101
|
Abstract
Epithelial cells form highly organized polarized sheets with characteristic cell morphologies and tissue architecture. Cell–cell adhesion and intercellular communication are prerequisites of such cohesive sheets of cells, and cell connectivity is mediated through several junctional assemblies, namely desmosomes, adherens, tight and gap junctions. These cell–cell junctions form signalling hubs that not only mediate cell–cell adhesion but impact on multiple aspects of cell behaviour, helping to coordinate epithelial cell shape, polarity and function. This review will focus on the tight and adherens junctions, constituents of the apical junctional complex, and aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the complex signalling that underlies junction assembly, integrity and plasticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra D Rusu
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Marios Georgiou
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Biggs LC, Kim CS, Miroshnikova YA, Wickström SA. Mechanical Forces in the Skin: Roles in Tissue Architecture, Stability, and Function. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 140:284-290. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.06.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
103
|
Arora P, Dongre S, Raman R, Sonawane M. Stepwise polarisation of developing bilayered epidermis is mediated by aPKC and E-cadherin in zebrafish. eLife 2020; 9:49064. [PMID: 31967543 PMCID: PMC6975926 DOI: 10.7554/elife.49064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidermis, a multilayered epithelium, surrounds and protects the vertebrate body. It develops from a bilayered epithelium formed of the outer periderm and underlying basal epidermis. How apicobasal polarity is established in the developing epidermis has remained poorly understood. We show that both the periderm and the basal epidermis exhibit polarised distribution of adherens junctions in zebrafish. aPKC, an apical polarity regulator, maintains the robustness of polarisation of E-cadherin- an adherens junction component- in the periderm. E-cadherin in one layer controls the localisation of E-cadherin in the second layer in a layer non-autonomous manner. Importantly, E-cadherin controls the localisation and levels of Lgl, a basolateral polarity regulator, in a layer autonomous as well non-autonomous manner. Since periderm formation from the enveloping layer precedes the formation of the basal epidermis, our analyses suggest that peridermal polarity, initiated by aPKC, is transduced in a stepwise manner by E-cadherin to the basal layer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prateek Arora
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Shivali Dongre
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Renuka Raman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Mahendra Sonawane
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| |
Collapse
|
104
|
|
105
|
Green KJ, Jaiganesh A, Broussard JA. Desmosomes: Essential contributors to an integrated intercellular junction network. F1000Res 2019; 8. [PMID: 31942240 PMCID: PMC6944264 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.20942.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of adhesive connections between cells was critical for the evolution of multicellularity and for organizing cells into complex organs with discrete compartments. Four types of intercellular junction are present in vertebrates: desmosomes, adherens junctions, tight junctions, and gap junctions. All are essential for the development of the embryonic layers and organs as well as adult tissue homeostasis. While each junction type is defined as a distinct entity, it is now clear that they cooperate physically and functionally to create a robust and functionally diverse system. During evolution, desmosomes first appeared in vertebrates as highly specialized regions at the plasma membrane that couple the intermediate filament cytoskeleton at points of strong cell–cell adhesion. Here, we review how desmosomes conferred new mechanical and signaling properties to vertebrate cells and tissues through their interactions with the existing junctional and cytoskeletal network.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen J Green
- Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Avinash Jaiganesh
- Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joshua A Broussard
- Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Zheng S, Lavrenyuk K, Lamson NG, Fein KC, Whitehead KA, Dahl KN. Piperazine Derivatives Enhance Epithelial Cell Monolayer Permeability by Increased Cell Force Generation and Loss of Cadherin Structures. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 6:367-374. [PMID: 33463243 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A major obstacle for topical and enteral drug delivery is the poor transport of macromolecular drugs through the epithelium. One potential solution is the use of permeation enhancers that alter epithelial structures. Piperazine derivatives are known permeation enhancers that modulate epithelial structures, reduce transepithelial electrical resistance, and augment the absorption of macromolecular drugs. The mechanism by which piperazine derivatives disrupt the structures of epithelial monolayers is not well understood. Here, the effects of 1-phenylpiperazine and 1-methyl-4-phenylpiperazine are modeled in the epithelial cell line NRK-52E. Live-cell imaging reveals a dose-dependent gross reorganization of monolayers at high concentrations, but reorganization differs based on the piperazine molecule. Results show that low concentrations of piperazine derivatives increase myosin force generation within the cells and do not disrupt the cytoskeletal structure. Also, cytoskeletally attached cadherin junctions are disrupted before tight junctions. In summary, piperazines appear to increase myosin-mediated contraction followed by disruption of cell-cell contacts. These results provide new mechanistic insight into how transient epithelial permeation enhancers act and will inform of the development of future generations of transepithelial delivery systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kirill Lavrenyuk
- Molecular Biophysics and Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | | | | | | | - Kris Noel Dahl
- Molecular Biophysics and Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
Lough KJ, Byrd KM, Descovich CP, Spitzer DC, Bergman AJ, Beaudoin GM, Reichardt LF, Williams SE. Telophase correction refines division orientation in stratified epithelia. eLife 2019; 8:49249. [PMID: 31833472 PMCID: PMC6959978 DOI: 10.7554/elife.49249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During organogenesis, precise control of spindle orientation balances proliferation and differentiation. In the developing murine epidermis, planar and perpendicular divisions yield symmetric and asymmetric fate outcomes, respectively. Classically, division axis specification involves centrosome migration and spindle rotation, events occurring early in mitosis. Here, we identify a novel orientation mechanism which corrects erroneous anaphase orientations during telophase. The directionality of reorientation correlates with the maintenance or loss of basal contact by the apical daughter. While the scaffolding protein LGN is known to determine initial spindle positioning, we show that LGN also functions during telophase to reorient oblique divisions toward perpendicular. The fidelity of telophase correction also relies on the tension-sensitive adherens junction proteins vinculin, α-E-catenin, and afadin. Failure of this corrective mechanism impacts tissue architecture, as persistent oblique divisions induce precocious, sustained differentiation. The division orientation plasticity provided by telophase correction may enable progenitors to adapt to local tissue needs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kendall J Lough
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States.,Department of Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Centre, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Kevin M Byrd
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States.,Department of Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Centre, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States.,Department of Oral & Craniofacial Health Sciences, The University of North Carolina School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Carlos P Descovich
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States.,Department of Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Centre, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Danielle C Spitzer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States.,Department of Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Centre, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Abby J Bergman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States.,Department of Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Centre, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Gerard Mj Beaudoin
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Louis F Reichardt
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Scott E Williams
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States.,Department of Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Centre, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
Song H, Zhang J, He W, Wang P, Wang F. Activation of Cofilin Increases Intestinal Permeability via Depolymerization of F-Actin During Hypoxia in vitro. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1455. [PMID: 31849705 PMCID: PMC6901426 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical barriers play a key role in maintaining the normal function of the intestinal mucosa. The barrier function of intestinal epithelial cells is significantly damaged after severe hypoxia. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this hypoxia-induced damage are still not completely clear. Through the establishment of an in vitro cultured intestinal epithelial cell monolayer model (Caco-2), we treated cells with hypoxia or drugs [jasplakinolide or latrunculin A (LatA)] to detect changes in the transepithelial electrical resistance (TER), the expression of the cellular tight junction (TJ) proteins zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and occludin, the distribution of F-actin, the ratio of F-actin/G-actin content, and the expression of the cofilin protein. The results showed that hypoxia and drug treatment could both induce a significant reduction in the TER of the intestinal epithelial cell monolayer and a significant reduction in the expression of the ZO-1 and occludin protein. Hypoxia and LatA could cause a significant reduction in the ratio of F-actin/G-actin content, whereas jasplakinolide caused a significant increase in the ratio of F-actin/G-actin content. After hypoxia, cofilin phosphorylation was decreased. We concluded that the barrier function of the intestinal epithelial cell monolayer was significantly damaged after severe burn injury. The molecular mechanism might be that hypoxia-induced F-actin depolymerization and an imbalance between F-actin and G-actin through cofilin activation resulted in reduced expression and a change in the distribution of cellular TJ proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huapei Song
- Department of Burns, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Burns, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wen He
- Department of Burns, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pei Wang
- Department of Burns, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fengjun Wang
- Department of Burns, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
109
|
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJ) play a central role in the homeostasis of epithelial and endothelial tissues, by providing a semipermeable barrier to ions and solutes, by contributing to the maintenance of cell polarity, and by functioning as signaling platforms. TJ are associated with the actomyosin and microtubule cytoskeletons, and the crosstalk with the cytoskeleton is fundamental for junction biogenesis and physiology. TJ are spatially and functionally connected to adherens junctions (AJ), which are essential for the maintenance of tissue integrity. Mechano-sensing and mechano-transduction properties of several AJ proteins have been characterized during the last decade. However, little is known about how mechanical forces act on TJ and their proteins, how TJ control the mechanical properties of cells and tissues, and what are the underlying molecular mechanisms. Here I review recent studies that have advanced our understanding of the relationships between mechanical force and TJ biology.
Collapse
|
110
|
López-Luque J, Bertran E, Crosas-Molist E, Maiques O, Malfettone A, Caja L, Serrano T, Ramos E, Sanz-Moreno V, Fabregat I. Downregulation of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in hepatocellular carcinoma facilitates Transforming Growth Factor-β-induced epithelial to amoeboid transition. Cancer Lett 2019; 464:15-24. [PMID: 31465839 PMCID: PMC6853171 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) and the Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-β) are key regulators of hepatocarcinogenesis. Targeting EGFR was proposed as a promising therapy; however, poor success was obtained in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) clinical trials. Here, we describe how EGFR is frequently downregulated in HCC patients while TGF-β is upregulated. Using 2D/3D cellular models, we show that after EGFR loss, TGF-β is more efficient in its pro-migratory and invasive effects, inducing epithelial to amoeboid transition. EGFR knock-down promotes loss of cell-cell and cell-to-matrix adhesion, favouring TGF-β-induced actomyosin contractility and acquisition of an amoeboid migratory phenotype. Moreover, TGF-β upregulates RHOC and CDC42 after EGFR silencing, promoting Myosin II in amoeboid cells. Importantly, low EGFR combined with high TGFB1 or RHOC/CDC42 levels confer poor patient prognosis. In conclusion, this work reveals a new tumour suppressor function for EGFR counteracting TGF-β-mediated epithelial to amoeboid transitions in HCC, supporting a rational for targeting the TGF-β pathway in patients with low EGFR expression. Our work also highlights the relevance of epithelial to amoeboid transition in human tumours and the need to better target this process in the clinic. EGFR expression is low and heterogeneous in a great percentage of HCC patients. EGFR loss in HCC cells facilitates TGF-β pro-migratory and invasive functions. EGFR silenced HCC cells respond to TGF-β inducing epithelial-amoeboid transition. TGF-β upregulates RHOC and CDC42 and actomyosin contractility in EGFR silenced cells. Low EGFR combined with high TGFB1 or RHOC/CDC42 levels confer poor HCC prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judit López-Luque
- TGF-β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Oncology Program, CIBEREHD, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Esther Bertran
- TGF-β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Oncology Program, CIBEREHD, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Eva Crosas-Molist
- Barts Cancer Institute- a Cancer Research UK Centre of Excellence Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Building Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| | - Oscar Maiques
- Barts Cancer Institute- a Cancer Research UK Centre of Excellence Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Building Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| | - Andrea Malfettone
- TGF-β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Laia Caja
- TGF-β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Teresa Serrano
- Oncology Program, CIBEREHD, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Pathological Anatomy Service, University Hospital of Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Emilio Ramos
- Oncology Program, CIBEREHD, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Surgery, Liver Transplant Unit, University Hospital of Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Victoria Sanz-Moreno
- Barts Cancer Institute- a Cancer Research UK Centre of Excellence Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Building Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| | - Isabel Fabregat
- TGF-β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Oncology Program, CIBEREHD, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Rouaud F, Vasileva E, Spadaro D, Tsukita S, Citi S. R40.76 binds to the α domain of ZO-1: role of ZO-1 (α+) in epithelial differentiation and mechano-sensing. Tissue Barriers 2019; 7:e1653748. [PMID: 31438766 PMCID: PMC6748370 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2019.1653748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The barrier function of epithelia and endothelia depends on tight junctions, which are formed by the polymerization of claudins on a scaffold of ZO proteins. Two differentially spliced isoforms of ZO-1 have been described, depending on the presence of the α domain, but the function of this domain is unclear. ZO-1 also contains a C-terminal ZU5 domain, which is involved in a mechano-sensitive intramolecular interaction with the central (ZPSG) region of ZO-1. Here we use immunoblotting and immunofluorescence to map the binding sites for commercially available monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against ZO-1, and for a new polyclonal antibody (R3) that we developed against the ZO-1 C-terminus. We demonstrate that antibody R40.76 binds to the α domain, and the R3 antibody binds to the ZU5 domain. The (α+) isoform of ZO-1 shows higher expression in epithelial versus endothelial cells, and in differentiated versus undifferentiated primary keratinocytes, suggesting a link to epithelial differentiation and a potential molecular adaptation to junctions subjected to stronger mechanical forces. These results provide new tools and hypotheses to investigate the role of the α and ZU5 domains in ZO-1 mechano-sensing and dynamic interactions with the cytoskeleton and junctional ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Rouaud
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland.,Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Ekaterina Vasileva
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland.,Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Domenica Spadaro
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland.,Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Sachiko Tsukita
- Strategic Innovation and Research Center, Teikyo University , Tokyo , Japan.,Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University , Osaka , Japan
| | - Sandra Citi
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland.,Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
112
|
Konishi S, Yano T, Tanaka H, Mizuno T, Kanoh H, Tsukita K, Namba T, Tamura A, Yonemura S, Gotoh S, Matsumoto H, Hirai T, Tsukita S. Vinculin is critical for the robustness of the epithelial cell sheet paracellular barrier for ions. Life Sci Alliance 2019; 2:2/4/e201900414. [PMID: 31399484 PMCID: PMC6689668 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201900414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vinculin in the apical junctional complex maintains the paracellular barrier function specifically for ions, but not for large solutes, by buffering mechanical fluctuations. The paracellular barrier function of tight junctions (TJs) in epithelial cell sheets is robustly maintained against mechanical fluctuations, by molecular mechanisms that are poorly understood. Vinculin is an adaptor of a mechanosensory complex at the adherens junction. Here, we generated vinculin KO Eph4 epithelial cells and analyzed their confluent cell-sheet properties. We found that vinculin is dispensable for the basic TJ structural integrity and the paracellular barrier function for larger solutes. However, vinculin is indispensable for the paracellular barrier function for ions. In addition, TJs stochastically showed dynamically distorted patterns in vinculin KO cell sheets. These KO phenotypes were rescued by transfecting full-length vinculin and by relaxing the actomyosin tension with blebbistatin, a myosin II ATPase activity inhibitor. Our findings indicate that vinculin resists mechanical fluctuations to maintain the TJ paracellular barrier function for ions in epithelial cell sheets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Konishi
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoki Yano
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroo Tanaka
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan.,Strategic Innovation and Research Center, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Mizuno
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hatsuho Kanoh
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuto Tsukita
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshinori Namba
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tamura
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan.,Strategic Innovation and Research Center, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Yonemura
- Department of Cell Biology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Science, Tokushima, Japan.,Laboratory for Ultrastructural Research, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shimpei Gotoh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Drug Discovery for Lung Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hisako Matsumoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toyohiro Hirai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sachiko Tsukita
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan .,Strategic Innovation and Research Center, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
113
|
Abstract
Mechanical forces drive the remodeling of tissues during morphogenesis. This relies on the transmission of forces between cells by cadherin-based adherens junctions, which couple the force-generating actomyosin cytoskeletons of neighboring cells. Moreover, components of cadherin adhesions adopt force-dependent conformations that induce changes in the composition of adherens junctions, enabling transduction of mechanical forces into an intracellular response. Cadherin mechanotransduction can mediate reinforcement of cell–cell adhesions to withstand forces but also induce biochemical signaling to regulate cell behavior or direct remodeling of cell–cell adhesions to enable cell rearrangements. By transmission and transduction of mechanical forces, cadherin adhesions coordinate cellular behaviors underlying morphogenetic processes of collective cell migration, cell division, and cell intercalation. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of this central role of cadherin adhesions in force-dependent regulation of morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Willem-Jan Pannekoek
- Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan de Rooij
- Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Gloerich
- Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
114
|
Desmoglein 1 Deficiency Causes Lethal Skin Blistering. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 139:1596-1599.e2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
115
|
Ayad NME, Kaushik S, Weaver VM. Tissue mechanics, an important regulator of development and disease. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20180215. [PMID: 31431174 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of work describes how physical forces in and around cells affect their growth, proliferation, migration, function and differentiation into specialized types. How cells receive and respond biochemically to mechanical signals is a process termed mechanotransduction. Disease may arise if a disruption occurs within this mechanism of sensing and interpreting mechanics. Cancer, cardiovascular diseases and developmental defects, such as during the process of neural tube formation, are linked to changes in cell and tissue mechanics. A breakdown in normal tissue and cellular forces activates mechanosignalling pathways that affect their function and can promote disease progression. The recent advent of high-resolution techniques enables quantitative measurements of mechanical properties of the cell and its extracellular matrix, providing insight into how mechanotransduction is regulated. In this review, we will address the standard methods and new technologies available to properly measure mechanical properties, highlighting the challenges and limitations of probing different length-scales. We will focus on the unique environment present throughout the development and maintenance of the central nervous system and discuss cases where disease, such as brain cancer, arises in response to changes in the mechanical properties of the microenvironment that disrupt homeostasis. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Forces in cancer: interdisciplinary approaches in tumour mechanobiology'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia M E Ayad
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shelly Kaushik
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Valerie M Weaver
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
116
|
Leve F, Bonfim DP, Fontes G, Morgado-Díaz JA. Gold nanoparticles regulate tight junctions and improve cetuximab effect in colon cancer cells. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2019; 14:1565-1578. [PMID: 31215349 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2019-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Colon cancer (CC) is the second cause of cancer death worldwide. The use of nanoparticles for drug delivery has been increasing in cancer clinical trials over recent years. Materials & methods: We evaluated cytotoxicity of citrate-capped gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and the role they play on cell-cell adhesion. We also used GNP for delivery of cetuximab into different CC cell lines. Results: CC cells with well-formed tight junctions impair GNP uptake. Noncytotoxic concentration of GNP increases paracellular permeability in Caco-2 cells in a reversible way, concomitantly to tight junctions proteins CLDN1 and ZO-1 redistribution. GNP functionalized with cetuximab increases death of invasive HCT-116 CC cells. Conclusion: GNP can be used for drug delivery and can improve efficiency of CC therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Leve
- Tissue Bioengineering Laboratory (Labio), Division of Metrology Applied to Life Sciences (Dimav), National Institute of Metrology Quality & Technology (Inmetro), Duque de Caxias, Brazil
| | - Daniella P Bonfim
- Tissue Bioengineering Laboratory (Labio), Division of Metrology Applied to Life Sciences (Dimav), National Institute of Metrology Quality & Technology (Inmetro), Duque de Caxias, Brazil
| | - Giselle Fontes
- Cellular & Molecular Oncobiology Program, National Institute of Cancer (INCa), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José A Morgado-Díaz
- Microscopy Applied to Life Sciences Laboratory (Lamav), Division of Metrology Applied to Life Sciences (Dimav), National Institute of Metrology Quality & Technology (Inmetro), Duque de Caxias, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
Leiphart RJ, Chen D, Peredo AP, Loneker AE, Janmey PA. Mechanosensing at Cellular Interfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:7509-7519. [PMID: 30346180 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
At the plasma membrane interface, cells use various adhesions to sense their extracellular environment. These adhesions facilitate the transmission of mechanical signals that dictate cell behavior. This review discusses the mechanisms by which these mechanical signals are transduced through cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesions and how this mechanotransduction influences cell processes. Cell-matrix adhesions require the activation of and communication between various transmembrane protein complexes such as integrins. These links at the plasma membrane affect how a cell senses and responds to its matrix environment. Cells also communicate with each other through cell-cell adhesions, which further regulate cell behavior on a single- and multicellular scale. Coordination and competition between cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesions in multicellular aggregates can, to a significant extent, be modeled by differential adhesion analyses between the different interfaces even without knowing the details of cellular signaling. In addition, cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesions are connected by an intracellular cytoskeletal network that allows for direct communication between these distinct adhesions and activation of specific signaling pathways. Other membrane-embedded protein complexes, such as growth factor receptors and ion channels, play additional roles in mechanotransduction. Overall, these mechanoactive elements show the dynamic interplay between the cell, its matrix, and neighboring cells and how these relationships affect cellular function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Leiphart
- Department of Bioengineering , University of Pennsylvania , 210 S 33rd St , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
- McKay Orthopedic Research Laboratory , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , United States
| | - Dongning Chen
- Department of Bioengineering , University of Pennsylvania , 210 S 33rd St , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
- Center for Engineering Mechanobiology , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , United States
| | - Ana P Peredo
- Department of Bioengineering , University of Pennsylvania , 210 S 33rd St , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
- McKay Orthopedic Research Laboratory , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , United States
| | - Abigail E Loneker
- Department of Bioengineering , University of Pennsylvania , 210 S 33rd St , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
- Center for Engineering Mechanobiology , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , United States
| | - Paul A Janmey
- Department of Bioengineering , University of Pennsylvania , 210 S 33rd St , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, Department of Physiology , University of Pennsylvania , 3340 Smith Walk , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
- Center for Engineering Mechanobiology , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , United States
| |
Collapse
|
118
|
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) play important roles in cell growth, motility, differentiation, and survival. These single-pass membrane proteins are grouped into subfamilies based on the similarity of their extracellular domains. They are generally thought to be activated by ligand binding, which promotes homodimerization and then autophosphorylation in trans. However, RTK interactions are more complicated, as RTKs can interact in the absence of ligand and heterodimerize within and across subfamilies. Here, we review the known cross-subfamily RTK heterointeractions and their possible biological implications, as well as the methodologies which have been used to study them. Moreover, we demonstrate how thermodynamic models can be used to study RTKs and to explain many of the complicated biological effects which have been described in the literature. Finally, we discuss the concept of the RTK interactome: a putative, extensive network of interactions between the RTKs. This RTK interactome can produce unique signaling outputs; can amplify, inhibit, and modify signaling; and can allow for signaling backups. The existence of the RTK interactome could provide an explanation for the irreproducibility of experimental data from different studies and for the failure of some RTK inhibitors to produce the desired therapeutic effects. We argue that a deeper knowledge of RTK interactome thermodynamics can lead to a better understanding of fundamental RTK signaling processes in health and disease. We further argue that there is a need for quantitative, thermodynamic studies that probe the strengths of the interactions between RTKs and their ligands and between different RTKs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Paul
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute for NanoBioTechnology, and Program in Molecular Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD 21218
| | - Kalina Hristova
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute for NanoBioTechnology, and Program in Molecular Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD 21218
| |
Collapse
|
119
|
Mobasseri SA, Zijl S, Salameti V, Walko G, Stannard A, Garcia-Manyes S, Watt FM. Patterning of human epidermal stem cells on undulating elastomer substrates reflects differences in cell stiffness. Acta Biomater 2019; 87:256-264. [PMID: 30710711 PMCID: PMC6401207 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.01.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In human skin the junction between epidermis and dermis undulates, the width and depth of the undulations varying with age and disease. When primary human epidermal keratinocytes are seeded on collagen-coated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomer substrates that mimic the epidermal-dermal interface, the stem cells become patterned by 24 h, resembling their organisation in living skin. We found that cell density and nuclear height were higher at the base than the tips of the PDMS features. Cells on the tips not only expressed higher levels of the stem cell marker β1 integrin but also had elevated E-cadherin, Desmoglein 3 and F-actin than cells at the base. In contrast, levels of the transcriptional cofactor MAL were higher at the base. AFM measurements established that the Young’s modulus of cells on the tips was lower than on the base or cells on flat substrates. The differences in cell stiffness were dependent on Rho kinase activity and intercellular adhesion. On flat substrates the Young’s modulus of calcium-dependent intercellular junctions was higher than that of the cell body, again dependent on Rho kinase. Cell patterning was influenced by the angle of the slope on undulating substrates. Our observations are consistent with the concept that epidermal stem cell patterning is dependent on mechanical forces exerted at intercellular junctions in response to undulations in the epidermal-dermal interface. Statement of significance In human skin the epidermal-dermal junction undulates and epidermal stem cells are patterned according to their position. We previously created collagen-coated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomer substrates that mimic the undulations and provide sufficient topographical information for stem cells to cluster on the tips. Here we show that the stiffness of cells on the tips is lower than cells on the base. The differences in cell stiffness depend on Rho kinase activity and intercellular adhesion. We propose that epidermal stem cell patterning is determined by mechanical forces exerted at intercellular junctions in response to the slope of the undulations.
Collapse
|
120
|
Cohen J, Raviv S, Adir O, Padmanabhan K, Soffer A, Luxenburg C. The Wave complex controls epidermal morphogenesis and proliferation by suppressing Wnt-Sox9 signaling. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:1390-1406. [PMID: 30867227 PMCID: PMC6446834 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201807216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Wave complex promotes Arp2/3-mediated actin polymerization. Cohen et al. show that Wave complex activity regulates epidermal shape and growth. Without Wave complex activity, F-actin content is down-regulated and ectopic activity of the Wnt/β-catenin–SOX9 pathway is triggered. This activity induces epidermal hyperproliferation and disrupts tissue architecture. Development of the skin epidermis requires tight spatiotemporal control over the activity of several signaling pathways; however, the mechanisms that orchestrate these events remain poorly understood. Here, we identify a key role for the Wave complex proteins ABI1 and Wave2 in regulating signals that control epidermal shape and growth. In utero RNAi-mediated silencing of Abi1 or Wasf2 induced cellular hyperproliferation and defects in architecture of the interfollicular epidermis (IFE) and delayed hair follicle growth. Unexpectedly, SOX9, a hair follicle growth regulator, was aberrantly expressed throughout the IFE of the mutant embryos, and its forced overexpression mimicked the Wave complex loss-of-function phenotype. Moreover, Wnt signaling, which regulates SOX9+ cell specification, was up-regulated in Wave complex loss-of-function IFE. Importantly, we show that the Wave complex regulates filamentous actin content and that a decrease in actin levels is sufficient to elevate Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Our results identify a novel role for Wave complex– and actin-regulated signaling via Wnt and SOX9 in skin development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Cohen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shaul Raviv
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Orit Adir
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Krishnanand Padmanabhan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Arad Soffer
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Chen Luxenburg
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
121
|
Tsukita S, Tanaka H, Tamura A. The Claudins: From Tight Junctions to Biological Systems. Trends Biochem Sci 2019; 44:141-152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
122
|
Reynier M, Allart S, Goudounèche D, Moga A, Serre G, Simon M, Leprince C. The Actin-Based Motor Myosin Vb Is Crucial to Maintain Epidermal Barrier Integrity. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 139:1430-1438. [PMID: 30660668 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Myosin Vb (Myo5b) is an unconventional myosin involved in the actin-dependent transport and tethering of intracellular organelles. In the epidermis, granular keratinocytes accumulate cytoplasmic lamellar bodies (LBs), secretory vesicles released at the junction with the stratum corneum that participate actively in the maintenance of the epidermal barrier. We have previously demonstrated that LB biogenesis is controlled by the Rab11a guanosine triphosphate hydrolase, known for its ability to recruit the Myo5b motor. In order to better characterize the molecular pathway that controls LB trafficking, we analyzed the role of F-actin and Myo5b in the epidermis. We demonstrated that LB distribution in granular keratinocytes was dependent on a dynamic F-actin cytoskeleton. Myo5b was shown to be highly expressed in granular keratinocytes and associated with corneodesmosin-loaded LB. In reconstructed human epidermis, Myo5b silencing led to epidermal barrier defects associated with structural alterations of the stratum corneum and a reduced pool of LB showing signs of disordered maturation. Myo5b depletion also disturbed the expression and distribution of both LB cargoes and junctional components, such as claudin-1, which demonstrates its action on both LB trafficking and junctional complex composition. Together, our data reveal the essential role of Myo5b in maintaining the epidermal barrier integrity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Reynier
- Unité Différenciation Epithéliale et Autoimmunité Rhumatoïde, U1056, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Allart
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, U1043, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, TRI Genotoul, Toulouse, France
| | - Dominique Goudounèche
- Centre de Microscopie Electronique Appliquée à la Biologie, Faculté de Médecine Rangueil, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Guy Serre
- Unité Différenciation Epithéliale et Autoimmunité Rhumatoïde, U1056, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Michel Simon
- Unité Différenciation Epithéliale et Autoimmunité Rhumatoïde, U1056, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Corinne Leprince
- Unité Différenciation Epithéliale et Autoimmunité Rhumatoïde, U1056, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
| |
Collapse
|
123
|
Weinhart M, Hocke A, Hippenstiel S, Kurreck J, Hedtrich S. 3D organ models-Revolution in pharmacological research? Pharmacol Res 2019; 139:446-451. [PMID: 30395949 PMCID: PMC7129286 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
3D organ models have gained increasing attention as novel preclinical test systems and alternatives to animal testing. Over the years, many excellent in vitro tissue models have been developed. In parallel, microfluidic organ-on-a-chip tissue cultures have gained increasing interest for their ability to house several organ models on a single device and interlink these within a human-like environment. In contrast to these advancements, the development of human disease models is still in its infancy. Although major advances have recently been made, efforts still need to be intensified. Human disease models have proven valuable for their ability to closely mimic disease patterns in vitro, permitting the study of pathophysiological features and new treatment options. Although animal studies remain the gold standard for preclinical testing, they have major drawbacks such as high cost and ongoing controversy over their predictive value for several human conditions. Moreover, there is growing political and social pressure to develop alternatives to animal models, clearly promoting the search for valid, cost-efficient and easy-to-handle systems lacking interspecies-related differences. In this review, we discuss the current state of the art regarding 3D organ as well as the opportunities, limitations and future implications of their use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Weinhart
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Hocke
- Dept. of Infectious and Respiratory Diseases, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Germany
| | - Stefan Hippenstiel
- Dept. of Infectious and Respiratory Diseases, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Germany
| | - Jens Kurreck
- Technical University Berlin, Institute for Biotechnology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Hedtrich
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Pharmacy, Pharmacology & Toxicology, Königin-Luise-Str. 2-4, Berlin, 14195, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
124
|
Helling AL, Viswanathan P, Cheliotis KS, Mobasseri SA, Yang Y, El Haj AJ, Watt FM. Dynamic Culture Substrates That Mimic the Topography of the Epidermal-Dermal Junction. Tissue Eng Part A 2018; 25:214-223. [PMID: 30280972 PMCID: PMC6388717 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2018.0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT In human skin the junction between the epidermis and dermis undulates. Epidermal stem cells pattern according to their position relative to those undulations. Here we describe a rig in which epidermal cells are cultured on a collagen-coated poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) membrane. When a vacuum is applied the membrane is induced to undulate. Stem cells cluster in response to the vacuum, whereas differentiating cells do not. Rho kinase inhibition results in loss of clustering, suggesting a role for Rho family members in the process. This dynamic platform is a new tool for investigating changes in the skin with age and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayelen L Helling
- 1 Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Priyalakshmi Viswanathan
- 1 Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katerina S Cheliotis
- 1 Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Seyedeh Atefeh Mobasseri
- 1 Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ying Yang
- 2 Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom
| | - Alicia J El Haj
- 2 Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona M Watt
- 1 Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
125
|
Lay K, Yuan S, Gur-Cohen S, Miao Y, Han T, Naik S, Pasolli HA, Larsen SB, Fuchs E. Stem cells repurpose proliferation to contain a breach in their niche barrier. eLife 2018; 7:41661. [PMID: 30520726 PMCID: PMC6324878 DOI: 10.7554/elife.41661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult stem cells are responsible for life-long tissue maintenance. They reside in and interact with specialized tissue microenvironments (niches). Using murine hair follicle as a model, we show that when junctional perturbations in the niche disrupt barrier function, adjacent stem cells dramatically change their transcriptome independent of bacterial invasion and become capable of directly signaling to and recruiting immune cells. Additionally, these stem cells elevate cell cycle transcripts which reduce their quiescence threshold, enabling them to selectively proliferate within this microenvironment of immune distress cues. However, rather than mobilizing to fuel new tissue regeneration, these ectopically proliferative stem cells remain within their niche to contain the breach. Together, our findings expose a potential communication relay system that operates from the niche to the stem cells to the immune system and back. The repurposing of proliferation by these stem cells patch the breached barrier, stoke the immune response and restore niche integrity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Lay
- Robin Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States
| | - Shaopeng Yuan
- Robin Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States
| | - Shiri Gur-Cohen
- Robin Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States
| | - Yuxuan Miao
- Robin Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States
| | - Tianxiao Han
- Robin Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States
| | - Shruti Naik
- Robin Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States
| | - H Amalia Pasolli
- Electron Microscopy Shared Resource, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, Virginia, United States
| | - Samantha B Larsen
- Robin Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States
| | - Elaine Fuchs
- Robin Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States
| |
Collapse
|
126
|
Ungewiß H, Rötzer V, Meir M, Fey C, Diefenbacher M, Schlegel N, Waschke J. Dsg2 via Src-mediated transactivation shapes EGFR signaling towards cell adhesion. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:4251-4268. [PMID: 29980799 PMCID: PMC11105603 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2869-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Rapidly renewing epithelial tissues such as the intestinal epithelium require precise tuning of intercellular adhesion and proliferation to preserve barrier integrity. Here, we provide evidence that desmoglein 2 (Dsg2), an adhesion molecule of desmosomes, controls cell adhesion and proliferation via epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling. Dsg2 is required for EGFR localization at intercellular junctions as well as for Src-mediated EGFR activation. Src binds to EGFR and is required for localization of EGFR and Dsg2 to cell-cell contacts. EGFR is critical for cell adhesion and barrier recovery. In line with this, Dsg2-deficient enterocytes display impaired barrier properties and increased cell proliferation. Mechanistically, Dsg2 directly interacts with EGFR and undergoes heterotypic-binding events on the surface of living enterocytes via its extracellular domain as revealed by atomic force microscopy. Thus, our study reveals a new mechanism by which Dsg2 via Src shapes EGFR function towards cell adhesion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Ungewiß
- Department I, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 11, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Vera Rötzer
- Department I, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 11, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Meir
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Paediatric Surgery, Julius-Maximilians-Universität, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christina Fey
- Department for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Diefenbacher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biochemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nicolas Schlegel
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Paediatric Surgery, Julius-Maximilians-Universität, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jens Waschke
- Department I, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 11, 80336, Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
127
|
Rübsam M, Broussard JA, Wickström SA, Nekrasova O, Green KJ, Niessen CM. Adherens Junctions and Desmosomes Coordinate Mechanics and Signaling to Orchestrate Tissue Morphogenesis and Function: An Evolutionary Perspective. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:a029207. [PMID: 28893859 PMCID: PMC6211388 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cadherin-based adherens junctions (AJs) and desmosomes are crucial to couple intercellular adhesion to the actin or intermediate filament cytoskeletons, respectively. As such, these intercellular junctions are essential to provide not only integrity to epithelia and other tissues but also the mechanical machinery necessary to execute complex morphogenetic and homeostatic intercellular rearrangements. Moreover, these spatially defined junctions serve as signaling hubs that integrate mechanical and chemical pathways to coordinate tissue architecture with behavior. This review takes an evolutionary perspective on how the emergence of these two essential intercellular junctions at key points during the evolution of multicellular animals afforded metazoans with new opportunities to integrate adhesion, cytoskeletal dynamics, and signaling. We discuss known literature on cross-talk between the two junctions and, using the skin epidermis as an example, provide a model for how these two junctions function in concert to orchestrate tissue organization and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Rübsam
- University of Cologne, Department of Dermatology, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC) at the CECAD Research Center, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Joshua A Broussard
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, the Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Sara A Wickström
- Paul Gerson Unna Group, Skin Homeostasis and Ageing, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Oxana Nekrasova
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, the Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Kathleen J Green
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, the Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Carien M Niessen
- University of Cologne, Department of Dermatology, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC) at the CECAD Research Center, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
128
|
Tang VW. Cell-cell adhesion interface: orthogonal and parallel forces from contraction, protrusion, and retraction. F1000Res 2018; 7. [PMID: 30345009 PMCID: PMC6173117 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.15860.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelial lateral membrane plays a central role in the integration of intercellular signals and, by doing so, is a principal determinant in the emerging properties of epithelial tissues. Mechanical force, when applied to the lateral cell-cell interface, can modulate the strength of adhesion and influence intercellular dynamics. Yet the relationship between mechanical force and epithelial cell behavior is complex and not completely understood. This commentary aims to provide an investigative look at the usage of cellular forces at the epithelial cell-cell adhesion interface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivian W Tang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, 61801, USA
| |
Collapse
|
129
|
Yokouchi M, Kubo A. Maintenance of tight junction barrier integrity in cell turnover and skin diseases. Exp Dermatol 2018; 27:876-883. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Yokouchi
- Department of Dermatology; Keio University School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
- Nerima General Hospital; Tokyo Japan
| | - Akiharu Kubo
- Department of Dermatology; Keio University School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| |
Collapse
|
130
|
Noethel B, Ramms L, Dreissen G, Hoffmann M, Springer R, Rübsam M, Ziegler WH, Niessen CM, Merkel R, Hoffmann B. Transition of responsive mechanosensitive elements from focal adhesions to adherens junctions on epithelial differentiation. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:2317-2325. [PMID: 30044710 PMCID: PMC6249805 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-06-0387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin’s epidermis is a multilayered epithelial tissue and the first line of defense against mechanical stress. Its barrier function depends on an integrated assembly and reorganization of cell–matrix and cell–cell junctions in the basal layer and on different intercellular junctions in suprabasal layers. However, how mechanical stress is recognized and which adhesive and cytoskeletal components are involved are poorly understood. Here, we subjected keratinocytes to cyclic stress in the presence or absence of intercellular junctions. Both states not only recognized but also responded to strain by reorienting actin filaments perpendicular to the applied force. Using different keratinocyte mutant strains that altered the mechanical link of the actin cytoskeleton to either cell–matrix or cell–cell junctions, we show that not only focal adhesions but also adherens junctions function as mechanosensitive elements in response to cyclic strain. Loss of paxillin or talin impaired focal adhesion formation and only affected mechanosensitivity in the absence but not presence of intercellular junctions. Further analysis revealed the adherens junction protein α-catenin as a main mechanosensor, with greatest sensitivity conferred on binding to vinculin. Our data reveal a mechanosensitive transition from cell–matrix to cell–cell adhesions on formation of keratinocyte monolayers with vinculin and α-catenin as vital players.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Noethel
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Complex Systems, ICS-7: Biomechanics, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Lena Ramms
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Complex Systems, ICS-7: Biomechanics, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Georg Dreissen
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Complex Systems, ICS-7: Biomechanics, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Marco Hoffmann
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Complex Systems, ICS-7: Biomechanics, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Ronald Springer
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Complex Systems, ICS-7: Biomechanics, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Matthias Rübsam
- Department of Dermatology, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Wolfgang H Ziegler
- Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Carien M Niessen
- Department of Dermatology, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Rudolf Merkel
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Complex Systems, ICS-7: Biomechanics, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Complex Systems, ICS-7: Biomechanics, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
131
|
Shafraz O, Rübsam M, Stahley SN, Caldara AL, Kowalczyk AP, Niessen CM, Sivasankar S. E-cadherin binds to desmoglein to facilitate desmosome assembly. eLife 2018; 7:37629. [PMID: 29999492 PMCID: PMC6066328 DOI: 10.7554/elife.37629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Desmosomes are adhesive junctions composed of two desmosomal cadherins: desmocollin (Dsc) and desmoglein (Dsg). Previous studies demonstrate that E-cadherin (Ecad), an adhesive protein that interacts in both trans (between opposing cells) and cis (on the same cell surface) conformations, facilitates desmosome assembly via an unknown mechanism. Here we use structure-function analysis to resolve the mechanistic roles of Ecad in desmosome formation. Using AFM force measurements, we demonstrate that Ecad interacts with isoform 2 of Dsg via a conserved Leu-175 on the Ecad cis binding interface. Super-resolution imaging reveals that Ecad is enriched in nascent desmosomes, supporting a role for Ecad in early desmosome assembly. Finally, confocal imaging demonstrates that desmosome assembly is initiated at sites of Ecad mediated adhesion, and that Ecad-L175 is required for efficient Dsg2 and desmoplakin recruitment to intercellular contacts. We propose that Ecad trans interactions at nascent cell-cell contacts initiate the recruitment of Dsg through direct cis interactions with Ecad which facilitates desmosome assembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omer Shafraz
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, United States
| | - Matthias Rübsam
- Department of Dermatology, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sara N Stahley
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States
| | - Amber L Caldara
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States
| | - Andrew P Kowalczyk
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States
| | - Carien M Niessen
- Department of Dermatology, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sanjeevi Sivasankar
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, United States
| |
Collapse
|
132
|
Heterocellular molecular contacts in the mammalian stem cell niche. Eur J Cell Biol 2018; 97:442-461. [PMID: 30025618 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult tissue homeostasis and repair relies on prompt and appropriate intervention by tissue-specific adult stem cells (SCs). SCs have the ability to self-renew; upon appropriate stimulation, they proliferate and give rise to specialized cells. An array of environmental signals is important for maintenance of the SC pool and SC survival, behavior, and fate. Within this special microenvironment, commonly known as the stem cell niche (SCN), SC behavior and fate are regulated by soluble molecules and direct molecular contacts via adhesion molecules providing connections to local supporting cells and the extracellular matrix. Besides the extensively discussed array of soluble molecules, the expression of adhesion molecules and molecular contacts is another fundamental mechanism regulating niche occupancy and SC mobilization upon activation. Some adhesion molecules are differentially expressed and have tissue-specific consequences, likely reflecting the structural differences in niche composition and design, especially the presence or absence of a stromal counterpart. However, the distribution and identity of intercellular molecular contacts for adhesion and adhesion-mediated signaling within stromal and non-stromal SCN have not been thoroughly studied. This review highlights common details or significant differences in cell-to-cell contacts within representative stromal and non-stromal niches that could unveil new standpoints for stem cell biology and therapy.
Collapse
|
133
|
Wickström SA, Niessen CM. Cell adhesion and mechanics as drivers of tissue organization and differentiation: local cues for large scale organization. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2018; 54:89-97. [PMID: 29864721 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Biological patterns emerge through specialization of genetically identical cells to take up distinct fates according to their position within the organism. How initial symmetry is broken to give rise to these patterns remains an intriguing open question. Several theories of patterning have been proposed, most prominently Turing's reaction-diffusion model of a slowly diffusing activator and a fast diffusing inhibitor generating periodic patterns. Although these reaction-diffusion systems can generate diverse patterns, it is becoming increasingly evident that cell shape and tension anisotropies, mediated via cell-cell and/or cell-matrix contacts, also facilitate symmetry breaking and subsequent self-organized tissue patterning. This review will highlight recent studies that implicate local changes in adhesion and/or tension as key drivers of cell rearrangements. We will also discuss recent studies on the role of cadherin and integrin adhesive receptors in mediating and responding to local tissue tension asymmetries to coordinate cell fate, position and behavior essential for tissue self-organization and maintenance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara A Wickström
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; Paul Gerson Unna Group "Skin Homeostasis and Ageing" Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), Germany.
| | - Carien M Niessen
- Department of Dermatology, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
134
|
Abstract
E-cadherin is a key component of the adherens junctions that are integral in cell adhesion and maintaining epithelial phenotype of cells. Homophilic E-cadherin binding between cells is important in mediating contact inhibition of proliferation when cells reach confluence. Loss of E-cadherin expression results in loss of contact inhibition and is associated with increased cell motility and advanced stages of cancer. In this review we discuss the role of E-cadherin and its downstream signaling in regulation of contact inhibition and the development and progression of cancer.
Collapse
|
135
|
Duteil D, Tourrette Y, Eberlin A, Willmann D, Patel D, Friedrichs N, Müller JM, Schüle R. The histone acetyltransferase inhibitor Nir regulates epidermis development. Development 2018; 145:dev.158543. [PMID: 29490983 DOI: 10.1242/dev.158543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In addition to its function as an inhibitor of histone acetyltransferases, Nir (Noc2l) binds to p53 and TAp63 to regulate their activity. Here, we show that epidermis-specific ablation of Nir impairs epidermal stratification and barrier function, resulting in perinatal lethality. Nir-deficient epidermis lacks appendages and remains single layered during embryogenesis. Cell proliferation is inhibited, whereas apoptosis and p53 acetylation are increased, indicating that Nir is controlling cell proliferation by limiting p53 acetylation. Transcriptome analysis revealed that Nir regulates the expression of essential factors in epidermis development, such as keratins, integrins and laminins. Furthermore, Nir binds to and controls the expression of p63 and limits H3K18ac at the p63 promoter. Corroborating the stratification defects, asymmetric cell divisions were virtually absent in Nir-deficient mice, suggesting that Nir is required for correct mitotic spindle orientation. In summary, our data define Nir as a key regulator of skin development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Duteil
- Urologische Klinik und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg, Breisacherstrasse 66, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yves Tourrette
- Urologische Klinik und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg, Breisacherstrasse 66, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Adrien Eberlin
- Urologische Klinik und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg, Breisacherstrasse 66, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dominica Willmann
- Urologische Klinik und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg, Breisacherstrasse 66, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dharmeshkumar Patel
- Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplant, University of Minnesota, 2-191 Moos Tower, 515 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Nicolaus Friedrichs
- Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne Medical School, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Judith M Müller
- Urologische Klinik und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg, Breisacherstrasse 66, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roland Schüle
- Urologische Klinik und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg, Breisacherstrasse 66, 79106 Freiburg, Germany .,BIOSS Centre of Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.,Deutsche Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung (DKTK), Standort, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
136
|
Kenny FN, Drymoussi Z, Delaine-Smith R, Kao AP, Laly AC, Knight MM, Philpott MP, Connelly JT. Tissue stiffening promotes keratinocyte proliferation via activation of epidermal growth factor signaling. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.215780. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.215780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue biomechanics regulate a wide range of cellular functions, but the influences on epidermal homeostasis and repair remain unclear. Here, we examined the role of extracellular matrix stiffness on human keratinocyte behavior using elastomeric substrates with defined mechanical properties. Increased matrix stiffness beyond normal physiologic levels promoted keratinocyte proliferation but did not alter the ability to self-renew or terminally differentiate. Activation of epidermal growth factor (EGF) signaling mediated the proliferative response to matrix stiffness and depended on focal adhesion assembly and cytoskeletal tension. Comparison of normal skin with keloid scar tissue further revealed an up-regulation of EGF signaling within the epidermis of stiffened scar tissue. We conclude that matrix stiffness regulates keratinocyte proliferation independently of changes in cell fate and is mediated by EGF signaling. These findings provide mechanistic insights into how keratinocytes sense and respond to their mechanical environment and suggest that matrix biomechanics may play a role in the pathogenesis keloid scar formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona N. Kenny
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Zoe Drymoussi
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Robin Delaine-Smith
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, UK
- Institute of Bioengineering, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Alexander P. Kao
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Ana Catarina Laly
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK
- Institute of Bioengineering, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Martin M. Knight
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, UK
- Institute of Bioengineering, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Michael P. Philpott
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - John T. Connelly
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK
- Institute of Bioengineering, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
137
|
Adhesion forces and cortical tension couple cell proliferation and differentiation to drive epidermal stratification. Nat Cell Biol 2017; 20:69-80. [PMID: 29230016 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-017-0005-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
To establish and maintain organ structure and function, tissues need to balance stem cell proliferation and differentiation rates and coordinate cell fate with position. By quantifying and modelling tissue stress and deformation in the mammalian epidermis, we find that this balance is coordinated through local mechanical forces generated by cell division and delamination. Proliferation within the basal stem/progenitor layer, which displays features of a jammed, solid-like state, leads to crowding, thereby locally distorting cell shape and stress distribution. The resulting decrease in cortical tension and increased cell-cell adhesion trigger differentiation and subsequent delamination, reinstating basal cell layer density. After delamination, cells establish a high-tension state as they increase myosin II activity and convert to E-cadherin-dominated adhesion, thereby reinforcing the boundary between basal and suprabasal layers. Our results uncover how biomechanical signalling integrates single-cell behaviours to couple proliferation, cell fate and positioning to generate a multilayered tissue.
Collapse
|