101
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Mukherjee P, Hough G, Chattopadhyay A, Grijalva V, O'Connor EI, Meriwether D, Wagner A, Ntambi JM, Navab M, Reddy ST, Fogelman AM. Role of enterocyte stearoyl-Co-A desaturase-1 in LDLR-null mice. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:1818-1840. [PMID: 30139760 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m083527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
After crossing floxed stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (Scd1 fl/fl) mice with LDL receptor-null (ldlr -/-) mice, and then Villin Cre (VilCre) mice, enterocyte Scd1 expression in Scd1 fl/fl/ldlr -/-/VilCre mice was reduced 70%. On Western diet (WD), Scd1 fl/fl/ldlr -/- mice gained more weight than Scd1 fl/fl/ldlr -/-/VilCre mice (P < 0.0023). On WD, jejunum levels of lysophosphatidylcholine (LysoPC) 18:1 and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) 18:1 were significantly less in Scd1 fl/fl/ldlr -/-/VilCre compared with Scd1 fl/fl/ldlr -/- mice (P < 0.0004 and P < 0.026, respectively). On WD, Scd1 fl/fl/ldlr -/-/VilCre mice compared with Scd1 fl/fl/ldlr -/- mice had lower protein levels of lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and myeloid differentiation factor-88 (MyD88) in enterocytes and plasma, and less dyslipidemia and systemic inflammation. Adding a concentrate of tomatoes transgenic for the apoA-I mimetic peptide 6F (Tg6F) to WD resulted in reduced enterocyte protein levels of LBP, CD14, TLR4, and MyD88 in Scd1 fl/fl/ldlr -/- mice similar to that seen in Scd1 fl/fl/ldlr -/-/VilCre mice. Adding LysoPC 18:1 to WD did not reverse the effects of enterocyte Scd1 knockdown. Adding LysoPC 18:1 (but not LysoPC 18:0) to chow induced jejunum Scd1 expression and increased dyslipidemia and plasma serum amyloid A and interleukin 6 levels in Scd1 fl/fl/ldlr -/- mice, but not in Scd1 fl/fl/ldlr -/-/VilCre mice. We conclude that enterocyte Scd1 is partially responsible for LysoPC 18:1- and WD-induced dyslipidemia and inflammation in ldlr -/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Mukherjee
- Departments of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Greg Hough
- Departments of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Arnab Chattopadhyay
- Departments of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Victor Grijalva
- Departments of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Ellen Ines O'Connor
- Molecular Toxicology Interdepartmental Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - David Meriwether
- Departments of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Alan Wagner
- Departments of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - James M Ntambi
- Departments of Biochemistry and Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Mohamad Navab
- Departments of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Srinivasa T Reddy
- Departments of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 .,Departments of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095.,Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Alan M Fogelman
- Departments of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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102
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Chang P, Grimes CL. Designer Dendrons To Dissect Innate Immune Signaling. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2018; 4:948-949. [PMID: 30159390 PMCID: PMC6107857 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.8b00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela
V. Chang
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell
University, 930 Campus Road VMC C4-185, Ithaca, New York 14853, United
States
| | - Catherine L. Grimes
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Delaware, 134 Brown Laboratories, Newark, Delaware 19716, United
States
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103
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Kutschera A, Ranf S. The multifaceted functions of lipopolysaccharide in plant-bacteria interactions. Biochimie 2018; 159:93-98. [PMID: 30077817 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In Gram-negative bacteria, the cell envelope largely consists of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a class of heterogeneous glycolipids. As a fundamental component of the outer membrane, LPS provides stability to the bacterial cell and forms a protective cover shielding it from hostile environments. LPS is not only fundamental to bacterial viability, but also makes a substantial contribution both directly and indirectly to multiple aspects of inter-organismic interactions. During infection of animal and plant hosts, LPS promotes bacterial virulence but simultaneously betrays bacteria to the host immune system. Moreover, dynamic remodulation of LPS structures allows bacteria to fine-tune OM properties and quickly adapt to diverse and often hostile environments, such as those encountered in host tissues. Here, we summarize recent insights into the multiple functions of LPS in plant-bacteria interactions and discuss what we can learn from the latest advances in the field of animal immunity. We further pinpoint open questions and future challenges to unravel the different roles of LPS in the dynamic interplay between bacteria and plant hosts at the mechanistic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kutschera
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Stefanie Ranf
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.
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104
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Innate immunity to inhaled particles: A new paradigm of collective recognition. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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105
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Interaction between Insects, Toxins, and Bacteria: Have We Been Wrong So Far? Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10070281. [PMID: 29986377 PMCID: PMC6070883 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10070281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxins are a major virulence factor produced by many pathogenic bacteria. In vertebrates, the response of hosts to the bacteria is inseparable from the response to the toxins, allowing a comprehensive understanding of this tripartite host-pathogen-toxin interaction. However, in invertebrates, this interaction has been investigated by two complementary but historically distinct fields of research: toxinology and immunology. In this article, I highlight how such dichotomy between these two fields led to a biased, or even erroneous view of the ecology and evolution of the interaction between insects, toxins, and bacteria. I focus on the reason behind such a dichotomy, on how to bridge the fields together, and on confounding effects that could bias the outcome of the experiments. Finally, I raise four questions at the border of the two fields on the cross-effects between toxins, bacteria, and spores that have been largely underexplored to promote a more comprehensive view of this interaction.
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106
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Sui Y, Dzutsev A, Venzon D, Frey B, Thovarai V, Trinchieri G, Berzofsky JA. Influence of gut microbiome on mucosal immune activation and SHIV viral transmission in naive macaques. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:1219-1229. [PMID: 29858581 PMCID: PMC6030500 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0029-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
It is unknown whether the gut microbiome affects HIV transmission. In our recent SHIV vaccine study, we found that the naive rhesus macaques from two different sources had significantly different rates of infection against repeated low-dose intrarectal challenge with SHIVSF162P4 virus. Exploring causes, we found that the more susceptible group of seven macaques had significantly more activated CD4+CCR5+Ki67+ T cells in the rectal mucosa than the more resistant group of 11 macaques from a different source. The prevalence of pre-challenge activated rectal CD4 T cells in the naive macaques correlated inversely with the number of challenges required to infect. Because the two naive groups came from different sources, we hypothesized that their microbiomes may differ and might explain the activation difference. Indeed, after sequencing 16s rRNA, we found differences between the two naive groups that correlated with immune activation status. Distinct gut microbiota induced different levels of immune activation ex vivo. Significantly lower ratios of Bacteroides to Prevotella, and significantly lower levels of Firmicutes were found in the susceptible cohort, which were also inversely correlated with high levels of immune activation in the rectal mucosa. Thus, host-microbiome interactions might influence HIV/SIV mucosal transmission through effects on mucosal immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Sui
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892,Corresponding authors: Yongjun Sui, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 41 Medlars Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA, Ph: 240-760-6716, Fx: 240-541-4453, ; Jay A. Berzofsky, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 41 Medlars Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA, Ph: 240-760-6148, Fx: 240-541-4452,
| | - Amiran Dzutsev
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - David Venzon
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Blake Frey
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Vishal Thovarai
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Giorgio Trinchieri
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jay A. Berzofsky
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892,Corresponding authors: Yongjun Sui, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 41 Medlars Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA, Ph: 240-760-6716, Fx: 240-541-4453, ; Jay A. Berzofsky, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 41 Medlars Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA, Ph: 240-760-6148, Fx: 240-541-4452,
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107
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Cheng WY, He XB, Jia HJ, Chen GH, Jin QW, Long ZL, Jing ZZ. The cGas-Sting Signaling Pathway Is Required for the Innate Immune Response Against Ectromelia Virus. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1297. [PMID: 29963044 PMCID: PMC6010520 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the DNA-dependent innate immune pathway plays a pivotal role in the host defense against poxvirus. Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is a key cytosolic DNA sensor that produces the cyclic dinucleotide cGMP-AMP (cGAMP) upon activation, which triggers stimulator of interferon genes (STING), leading to type I Interferons (IFNs) production and an antiviral response. Ectromelia virus (ECTV) has emerged as a valuable model for investigating the host-Orthopoxvirus relationship. However, the role of cGas-Sting pathway in response to ECTV is not clearly understood. Here, we showed that murine cells (L929 and RAW264.7) mount type I IFN responses to ECTV that are dependent upon cGas, Sting, TANK binding kinase 1 (Tbk1), and interferon regulatory factor 3 (Irf3) signaling. Disruption of cGas or Sting expression in mouse macrophages blocked the type I IFN production and facilitated ECTV replication. Consistently, mice deficient in cGas or Sting exhibited lower type I IFN levels and higher viral loads, and are more susceptible to mousepox. Collectively, our study indicates that the cGas-Sting pathway is critical for sensing of ECTV infection, inducing the type I IFN production, and controlling ECTV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yu Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Agriculture Ministry, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Bing He
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Agriculture Ministry, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huai-Jie Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Agriculture Ministry, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guo-Hua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Agriculture Ministry, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qi-Wang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Agriculture Ministry, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhao-Lin Long
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Agriculture Ministry, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Zhong Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Agriculture Ministry, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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108
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Garg AD, Agostinis P. Cell death and immunity in cancer: From danger signals to mimicry of pathogen defense responses. Immunol Rev 2018; 280:126-148. [PMID: 29027218 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The immunogenicity of cancer cells is an emerging determinant of anti-cancer immunotherapy. Beyond developing immunostimulatory regimens like dendritic cell-based vaccines, immune-checkpoint blockers, and adoptive T-cell transfer, investigators are beginning to focus on the immunobiology of dying cancer cells and its relevance for the success of anticancer immunotherapies. It is currently accepted that cancer cells may die in response to anti-cancer therapies through regulated cell death programs, which may either repress or increase their immunogenic potential. In particular, the induction of immunogenic cancer cell death (ICD), which is hallmarked by the emission of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs); molecules analogous to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) acting as danger signals/alarmins, is of great relevance in cancer therapy. These ICD-associated danger signals favor immunomodulatory responses that lead to tumor-associated antigens (TAAs)-directed T-cell immunity, which paves way for the removal of residual, treatment-resistant cancer cells. It is also emerging that cancer cells succumbing to ICD can orchestrate "altered-self mimicry" i.e. mimicry of pathogen defense responses, on the levels of nucleic acids and/or chemokines (resulting in type I interferon/IFN responses or pathogen response-like neutrophil activity). In this review, we exhaustively describe the main molecular, immunological, preclinical, and clinical aspects of immunosuppressive cell death or ICD (with respect to apoptosis, necrosis and necroptosis). We also provide an extensive historical background of these fields, with special attention to the self/non-self and danger models, which have shaped the field of cell death immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek D Garg
- Cell Death Research & Therapy (CDRT) Laboratory, Department for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrizia Agostinis
- Cell Death Research & Therapy (CDRT) Laboratory, Department for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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109
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Feigman MJS, Pires MM. Synthetic Immunobiotics: A Future Success Story in Small Molecule-Based Immunotherapy? ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:664-672. [PMID: 29431421 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Drug resistance to our current stock of antibiotics is projected to increase to levels that threaten our ability to reduce and eliminate bacterial infections, which is now considered one of the primary health care crises of the 21st century. Traditional antibiotic agents (e.g., penicillin) paved the way for massive advances in human health, but we need novel strategies to maintain the upper hand in the battle against pathogenic bacteria. Nontraditional strategies, such as targeted immunotherapies, could prove fruitful in complementing our antibiotic arsenal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary J. Sabulski Feigman
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 E. Packer Ave., Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Marcos M. Pires
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 E. Packer Ave., Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
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110
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Wang J, Chen L, Zhao N, Xu X, Xu Y, Zhu B. Of genes and microbes: solving the intricacies in host genomes. Protein Cell 2018; 9:446-461. [PMID: 29611114 PMCID: PMC5960464 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-018-0532-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbiome research is a quickly developing field in biomedical research, and we have witnessed its potential in understanding the physiology, metabolism and immunology, its critical role in understanding the health and disease of the host, and its vast capacity in disease prediction, intervention and treatment. However, many of the fundamental questions still need to be addressed, including the shaping forces of microbial diversity between individuals and across time. Microbiome research falls into the classical nature vs. nurture scenario, such that host genetics shape part of the microbiome, while environmental influences change the original course of microbiome development. In this review, we focus on the nature, i.e., the genetic part of the equation, and summarize the recent efforts in understanding which parts of the genome, especially the human and mouse genome, play important roles in determining the composition and functions of microbial communities, primarily in the gut but also on the skin. We aim to present an overview of different approaches in studying the intricate relationships between host genetic variations and microbes, its underlying philosophy and methodology, and we aim to highlight a few key discoveries along this exploration, as well as current pitfalls. More evidence and results will surely appear in upcoming studies, and the accumulating knowledge will lead to a deeper understanding of what we could finally term a "hologenome", that is, the organized, closely interacting genome of the host and the microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Liang Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Na Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xizhan Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yakun Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Baoli Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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111
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Abstract
In humans and other mammals, recognition of endotoxins—abundant surface lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of Gram-negative bacteria—provides a potent stimulus for induction of inflammation and mobilization of host defenses. The structurally unique lipid A region of LPS is the principal determinant of this pro-inflammatory activity. This region of LPS is normally buried within the bacterial outer membrane and aggregates of purified LPS, making even more remarkable its picomolar potency and the ability of discrete variations in lipid A structure to markedly alter the pro-inflammatory activity of LPS. Two recognition systems—MD-2/TLR4 and “LPS-sensing” cytosolic caspases—together confer LPS responsiveness at the host cell surface, within endosomes, and at sites physically accessible to the cytosol. Understanding how the lipid A of LPS is delivered and recognized at these diverse sites is crucial to understanding how the magnitude and character of the inflammatory responses are regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerrold Weiss
- Inflammation Program and Departments of Internal Medicine and Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Jason Barker
- Inflammation Program and Departments of Internal Medicine and Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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112
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Barrau C, Di Lorenzo F, Menes RJ, Lanzetta R, Molinaro A, Silipo A. The Structure of the Lipid A from the Halophilic Bacterium Spiribacter salinus M19-40 T. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16040124. [PMID: 29641496 PMCID: PMC5923411 DOI: 10.3390/md16040124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of the adaptation mechanisms that allow microorganisms to live and proliferate in an extreme habitat is a growing research field. Directly exposed to the external environment, lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria are of great appeal as they can present particular structural features that may aid the understanding of the adaptation processes. Moreover, through being involved in modulating the mammalian immune system response in a structure-dependent fashion, the elucidation of the LPS structure can also be seen as a fundamental step from a biomedical point of view. In this paper, the lipid A structure of the LPS from Spiribacter salinus M19-40T, a halophilic gamma-proteobacteria, was characterized through chemical analyses and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry. This revealed a mixture of mono- and bisphosphorylated penta- to tri-acylated species with the uncommon 2 + 3 symmetry and bearing an unusual 3-oxotetradecaonic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Barrau
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Flaviana Di Lorenzo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Rodolfo Javier Menes
- Cátedra de Microbiología, Facultad de Química y Unidad Asociada de Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Rosa Lanzetta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Alba Silipo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy.
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113
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Abstract
The innate immune system recognizes microbial products using germline-encoded receptors that initiate inflammatory responses to infection. The bacterial cell wall component peptidoglycan is a prime example of a conserved pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) for which the innate immune system has evolved sensing mechanisms. Peptidoglycan is a direct target for innate immune receptors and also regulates the accessibility of other PAMPs to additional innate immune receptors. Subtle structural modifications to peptidoglycan can influence the ability of the innate immune system to detect bacteria and can allow bacteria to evade or alter host defences. This Review focuses on the mechanisms of peptidoglycan recognition that are used by mammalian cells and discusses new insights into the role of peptidoglycan recognition in inflammation, metabolism, immune homeostasis and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Wolf
- Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
| | - David M Underhill
- Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center.,Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
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114
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Targeting pattern-recognition receptors to discover new small molecule immune modulators. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 144:82-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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115
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Frevert CW, Felgenhauer J, Wygrecka M, Nastase MV, Schaefer L. Danger-Associated Molecular Patterns Derived From the Extracellular Matrix Provide Temporal Control of Innate Immunity. J Histochem Cytochem 2018; 66:213-227. [PMID: 29290139 DOI: 10.1369/0022155417740880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is evident that components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) act as danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) through direct interactions with pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) including Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and inflammasomes. Through these interactions, ECM-derived DAMPs autonomously trigger sterile inflammation or prolong pathogen-induced responses through the production of proinflammatory mediators and the recruitment of leukocytes to sites of injury and infection. Recent research, however, suggests that ECM-derived DAMPs are additionally involved in the resolution and fine-tuning of inflammation by orchestrating the production of anti-inflammatory mediators that are required for the resolution of tissue inflammation and the transition to acquired immunity. Thus, in this review, we discuss the current knowledge of the interplay between ECM-derived DAMPs and the innate immune signaling pathways that are activated to provide temporal control of innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles W Frevert
- Center for Lung Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Malgorzata Wygrecka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Giessen, Germany
| | - Madalina V Nastase
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,National Institute for Chemical-Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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116
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Liu PS, Ho PC. Mitochondria: A master regulator in macrophage and T cell immunity. Mitochondrion 2017; 41:45-50. [PMID: 29146487 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Orchestrating biological activities of immune cells through metabolic reprogramming reveals a new approach to harnessing immune responses. Increasing evidence reveals that the mitochondrion is a central regulator for modulating metabolic reprogramming and controlling immune cell activation and functions. In addition to supporting bioenergetic demands, the mitochondrion serves as a signaling platform through the generation of reactive oxygen species and metabolites of the tricarboxylic acid cycle to modulate signaling cascades controlling immune cell activation and immune responses. Herein, we discuss the mechanisms through which the mitochondrion acts as a master regulator to fine-tune immune responses elicited by macrophages and T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu-Ste Liu
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Vaud, Switzerland; Ludwig Lausanne Branch, Epalinges, Vaud, Switzerland.
| | - Ping-Chih Ho
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Vaud, Switzerland; Ludwig Lausanne Branch, Epalinges, Vaud, Switzerland.
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117
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Desaki Y, Miyata K, Suzuki M, Shibuya N, Kaku H. Plant immunity and symbiosis signaling mediated by LysM receptors. Innate Immun 2017; 24:92-100. [PMID: 29105533 DOI: 10.1177/1753425917738885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants possess the ability to recognize microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) and PAMPs through the PRRs, and initiate pattern-triggered immunity. MAMPs are derived from cell-envelope components, secreted materials and cytosolic proteins from bacteria, oomycetes or fungi, and some MAMPs play a similar function in the innate immunity in mammals. Chitin is a representative fungal MAMP and triggers defense signaling in a wide range of plant species. The chitin receptors CEBiP and CERK1 on the plasma membrane have LysM (lysin motif) in their ectodomains. These molecules play an important role for the defense responses in rice and Arabidopsis, strictly recognizing the size and acetylated form of chitin oligosaccharides. However, related LysM receptors also play major roles for the signaling in root nodule and arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. This review summarizes current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of the defense and symbiosis signaling mediated by LysM receptors, including the activation steps of chitin-induced defense signaling downstream of LysM receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitake Desaki
- Guest Editors: Mari-Anne Newman (Copenhagen, Denmark) and Antonio Molinaro (Naples, Italy) 1Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Kana Miyata
- Guest Editors: Mari-Anne Newman (Copenhagen, Denmark) and Antonio Molinaro (Naples, Italy) 1Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan.,2 Department of Plant Science, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maruya Suzuki
- Guest Editors: Mari-Anne Newman (Copenhagen, Denmark) and Antonio Molinaro (Naples, Italy) 1Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Naoto Shibuya
- Guest Editors: Mari-Anne Newman (Copenhagen, Denmark) and Antonio Molinaro (Naples, Italy) 1Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Hanae Kaku
- Guest Editors: Mari-Anne Newman (Copenhagen, Denmark) and Antonio Molinaro (Naples, Italy) 1Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
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118
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Cochet F, Peri F. The Role of Carbohydrates in the Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) Signalling. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2318. [PMID: 29099761 PMCID: PMC5713287 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The interactions between sugar-containing molecules from the bacteria cell wall and pattern recognition receptors (PRR) on the plasma membrane or cytosol of specialized host cells are the first molecular events required for the activation of higher animal's immune response and inflammation. This review focuses on the role of carbohydrates of bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS, lipooligosaccharide, LOS, and lipid A), in the interaction with the host Toll-like receptor 4/myeloid differentiation factor 2 (TLR4/MD-2) complex. The lipid chains and the phosphorylated disaccharide core of lipid A moiety are responsible for the TLR4 agonist action of LPS, and the specific interaction between MD-2, TLR4, and lipid A are key to the formation of the activated complex (TLR4/MD-2/LPS)₂, which starts intracellular signalling leading to nuclear factors activation and to production of inflammatory cytokines. Subtle chemical variations in the lipid and sugar parts of lipid A cause dramatic changes in endotoxin activity and are also responsible for the switch from TLR4 agonism to antagonism. While the lipid A pharmacophore has been studied in detail and its structure-activity relationship is known, the contribution of core saccharides 3-deoxy-d-manno-octulosonic acid (Kdo) and heptosyl-2-keto-3-deoxy-octulosonate (Hep) to TLR4/MD-2 binding and activation by LPS and LOS has been investigated less extensively. This review focuses on the role of lipid A, but also of Kdo and Hep sugars in LPS/TLR4 signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Cochet
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 2, 20126 Milano, Italy.
| | - Francesco Peri
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 2, 20126 Milano, Italy.
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Zanoni I, Tan Y, Di Gioia M, Springstead JR, Kagan JC. By Capturing Inflammatory Lipids Released from Dying Cells, the Receptor CD14 Induces Inflammasome-Dependent Phagocyte Hyperactivation. Immunity 2017; 47:697-709.e3. [PMID: 29045901 PMCID: PMC5747599 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A heterogeneous mixture of lipids called oxPAPC, derived from dying cells, can hyperactivate dendritic cells (DCs) but not macrophages. Hyperactive DCs are defined by their ability to release interleukin-1 (IL-1) while maintaining cell viability, endowing these cells with potent aptitude to stimulate adaptive immunity. Herein, we found that the bacterial lipopolysaccharide receptor CD14 captured extracellular oxPAPC and delivered these lipids into the cell to promote inflammasome-dependent DC hyperactivation. Notably, we identified two specific components within the oxPAPC mixture that hyperactivated macrophages, allowing these cells to release IL-1 for several days, by a CD14-dependent process. In murine models of sepsis, conditions that promoted cell hyperactivation resulted in inflammation but not lethality. Thus, multiple phagocytes are capable of hyperactivation in response to oxPAPC, with CD14 acting as the earliest regulator in this process, serving to capture and transport these lipids to promote inflammatory cell fate decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Zanoni
- Harvard Medical School and Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
| | - Yunhao Tan
- Harvard Medical School and Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marco Di Gioia
- Harvard Medical School and Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James R Springstead
- Department of Chemical and Paper Engineering, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Jonathan C Kagan
- Harvard Medical School and Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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