We examined whether oral administration of melatonin could normalize the melatonin secretion and have beneficial effects on OXYS rats before progression to AD-like pathology. The results showed that melatonin treatment restored melatonin secretion in the pineal gland of OXYS rats as well as the serum levels of growth hormone and IGF-1, the level of BDNF in the hippocampus and the healthy state of hippocampal neurons. Additionally, melatonin treatment of OXYS rats prevented an increase in anxiety and the decline of locomotor activity, of exploratory activity, and of reference memory. Thus, melatonin may be involved in AD progression, whereas oral administration of melatonin could be a prophylactic strategy to prevent or slow down the progression of some features of AD pathology.
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113
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Nyberg F. Structural plasticity of the brain to psychostimulant use. Neuropharmacology 2014; 87:115-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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114
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Córdova-Palomera A, Alemany S, Fatjó-Vilas M, Goldberg X, Leza JC, González-Pinto A, Nenadic I, Fañanás L. Birth weight, working memory and epigenetic signatures in IGF2 and related genes: a MZ twin study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103639. [PMID: 25171170 PMCID: PMC4149354 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disruptions caused by obstetric complications play a role in the etiology of several phenotypes associated with neuropsychiatric diseases and cognitive dysfunctions. Importantly, it has been noticed that epigenetic processes occurring early in life may mediate these associations. Here, DNA methylation signatures at IGF2 (insulin-like growth factor 2) and IGF2BP1-3 (IGF2-binding proteins 1-3) were examined in a sample consisting of 34 adult monozygotic (MZ) twins informative for obstetric complications and cognitive performance. Multivariate linear regression analysis of twin data was implemented to test for associations between methylation levels and both birth weight (BW) and adult working memory (WM) performance. Familial and unique environmental factors underlying these potential relationships were evaluated. A link was detected between DNA methylation levels of two CpG sites in the IGF2BP1 gene and both BW and adult WM performance. The BW-IGF2BP1 methylation association seemed due to non-shared environmental factors influencing BW, whereas the WM-IGF2BP1 methylation relationship seemed mediated by both genes and environment. Our data is in agreement with previous evidence indicating that DNA methylation status may be related to prenatal stress and later neurocognitive phenotypes. While former reports independently detected associations between DNA methylation and either BW or WM, current results suggest that these relationships are not confounded by each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Córdova-Palomera
- Unitat d'Antropologia, Departament de Biologia Animal, Facultat de Biologia and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Alemany
- Unitat d'Antropologia, Departament de Biologia Animal, Facultat de Biologia and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Fatjó-Vilas
- Unitat d'Antropologia, Departament de Biologia Animal, Facultat de Biologia and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ximena Goldberg
- Unitat d'Antropologia, Departament de Biologia Animal, Facultat de Biologia and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Leza
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain, and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (I+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana González-Pinto
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Psychiatry Service, Santiago Apóstol Hospital, EMBREC, EHU/UPV University of the Basque Country, Vitoria, Spain
| | - Igor Nenadic
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Lourdes Fañanás
- Unitat d'Antropologia, Departament de Biologia Animal, Facultat de Biologia and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Sleep is essential for effective cognitive functioning. Loosing even a few hours of sleep can have detrimental effects on a wide variety of cognitive processes such as attention, language, reasoning, decision making, learning and memory. While sleep is necessary to ensure normal healthy cognitive functioning, it can also enhance performance beyond the boundaries of the normal condition. This article discusses the enhancing potential of sleep, mainly focusing on the domain of learning and memory. Sleep is known to facilitate the consolidation of memories learned before sleep as well as the acquisition of new memories to be learned after sleep. According to a widely held model this beneficial effect of sleep relies on the neuronal reactivation of memories during sleep that is associated with sleep-specific brain oscillations (slow oscillations, spindles, ripples) as well as a characteristic neurotransmitter milieu. Recent research indicates that memory processing during sleep can be boosted by (i) cueing memory reactivation during sleep; (ii) stimulating sleep-specific brain oscillations; and (iii) targeting specific neurotransmitter systems pharmacologically. Olfactory and auditory cues can be used, for example, to increase reactivation of associated memories during post-learning sleep. Intensifying neocortical slow oscillations (the hallmark of slow wave sleep (SWS)) by electrical or auditory stimulation and modulating specific neurotransmitters such as noradrenaline and glutamate likewise facilitates memory processing during sleep. With this evidence in mind, this article concludes by discussing different methodological caveats and ethical issues that should be considered when thinking about using sleep for cognitive enhancement in everyday applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Diekelmann
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University Tübingen Tübingen, Germany
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116
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Grönbladh A, Johansson J, Nyberg F, Hallberg M. Administration of growth hormone and nandrolone decanoate alters mRNA expression of the GABAB receptor subunits as well as of the GH receptor, IGF-1, and IGF-2 in rat brain. Growth Horm IGF Res 2014; 24:60-66. [PMID: 24480470 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The illicit use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS), especially among young adults, is of major concern. Among AAS users it is common to combine the AAS nandrolone decanoate (ND), with intake of growth hormone (GH) and a connection between gonadal steroids and the GH system has been suggested. Both AAS and GH affect functions in the brain, for example those associated with the hypothalamus and pituitary, and several GH actions are mediated by growth factors such as insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2). The GABAergic system is implicated in actions induced by AAS and previous studies have provided evidence for a link between GH and GABAB receptors in the brain. Our aim was to examine the impact of AAS administration and a subsequent administration of GH, on the expression of GABAB receptors and important GH mediators in rat brain. DESIGN The aim was to investigate the CNS effects of a high-dose ND, and to study if a low, but physiological relevant, dose of GH could reverse the ND-induced effects. In the present study, male rats were administered a high dose of ND every third day during three weeks, and subsequently the rats were given recombinant human GH (rhGH) during ten days. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) was used to analyze gene expression in hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, caudate putamen, nucleus accumbens, and amygdala. RESULTS In the pituitary gland, the expression of GABAB receptor subunits was affected differently by the steroid treatment; the GABAB1 mRNA expression was decreased whereas a distinct elevation of the GABAB2 expression was found. Administration of ND also caused a decrease of GHR, IGF-1, and IGF-2 mRNA expression in the pituitary while the corresponding expression in the hypothalamus, caudate putamen, nucleus accumbens, and amygdala was unaffected. The rhGH administration did not alter the GABAB2 expression but increased the GABAB1 gene expression in the hypothalamus as compared to the AAS treated group. CONCLUSIONS These results provide new insights on the impact of ND and GH on the brain and highlight the interaction of these hormones with systems influencing GABAB receptor expression. The physiological significance of the observed effects of these hormones is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfhild Grönbladh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 591, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Jenny Johansson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 591, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fred Nyberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 591, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mathias Hallberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 591, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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117
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Richmond E, Rogol AD. Traumatic brain injury: endocrine consequences in children and adults. Endocrine 2014; 45:3-8. [PMID: 24030696 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-013-0049-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common cause of death and disability in young adults with consequences ranging from physical disabilities to long-term cognitive, behavioral, psychological and social defects. Recent data suggest that pituitary hormone deficiency is not infrequent among TBI survivors; the prevalence of reported hypopituitarism following TBI varies widely among published studies. The most common cause of TBI is motor vehicle accidents, including pedestrian-car and bicycle car encounters, falls, child abuse, violence and sports injuries. Prevalence of hypopituitarism, from total to isolated pituitary deficiency, ranges from 5 to 90 %. The time interval between TBI and pituitary function evaluation is one of the major factors responsible for variations in the prevalence of hypopituitarism reported. Endocrine dysfunction after TBI in children and adolescents is common. Adolescence is a time of growth, freedom and adjustment, consequently TBI is also common in this group. Sports-related TBI is an important public health concern, but many cases are unrecognized and unreported. Sports that are associated with an increased risk of TBI include those involving contact and/or collisions such as boxing, football, soccer, ice hockey, rugby, and the martial arts, as well as high velocity sports such as cycling, motor racing, equestrian sports, skiing and roller skating. The aim of this paper is to summarize the best evidence of TBI as a cause of pituitary deficiency in children and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick Richmond
- Pediatric Endocrinology, National Children's Hospital, San José, Costa Rica
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Provenzano G, Clementi E, Genovesi S, Scali M, Tripathi PP, Sgadò P, Bozzi Y. GH Dysfunction in Engrailed-2 Knockout Mice, a Model for Autism Spectrum Disorders. Front Pediatr 2014; 2:92. [PMID: 25225635 PMCID: PMC4150208 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2014.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) signaling promotes brain development and plasticity. Altered IGF-1 expression has been associated to autism spectrum disorders (ASD). IGF-1 levels were found increased in the blood and decreased in the cerebrospinal fluid of ASD children. Accordingly, IGF-1 treatment can rescue behavioral deficits in mouse models of ASD, and IGF-1 trials have been proposed for ASD children. IGF-1 is mainly synthesized in the liver, and its synthesis is dependent on growth hormone (GH) produced in the pituitary gland. GH also modulates cognitive functions, and altered levels of GH have been detected in ASD patients. Here, we analyzed the expression of GH, IGF-1, their receptors, and regulatory hormones in the neuroendocrine system of adult male mice lacking the homeobox transcription factor Engrailed-2 (En2 (-/-) mice). En2 (-/-) mice display ASD-like behaviors (social interactions, defective spatial learning, increased seizure susceptibility) accompanied by relevant neuropathological changes (loss of cerebellar and forebrain inhibitory neurons). Recent studies showed that En2 modulates IGF-1 activity during postnatal cerebellar development. We found that GH mRNA expression was markedly deregulated throughout the neuroendocrine axis in En2 (-/-) mice, as compared to wild-type controls. In mutant mice, GH mRNA levels were significantly increased in the pituitary gland, blood, and liver, whereas decreased levels were detected in the hippocampus. These changes were paralleled by decreased levels of GH protein in the hippocampus but not other tissues of En2 (-/-) mice. IGF-1 mRNA was significantly up-regulated in the liver and down-regulated in the En2 (-/-) hippocampus, but no differences were detected in the levels of IGF-1 protein between the two genotypes. Our data strengthen the notion that altered GH levels in the hippocampus may be involved in learning disabilities associated to ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Provenzano
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento , Trento , Italy
| | - Elena Clementi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento , Trento , Italy
| | - Sacha Genovesi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento , Trento , Italy
| | - Manuela Scali
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR) , Pisa , Italy ; Laboratory of Neurobiology, Scuola Normale Superiore , Pisa , Italy
| | - Prem Prakash Tripathi
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR) , Pisa , Italy ; Laboratory of Neurobiology, Scuola Normale Superiore , Pisa , Italy
| | - Paola Sgadò
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento , Trento , Italy
| | - Yuri Bozzi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento , Trento , Italy ; Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR) , Pisa , Italy
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119
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Licht CMM, van Turenhout LC, Deijen JB, Koppes LLJ, van Mechelen W, Twisk JWR, Drent ML. The Association between IGF-1 Polymorphisms, IGF-1 Serum Levels, and Cognitive Functions in Healthy Adults: The Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study. Int J Endocrinol 2014; 2014:181327. [PMID: 25114679 PMCID: PMC4120488 DOI: 10.1155/2014/181327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated an association between polymorphisms in the insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) gene and IGF-1 serum levels. IGF-1 levels have been associated with cognitive functioning in older persons and growth hormone deficient patients. The present study investigates whether IGF-1 polymorphisms, IGF-1 levels, and cognition are interconnected in healthy adults. Data of 277 participants (mean age: 42.4 years) of the Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study on IGF-1 promoter polymorphisms, IGF-1 serum level, spatial working memory (SWM), paired associate learning (PAL), and IQ tests were analyzed. (M)ANOVAs were applied to confirm the associations between IGF-1 polymorphisms and IGF-1 levels and between IGF-1 levels and cognition. Three groups were distinguished based on specific IGF-1 polymorphism alleles: a homozygote 192 bp/192 bp genotype, a heterozygote 192 bp/x genotype, and a noncarrier x/x genotype. Although different IGF-1 levels were found for the three genotypes, performance on all cognitive tasks and IQ measures was similar. Despite the associations between IGF-1 polymorphisms and IGF-1 levels, no association was found between cognition and IGF-1 levels. It seems that IGF-1 does not play a role in the cognitive performance of healthy middle-aged adults. Possible, IGF-1 fulfills a more developmental and protective role in cognition which becomes apparent during childhood, old-age, or disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmilla M. M. Licht
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lise C. van Turenhout
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine Section, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Berend Deijen
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- *Jan Berend Deijen:
| | - Lando L. J. Koppes
- Work and Employment Division, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Polarisavenue 151, 2132 JJ Hoofddorp, The Netherlands
| | - Willem van Mechelen
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Body@Work, Research Center on Physical Activity, Work and Health, TNO-VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jos W. R. Twisk
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Madeleine L. Drent
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine Section, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Grönbladh A, Johansson J, Kushnir MM, Bergquist J, Hallberg M. The impact of nandrolone decanoate and growth hormone on biosynthesis of steroids in rats. Steroids 2013; 78:1192-9. [PMID: 24012727 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2013.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) and anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are commonly used in sports communities. Several studies have suggested an association between GH and AAS. We have investigated the impact of GH in rats treated with nandrolone decanoate (ND). Male Wistar rats received ND (15 mg/kg) every third day during three weeks and were subsequently treated with recombinant human GH (1.0I U/kg) for ten consecutive days. Plasma samples were collected and peripheral organs (i.e. heart, liver, testis and thymus) were dissected and weighed. Concentration of thirteen endogenous steroids was measured in the rat plasma samples using high specificity LC-MS/MS methods. Seven steroids were detected and quantified, and concentrations of estrone, testosterone, and androstenedione were significantly different among the groups, while concentrations of pregnenolone, DHEA, 17-hydroxyprogesterone and corticosterone were not altered. Administration of rhGH alone altered the plasma steroid distribution, and the results demonstrated significantly increased concentrations of plasma estrone as well as decreased concentrations of testosterone and androstenedione in the ND-treated rats. Administration of rhGH to ND-pretreated rats did not reverse the alteration of the steroid distribution induced by ND. Administration of ND decreased the weight of the thymus, and addition of rhGH did not reverse this reduction. However, rhGH administration induced an enlargement of thymus. Taken together, the plasma steroid profile differed in the four groups, i.e. control, AAS, rhGH and the combination of AAS and rhGH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfhild Grönbladh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 591, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Serum ghrelin is associated with verbal learning and adiposity in a sample of healthy, fit older adults. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:202757. [PMID: 23971025 PMCID: PMC3732628 DOI: 10.1155/2013/202757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present investigation was to determine the relationship between serum ghrelin concentrations, adiposity, and verbal learning in a group of healthy, fit older adults. Participants were 28 healthy older adults (age: 70.8 ± 9.3 yrs, BMI: 27.3 ± 5.7). Participants reported to the laboratory and basic anthropometric data were collected, followed by a blood draw to quantify serum ghrelin. Participants then underwent cognitive testing that included the revised Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (HVLT), as well as the Mini-Mental Status Exam (MMSE). The results of the MMSE test revealed that the volunteers were cognitively intact (MMSE 27.6 ± 1.8). A significant correlation emerged between serum ghrelin concentrations, 2 trials of the HVLT (Trial 1: r = 0.316, P = 0.05; Trial 2: r = 0.395, P = 0.03), and the sum of three-site skinfold analysis (r = 0.417, P = 0.015). Based upon the aforementioned relationships, it appears that fasting levels of serum ghrelin are related to both verbal learning and adiposity in healthy, fit older adults.
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