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Case Studies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1069:135-209. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-89354-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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102
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Novel Models to Study Stromal Cell-Leukocyte Interactions in Health and Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1060:131-146. [PMID: 30155626 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78127-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
To study human immunology in general and stromal immunology in particular, it is highly motivated to move from monolayers to 3D cultures, such as organotypic models, that better mimic the function of living tissue. These models can potentially contain most if not all cell types present in tissues, in combination with different extracellular matrix components that can critically affect cell phenotype. Besides their well-established use in studies of tissue-specific cells, such as epithelial cells, endothelial cells and stromal fibroblasts in combination with extracellular components, these models have also been shown to be valuable to study how tissue participates in the regulation of leukocyte differentiation and function. Organotypic models with leukocytes represent novel powerful tools to study human stromal immunology and mechanisms involved in the regulation of leukocyte functions and inflammatory processes in human health and disease. In particular, these models are robust, long-lived and reproducible and allow monitoring of disease progression in real time, as well as the mixing of cellular constituents from healthy and pathological tissues. These models are also easy to manipulate, either genetically or by adding external stimulants, such as cytokines and pathogens, to mimic pathological conditions. It is thus not surprising that these models are proposed to be useful in toxicology screening assays, evaluating therapeutic efficacy of drugs and antibiotics, as well as in personalized medicine. Within this chapter, the most recent developments in creating organotypic models for the purpose of study of human leukocyte and stromal cell interactions, in health and disease, will be discussed, in particular focusing on live imaging. Special emphasis will be given on an organotypic model resembling human lung and its usefulness in studying the fine control of physiological and pathological processes in human health and disease. Using these models in studies on human stromal cell and leukocyte interactions will likely help identifying novel disease traits and may point out new potential targets to monitor and treat human diseases.
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Abstract
Assessing the immunotoxicity of xenobiotics by current regulatory testing has revealed compounds that can cause immunosuppression and stimulation. Flow cytometry is a cutting edge technique that can provide data on how toxicants can alter the quality and quantity of the immune response after exposure. Here we describe protocols for how to use flow cytometry to measure the immune response in multiple rodent organs (blood and lymphoid and nonlymphoid) as well as in novel models recently being utilized in the field of toxicology. These methods can be used for current testing and to determine mechanisms by which a xenobiotic can cause immunotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott T Espenschied
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Robert M Tighe
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kymberly M Gowdy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.
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Dolence JJ, Kobayashi T, Iijima K, Krempski J, Drake LY, Dent AL, Kita H. Airway exposure initiates peanut allergy by involving the IL-1 pathway and T follicular helper cells in mice. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 142:1144-1158.e8. [PMID: 29247716 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is currently known regarding the immunologic mechanism(s) that initiate peanut allergy. Notably, peanut proteins have been detected in house dust, and their levels correlate with peanut allergy prevalence. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to develop a new mouse model for peanut allergy and to investigate the immunologic mechanisms involved in peanut allergen sensitization. METHODS To mimic environmental exposure, naive mice were exposed to peanut flour by inhalation for up to 4 weeks. We then analyzed serum levels of IgE antibody and challenged mice with peanut proteins. Immunological mechanisms involved in sensitization were analyzed using cytokine reporter mice, an adoptive cell transfer model, and gene knockout mice. RESULTS When exposed to peanut flour by inhalation, both BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice developed peanut allergy, as demonstrated by the presence of peanut-specific IgE antibodies and manifestation of acute anaphylaxis on challenge. A large number of follicular helper T (Tfh) cells were also detected in draining lymph nodes of allergic mice. These cells produced IL-4 and IL-21, and they more robustly promoted peanut-specific IgE production than Th2 cells did. Genetic depletion of Tfh cells decreased IgE antibody levels and protected mice from anaphylaxis, without affecting Th2 cells. Furthermore, peanut flour exposure increased lung levels of IL-1α and IL-1β, and mice deficient in the receptor for these cytokines showed a significant decrease in Tfh cells compared with in wild-type mice. CONCLUSIONS Tfh cells play a key role in peanut allergy, and the IL-1 pathway is involved in the Tfh response to peanut allergen exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Dolence
- Department of Medicine and Immunology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, Minn
| | - Takao Kobayashi
- Department of Medicine and Immunology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, Minn
| | - Koji Iijima
- Department of Medicine and Immunology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, Minn
| | - James Krempski
- Department of Medicine and Immunology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, Minn; Mayo Graduate School, Rochester, Minn
| | - Li Y Drake
- Department of Medicine and Immunology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, Minn
| | - Alexander L Dent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind
| | - Hirohito Kita
- Department of Medicine and Immunology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, Minn.
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105
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Lin TH, Su HH, Kang HY, Chang TH. The Interactive Roles of Lipopolysaccharides and dsRNA/Viruses on Respiratory Epithelial Cells and Dendritic Cells in Allergic Respiratory Disorders: The Hygiene Hypothesis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102219. [PMID: 29065558 PMCID: PMC5666898 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The original hygiene hypothesis declares "more infections in early childhood protect against later atopy". According to the hygiene hypothesis, the increased incidence of allergic disorders in developed countries is explained by the decrease of infections. Epithelial cells and dendritic cells play key roles in bridging the innate and adaptive immune systems. Among the various pattern-recognition receptor systems of epithelial cells and dendritic cells, including toll-like receptors (TLRs), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) and others, TLRs are the key systems of immune response regulation. In humans, TLRs consist of TLR1 to TLR10. They regulate cellular responses through engagement with TLR ligands, e.g., lipopolysaccharides (LPS) acts through TLR4 and dsRNA acts through TLR3, but there are certain common components between these two TLR pathways. dsRNA activates epithelial cells and dendritic cells in different directions, resulting in allergy-related Th2-skewing tendency in epithelial cells, and Th1-skewing tendency in dendritic cells. The Th2-skewing effect by stimulation of dsRNA on epithelial cells could be suppressed by the presence of LPS above some threshold. When LPS level decreases, the Th2-skewing effect increases. It may be via these interrelated networks and related factors that LPS modifies the allergic responses and provides a plausible mechanism of the hygiene hypothesis. Several hygiene hypothesis-related phenomena, seemingly conflicting, are also discussed in this review, along with their proposed mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsang-Hsiung Lin
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan.
| | - Hsing-Hao Su
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan.
| | - Hong-Yo Kang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan.
- Hormone Research Center and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan.
| | - Tsung-Hsien Chang
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan 71703, Taiwan.
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106
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Alpizar YA, Boonen B, Sanchez A, Jung C, López-Requena A, Naert R, Steelant B, Luyts K, Plata C, De Vooght V, Vanoirbeek JAJ, Meseguer VM, Voets T, Alvarez JL, Hellings PW, Hoet PHM, Nemery B, Valverde MA, Talavera K. TRPV4 activation triggers protective responses to bacterial lipopolysaccharides in airway epithelial cells. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1059. [PMID: 29057902 PMCID: PMC5651912 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01201-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), the major components of the wall of gram-negative bacteria, trigger powerful defensive responses in the airways via mechanisms thought to rely solely on the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) immune pathway. Here we show that airway epithelial cells display an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration within seconds of LPS application. This response occurs in a TLR4-independent manner, via activation of the transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 cation channel (TRPV4). We found that TRPV4 mediates immediate LPS-induced increases in ciliary beat frequency and the production of bactericidal nitric oxide. Upon LPS challenge TRPV4-deficient mice display exacerbated ventilatory changes and recruitment of polymorphonuclear leukocytes into the airways. We conclude that LPS-induced activation of TRPV4 triggers signaling mechanisms that operate faster and independently from the canonical TLR4 immune pathway, leading to immediate protective responses such as direct antimicrobial action, increase in airway clearance, and the regulation of the inflammatory innate immune reaction. LPS is a major component of gram-negative bacterial cell walls, and triggers immune responses in airway epithelium by activating TLR4. Here the authors show that LPS also activates TRPV4, thereby inducing fast defense responses such as nitric oxide production and increased ciliary beating in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeranddy A Alpizar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory for Ion Channel Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium.,VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Brett Boonen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory for Ion Channel Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium.,VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alicia Sanchez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory for Ion Channel Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium.,VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carole Jung
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Physiology and Channelopathies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Alejandro López-Requena
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory for Ion Channel Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium.,VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robbe Naert
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory for Ion Channel Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium.,VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Brecht Steelant
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Katrien Luyts
- Department of Public Health and Care, Laboratory of Environment and Health, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Cristina Plata
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Physiology and Channelopathies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Vanessa De Vooght
- Department of Public Health and Care, Laboratory of Environment and Health, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Jeroen A J Vanoirbeek
- Department of Public Health and Care, Laboratory of Environment and Health, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Victor M Meseguer
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, E-03550, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Thomas Voets
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory for Ion Channel Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium.,VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Julio L Alvarez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory for Ion Channel Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Peter W Hellings
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium.,Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Peter H M Hoet
- Department of Public Health and Care, Laboratory of Environment and Health, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Benoit Nemery
- Department of Public Health and Care, Laboratory of Environment and Health, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Miguel A Valverde
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Physiology and Channelopathies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Karel Talavera
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory for Ion Channel Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium. .,VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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107
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Dietary vitamin D3 deficiency exacerbates sinonasal inflammation and alters local 25(OH)D3 metabolism. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186374. [PMID: 29045457 PMCID: PMC5646812 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) have been shown to be vitamin D3 (VD3) deficient, which is associated with more severe disease and increased polyp size. To gain mechanistic insights into these observational studies, we examined the impact of VD3 deficiency on inflammation and VD3 metabolism in an Aspergillus fumigatus (Af) mouse model of chronic rhinosinusitis (Af-CRS). METHODS Balb/c mice were fed control or VD3 deficient diet for 4 weeks. Mice were then sensitized with intraperitoneal Af, and one week later given Af intranasally every three days for four weeks while being maintained on control or VD3 deficient diet. Airway function, sinonasal immune cell infiltrate and sinonasal VD3 metabolism profiles were then examined. RESULTS Mice with VD3 deficiency had increased Penh and sRaw values as compared to controls as well as exacerbated changes in sRaw when coupled with Af-CRS. As compared to controls, VD3 deficient and Af-CRS mice had reduced sinonasal 1α-hydroxylase and the active VD3 metabolite, 1,25(OH)2D3. Differential analysis of nasal lavage samples showed that VD3 deficiency alone and in combination with Af-CRS profoundly upregulated eosinophil, neutrophil and lymphocyte numbers. VD3 deficiency exacerbated increases in monocyte-derived dendritic cell (DC) associated with Af-CRS. Conversely, T-regulatory cells were decreased in both Af-CRS mice and VD3 deficient mice, though coupling VD3 deficiency with Af-CRS did not exacerbate CD4 or T-regulatory cells numbers. Lastly, VD3 deficiency had a modifying or exacerbating impact on nasal lavage levels of IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α, but had no impact on IL-17A. CONCLUSIONS VD3 deficiency causes changes in sinonasal immunity, which in many ways mirrors the changes observed in Af-CRS mice, while selectively exacerbating inflammation. Furthermore, both VD3 deficiency and Af-CRS were associated with altered sinonasal VD3 metabolism causing reductions in local levels of the active VD3 metabolite, 1,25(OH)2D3, even with adequate circulating levels.
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108
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Li Y, Yu Q, Zhao W, Zhang J, Liu W, Huang M, Zeng X. Oligomeric proanthocyanidins attenuate airway inflammation in asthma by inhibiting dendritic cells maturation. Mol Immunol 2017; 91:209-217. [PMID: 28963930 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
To date, although a promising anti-inflammatory activity of oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPCs) has been observed in asthma, the mechanism responsible for these immunomodulatory properties remains obscure. Dendritic cells (DCs) that reside in the airway have been widely perceived as an important contributor to asthma. Our study was to demonstrate OPCs' effects on maturation and immunoregulation of pulmonary CD11c+ dendritic cells (DCs). BALB/c mice were exposed to ovalbumin (OVA) to induce murine model of asthma. In addition, pulmonary DCs and bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) cultures were used to evaluate impacts of OPCs on DCs function. The results obtained here indicated that OPCs treatment dramatically reduced airway inflammation, such as the infiltration of inflammatory cells and the levels of allergen-specific serum IgE and Th2 cytokines. The expression of co-stimulatory molecules especially CD86 distributed on pulmonary DCs and bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) also markedly declined. The phosphorylation of cAMP responsive element-binding protein (CREB) was significantly inhibited while no changes were observed in the expression of cAMP responsive element modulator (CREM). By transferring BMDCs into the airways of naïve mice, we found that OPCs-treated DCs (DC+OVA+OPC) were much less potent in promoting CD4+ T cells proliferation than OVA-pulsed DCs (DC+OVA), followed by the ameliorated eosinophilic inflammation in airway. Our findings tailor a novel profile of OPCs in the regulation of DCs function, shedding new light on the therapeutic potential of OPCs in asthma management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeshan Li
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Qijun Yu
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Wenxue Zhao
- Lung Biology Center, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Jiaxiang Zhang
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Wentao Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210017, China
| | - Mao Huang
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.
| | - Xiaoning Zeng
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.
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109
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by reversible airflow obstruction, which is being more widely recognized as a broad-spectrum disease that encompasses multiple patient characteristics and pathophysiologic mechanisms. Suboptimal asthma control leads to increasing burden of healthcare costs and loss of productivity to society. Biologic therapies targeted at IgE and eosinophils can be used in poorly controlled allergic and eosinophilic asthma, respectively. The purpose of this review is to analyze the advancements in currently available biologic therapies targeted at IgE and eosinophils in asthma and to identify how these therapies may impact overall healthcare costs. RECENT FINDINGS Omalizumab is an anti-IgE antibody that is approved for use of poorly controlled moderate-to-severe asthma. Many studies have confirmed that omalizumab not only improves quality of life and symptom scores, but also decreases urgent care and emergency department visits and hospitalizations. Dupilumab is a biologic agent targeted at TH2 cytokines, but indirectly impacts IgE and is an important biologic agent for atopic disease. Mepolizumab, reslizumab, and benralizumab target IL-5, a key cytokine for eosinophils. For patients with poorly controlled eosinophilic asthma, these biologic agents improve asthma symptoms, reduce exacerbations, and reduce emergency visits and hospitalizations. SUMMARY Poorly controlled severe asthma affects a small portion of patients with asthma in the United States and yet it accounts for large portion of healthcare utilization. Biological therapies in poorly controlled severe persistent asthma have been identified to reduce healthcare utilization, including emergency visits and hospitalizations. Biologic agents have a clear beneficial role in the management of severe asthma, and further evaluations should be continued in identifying optimal patient characteristics for the various agents and overall benefit toward healthcare utilization and cost.
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110
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Abbring S, Verheijden KAT, Diks MAP, Leusink-Muis A, Hols G, Baars T, Garssen J, van Esch BCAM. Raw Cow's Milk Prevents the Development of Airway Inflammation in a Murine House Dust Mite-Induced Asthma Model. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1045. [PMID: 28894452 PMCID: PMC5581320 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies show an inverse relation between raw cow’s milk consumption and the development of asthma. This protective effect seems to be abolished by milk processing. However, evidence for a causal relationship is lacking, and direct comparisons between raw and processed milk are hardly studied. Therefore, this study investigated the preventive capacity of raw and heated raw milk on the development of house dust mite (HDM)-induced allergic asthma in mice. Six- to seven-week-old male BALB/c mice were intranasally (i.n.) sensitized with 1 µg HDM or PBS on day 0, followed by an i.n. challenge with 10 µg HDM or PBS on days 7–11. In addition, mice were fed 0.5 mL raw cow’s milk, heated raw cow’s milk, or PBS three times a week throughout the study, starting 1 day before sensitization. On day 14, airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in response to increasing doses of methacholine was measured to assess lung function. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lungs were furthermore collected to study the extent of airway inflammation. Raw milk prevented both HDM-induced AHR and pulmonary eosinophilic inflammation, whereas heated raw milk did not. Both milk types suppressed the Th2-polarizing chemokine CCL17 in lung homogenates and reduced lung Th2 and Th17 cell frequency. IL-4 and IL-13 production after ex vivo restimulation of lung T cells with HDM was also reduced by both milk types. However, local IL-5 and IL-13 concentrations were only suppressed by raw milk. These findings support the asthma-protective capacity of raw cow’s milk and show the importance of reduced local type 2 cytokine levels. Heated raw milk did not show an asthma-protective effect, which indicates the involvement of heat-sensitive components. Besides causal evidence, this study provides the basis for further mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Abbring
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Kim A T Verheijden
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Mara A P Diks
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Athea Leusink-Muis
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Gert Hols
- Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ton Baars
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Frick, Switzerland
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Betty C A M van Esch
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
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111
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Rader BA. Alkaline Phosphatase, an Unconventional Immune Protein. Front Immunol 2017; 8:897. [PMID: 28824625 PMCID: PMC5540973 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have seen an increase in the number of studies focusing on alkaline phosphatases (APs), revealing an expanding complexity of function of these enzymes. Of the four human AP (hAP) proteins, most is known about tissue non-specific AP (TNAP) and intestinal AP (IAP). This review highlights current understanding of TNAP and IAP in relation to human health and disease. TNAP plays a role in multiple processes, including bone mineralization, vitamin B6 metabolism, and neurogenesis, is the genetic cause of hypophosphatasia, influences inflammation through regulation of purinergic signaling, and has been implicated in Alzheimer's disease. IAP regulates fatty acid absorption and has been implicated in the regulation of diet-induced obesity and metabolic syndrome. IAP and TNAP can dephosphorylate bacterial-derived lipopolysaccharide, and IAP has been identified as a potential regulator of the composition of the intestinal microbiome, an evolutionarily conserved function. Endogenous and recombinant bovine APs and recombinant hAPs are currently being explored for their potential as pharmacological agents to treat AP-associated diseases and mitigate multiple sources of inflammation. Continued research on these versatile proteins will undoubtedly provide insight into human pathophysiology, biochemistry, and the human holobiont.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany A Rader
- Department of Microbiology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, United States
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112
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Kouzaki H, Matsumoto K, Kikuoka H, Kato T, Tojima I, Shimizu S, Kita H, Shimizu T. Endogenous Protease Inhibitors in Airway Epithelial Cells Contribute to Eosinophilic Chronic Rhinosinusitis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 195:737-747. [PMID: 27779422 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201603-0529oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Cystatin A and SPINK5 are endogenous protease inhibitors (EPIs) that may play key roles in epithelial barrier function. OBJECTIVES To investigate the roles of EPIs in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). METHODS We examined the expression of cystatin A and SPINK5 in the nasal epithelial cells of patients with CRS. Additionally, the in vitro effects of recombinant EPIs on the secretion of the epithelial-derived cytokines IL-25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin in airway epithelial cells, and the in vivo effects of recombinant EPIs in the nasal epithelium of mice exposed to multiple airborne allergens (MAA) were examined. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Compared with control subjects and patients with noneosinophilic CRS, patients with eosinophilic CRS showed significantly lower protein and mRNA expression of cystatin A and SPINK5 in the nasal epithelium. Allergen-induced production of IL-25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin in normal human bronchial epithelial cells was inhibited by treatment with recombinant cystatin A or SPINK5. Conversely, the production of these cytokines was increased when cystatin A or SPINK5 were knocked down with small interfering RNA. Chronic MAA exposure induced goblet cell metaplasia and epithelial disruption in mouse nasal epithelium and decreased the tissue expression and nasal lavage levels of cystatin A and SPINK5. Intranasal instillations of recombinant EPIs attenuated this MAA-induced pathology. CONCLUSIONS Cystatin A and SPINK5 play an important role in protecting the airway epithelium from exogenous proteases. The preservation of EPIs may have a therapeutic benefit in intractable airway inflammation, such as eosinophilic CRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Kouzaki
- 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan; and
| | - Koji Matsumoto
- 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan; and
| | - Hirotaka Kikuoka
- 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan; and
| | - Tomohisa Kato
- 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan; and
| | - Ichiro Tojima
- 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan; and
| | - Shino Shimizu
- 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan; and
| | - Hirohito Kita
- 2 Division of Allergic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Takeshi Shimizu
- 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan; and
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113
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Patel PS, Kearney JF. CD36 and Platelet-Activating Factor Receptor Promote House Dust Mite Allergy Development. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:1184-1195. [PMID: 28667161 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Over 89% of asthmatic children in underdeveloped countries demonstrate sensitivity to house dust mites (HDMs). The allergic response to HDMs is partially mediated by epithelial cell-derived cytokines that activate group 2 innate lymphoid cells, induce migration and activation of dendritic cells, and promote effector differentiation of HDM-specific TH2 cells. However, the contribution of innate receptor engagement on epithelial or dendritic cells by HDMs that ultimately mediates said innate and adaptive allergic responses is poorly understood. We and other investigators have demonstrated that HDMs express phosphorylcholine (PC) moieties. The major PC receptors involved in immune responses include CD36 and platelet-activating factor receptor (PAFR). Because CD36 and PAFR are expressed by epithelial cells and dendritic cells, and expression of these receptors is higher in human asthmatics, we determined whether engagement of CD36 or PAFR on epithelial or dendritic cells contributes to HDM allergy development. Testing bone marrow chimeric mice revealed that CD36 engagement on radioresistant cells and PAFR engagement on radioresistant and radiosensitive cells in the lung promote allergic responses to HDMs. Additionally, passive anti-PC IgM Abs administered intratracheally with HDMs decreased allergen uptake by epithelial cells and APCs in the lungs of C57BL/6 mice but not CD36-/- or PAFR-/- mice. These results show that CD36 and PAFR are important mediators of HDM allergy development and that inhibiting HDM engagement with PC receptors in the lung protects against allergic airway disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeyam S Patel
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - John F Kearney
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
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Agrawal A. Dendritic Cell-Airway Epithelial Cell Cross-Talk Changes with Age and Contributes to Chronic Lung Inflammatory Diseases in the Elderly. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061206. [PMID: 28587289 PMCID: PMC5486029 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-associated dysregulated immune and inflammatory responses are one of the major factors responsible for the prevalence of chronic respiratory diseases in the older population. Pulmonary dendritic cells (DCs) are present below the airway epithelial cells (AECs) and are critical in initiating effective immune responses to harmful pathogens while maintaining tolerance against harmless antigens. The interaction between DCs and AECs plays a crucial role in lung immunity at homeostasis and during infections. The functions of both DCs and AECs are impacted with age. The present report reviews how the potential crosstalk between pulmonary DCs and AECs is dysregulated in the elderly impairing the capacity to maintain tolerance at the respiratory surfaces, which results in severe and chronic respiratory inflammatory diseases. We also discuss how such DC-AECs crosstalk will provide insight into the mechanisms underlying the increased susceptibility of the elderly to pulmonary inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshu Agrawal
- Division of Basic and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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115
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Agrawal S, Srivastava R, Rahmatpanah F, Madiraju C, BenMohamed L, Agrawal A. Airway epithelial cells enhance the immunogenicity of human myeloid dendritic cells under steady state. Clin Exp Immunol 2017; 189:279-289. [PMID: 28470729 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) and airway epithelial cells (AECs) are in close proximity, and AECs secrete factors such as retinoic acid which induce tolerance in DCs at homeostasis. However, the question remains as to how DCs in the lung are able to respond to pathogens in the immunosuppressive environment. Using an in vitro human myeloid DC (mDC)-AEC co-culture system, we demonstrate that AECs induced several gene changes in the mDCs cultured with AECs compared to the mDCs not cultured with AECs. Analysis revealed that several chemokine genes were altered. These chemokine genes could serve to attract neutrophils, natural killer (NK) T as well as T helper type 1 (Th1)/Th2 cells to the airways. Genes priming lipid and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigen presentation were also up-regulated, along with certain anti-microbial protein genes. In addition, the expression and function of pathogen-sensing Toll-like receptors (TLRs) as well as Nod-like receptors (NLRs) and their downstream signalling molecules were up-regulated in mDCs cultured with AECs. Moreover, murine mucosal DCs from the lung expressed significantly higher levels of TLRs and NLRs compared to peripheral DCs from the spleen. These results indicate that AECs prime mDCs to enhance their immunogenicity, which could be one of the mechanisms that compensates for the immunosuppressive mucosal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Agrawal
- Division of Basic and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - R Srivastava
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - F Rahmatpanah
- Department of pathology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - C Madiraju
- Division of Basic and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - L BenMohamed
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - A Agrawal
- Division of Basic and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA
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Hough KP, Chanda D, Duncan SR, Thannickal VJ, Deshane JS. Exosomes in immunoregulation of chronic lung diseases. Allergy 2017; 72:534-544. [PMID: 27859351 DOI: 10.1111/all.13086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are nano-sized, membrane-bound vesicles released from cells that transport cargo including DNA, RNA, and proteins, between cells as a form of intercellular communication. In addition to their role in intercellular communication, exosomes are beginning to be appreciated as agents of immunoregulation that can modulate antigen presentation, immune activation, suppression, and surveillance. This article summarizes how these multifaceted functions of exosomes may promote development and/or progression of chronic inflammatory lung diseases including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and pulmonary fibrosis. The potential of exosomes as a novel therapeutic is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. P. Hough
- Department of Medicine; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
| | - D. Chanda
- Department of Medicine; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
| | - S. R. Duncan
- Department of Medicine; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
| | - V. J. Thannickal
- Department of Medicine; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
| | - J. S. Deshane
- Department of Medicine; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
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Kim HI, Hong SH, Ku JM, Kang S, Kim TY, Shin YC, Ko SG. Tonggyu-tang, a traditional Korean medicine, suppresses pro-inflammatory cytokine production through inhibition of MAPK and NF-κB activation in human mast cells and keratinocytes. Altern Ther Health Med 2017; 17:186. [PMID: 28359265 PMCID: PMC5374729 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1704-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Allergic diseases including allergic rhinitis, asthma, and atopic dermatitis are increasing worldwide. Common medications used to treat these inflammatory disorders are anti-histamines and corticosteroids, but they have their own limitations such as short duration and severe side effects. Thus, interest in complementary and alternative medicine is continually growing. Here, we investigate the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of Tonggyu-tang (TGT), a traditional Korean medicine that has been used to treat patients with allergic nasal disorders. Methods We measured mRNA expressions and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) by RT-PCR and ELISA assays in HMC-1 (human mast cell line-1) and HaCaT cells, immortalized human keratinocytes. Moreover, we evaluated the effect of TGT on two major inflammation-related pathways, mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and NF-κB signaling pathway in these two cells. Results Our results revealed that that TGT significantly reduced the expression and production of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α in the agonist-treated HMC-1 and HaCaT cells. We also found that TGT suppressed MAPK signaling pathway including extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) as well as NF-κB pathway, which are known to regulate inflammatory cytokine expression. Conclusion Taken together, our results demonstrate that TGT inhibits expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines by suppressing MAPK and NF-kB pathway in both mast cells and keratinocytes, suggesting the potential use of TGT in treating allergic inflammatory diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12906-017-1704-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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AT-RvD1 modulates the activation of bronchial epithelial cells induced by lipopolysaccharide and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 805:46-50. [PMID: 28322829 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Bronchial epithelial cells are essential to airways homeostasis; however, they are also involved in exacerbation of airway inflammatory responses of patients with conditions such as asthma. Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dp), the most important allergen, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), both of which are present in house dust mites (HDM), can activate immune and structural cells (such as bronchial epithelial cells) and modulate the airway inflammation in asthma patients. Resolvin D1 (RvD1) and its epimer aspirin-triggered-resolvin D1 (AT-RvD1) are lipid mediators that are produced during the resolution of inflammation and demonstrate anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution effects in several experimental models including experimental models of allergic airway inflammation. Here, we evaluated the effects of AT-RvD1 (10-12-10-10 M) on human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) stimulated with LPS (2μg/ml) or Dp (10μg/ml). After 24h, the C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL-2) production was increased in cells that had been stimulated with LPS and Dp compared to the control. However, AT-RvD1 (10-11 and 10-10 M) significantly reduced the concentration of CCL-2 in a manner that was dependent on the N-formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2/ALX) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathways in cells stimulated with LPS or Dp compared to controls. In addition, AT-RvD1 reduced the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)6 and STAT1 in cells stimulated with Dp and LPS, respectively. In conclusion, AT-RvD1 demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory effects in bronchial epithelial cells that were stimulated with LPS or Dp, which provides new perspectives for therapeutic strategies to control inflammatory airway diseases.
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119
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Abstract
Proteases play an important role in health and disease of the lung. In the normal lungs, proteases maintain their homeostatic functions that regulate processes like its regeneration and repair. Dysregulation of proteases–antiproteases balance is crucial in the manifestation of different types of lung diseases. Chronic inflammatory lung pathologies are associated with a marked increase in protease activities. Thus, in addition to protease activities, inhibition of anti-proteolytic control mechanisms are also important for effective microbial infection and inflammation in the lung. Herein, we briefly summarize the role of different proteases and to some extent antiproteases in regulating a variety of lung diseases.
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120
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Kale SL, Agrawal K, Gaur SN, Arora N. Cockroach protease allergen induces allergic airway inflammation via epithelial cell activation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42341. [PMID: 28198394 PMCID: PMC5309839 DOI: 10.1038/srep42341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Protease allergens are known to enhance allergic inflammation but their exact role in initiation of allergic reactions at mucosal surfaces still remains elusive. This study was aimed at deciphering the role of serine protease activity of Per a 10, a major cockroach allergen in initiation of allergic inflammation at mucosal surfaces. We demonstrate that Per a 10 increases epithelial permeability by disruption of tight junction proteins, ZO-1 and occludin, and enhances the migration of Monocyte derived dendritic cell precursors towards epithelial layer as exhibited by trans-well studies. Per a 10 exposure also leads to secretion of IL-33, TSLP and intracellular Ca2+ dependent increase in ATP levels. Further, in vivo experiments revealed that Per a 10 administration in mice elevated allergic inflammatory parameters along with high levels of IL-33, TSLP, IL-1α and uric acid in the mice lungs. We next demonstrated that Per a 10 cleaves CD23 (low affinity IgE receptor) from the surface of PBMCs and purified B cells and CD25 (IL-2 receptor) from the surface of PBMCs and purified T cells in an activity dependent manner, which might favour Th2 responses. In conclusion, protease activity of Per a 10 plays a significant role in initiation of allergic airway inflammation at the mucosal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar L Kale
- Allergy and Immunology Section, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi University Campus, Mall road, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Komal Agrawal
- Allergy and Immunology Section, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi University Campus, Mall road, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Shailendra Nath Gaur
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Naveen Arora
- Allergy and Immunology Section, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi University Campus, Mall road, Delhi-110007, India
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121
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Spaziano G, Sorrentino R, Matteis M, Malgieri G, Sgambato M, Russo TP, Terlizzi M, Roviezzo F, Rossi F, Pinto A, Fattorusso R, D'Agostino B. Nociceptin reduces the inflammatory immune microenvironment in a conventional murine model of airway hyperresponsiveness. Clin Exp Allergy 2017; 47:208-216. [PMID: 27562660 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) and its receptor (NOP) are involved in airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and inflammation. However, the role of nociceptin at modulating the inflammatory immune microenvironment in asthma is still unclear. OBJECTIVE To understand the role of N/OFQ in the regulation of a Th2-like environment, we used a conventional murine model of AHR. METHODS Balb/c and CD1 mice were sensitized to ovalbumin (OVA) and treated with saline solution or N/OFQ, at days 0 and 7. A group of Balb/c mice were killed at 7 and 14 days from the first sensitization for the inflammatory profile evaluation while a group of Balb/c and CD1 mice were aerosol-challenged from day 21 to 23 with OVA and killed 24 h later for functional evaluations. RESULTS In OVA-sensitized mice, N/OFQ significantly reduced IL-4+ CD4+ T cells in lymph nodes (LN) and IL-13 in the lungs, while it induced IFN-γ increase in the lung. The efflux of dendritic cells (DCs) to the mediastinic LN and into the lung of OVA-sensitized mice was reduced in N/OFQ-treated and sensitized mice. N/OFQ reduced the expression of CD80 on DCs, indicating its ability to modulate the activation of DCs. In a less prone Th2-like environment mice strain, such as CD1 mice, N/OFQ did not modify lung resistances as observed in BALB/c mice. Finally, spectroscopic data showed the N/OFQ was able to interact onto the membrane of DCs obtained from Balb/c rather than CD1 mice, indicating its ability to modulate AHR in a Th2-like environment with a direct activity on DCs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Our data confirmed the capability of N/OFQ to modulate the immune microenvironment in the lung of Th2-biased, OVA-sensitized Balb/c mice, suggesting N/OFQ-NOP axis as a novel pharmacological tool to modulate the inflammatory immune microenvironment in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Spaziano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - R Sorrentino
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFARMA), University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - M Matteis
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - G Malgieri
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Second University of Naples, Caserta, Italy
| | - M Sgambato
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - T P Russo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - M Terlizzi
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFARMA), University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - F Roviezzo
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University Federico II of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - F Rossi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - A Pinto
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFARMA), University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - R Fattorusso
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Second University of Naples, Caserta, Italy
| | - B D'Agostino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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Zheng R, Chen FH, Gao WX, Wang D, Yang QT, Wang K, Lai YY, Deng J, Jiang LJ, Sun YQ, Shi JB. The T H2-polarizing function of atopic interleukin 17 receptor B-positive dendritic cells up-regulated by lipopolysaccharide. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2017; 118:474-482.e1. [PMID: 28132739 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies suggest that epithelial cell (EC)-derived cytokines contribute to allergic airway disease exacerbation. OBJECTIVE To confirm our hypothesis that atopic dendritic cells (DCs) are activated to up-regulate the receptors of cytokines that mainly derived from ECs and enhance TH2 responses. METHODS The expressions of interleukin 17 receptor B (IL-17RB) (IL-25 receptor), membrane-bound ST2 (IL-33 receptor), thymic stromal lymphopoietin receptor (TSLPR), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor (GM-CSFR), and several functional markers on CD1c+ monocyte-derived DCs (mo-DCs) were detected by flow cytometry. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated mo-DCs were cocultured with autologous CD4+ T cells, and cytokine production by these T cells was determined by intracellular flow cytometry. RESULTS LPS activated both nonatopic and atopic mo-DCs to express a higher level of GM-CSFR but only activated atopic mo-DCs to express increased IL-17RB, which was subsequently activated by IL-25 involved with signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 phosphorylation. In addition, LPS increased the expression of the OX40 ligand (OX40L) but decreased inducible costimulator ligand on atopic CD86+ mo-DCs. More importantly, IL-25 further up-regulated OX40L on atopic CD86+ mo-DCs. After coculturing with LPS-activated mo-DCs from atopic individuals, CD4+ T cells had enhanced inflammatory responses by increased production of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and interferon γ (IFN-γ). In contrast, further addition of IL-25 led CD4+ T cells to produce higher level of IL-4 but lower level of IFN-γ. CONCLUSION Atopic IL-17RB+ DCs can be up-regulated by LPS and promote a TH2-type response, implying that the IL-25/IL-17RB pathway may represent a potential molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of ECs on DCs in allergic airway disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zheng
- Otorhinolaryngology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Feng-Hong Chen
- Otorhinolaryngology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wen-Xiang Gao
- Otorhinolaryngology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Otorhinolaryngology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qin-Tai Yang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Yin-Yan Lai
- Otorhinolaryngology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jie Deng
- Otorhinolaryngology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Li-Jie Jiang
- Otorhinolaryngology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yue-Qi Sun
- Otorhinolaryngology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian-Bo Shi
- Otorhinolaryngology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Determinants of Divergent Adaptive Immune Responses after Airway Sensitization with Ligands of Toll-Like Receptor 5 or Toll-Like Receptor 9. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167693. [PMID: 27977701 PMCID: PMC5157987 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive type 2 helper T cell responses to environmental antigens can cause immunopathology such as asthma and allergy, but how such immune responses are induced remains unclear. We studied this process in the airways by immunizing mice intranasally with the antigen ovalbumin together with either of two Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands. We found the TLR5 ligand flagellin promoted a type 2 helper T cell response, whereas, a TLR9 ligand CpG oligodeoxyribonucleotide (ODN) promoted a type 1 helper T cell response. CpG ODN induced mRNA encoding interleukin (IL)-12 p40, whereas, flagellin caused IL-33 secretion and induced mRNAs encoding IL-1 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP). By using mice deficient in the TLR and IL-1R signaling molecule, myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88), in conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) and alveolar macrophages (AMs), and by cell sorting different lung populations after 2 hours of in vivo stimulation, we characterized the cell types that rapidly produced inflammatory cytokines in response to TLR stimulation. CpG ODN was likely recognized by TLR9 on cDCs and AMs, which made mRNA encoding IL-12. IL-12 was necessary for the subsequent innate and adaptive interferon-γ production. In contrast, flagellin stimulated multiple cells of hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic origin, including AMs, DCs, monocytes, and lung epithelial cells. AMs were largely responsible for IL-1α, whereas lung epithelial cells made TSLP. Multiple hematopoietic cells, including AMs, DCs, and monocytes contributed to other cytokines, including IL-1β and TNFα. MyD88-dependent signals, likely through IL-1R and IL-33R, and MyD88-independent signals, likely from TSLP, were necessary in cDCs for promotion of the early IL-4 response by CD4 T cells in the draining lymph node. Thus, the cell types that responded to TLR ligands were a critical determinant of the innate cytokines produced and the character of the resulting adaptive immune response in the airways.
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Sullivan A, Hunt E, MacSharry J, Murphy DM. 'The Microbiome and the Pathophysiology of Asthma'. Respir Res 2016; 17:163. [PMID: 27919249 PMCID: PMC5139145 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-016-0479-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease whose prevalence is increasing in the western world. Recently research has begun to focus on the role the microbiome plays in asthma pathogenesis in the hope of further understanding this respiratory disorder. Considered sterile until recently, the lungs have revealed themselves to contain a unique microbiota. A shift towards molecular methods for the quantification and sequencing of microbial DNA has revealed that the airways harbour a unique microbiota with apparent, reproducible differences present between healthy and diseased lungs. There is a hope that in classifying the microbial load of the asthmatic airway an insight may be afforded as to the possible role pulmonary microbes may have in propagating an asthmatic airway response. This could potentially pave the way for new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of chronic lung conditions such as asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Sullivan
- APC Microbiome Institute, School of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Eoin Hunt
- The Department of Respiratory Medicine, Cork University Hospital, Wilton, Cork, Ireland.,Health Research Board Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John MacSharry
- APC Microbiome Institute, School of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Desmond M Murphy
- The Department of Respiratory Medicine, Cork University Hospital, Wilton, Cork, Ireland. .,Health Research Board Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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Targeting Chromatin Remodeling in Inflammation and Fibrosis. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2016; 107:1-36. [PMID: 28215221 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces of the human body are lined by a contiguous epithelial cell surface that forms a barrier to aerosolized pathogens. Specialized pattern recognition receptors detect the presence of viral pathogens and initiate protective host responses by triggering activation of the nuclear factor κB (NFκB)/RelA transcription factor and formation of a complex with the positive transcription elongation factor (P-TEFb)/cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)9 and Bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) epigenetic reader. The RelA·BRD4·P-TEFb complex produces acute inflammation by regulating transcriptional elongation, which produces a rapid genomic response by inactive genes maintained in an open chromatin configuration engaged with hypophosphorylated RNA polymerase II. We describe recent studies that have linked prolonged activation of the RelA-BRD4 pathway with the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by inducing a core of EMT corepressors, stimulating secretion of growth factors promoting airway fibrosis. The mesenchymal state produces rewiring of the kinome and reprogramming of innate responses toward inflammation. In addition, the core regulator Zinc finger E-box homeodomain 1 (ZEB1) silences the expression of the interferon response factor 1 (IRF1), required for type III IFN expression. This epigenetic silencing is mediated by the Enhancer of Zeste 2 (EZH2) histone methyltransferase. Because of their potential applications in cancer and inflammation, small-molecule inhibitors of NFκB/RelA, CDK9, BRD4, and EZH2 have been the targets of medicinal chemistry efforts. We suggest that disruption of the RelA·BRD4·P-TEFb pathway and EZH2 methyltransferase has important implications for reversing fibrosis and restoring normal mucosal immunity in chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Nikolić J, Nešić A, Čavić M, Đorđević N, Anđelković U, Atanasković-Marković M, Drakulić B, Gavrović-Jankulović M. Effect of malondialdehyde on the ovalbumin structure and its interactions with T84 epithelial cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1861:126-134. [PMID: 27864150 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein oxidation can occur as a consequence of lipid peroxidation during food processing. The aim of this work was to explore the effect of malondialdehyde (MDA) modification of ovalbumin (OVA) on its interaction with T84 intestinal cells. METHODS Molecular dynamics simulation was employed for the prediction of MDA modification in the OVA, while introduced structural changes were evaluated by measurement of carbonyl group content, fluorescence spectra, MS/MS analysis, and IgE reactivity. Effects of MDA modified OVA on T84 epithelial cells were analyzed by gene expression for pro-inflammatory cytokines and protein secretion. RESULTS Out of 9 predicted, five modified Lys residues were confirmed by MS/MS analysis: 51TQINKVVR58, 85DILNQITKPNDVYSFSLASR104, 111YPILPEYLQCVKELYR126, 187AFKDEDTQAMPFR199, 277KIKVYLPR284, and 278IKVYLPR284. The introduced MDA modifications influenced profile of IgE reactivity to OVA. Treatment of T84 epithelial cells with OVA and OVA modified with 1mM MDA, induced up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-25, IL-33, TSLP and TNFα), while OVA modification with 10mM MDA induced down regulation of the cytokine expression profile, except for IL-1β. OVA and OVA modified with 1mM MDA induced secretion of epithelial cells specific cytokine IL-33. CONCLUSIONS This finding indicated that OVA and its MDA modified form have the potential to trigger the innate immunity by inducing up-regulation and secretion of pro-allergenic IL-33 in T84 intestinal epithelial cells. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Interactions of ovalbumin and its MDA modified form with intestinal epithelial cells can induce a specific immunological priming necessary for the downstream activation of innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasna Nikolić
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Andrijana Nešić
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milena Čavić
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Neda Đorđević
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Uroš Anđelković
- Centre for High-Throughput Technologies, Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia; Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marina Atanasković-Marković
- Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; University Children's Hospital of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Branko Drakulić
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Zimmer J, Weitnauer M, Boutin S, Küblbeck G, Thiele S, Walker P, Lasitschka F, Lunding L, Orinska Z, Vock C, Arnold B, Wegmann M, Dalpke A. Nuclear Localization of Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling-1 Regulates Local Immunity in the Lung. Front Immunol 2016; 7:514. [PMID: 27917175 PMCID: PMC5114302 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) is a negative feedback inhibitor of cytoplasmic Janus kinase and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling. SOCS1 also contains a nuclear localization sequence (NLS), yet, the in vivo importance of nuclear translocation is unknown. We generated transgenic mice containing mutated Socs1ΔNLS that fails to translocate in the cell nucleus (MGLtg mice). Whereas mice fully deficient for SOCS1 die within the first 3 weeks due to excessive interferon signaling and multiorgan inflammation, mice expressing only non-nuclear Socs1ΔNLS (Socs1-/-MGLtg mice) were rescued from early lethality. Canonical interferon gamma signaling was still functional in Socs1-/-MGLtg mice as shown by unaltered tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT1 and whole genome expression analysis. However, a subset of NFκB inducible genes was dysregulated. Socs1-/-MGLtg mice spontaneously developed low-grade inflammation in the lung and had elevated Th2-type cytokines. Upon ovalbumin sensitization and challenge, airway eosinophilia was increased in Socs1-/-MGLtg mice. Decreased transepithelial electrical resistance in trachea epithelial cells from Socs1-/-MGLtg mice suggests disrupted epithelial cell barrier. The results indicate that nuclear SOCS1 is a regulator of local immunity in the lung and unravel a so far unrecognized function for SOCS1 in the cell nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Zimmer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Michael Weitnauer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Sébastien Boutin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany
| | | | - Sabrina Thiele
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Patrick Walker
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Felix Lasitschka
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Lars Lunding
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany; Division of Asthma Mouse Model, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany; Airway Research Center North, Borstel, Germany
| | - Zane Orinska
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany; Airway Research Center North, Borstel, Germany; Division of Experimental Pneumology, Prority Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Christina Vock
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany; Airway Research Center North, Borstel, Germany; Division of Experimental Pneumology, Prority Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Bernd Arnold
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Michael Wegmann
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany; Division of Asthma Mouse Model, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany; Airway Research Center North, Borstel, Germany
| | - Alexander Dalpke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany
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128
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Fear VS, Lai SP, Zosky GR, Perks KL, Gorman S, Blank F, von Garnier C, Stumbles PA, Strickland DH. A pathogenic role for the integrin CD103 in experimental allergic airways disease. Physiol Rep 2016; 4:4/21/e13021. [PMID: 27905296 PMCID: PMC5112499 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The integrin CD103 is the αE chain of integrin αEβ7 that is important in the maintenance of intraepithelial lymphocytes and recruitment of T cells and dendritic cells (DC) to mucosal surfaces. The role of CD103 in intestinal immune homeostasis has been well described, however, its role in allergic airway inflammation is less well understood. In this study, we used an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced, CD103-knockout (KO) BALB/c mouse model of experimental allergic airways disease (EAAD) to investigate the role of CD103 in disease expression, CD4+ T-cell activation and DC activation and function in airways and lymph nodes. We found reduced airways hyper-responsiveness and eosinophil recruitment to airways after aerosol challenge of CD103 KO compared to wild-type (WT) mice, although CD103 KO mice showed enhanced serum OVA-specific IgE levels. Following aerosol challenge, total numbers of effector and regulatory CD4+ T-cell subsets were significantly increased in the airways of WT but not CD103 KO mice, as well as a lack of DC recruitment into the airways in the absence of CD103. While total airway DC numbers, and their in vivo allergen capture activity, were essentially normal in steady-state CD103 KO mice, migration of allergen-laden airway DC to draining lymph nodes was disrupted in the absence of CD103 at 24 h after aerosol challenge. These data support a role for CD103 in the pathogenesis of EAAD in BALB/c mice through local control of CD4+ T cell and DC subset recruitment to, and migration from, the airway mucosa during induction of allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Fabian Blank
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Philip A Stumbles
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia.,School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia.,School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Deborah H Strickland
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia .,School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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129
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Kim HJ, Jeong SK, Hong SJ, Ahrens K, Marsella R. Effects of PAR2 antagonist on inflammatory signals and tight junction expression in protease-activated canine primary epithelial keratinocytes. Exp Dermatol 2016; 26:86-88. [PMID: 27306682 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Jung Kim
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | | | - Soo-Jong Hong
- Department of Pediatrics, Childhood Asthma Atopy Center, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kim Ahrens
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Rosanna Marsella
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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130
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Immune cell screening of a nanoparticle library improves atherosclerosis therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E6731-E6740. [PMID: 27791119 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1609629113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunological complexity in atherosclerosis warrants targeted treatment of specific inflammatory cells that aggravate the disease. With the initiation of large phase III trials investigating immunomodulatory drugs for atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease treatment enters a new era. We here propose a radically different approach: implementing and evaluating in vivo a combinatorial library of nanoparticles with distinct physiochemical properties and differential immune cell specificities. The library's nanoparticles are based on endogenous high-density lipoprotein, which can preferentially deliver therapeutic compounds to pathological macrophages in atherosclerosis. Using the apolipoprotein E-deficient (Apoe-/-) mouse model of atherosclerosis, we quantitatively evaluated the library's immune cell specificity by combining immunological techniques and in vivo positron emission tomography imaging. Based on this screen, we formulated a liver X receptor agonist (GW3965) and abolished its liver toxicity while still preserving its therapeutic function. Screening the immune cell specificity of nanoparticles can be used to develop tailored therapies for atherosclerosis and other inflammatory diseases.
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131
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Anas AA, Yang J, Daan de Boer J, Roelofs JJTH, Hou B, de Vos AF, van der Poll T. General, but not myeloid or type II lung epithelial cell, myeloid differentiation factor 88 deficiency abrogates house dust mite induced allergic lung inflammation. Clin Exp Immunol 2016; 187:204-212. [PMID: 27625307 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a highly prevalent chronic allergic inflammatory disease of the airways affecting people worldwide. House dust mite (HDM) is the most common allergen implicated in human allergic asthma. HDM-induced allergic responses are thought to depend upon activation of pathways involving Toll-like receptors and their adaptor protein myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88). We sought here to determine the role of MyD88 in myeloid and type II lung epithelial cells in the development of asthma-like allergic disease using a mouse model. Repeated exposure to HDM caused allergic responses in control mice characterized by influx of eosinophils into the bronchoalveolar space and lung tissue, lung pathology and mucus production and protein leak into bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. All these responses were abrogated in mice with a general deficiency of MyD88 but unaltered in mice with MyD88 deficiency, specifically in myeloid or type II lung epithelial cells. We conclude that cells other than myeloid or type II lung epithelial cells are responsible for MyD88-dependent HDM-induced allergic airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Anas
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J Yang
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J Daan de Boer
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J J T H Roelofs
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - B Hou
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - A F de Vos
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - T van der Poll
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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132
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Agoro R, Piotet-Morin J, Palomo J, Michaudel C, Vigne S, Maillet I, Chenuet P, Guillou N, Le Bérichel J, Kisielow M, Flodby P, Borok Z, Crandall ED, Le Bert M, Quesniaux V, Muller M, Di Padova F, Ryffel B, Gabay C, Couturier-Maillard A. IL-1R1-MyD88 axis elicits papain-induced lung inflammation. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:2531-2541. [PMID: 27569535 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Allergic asthma is characterized by a strong Th2 response with inflammatory cell recruitment and structural changes in the lung. Papain is a protease allergen disrupting the airway epithelium triggering a rapid inflammation with eosinophilia mediated by innate lymphoid cell activation (ILC2) and leading to a Th2 immune response. In this study, we focused on inflammatory responses to a single exposure to papain and showed that intranasal administration of papain results in the recruitment of inflammatory cells, including neutrophils and eosinophils with a rapid production of IL-1α, IL-1β, and IL-33. The inflammatory response is abrogated in the absence of IL-1R1 and MyD88. To decipher the cell type(s) involved in MyD88-dependent IL-1R1/MyD88 signaling, we used new cell-specific MyD88-deficient mice and found that the deletion of MyD88 signaling in single cell types such as T cells, epithelial cells, CD11c-positive or myeloid cells leads to only a partial inhibition compared to complete absence of MyD88, suggesting that several cell types contribute to the response. Importantly, the inflammatory response is largely ST2 and IL-36R independent. In conclusion, IL-1R1 signaling via MyD88 is critical for the first step of inflammatory response to papain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafiou Agoro
- Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, University of Orleans, CNRS, UMR7355, Orleans, France.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa
| | - Julie Piotet-Morin
- Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, University of Orleans, CNRS, UMR7355, Orleans, France.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa
| | - Jennifer Palomo
- Division of Rheumatology, Departments of Internal Medicine Specialties and Pathology-Immunology, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Chloé Michaudel
- Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, University of Orleans, CNRS, UMR7355, Orleans, France.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa
| | - Solenne Vigne
- Division of Rheumatology, Departments of Internal Medicine Specialties and Pathology-Immunology, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Maillet
- Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, University of Orleans, CNRS, UMR7355, Orleans, France.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa
| | - Pauline Chenuet
- Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, University of Orleans, CNRS, UMR7355, Orleans, France.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa
| | - Noëlline Guillou
- Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, University of Orleans, CNRS, UMR7355, Orleans, France.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa
| | - Jessica Le Bérichel
- Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, University of Orleans, CNRS, UMR7355, Orleans, France.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa
| | | | - Per Flodby
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zea Borok
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Edward D Crandall
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marc Le Bert
- Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, University of Orleans, CNRS, UMR7355, Orleans, France.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa
| | - Valérie Quesniaux
- Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, University of Orleans, CNRS, UMR7355, Orleans, France.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa
| | - Matthias Muller
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Bernhard Ryffel
- Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, University of Orleans, CNRS, UMR7355, Orleans, France.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa
| | - Cem Gabay
- Division of Rheumatology, Departments of Internal Medicine Specialties and Pathology-Immunology, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Aurélie Couturier-Maillard
- Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, University of Orleans, CNRS, UMR7355, Orleans, France. .,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa.
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133
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Delivery of RNAi Therapeutics to the Airways-From Bench to Bedside. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21091249. [PMID: 27657028 PMCID: PMC6272875 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21091249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a potent and specific post-transcriptional gene silencing process. Since its discovery, tremendous efforts have been made to translate RNAi technology into therapeutic applications for the treatment of different human diseases including respiratory diseases, by manipulating the expression of disease-associated gene(s). Similar to other nucleic acid-based therapeutics, the major hurdle of RNAi therapy is delivery. Pulmonary delivery is a promising approach of delivering RNAi therapeutics directly to the airways for treating local conditions and minimizing systemic side effects. It is a non-invasive route of administration that is generally well accepted by patients. However, pulmonary drug delivery is a challenge as the lungs pose a series of anatomical, physiological and immunological barriers to drug delivery. Understanding these barriers is essential for the development an effective RNA delivery system. In this review, the different barriers to pulmonary drug delivery are introduced. The potential of RNAi molecules as new class of therapeutics, and the latest preclinical and clinical studies of using RNAi therapeutics in different respiratory conditions are discussed in details. We hope this review can provide some useful insights for moving inhaled RNAi therapeutics from bench to bedside.
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134
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Heyen L, Müller U, Siegemund S, Schulze B, Protschka M, Alber G, Piehler D. Lung epithelium is the major source of IL-33 and is regulated by IL-33-dependent and IL-33-independent mechanisms in pulmonary cryptococcosis. Pathog Dis 2016; 74:ftw086. [DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftw086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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135
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The RNA Binding Protein Mex-3B Is Required for IL-33 Induction in the Development of Allergic Airway Inflammation. Cell Rep 2016; 16:2456-71. [PMID: 27545879 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergic airway inflammation is one of the primary features of allergic asthma. Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is recognized as a key pro-inflammatory cytokine that mediates allergic airway inflammation, and its expression is elevated in this condition, but little is known about the regulatory mechanisms underlying IL-33 induction. Here, we show that the RNA binding protein Mex-3B plays a critical role in the induction of IL-33 in the development of allergic airway inflammation. We generated Mex3b(-/-) mice and found that they develop significantly less airway inflammation than wild-type mice due to reduced induction of IL-33. Furthermore, we show that Mex-3B directly upregulates IL-33 expression by inhibiting miR-487b-3p-mediated repression of IL-33. Moreover, we show that inhalation of an antisense oligonucleotide targeting Mex-3B suppresses allergic airway inflammation. Our data identify a signaling pathway that post-transcriptionally regulates IL-33 expression and suggest that Mex-3B could be a promising molecular target for the treatment of allergic asthma.
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136
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Beaudoin GMJ. Mosaic cellular patterning in the nose: Adhesion molecules give their two scents. J Cell Biol 2016; 212:495-7. [PMID: 26929448 PMCID: PMC4772504 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201602023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The sense of smell is mediated by the olfactory epithelium, which is composed of a mosaic pattern of olfactory sensory cells surrounded by supporting cells. In this issue, Katsunuma et al. (2016. J. Cell Biol. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201509020) show that the differential expression of nectins and cadherins establishes this pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard M J Beaudoin
- UTSA Neurosciences Institute, Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249
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137
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Shimura S, Takai T, Iida H, Maruyama N, Ochi H, Kamijo S, Nishioka I, Hara M, Matsuda A, Saito H, Nakae S, Ogawa H, Okumura K, Ikeda S. Epicutaneous Allergic Sensitization by Cooperation between Allergen Protease Activity and Mechanical Skin Barrier Damage in Mice. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:1408-1417. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.02.810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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138
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Hardy CL, Rolland JM, O'Hehir RE. The immunoregulatory and fibrotic roles of activin A in allergic asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2016; 45:1510-22. [PMID: 25962695 PMCID: PMC4687413 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Activin A, a member of the TGF-β superfamily of cytokines, was originally identified as an inducer of follicle stimulating hormone release, but has since been ascribed roles in normal physiological processes, as an immunoregulatory cytokine and as a driver of fibrosis. In the last 10–15 years, it has also become abundantly clear that activin A plays an important role in the regulation of asthmatic inflammation and airway remodelling. This review provides a brief introduction to the activin A/TGF-β superfamily, focussing on the regulation of receptors and signalling pathways. We examine the contradictory evidence for generalized pro- vs. anti-inflammatory effects of activin A in inflammation, before appraising its role in asthmatic inflammation and airway remodelling specifically by evaluating data from both murine models and clinical studies. We identify key issues to be addressed, paving the way for safe exploitation of modulation of activin A function for treatment of allergic asthma and other inflammatory lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Hardy
- Department of Allergy, Immunology & Respiratory Medicine, Monash University and The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., 3004, Australia
| | - J M Rolland
- Department of Allergy, Immunology & Respiratory Medicine, Monash University and The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., 3004, Australia
| | - R E O'Hehir
- Department of Allergy, Immunology & Respiratory Medicine, Monash University and The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., 3004, Australia
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139
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Allen F, Tong AA, Huang AY. Unique Transcompartmental Bridge: Antigen-Presenting Cells Sampling across Endothelial and Mucosal Barriers. Front Immunol 2016; 7:231. [PMID: 27375624 PMCID: PMC4901051 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Potentially harmful pathogens can gain access to tissues and organ systems through body sites that are in direct contact with the outside environment, such as the skin, the gut, and the airway mucosa. Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) represent a bridge between the innate and adaptive immunity, and their capacity for constant immune surveillance and rapid sampling of incoming pathogens and other potentially harmful antigens is central for mounting an effective and robust protective host response. The classical view is that APCs perform this task efficiently within the tissue to sense invading agents intra-compartmentally. However, recent data based on high resolution imaging support an additional transcompartmental surveillance behavior by APC by reaching across intact physical barriers. In this review, we summarize intravital microscopic evidences of APC to sample antigens transcompartmentally at the gut mucosa and other body sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Allen
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine , Cleveland, OH , USA
| | - Alexander A Tong
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine , Cleveland, OH , USA
| | - Alex Y Huang
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA; Angie Fowler AYA Cancer Institute, University Hospitals Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, USA
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140
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Cao PP, Shi LL, Xu K, Yao Y, Liu Z. Dendritic cells in inflammatory sinonasal diseases. Clin Exp Allergy 2016; 46:894-906. [PMID: 27159777 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are critical in linking the innate and adaptive immune responses, which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of many immune and inflammatory diseases as well as the development of tumours. The role of DCs in the pathophysiology of lung diseases has been widely studied. However, the phenotype, subset and function of DCs in upper airways under physiological or pathological conditions remain largely undefined. Allergic rhinitis (AR) and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) are two important upper airway diseases with a high worldwide prevalence. Aberrant innate and adaptive immune responses have been considered to play an important role in the pathogenesis of AR and CRS. To this end, understanding the function of DCs in shaping the immune responses in sinonasal mucosa is critical in exploring the pathogenic mechanisms underlying AR and CRS as well as in developing novel therapeutic strategies. This review summarizes the phenotype, subset, function and regulation of DCs in sinonasal mucosa, particularly in the setting of AR and CRS. Furthermore, this review discusses the perspectives for future research and potential clinical utility focusing on DC pathways in the context of AR and CRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- P-P Cao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - L-L Shi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - K Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Y Yao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Z Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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141
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Chen YL, Chiang BL. Targeting TSLP With shRNA Alleviates Airway Inflammation and Decreases Epithelial CCL17 in a Murine Model of Asthma. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2016; 5:e316. [PMID: 27138176 PMCID: PMC5014514 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2016.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Airway epithelium defends the invasion from microorganisms and regulates immune responses in allergic asthma. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) from inflamed epithelium promotes maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) to prime Th2 responses via CCL17, which induces chemotaxis of CD4+ T cells to mediate inflammation. However, few studies have investigated the regulation of epithelial CCL17. In this study, we used shRNA against TSLP to clarify the role of TSLP in the airway inflammation and whether TSLP affects the airway inflammation via epithelial CCL17. Specific shTSLP was delivered by lentivirus and selected by the knockdown efficiency. Allergic mice were intratracheally pretreated with the lentivirus and followed by intranasal ovalbumin (OVA) challenges. The sera antibody levels, airway inflammation, airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR), cytokine levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids, and CCL17 expressions in lungs were determined. In vivo, TSLP attenuation reduced the AHR, decreased the airway inflammation, inhibited the maturations of DCs, and suppressed the migration of T cells. Furthermore, the expression of CCL17 was particularly decreased in bronchial epithelium. In vitro, CCL17 induction was regulated by TSLP. In conclusion, TSLP might coordinate airway inflammation partially via CCL17-mediated responses and this study provides the vital utility of TSLP to develop the therapeutic approach in allergic airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lien Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Luen Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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142
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Zakeri A, Borji H, Haghparast A. Interaction Between Helminths and Toll-Like Receptors: Possibilities and Potentials for Asthma Therapy. Int Rev Immunol 2016; 35:219-48. [PMID: 27120222 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2015.1096936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are essential components of the innate immune system. They play an important role in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases, especially asthma. Since TLRs significantly orchestrate innate and adaptive immune response, their manipulation has widely been considered as a potential approach to control asthma symptoms. It is well established that helminths have immunoregulatory effects on host immune responses, especially innate immunity. They release bioactive molecules such as excretory-secretory (ES) products manipulating TLRs expression and signaling. Thus, given the promising results derived from preclinical studies, harnessing helminth-derived molecules affecting TLRs can be considered as a potential biological therapy for allergic diseases. Prospectively, the data that are available at present suggest that, in the near future, it is possible that helminth antigens will offer new therapeutic strategies and druggable targets for fighting allergic diseases. This review describes the interactions between helminths and TLRs and discusses the potential possibilities for asthma therapy. In this opinion paper, the authors aimed to review the updated literatures on the interplay between helminths, TLRs, and asthma with a view to proposing helminth-based asthma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Zakeri
- a Parasitology Section, Department of Pathobiology , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad , Mashhad , Iran.,b Immunology Sections, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Hassan Borji
- a Parasitology Section, Department of Pathobiology , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Alireza Haghparast
- b Immunology Sections, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad , Mashhad , Iran.,c Biotechnology Section, Department of Pathobiology , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad , Mashhad , Iran
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143
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Direct Delivery of Antigens to Dendritic Cells via Antibodies Specific for Endocytic Receptors as a Promising Strategy for Future Therapies. Vaccines (Basel) 2016; 4:vaccines4020008. [PMID: 27043640 PMCID: PMC4931625 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines4020008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent professional antigen presenting cells and are therefore indispensable for the control of immunity. The technique of antibody mediated antigen targeting to DC subsets has been the basis of intense research for more than a decade. Many murine studies have utilized this approach of antigen delivery to various kinds of endocytic receptors of DCs both in vitro and in vivo. Today, it is widely accepted that different DC subsets are important for the induction of select immune responses. Nevertheless, many questions still remain to be answered, such as the actual influence of the targeted receptor on the initiation of the immune response to the delivered antigen. Further efforts to better understand the induction of antigen-specific immune responses will support the transfer of this knowledge into novel treatment strategies for human diseases. In this review, we will discuss the state-of-the-art aspects of the basic principles of antibody mediated antigen targeting approaches. A table will also provide a broad overview of the latest studies using antigen targeting including addressed DC subset, targeted receptors, outcome, and applied coupling techniques.
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144
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Chen CYA, Chang JT, Ho YF, Shyu AB. MiR-26 down-regulates TNF-α/NF-κB signalling and IL-6 expression by silencing HMGA1 and MALT1. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:3772-87. [PMID: 27025651 PMCID: PMC4856999 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
MiR-26 has emerged as a key tumour suppressor in various cancers. Accumulating evidence supports that miR-26 regulates inflammation and tumourigenicity largely through down-regulating IL-6 production, but the underlying mechanism remains obscure. Here, combining a transcriptome-wide approach with manipulation of cellular miR-26 levels, we showed that instead of directly targeting IL-6 mRNA for gene silencing, miR-26 diminishes IL-6 transcription activated by TNF-α through silencing NF-κB signalling related factors HMGA1 and MALT1. We demonstrated that miR-26 extensively dampens the induction of many inflammation-related cytokine, chemokine and tissue-remodelling genes that are activated via NF-κB signalling pathway. Knocking down both HMGA1 and MALT1 by RNAi had a silencing effect on NF-κB-responsive genes similar to that caused by miR-26. Moreover, we discovered that poor patient prognosis in human lung adenocarcinoma is associated with low miR-26 and high HMGA1 or MALT1 levels and not with levels of any of them individually. These new findings not only unravel a novel mechanism by which miR-26 dampens IL-6 production transcriptionally but also demonstrate a direct role of miR-26 in down-regulating NF-κB signalling pathway, thereby revealing a more critical and broader role of miR-26 in inflammation and cancer than previously realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chyi-Ying A Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jeffrey T Chang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yi-Fang Ho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ann-Bin Shyu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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145
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Ather JL, Foley KL, Suratt BT, Boyson JE, Poynter ME. Airway epithelial NF-κB activation promotes the ability to overcome inhalational antigen tolerance. Clin Exp Allergy 2016; 45:1245-58. [PMID: 25616105 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhalational antigen tolerance typically protects against the development of allergic airway disease but may be overcome to induce allergic sensitization preceding the development of asthma. OBJECTIVES We examined in vivo whether pre-existing inhalational antigen tolerance could be overcome by activation of the transcription factor NF-κB in conducting airway epithelial cells, and used a combination of in vivo and in vitro approaches to examine the mechanisms involved. METHODS Wild-type and transgenic mice capable of expressing constitutively active IκB kinase β (CAIKKβ) in airway epithelium were tolerized to inhaled ovalbumin. Twenty-eight days later, the transgene was transiently expressed and mice were exposed to inhaled OVA on Day 30 in an attempt to overcome inhalational tolerance. RESULTS Following ovalbumin challenge on days 40-42, CAIKKβ mice in which the transgene had been activated exhibited characteristic features of allergic airway disease, including airway eosinophilia and methacholine hyper-responsiveness. Increases in the CD103(+) and CD11b(HI) lung dendritic cell populations were present in CAIKKβ mice on Day 31. Bronchoalveolar lavage from mice expressing CAIKKβ mice induced CD4(+) T cells to secrete T(H)2 and T(H)17 cytokines, an effect that required IL-4 and IL-1 signalling, respectively. CAIKKβ mice on Dox demonstrated increased numbers of innate lymphoid type 2 cells (ILC2) in the lung, which also exhibited elevated mRNA expression of the T(H)2-polarizing cytokine IL-4. Finally, airway epithelial NF-kB activation induced allergic sensitization in CAIKKβ mice on Dox that required IL-4 and IL-1 signalling in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our studies demonstrate that soluble mediators generated in response to airway epithelial NF-κB activation orchestrate the breaking of inhalational tolerance and allergic antigen sensitization through the effects of soluble mediators, including IL-1 and IL-4, on pulmonary dendritic cells as well as innate lymphoid and CD4(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Ather
- Vermont Lung Center, Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - K L Foley
- Vermont Lung Center, Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - B T Suratt
- Vermont Lung Center, Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - J E Boyson
- Department of Surgery, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - M E Poynter
- Vermont Lung Center, Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
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146
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2,8-Diazaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)pyrimidin-4-amine potent CCR4 antagonists capable of inducing receptor endocytosis. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 115:14-25. [PMID: 26991939 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A number of potent 2,8-diazaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)pyrimidin-4-amine CCR4 antagonists binding to the extracellular allosteric site were synthesised. (R)-N-(2,4-Dichlorobenzyl)-2-(2-(pyrrolidin-2-ylmethyl)-2,8-diazaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)pyrimidin-4-amine (R)-(18a) has high affinity in both the [(125)I]-TARC binding assay with a pKi of 8.8, and the [(35)S]-GTPγS functional assay with a pIC50 of 8.1, and high activity in the human whole blood actin polymerisation assay (pA2 = 6.7). The most potent antagonists were also investigated for their ability to induce endocytosis of CCR4 and were found to internalise about 60% of the cell surface receptors, a property which is not commonly shared by small molecule antagonists of chemokine receptors.
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147
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Kaplan BLF, Li J, LaPres JJ, Pruett SB, Karmaus PWF. Contributions of nonhematopoietic cells and mediators to immune responses: implications for immunotoxicology. Toxicol Sci 2016; 145:214-32. [PMID: 26008184 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotoxicology assessments have historically focused on the effects that xenobiotics exhibit directly on immune cells. These studies are invaluable as they identify immune cell targets and help characterize mechanisms and/or adverse outcome pathways of xenobiotics within the immune system. However, leukocytes can receive environmental cues by cell-cell contact or via released mediators from cells of organs outside of the immune system. These organs include, but are not limited to, the mucosal areas such as the lung and the gut, the liver, and the central nervous system. Homeostatic perturbation in these organs induced directly by toxicants can initiate and alter the outcome of local and systemic immunity. This review will highlight some of the identified nonimmune influences on immune homeostasis and provide summaries of how immunotoxic mechanisms of selected xenobiotics involve nonimmune cells or mediators. Thus, this review will identify data gaps and provide possible alternative mechanisms by which xenobiotics alter immune function that could be considered during immunotoxicology safety assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara L F Kaplan
- *Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi St, Mississippi 39762, Safety Assessment, Genentech, Inc. South San Francisco, California 94080, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 and Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105
| | - Jinze Li
- *Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi St, Mississippi 39762, Safety Assessment, Genentech, Inc. South San Francisco, California 94080, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 and Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105
| | - John J LaPres
- *Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi St, Mississippi 39762, Safety Assessment, Genentech, Inc. South San Francisco, California 94080, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 and Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105
| | - Stephen B Pruett
- *Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi St, Mississippi 39762, Safety Assessment, Genentech, Inc. South San Francisco, California 94080, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 and Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105
| | - Peer W F Karmaus
- *Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi St, Mississippi 39762, Safety Assessment, Genentech, Inc. South San Francisco, California 94080, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 and Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105
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148
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Froidure A, Shen C, Pilette C. Dendritic cells revisited in human allergic rhinitis and asthma. Allergy 2016; 71:137-48. [PMID: 26427032 DOI: 10.1111/all.12770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The role of dendritic cells (DCs) in airway allergy has been studied for 15 years; recent data has highlighted the cross talk with airway epithelial cells and environmental factors (allergens, virus) during the inception and exacerbation of allergic asthma. Although murine models have provided key information, it remains uncertain to what extent these basic mechanisms take place in human allergic disease, notably with regard to different clinical phenotypes. In the present review, we discuss new evidence regarding mechanisms of DC regulation in the mouse which could be important in human asthma. Finally, after discussing the effects of current therapies on DC biology, we focus on pathways that could represent targets for future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Froidure
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique; Université Catholique de Louvain and Walloon Institute for Excellence in Lifesciences and Biotechnology; Brussels Belgium
- Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, service de pneumologie; Brussels Belgium
| | - C. Shen
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique; Université Catholique de Louvain and Walloon Institute for Excellence in Lifesciences and Biotechnology; Brussels Belgium
| | - C. Pilette
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique; Université Catholique de Louvain and Walloon Institute for Excellence in Lifesciences and Biotechnology; Brussels Belgium
- Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, service de pneumologie; Brussels Belgium
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149
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Hong GH, Kwon HS, Moon KA, Park SY, Park S, Lee KY, Ha EH, Kim TB, Moon HB, Lee HK, Cho YS. Clusterin Modulates Allergic Airway Inflammation by Attenuating CCL20-Mediated Dendritic Cell Recruitment. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:2021-30. [PMID: 26826245 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recruitment and activation of dendritic cells (DCs) in the lungs are critical for Th2 responses in asthma, and CCL20 secreted from bronchial epithelial cells (BECs) is known to influence the recruitment of DCs. Because asthma is a disease that is closely associated with oxidative stress, we hypothesized that clusterin, an oxidative stress regulatory molecule, may have a role in the development of allergic airway inflammation. The aim of this study was to examine whether clusterin regulates CCL20 production from the BECs and the subsequent DC recruitment in the lungs. To verify the idea, clusterin knockout (Clu(-/-)), clusterin heterogeneous (Clu(+/-)), and wild-type mice were exposed intranasally to house dust mite (HDM) extract to induce allergic airway inflammation. We found that the total number of immune cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and the lung was increased in Clu(-/-) and Clu(+/-) mice. Of these immune cells, inflammatory DCs (CD11b(+)CD11c(+)) and Ly6C(high) monocyte populations in the lung were significantly increased, which was accompanied by increased levels of various chemokines, including CCL20 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and increased oxidative stress markers in the lung. Moreover, HDM-stimulated human BECs with either up- or downregulated clusterin expression showed that CCL20 secretion was negatively associated with clusterin expression. Interestingly, clusterin also reduced the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species, which is related to induction of CCL20 expression after HDM stimulation. Thus, the antioxidant property of clusterin is suggested to regulate the expression of CCL20 in BECs and the subsequent recruitment of inflammatory DCs in the airway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyong Hwa Hong
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea; Asan Institute for Life Science, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Hyouk-Soo Kwon
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; and
| | - Keun-Ai Moon
- Asan Institute for Life Science, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - So Young Park
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; and
| | - Sunjoo Park
- Asan Institute for Life Science, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | | | - Eun Hee Ha
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea; Asan Institute for Life Science, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Tae-Bum Kim
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; and
| | - Hee-Bom Moon
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; and
| | - Heung Kyu Lee
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea; Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - You Sook Cho
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; and
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150
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Tadokoro T, Gao X, Hong CC, Hotten D, Hogan BLM. BMP signaling and cellular dynamics during regeneration of airway epithelium from basal progenitors. Development 2016; 143:764-73. [PMID: 26811382 PMCID: PMC4813333 DOI: 10.1242/dev.126656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The pseudostratified epithelium of the lung contains ciliated and secretory luminal cells and basal stem/progenitor cells. To identify signals controlling basal cell behavior we screened factors that alter their self-renewal and differentiation in a clonal organoid (tracheosphere) assay. This revealed that inhibitors of the canonical BMP signaling pathway promote proliferation but do not affect lineage choice, whereas exogenous Bmp4 inhibits proliferation and differentiation. We therefore followed changes in BMP pathway components in vivo in the mouse trachea during epithelial regeneration from basal cells after injury. The findings suggest that BMP signaling normally constrains proliferation at steady state and this brake is released transiently during repair by the upregulation of endogenous BMP antagonists. Early in repair, the packing of epithelial cells along the basal lamina increases, but density is later restored by active extrusion of apoptotic cells. Systemic administration of the BMP antagonist LDN-193189 during repair initially increases epithelial cell number but, following the shedding phase, normal density is restored. Taken together, these results reveal crucial roles for both BMP signaling and cell shedding in homeostasis of the respiratory epithelium. Summary: In the mouse airway epithelium, regeneration after injury involves transient downregulation of BMP signaling to promote proliferation, followed by cell shedding to restore cell density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Tadokoro
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Xia Gao
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Charles C Hong
- Department of Medicine-Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Danielle Hotten
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Duke Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Brigid L M Hogan
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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