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Yun W, Kim JE, Jin YJ, Roh YJ, Song HJ, Seol A, Kim TR, Min KS, Park ES, Park GH, Kang HG, Choi YS, Hwang DY. Chemosensitivity to doxorubicin in primary cells derived from tumor of FVB/N- Trp53tm1Hw1 with TALEN-mediated Trp53 mutant gene. Lab Anim Res 2023; 39:23. [PMID: 37864254 PMCID: PMC10588074 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-023-00175-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the chemosensitivity to doxorubicin (DOX) in two primary cells derived from a tumor of FVB/N-Trp53tm1Hw1 knockout (KO) mice with TALEN-mediated Trp53 mutant gene, we evaluated the cell survivability, cell cycle distribution, apoptotic cell numbers and apoptotic protein expression in solid tumor cells and ascetic tumor cells treated with DOX. RESULTS The primary tumor cells showed a significant (P < 0.05) defect for UV-induced upregulation of the Trp53 protein, and consisted of different ratios of leukocytes, fibroblasts, epithelial cells and mesenchymal cells. The IC50 level to DOX was lower in both primary cells (IC50 = 0.12 μM and 0.20 μM) as compared to the CT26 cells (IC50 = 0.32 μM), although the solid tumor was more sensitive. Also, the number of cells arrested at the G0/G1 stage was significantly decreased (24.7-23.1% in primary tumor cells treated with DOX, P < 0.05) while arrest at the G2 stage was enhanced to 296.8-254.3% in DOX-treated primary tumor cells compared with DOX-treated CT26 cells. Furthermore, apoptotic cells of early and late stage were greatly increased in the two primary cell-lines treated with DOX when compared to same conditions for CT26 cells. However, the Bax/Bcl-2 expression level was maintained constant in the primary tumor and CT26 cells. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, these results are the first to successfully detect an alteration in chemosensitivity to DOX in solid tumor cells and ascetic tumor cells derived from tumor of FVB/N-Trp53tm1Hw1 mice TALEN-mediated Trp53 mutant gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woobin Yun
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program)/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, 50463, Korea
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Ji Eun Kim
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program)/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, 50463, Korea
| | - You Jeong Jin
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program)/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, 50463, Korea
| | - Yu Jeong Roh
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program)/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, 50463, Korea
| | - Hee Jin Song
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program)/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, 50463, Korea
| | - Ayun Seol
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program)/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, 50463, Korea
| | - Tae Ryeol Kim
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program)/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, 50463, Korea
| | - Kyeong Seon Min
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program)/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, 50463, Korea
| | - Eun Seo Park
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program)/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, 50463, Korea
| | - Gi Ho Park
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program)/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, 50463, Korea
| | - Hyun Gu Kang
- Department of Veterinary Theriogenology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Korea
| | - Yeon Shik Choi
- Department of Biomedical Analysis, Bio Campus of Korea Polytechnic, Nonsan, 32943, Korea
| | - Dae Youn Hwang
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program)/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, 50463, Korea.
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Stopa KB, Łoziński F, Kusiak AA, Litewka J, Krzysztofik D, Mosiołek S, Morys J, Ferdek PE, Jakubowska MA. Driver Mutations of Pancreatic Cancer Affect Ca 2+ Signaling and ATP Production. Function (Oxf) 2023; 4:zqad035. [PMID: 37575483 PMCID: PMC10413928 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqad035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Glandular pancreatic epithelia of the acinar or ductal phenotype may seem terminally differentiated, but they are characterized by remarkable cell plasticity. Stress-induced trans-differentiation of these cells has been implicated in the mechanisms of carcinogenesis. Current consensus links pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma with onco-transformation of ductal epithelia, but under the presence of driver mutations in Kras and Trp53, also with trans-differentiation of pancreatic acini. However, we do not know when, in the course of cancer progression, physiological functions are lost by mutant acinar cells, nor can we assess their capacity for the production of pancreatic juice components. Here, we investigated whether two mutations-KrasG12D and Trp53R172H-present simultaneously in acinar cells of KPC mice (model of oncogenesis) influence cytosolic Ca2+ signals. Since Ca2+ signals control the cellular handling of digestive hydrolases, any changes that affect intracellular signaling events and cell bioenergetics might have an impact on the physiology of the pancreas. Our results showed that physiological doses of acetylcholine evoked less regular Ca2+ oscillations in KPC acinar cells compared to the control, whereas responses to supramaximal concentrations were markedly reduced. Menadione elicited Ca2+ signals of different frequencies in KPC cells compared to control cells. Finally, Ca2+ extrusion rates were significantly inhibited in KPC cells, likely due to the lower basal respiration and ATP production. Cumulatively, these findings suggest that driver mutations affect the signaling capacity of pancreatic acinar cells even before the changes in the epithelial cell morphology become apparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga B Stopa
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Biological Sciences, Jagiellonian University, ul. Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - Filip Łoziński
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka A Kusiak
- Doctoral School of Exact and Biological Sciences, Jagiellonian University, ul. Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Jacek Litewka
- Doctoral School of Exact and Biological Sciences, Jagiellonian University, ul. Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Daria Krzysztofik
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Biological Sciences, Jagiellonian University, ul. Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - Sylwester Mosiołek
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Jan Morys
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Paweł E Ferdek
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika A Jakubowska
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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Lowther KM, Bartolucci AF, Massey RE, Brown J, Peluso JJ. Supplementing culture medium with the weak acid, 5,5-dimethyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione (DMO) limits the development of aneuploid mouse embryos through a Trp53-dependent mechanism. J Assist Reprod Genet 2023; 40:1215-1223. [PMID: 37058262 PMCID: PMC10239418 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-023-02788-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was designed to determine if DMO limits in vitro development of aneuploid-enriched mouse embryos by activating a Trp53-dependent mechanism. METHODS Mouse cleavage-stage embryos were treated with reversine to induce aneuploidy or vehicle to generate controls, and then cultured in media supplemented with DMO to reduce the pH of the culture media. Embryo morphology was assessed by phase microscopy. Cell number, mitotic figures, and apoptotic bodies were revealed by staining fixed embryos with DAPI. mRNA levels of Trp53, Oct-4, and Cdx2 were monitored by quantitative polymerase chain reactions (qPCRs). The effect of Trp53 on the expression of Oct-4 and Cdx2 was assessed by depleting Trp53 using Trp53 siRNA. RESULTS Aneuploid-enriched late-stage blastocysts were morphologically indistinguishable from control blastocysts but had fewer cells and reduced mRNA levels of Oct-4 and Cdx2. Adding 1 mM DMO to the culture media during the 8-cell to blastocyst transition reduced the formation of aneuploid-enriched late-stage blastocysts but not control blastocysts and further suppressed the levels of Oct-4 and Cdx2 mRNA. Trp53 RNA levels in aneuploid-enriched embryos that were exposed to DMO were > twofold higher than controls, and Trp53 siRNA levels reduced the levels of Trp53 and increased levels of Oct-4 and Cdx2 mRNA by > twofold. CONCLUSION These studies suggest that the development of morphologically normal aneuploid-enriched mouse blastocysts can be inhibited by adding low amounts of DMO to the culture media, which results in elevated levels of Trp53 mRNA that suppresses Oct-4 and Cdx2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie M Lowther
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave., CT, 06030, Farmington, USA
| | - Alison F Bartolucci
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
- The Center for Advanced Reproductive Services, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | | | - Judy Brown
- Institute for Systems Genomics, UCONN, Storrs, CT, 06268, USA
| | - John J Peluso
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave., CT, 06030, Farmington, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
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Sun XL, Chen ZH, Guo X, Wang J, Ge M, Wong SZH, Wang T, Li S, Yao M, Johnston LA, Wu QF. Stem cell competition driven by the Axin2-p53 axis controls brain size during murine development. Dev Cell 2023; 58:744-759.e11. [PMID: 37054704 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Cell competition acts as a quality-control mechanism that eliminates cells less fit than their neighbors to optimize organ development. Whether and how competitive interactions occur between neural progenitor cells (NPCs) in the developing brain remains unknown. Here, we show that endogenous cell competition occurs and intrinsically correlates with the Axin2 expression level during normal brain development. Induction of genetic mosaicism predisposes Axin2-deficient NPCs to behave as "losers" in mice and undergo apoptotic elimination, but homogeneous ablation of Axin2 does not promote cell death. Mechanistically, Axin2 suppresses the p53 signaling pathway at the post-transcriptional level to maintain cell fitness, and Axin2-deficient cell elimination requires p53-dependent signaling. Furthermore, mosaic Trp53 deletion confers a "winner" status to p53-deficient cells that outcompete their neighbors. Conditional loss of both Axin2 and Trp53 increases cortical area and thickness, suggesting that the Axin2-p53 axis may coordinate to survey cell fitness, regulate natural cell competition, and optimize brain size during neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Lian Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Development Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Development Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xize Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Development Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Development Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Mengmeng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Development Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Samuel Zheng Hao Wong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Development Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Si Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Development Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Mingze Yao
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Laura A Johnston
- Department of Genetics and Development, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Qing-Feng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Development Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China; Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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5
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Errazquin R, Page A, Suñol A, Segrelles C, Carrasco E, Peral J, Garrido-Aranda A, Del Marro S, Ortiz J, Lorz C, Minguillon J, Surralles J, Belendez C, Alvarez M, Balmaña J, Bravo A, Ramirez A, Garcia-Escudero R. Development of a mouse model for spontaneous oral squamous cell carcinoma in Fanconi anemia. Oral Oncol 2022; 134:106184. [PMID: 36191479 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2022.106184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) patients frequently develop oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). This cancer in FA patients is diagnosed within the first 3-4 decades of life, very often preceded by lesions that suffer a malignant transformation. In addition, they respond poorly to current treatments due to toxicity or multiple recurrences. Translational research on new chemopreventive agents and therapeutic strategies has been unsuccessful partly due to scarcity of disease models or failure to fully reproduce the disease. Here we report that Fanca gene knockout mice (Fanca-/-) frequently display pre-malignant lesions in the oral cavity. Moreover, when these animals were crossed with animals having conditional deletion of Trp53 gene in oral mucosa (K14cre;Trp53F2-10/F2-10), they spontaneously developed OSCC with high penetrance and a median latency of less than ten months. Tumors were well differentiated and expressed markers of squamous differentiation, such as keratins K5 and K10. In conclusion, Fanca and Trp53 genes cooperate to suppress oral cancer in mice, and Fanca-/-;K14cre;Trp53F2-10/F2-10 mice constitute the first animal model of spontaneous OSCC in FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Errazquin
- Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), University Hospital "12 de Octubre", Av Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Angustias Page
- Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), University Hospital "12 de Octubre", Av Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Biomedical Oncology Unit, CIEMAT (Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas), Avenida Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Suñol
- Hereditary Cancer Genetics Group and Medical Oncology Department, VHIO, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Segrelles
- Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), University Hospital "12 de Octubre", Av Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Biomedical Oncology Unit, CIEMAT (Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas), Avenida Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Estela Carrasco
- Hereditary Cancer Genetics Group and Medical Oncology Department, VHIO, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorge Peral
- Biomedical Oncology Unit, CIEMAT (Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas), Avenida Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Sonia Del Marro
- Biomedical Oncology Unit, CIEMAT (Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas), Avenida Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jessica Ortiz
- Biomedical Oncology Unit, CIEMAT (Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas), Avenida Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Corina Lorz
- Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), University Hospital "12 de Octubre", Av Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Biomedical Oncology Unit, CIEMAT (Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas), Avenida Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Minguillon
- Join Research Unit on Genomic Medicine UAB-Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB Sant Pau), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Surralles
- Join Research Unit on Genomic Medicine UAB-Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB Sant Pau), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Belendez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain; Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Martina Alvarez
- Centro de Investigaciones Médico-Sanitarias (CIMES), Malaga, Spain
| | - Judith Balmaña
- Hereditary Cancer Genetics Group and Medical Oncology Department, VHIO, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Bravo
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Laboratory of Pathology Phenotyping of Genetically Engineered Mice, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Angel Ramirez
- Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), University Hospital "12 de Octubre", Av Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Biomedical Oncology Unit, CIEMAT (Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas), Avenida Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramon Garcia-Escudero
- Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), University Hospital "12 de Octubre", Av Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Biomedical Oncology Unit, CIEMAT (Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas), Avenida Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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6
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Kanatsu-Shinohara M, Naoki H, Tanaka T, Tatehana M, Kikkawa T, Osumi N, Shinohara T. Regulation of male germline transmission patterns by the Trp53-Cdkn1a pathway. Stem Cell Reports 2022; 17:1924-1941. [PMID: 35931081 PMCID: PMC9481916 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A small number of offspring are born from the numerous sperm generated from spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). However, little is known regarding the rules and molecular mechanisms that govern germline transmission patterns. Here we report that the Trp53 tumor suppressor gene limits germline genetic diversity via Cdkn1a. Trp53-deficient SSCs outcompeted wild-type (WT) SSCs and produced significantly more progeny after co-transplantation into infertile mice. Lentivirus-mediated transgenerational lineage analysis showed that offspring bearing the same virus integration were repeatedly born in a non-random pattern from WT SSCs. However, SSCs lacking Trp53 or Cdkn1a sired transgenic offspring in random patterns with increased genetic diversity. Apoptosis of KIT+ differentiating germ cells was reduced in Trp53- or Cdkn1a-deficient mice. Reduced CDKN1A expression in Trp53-deficient spermatogonia suggested that Cdkn1a limits genetic diversity by supporting apoptosis of syncytial spermatogonial clones. Therefore, the TRP53-CDKN1A pathway regulates tumorigenesis and the germline transmission pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mito Kanatsu-Shinohara
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; AMED-CREST, Chiyodaku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Honda Naoki
- Laboratory of Data-driven Biology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Misako Tatehana
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, United Centers for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine (ART), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takako Kikkawa
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, United Centers for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine (ART), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Noriko Osumi
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, United Centers for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine (ART), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takashi Shinohara
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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7
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Heitink L, Whittle JR, Vaillant F, Capaldo BD, Dekkers JF, Dawson CA, Milevskiy MJG, Surgenor E, Tsai M, Chen H, Christie M, Chen Y, Smyth GK, Herold MJ, Strasser A, Lindeman GJ, Visvader JE. In vivo genome-editing screen identifies tumor suppressor genes that cooperate with Trp53 loss during mammary tumorigenesis. Mol Oncol 2022; 16:1119-1131. [PMID: 35000262 PMCID: PMC8895454 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease that comprises multiple histological and molecular subtypes. To gain insight into mutations that drive breast tumorigenesis, we describe a pipeline for the identification and validation of tumor suppressor genes. Based on an in vivo genome‐wide CRISPR/Cas9 screen in Trp53+/– heterozygous mice, we identified tumor suppressor genes that included the scaffold protein Axin1, the protein kinase A regulatory subunit gene Prkar1a, as well as the proof‐of‐concept genes Pten, Nf1, and Trp53 itself. Ex vivo editing of primary mammary epithelial organoids was performed to further interrogate the roles of Axin1 and Prkar1a. Increased proliferation and profound changes in mammary organoid morphology were observed for Axin1/Trp53 and Prkar1a/Trp53 double mutants compared to Pten/Trp53 double mutants. Furthermore, direct in vivo genome editing via intraductal injection of lentiviruses engineered to express dual short‐guide RNAs revealed that mutagenesis of Trp53 and either Prkar1a, Axin1, or Pten markedly accelerated tumor development compared to Trp53‐only mutants. This proof‐of‐principle study highlights the application of in vivo CRISPR/Cas9 editing for uncovering cooperativity between defects in tumor suppressor genes that elicit mammary tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luuk Heitink
- ACRF Cancer Biology and Stem Cells DivisionThe Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleAustralia
- Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleAustralia
| | - James R. Whittle
- ACRF Cancer Biology and Stem Cells DivisionThe Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleAustralia
- Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleAustralia
- Department of Medical OncologyPeter MacCallum Cancer CentreMelbourneAustralia
| | - François Vaillant
- ACRF Cancer Biology and Stem Cells DivisionThe Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleAustralia
- Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleAustralia
| | - Bianca D. Capaldo
- ACRF Cancer Biology and Stem Cells DivisionThe Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleAustralia
- Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleAustralia
| | - Johanna F. Dekkers
- ACRF Cancer Biology and Stem Cells DivisionThe Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleAustralia
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric OncologyUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Caleb A. Dawson
- ACRF Cancer Biology and Stem Cells DivisionThe Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleAustralia
- Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleAustralia
- Immunology DivisionThe Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleAustralia
| | - Michael J. G. Milevskiy
- ACRF Cancer Biology and Stem Cells DivisionThe Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleAustralia
- Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleAustralia
| | - Elliot Surgenor
- ACRF Cancer Biology and Stem Cells DivisionThe Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleAustralia
| | - Minhsuang Tsai
- ACRF Cancer Biology and Stem Cells DivisionThe Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleAustralia
| | - Huei‐Rong Chen
- ACRF Cancer Biology and Stem Cells DivisionThe Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleAustralia
| | - Michael Christie
- Personalised Oncology DivisionThe Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleAustralia
- Department of PathologyThe Royal Melbourne HospitalParkvilleAustralia
| | - Yunshun Chen
- Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleAustralia
- Bioinformatics DivisionThe Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleAustralia
| | - Gordon K. Smyth
- Bioinformatics DivisionThe Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleAustralia
- School of Mathematics and StatisticsThe University of MelbourneParkvilleAustralia
| | - Marco J. Herold
- Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleAustralia
- Blood Cells and Blood Cancer DivisionThe Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleAustralia
| | - Andreas Strasser
- Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleAustralia
- Blood Cells and Blood Cancer DivisionThe Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleAustralia
| | - Geoffrey J. Lindeman
- ACRF Cancer Biology and Stem Cells DivisionThe Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleAustralia
- Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleAustralia
- Department of Medical OncologyPeter MacCallum Cancer CentreMelbourneAustralia
| | - Jane E. Visvader
- ACRF Cancer Biology and Stem Cells DivisionThe Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleAustralia
- Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleAustralia
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8
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Yun WB, Kim JE, Lee ML, Choi JY, Park JJ, Song BR, Kang BC, Nam KT, Lee HW, Hwang DY. Sensitivity to tumor development by TALEN-mediated Trp53 mutant genes in the susceptible FVB/N mice and the resistance C57BL/6 mice. Lab Anim Res 2021; 37:32. [PMID: 34839833 PMCID: PMC8628475 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-021-00107-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study was undertaken to compare the sensitivities of mice strains during tumor induction by transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALEN)-mediated Trp53 mutant gene. Alterations of their tumorigenic phenotypes including survival rate, tumor formation and tumor spectrum, were assessed in FVB/N-Trp53em2Hwl/Korl and C57BL/6-Trp53em1Hwl/Korl knockout (KO) mice over 16 weeks.
Results Most of the physiological phenotypes factors were observed to be higher in FVB/N-Trp53em2Hwl/Korl KO mice than C57BL/6-Trp53em1Hwl/Korl KO mice, although there were significant differences in the body weight, immune organ weight, number of red blood cells, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), platelet count (PLT), total bilirubin (Bil-T) and glucose (Glu) levels in the KO mice relative to the wild type (WT) mice. Furthermore, numerous solid tumors were also observed in various regions of the surface skin of FVB/N-Trp53em2Hwl/Korl KO mice, but were not detected in C57BL/6-Trp53em1Hwl/Korl KO mice. The most frequently observed tumor in both the Trp53 KO mice was malignant lymphoma, while soft tissue teratomas and hemangiosarcomas were only detected in the FVB/N-Trp53em2Hwl/Korl KO mice. Conclusions Our results indicate that the spectrum and incidence of tumors induced by the TALEN-mediated Trp53 mutant gene is greater in FVB/N-Trp53em2Hwl/Korl KO mice than C57BL/6-Trp53em1Hwl/Korl KO mice over 16 weeks.
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s42826-021-00107-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Bin Yun
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, 50 Cheonghak-ri, Samnangjin-eup, Miryang-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, 50463, Korea.,Severance Biomedical Science Institute, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Ji Eun Kim
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, 50 Cheonghak-ri, Samnangjin-eup, Miryang-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, 50463, Korea
| | - Mi Lim Lee
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, 50 Cheonghak-ri, Samnangjin-eup, Miryang-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, 50463, Korea
| | - Jun Young Choi
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, 50 Cheonghak-ri, Samnangjin-eup, Miryang-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, 50463, Korea
| | - Jin Ju Park
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, 50 Cheonghak-ri, Samnangjin-eup, Miryang-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, 50463, Korea
| | - Bo Ram Song
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, 50 Cheonghak-ri, Samnangjin-eup, Miryang-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, 50463, Korea
| | - Byeong Cheol Kang
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Ki Taek Nam
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Han-Woong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Dae Youn Hwang
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, 50 Cheonghak-ri, Samnangjin-eup, Miryang-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, 50463, Korea.
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9
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Huang HS, Chu SC, Chen PC, Lee MH, Huang CY, Chou HM, Chu TY. Insuline-Like Growth Factor-2 (IGF2) and Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) Promote Lymphomagenesis in p53-null Mice in Tissue-specific and Estrogen-signaling Dependent Manners. J Cancer 2021; 12:6021-6030. [PMID: 34539876 PMCID: PMC8425200 DOI: 10.7150/jca.60120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Trp53-/- mice are prone to develop lymphomas at old ages. Factors promoting this tumorigenesis are unknown. Here, we showed human ovulatory follicular fluid (FF) largely promotes lymphomagenesis in Trp53-/- mice at earlier ages. Meanwhile, we clarified that IGF2 and HGF are important cell transforming factors within FF. Methods: To induce tumor formation, 5% FFs, 100 ng/ml IGF2, 20 ng/ml HGF, or both IGF2 and HGF in a volume of 200 µl PBS, was injected into 8-wk-old female Trp53 -/- mice at the mammary fat pad. The injection was repeated weekly for up to 7 weeks or extending to 13 weeks to observe the accumulative incidence of lymphomagenesis. Immunohistochemistry staining and gene rearrangement analysis were used to identify the tumor type. Results: By injecting FF into the mammary fat pad weekly, lymphomas developed in 8/16 (50%) of mice by seven weeks. We identified IGF2 and HGF in FF is largely responsible for this activity. The same weekly injection of IGF2, HGF, and their combination induced lymphomas in 4/11 (36%), 3/8 (38%), and 6/9 (67%) mice, respectively. Interestingly, tumorigenesis was induced only when those were injected into the adipose tissues in the mammary gland, but not when injected into non-adipose sites. We also found this tumor-promoting activity is estradiol (E2)-dependent and relies on estrogen receptor (ER) α expression in the adipose stroma. No tumor or only tiny tumor was yielded when the ovaries were resected or when ER is antagonized. Finally, an extension of the weekly FF-injection to 13 weeks did not further increase the lymphomagenesis rate, suggesting an effect on pre-initiated cancer cells. Conclusions: Taken together, the study disclosed a robust tumor-promoting effect of IGF2 and HGF in the p53 loss-initiated lymphomagenesis depending on an adipose microenvironment in the presence of E2. In light of the clarity of this spontaneous tumor promotion model, we provide a new tool for studying p53-mediated lymphomagenesis and suggest that, as a chemoprevention test, this is a practical model to perform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan-Shun Huang
- Center for Prevention and Therapy of Gynecological Cancers, Department of Research, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien 970, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Sung-Chao Chu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien 970, Taiwan, ROC.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pao-Chu Chen
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien 970, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ming-Hsun Lee
- Department of Pathology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien 970, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chi-Ya Huang
- Center for Prevention and Therapy of Gynecological Cancers, Department of Research, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien 970, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsien-Ming Chou
- Center for Prevention and Therapy of Gynecological Cancers, Department of Research, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien 970, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tang-Yuan Chu
- Center for Prevention and Therapy of Gynecological Cancers, Department of Research, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien 970, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien 970, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Life Science, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan, ROC
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10
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da Cruz AT, Hunger A, de Melo FHM, Monteiro AC, Paré GC, Lai D, Alves-Fernandes DK, Ayub ALP, Cordero EM, Filho JFDS, Schneider-Stock R, Strauss BE, Tron V, Jasiulionis MG. miR-138-5p induces aggressive traits by targeting Trp53 expression in murine melanoma cells, and correlates with poor prognosis of melanoma patients. Neoplasia 2021; 23:823-34. [PMID: 34246986 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2021.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Deregulation of miRNAs contributes to the development of distinct cancer types, including melanoma, an aggressive form of skin cancer characterized by high metastatic potential and poor prognosis. The expression of a set of 580 miRNAs was investigated in a model of murine melanoma progression, comprising non-metastatic (4C11-) and metastatic melanoma (4C11+) cells. A significant increase in miR-138-5p expression was found in the metastatic 4C11+ melanoma cells compared to 4C11-, which prompted us to investigate its role in melanoma aggressiveness. Functional assays, including anoikis resistance, colony formation, collective migration, serum-deprived growth capacity, as well as in vivo tumor growth and experimental metastasis were performed in 4C11- cells stably overexpressing miR-138-5p. miR-138-5p induced an aggressive phenotype in mouse melanoma cell lines leading to increased proliferation, migration and cell viability under stress conditions. Moreover, by overexpressing miR-138-5p, low-growing and non-metastatic 4C11- cells became highly proliferative and metastatic in vivo, similar to the metastatic 4C11+ cells. Luciferase reporter analysis identified the tumor suppressor Trp53 as a direct target of miR-138-5p. Using data sets from independent melanoma cohorts, miR-138-5p and P53 expression were also found deregulated in human melanoma samples, with their levels negatively and positively correlated with prognosis, respectively. Our data shows that the overexpression of miR-138-5p contributes to melanoma metastasis through the direct suppression of Trp53.
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11
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Kishimoto K, Kanazawa K, Nomura M, Tanaka T, Shigemoto-Kuroda T, Fukui K, Miura K, Kurosawa K, Kawai M, Kato H, Terasaki K, Sakamoto Y, Yamashita Y, Sato I, Tanuma N, Tamai K, Kitabayashi I, Matsuura K, Watanabe T, Yasuda J, Tsuji H, Shima H. Ppp6c deficiency accelerates K-ras G12D -induced tongue carcinogenesis. Cancer Med 2021; 10:4451-4464. [PMID: 34145991 PMCID: PMC8267137 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.3962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Effective treatments for cancer harboring mutant RAS are lacking. In Drosophila, it was reported that PP6 suppresses tumorigenicity of mutant RAS. However, the information how PP6 regulates oncogenic RAS in mammals is limited. Methods We examined the effects of PP6 gene (Ppp6c) deficiency on tongue tumor development in K (K‐rasG12D)‐ and KP (K‐rasG12D + Trp53‐deficient)‐inducible mice. Results Mice of K and KP genotypes developed squamous cell carcinoma in situ in the tongue approximately 2 weeks after the induction of Ppp6c deficiency and was euthanized due to 20% loss of body weight. Transcriptome analysis revealed significantly different gene expressions between tissues of Ppp6c‐deficient tongues and those of Ppp6c wild type, while Trp53 deficiency had a relatively smaller effect. We then analyzed genes commonly altered by Ppp6c deficiency, with or without Trp53 deficiency, and identified a group concentrated in KEGG database pathways defined as ‘Pathways in Cancer’ and ‘Cytokine‐cytokine receptor interaction’. We then evaluated signals downstream of oncogenic RAS and those regulated by PP6 substrates and found that in the presence of K‐rasG12D, Ppp6c deletion enhanced the activation of the ERK‐ELK1‐FOS, AKT‐4EBP1, and AKT‐FOXO‐CyclinD1 axes. Ppp6c deletion combined with K‐rasG12D also enhanced DNA double‐strand break (DSB) accumulation and activated NFκB signaling, upregulating IL‐1β, COX2, and TNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Kishimoto
- Division of Cancer Chemotherapy, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Miyagi, Japan.,Division of Cancer Molecular Biology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan.,Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Kanazawa Medical University, Kanazawa, Japan.,Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Miyagi Cancer Center, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kanazawa
- Division of Cancer Chemotherapy, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Miyagi, Japan.,Division of Cancer Molecular Biology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan.,Division of Surgery, Miyagi Cancer Center, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Miyuki Nomura
- Division of Cancer Chemotherapy, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Takuji Tanaka
- Research Center of Diagnostic Pathology, Gifu Municipal Hospital, Gifu, Japan
| | | | - Katsuya Fukui
- Division of Cancer Chemotherapy, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Miyagi, Japan.,Division of Cancer Molecular Biology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Koh Miura
- Division of Cancer Chemotherapy, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Miyagi, Japan.,Division of Surgery, Miyagi Cancer Center, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Koreyuki Kurosawa
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kawai
- Division of Cancer Chemotherapy, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Miyagi, Japan.,Division of Surgery, Miyagi Cancer Center, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kato
- Division of Cancer Chemotherapy, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Keiko Terasaki
- Division of Cancer Chemotherapy, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Sakamoto
- Division of Cancer Chemotherapy, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yoji Yamashita
- Division of Cancer Chemotherapy, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Ikuro Sato
- Division of Pathology, Miyagi Cancer Center, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Tanuma
- Division of Cancer Chemotherapy, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Miyagi, Japan.,Division of Cancer Molecular Biology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Keiichi Tamai
- Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Issay Kitabayashi
- Division of Hematological Malignancy, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuto Matsuura
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshio Watanabe
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Nara Women's University, Nara, Japan
| | - Jun Yasuda
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsuji
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Kanazawa Medical University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shima
- Division of Cancer Chemotherapy, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Miyagi, Japan.,Division of Cancer Molecular Biology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
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12
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Betzler AM, Nanduri LK, Hissa B, Blickensdörfer L, Muders MH, Roy J, Jesinghaus M, Steiger K, Weichert W, Kloor M, Klink B, Schroeder M, Mazzone M, Weitz J, Reissfelder C, Rahbari NN, Schölch S. Differential Effects of Trp53 Alterations in Murine Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040808. [PMID: 33671932 PMCID: PMC7919037 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) development is a multi-step process resulting in the accumulation of genetic alterations. Despite its high incidence, there are currently no mouse models that accurately recapitulate this process and mimic sporadic CRC. We aimed to develop and characterize a genetically engineered mouse model (GEMM) of Apc/Kras/Trp53 mutant CRC, the most frequent genetic subtype of CRC. METHODS Tumors were induced in mice with conditional mutations or knockouts in Apc, Kras, and Trp53 by a segmental adeno-cre viral infection, monitored via colonoscopy and characterized on multiple levels via immunohistochemistry and next-generation sequencing. RESULTS The model accurately recapitulates human colorectal carcinogenesis clinically, histologically and genetically. The Trp53 R172H hotspot mutation leads to significantly increased metastatic capacity. The effects of Trp53 alterations, as well as the response to treatment of this model, are similar to human CRC. Exome sequencing revealed spontaneous protein-modifying alterations in multiple CRC-related genes and oncogenic pathways, resulting in a genetic landscape resembling human CRC. CONCLUSIONS This model realistically mimics human CRC in many aspects, allows new insights into the role of TP53 in CRC, enables highly predictive preclinical studies and demonstrates the value of GEMMs in current translational cancer research and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M. Betzler
- Department of Surgery, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (A.M.B.); (B.H.); (C.R.)
| | - Lahiri K. Nanduri
- Department of Gastrointestinal, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (L.K.N.); (J.W.)
| | - Barbara Hissa
- Department of Surgery, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (A.M.B.); (B.H.); (C.R.)
| | - Linda Blickensdörfer
- Department of General, Gastrointestinal and Transplant Surgery, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Michael H. Muders
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bonn Medical Center, 53127 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Janine Roy
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (J.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Moritz Jesinghaus
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, 81675 München, Germany; (M.J.); (K.S.); (W.W.)
| | - Katja Steiger
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, 81675 München, Germany; (M.J.); (K.S.); (W.W.)
| | - Wilko Weichert
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, 81675 München, Germany; (M.J.); (K.S.); (W.W.)
| | - Matthias Kloor
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Barbara Klink
- Institute of Clinical Genetics, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Michael Schroeder
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (J.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Massimiliano Mazzone
- Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Center for Cancer Biology (CCB), VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jürgen Weitz
- Department of Gastrointestinal, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (L.K.N.); (J.W.)
| | - Christoph Reissfelder
- Department of Surgery, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (A.M.B.); (B.H.); (C.R.)
| | - Nuh N. Rahbari
- Department of Surgery, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (A.M.B.); (B.H.); (C.R.)
- Correspondence: (N.N.R.); (S.S.)
| | - Sebastian Schölch
- Department of Surgery, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (A.M.B.); (B.H.); (C.R.)
- Junior Clinical Cooperation Unit Translational Surgical Oncology (A430), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Correspondence: (N.N.R.); (S.S.)
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13
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Noshy PA. Postmortem expression of apoptosis-related genes in the liver of mice and their use for estimation of the time of death. Int J Legal Med 2020; 135:539-545. [PMID: 32914226 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-020-02419-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A major challenge in forensic medicine is to estimate the postmortem interval (PMI). Several approaches had been tried to determine the time of death, including physical and chemical changes. This study aims to explore the postmortem changes in the expression of apoptosis-related genes in the liver of mice and to use these changes for estimation of the PMI. METHODS Hepatic tissue was collected from sacrificed mice immediately after death (the control group) and at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 hours after death. Four apoptosisrelated genes were selected as target genes, which are Caspase 3 (Casp3), B cell leukemia/ lymphoma 2 (Bcl2), BCL2-associated X protein (Bax), and Transformation related protein 53 (Trp53), and their relative expression was measured using quantitative PCR. miR-122 was used as a reference gene for normalization of the Ct (threshold cycle) values of the target genes. RESULTS The results revealed that the postmortem expression of Casp3 increased in a time-dependent manner; the expression of Bax increased from 3 to 18 hours followed by a decrease at 24 hours after death; the expression of Bcl2 decreased in a time-dependent manner after death; the expression of Trp53 increased from 3 to 6 hours and then started to decrease from 9 to 24 hours after death. CONCLUSION Based on the observed changes in the expression level of these genes, mathematical models were established to estimate the PMI. Further research is needed to investigate these markers and mathematical models in human tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Noshy
- Department of Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
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14
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Xu EY, Vosburgh E, Wong C, Tang LH, Notterman DA. Genetic analysis of the cooperative tumorigenic effects of targeted deletions of tumor suppressors Rb1, Trp53, Men1, and Pten in neuroendocrine tumors in mice. Oncotarget 2020; 11:2718-2739. [PMID: 32733644 PMCID: PMC7367653 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic alterations of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) are frequently observed to have cumulative or cooperative tumorigenic effects. We examined whether the TSGs Rb1, Trp53, Pten and Men1 have cooperative effects in suppressing neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) in mice. We generated pairwise homozygous deletions of these four genes in insulin II gene expressing cells using the Cre-LoxP system. By monitoring growth and examining the histopathology of the pituitary (Pit) and pancreas (Pan) in these mice, we demonstrated that pRB had the strongest cooperative function with PTEN in suppressing PitNETs and had strong cooperative function with Menin and TRP53, respectively, in suppressing PitNETs and PanNETs. TRP53 had weak cooperative function with PTEN in suppressing pituitary lesions. We also found that deletion of Pten singly led to prolactinomas in female mice, and deletion of Rb1 alone led to islet hyperplasia in pancreas. Collectively, our data indicated that pRB and PTEN pathways play significant roles in suppressing PitNETs, while the Menin-mediated pathway plays a significant role in suppressing PanNETs. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of these genes and pathways on NETs will help us understand the molecular mechanisms of neuroendocrine tumorigenesis and develop effective preclinical murine models for NET therapeutics to improve clinical outcomes in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Y Xu
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Evan Vosburgh
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration Hospital, West Haven, CT 06516, USA.,Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Chung Wong
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.,Current address: Regeneron Inc., Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Laura H Tang
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Daniel A Notterman
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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15
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Yang M, Liu Q, Niu T, Kuang J, Zhang X, Jiang L, Li S, He X, Wang L, Li J. Trp53 regulates platelets in bone marrow via the PI3K pathway. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:1253-1260. [PMID: 32765666 PMCID: PMC7388439 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The p53 gene is well known as a key tumor suppressor gene; it is vital for hematopoietic stem cell differentiation and growth. In the present study, the change of platelets (PLTs) in p53 knockout mice (p53-/- mice) was investigated. The peripheral blood cell subsets and PLT parameters in p53-/-mice were compared with those in age-matched p53+/+ mice. Bleeding time as well as the alteration of PLT levels, were analyzed with the PLT marker CD41 antibody using flow cytometry. The results revealed that the number of PLTs in p53-/- mice was significantly lower than that in p53+/+ mice. Bleeding time was prolonged in the peripheral blood of p53-/- mice compared with that of p53+/+ mice. Furthermore, the related gene expression of the PI3K signaling pathway in the bone marrow of p53-/- mice was shown to be associated with plateletogenesis. PI3K inhibitor (LY294002) was also used to treat p53-/- mice, and the results demonstrated that LY294002 revert the change of PLTs in these mice. In summary, PLTs were altered in p53-/- mice, and the PI3K signaling pathway was involved in that process, suggesting that the p53-dependent PI3K signaling pathway is involved in thrombocytopenia or PLT diseases. PLT number is reduced in p53 deficiency; however, this reduction could be reverted by inhibiting the PI3K pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Yang
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Qing Liu
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Ting Niu
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Jianbiao Kuang
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Zhuhai Branch of Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Guangdong Province, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519015, P.R. China
| | - Lingbi Jiang
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Siqi Li
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Xiaodong He
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Lijing Wang
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Jiangchao Li
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
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16
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Santos M. New models of large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and small-cell lung carcinoma. Mol Cell Oncol 2020; 7:1702413. [PMID: 32158917 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2019.1702413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
High-grade neuroendocrine lung carcinomas (LCNEC, SCLC) are recalcitrant cancers for which no optimal management has been achieved. We have recently described two models of LCNEC and SCLC developed upon inactivation of 4 tumor suppressors genes (Rb1 (RB transcriptional corepressor 1), Rbl1 (RB transcriptional corepressor like 1), Pten (phosphatase and tensin homolog), Trp53 (transformation-related protein 53), which provide a suitable frame for preclinical intervention. A defined model for LCNEC had not been previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirentxu Santos
- Basic Research Department, Molecular Oncology Unit, Madrid, Spain.,Basic Research Department, CIBERONC, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Spain.,Basic Research Department, Institute of Biomedical Research University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
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17
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Sui P, Li R, Zhang Y, Tan C, Garg A, Verheyden JM, Sun X. E3 ubiquitin ligase MDM2 acts through p53 to control respiratory progenitor cell number and lung size. Development 2019; 146:dev.179820. [PMID: 31767619 DOI: 10.1242/dev.179820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The respiratory lineage initiates from the specification of NKX2-1+ progenitor cells that ultimately give rise to a vast gas-exchange surface area. How the size of the progenitor pool is determined and whether this directly impacts final lung size remains poorly understood. Here, we show that epithelium-specific inactivation of Mdm2, which encodes an E3 ubiquitin ligase, led to lethality at birth with a striking reduction of lung size to a single vestigial lobe. Intriguingly, this lobe was patterned and contained all the appropriate epithelial cell types. The reduction of size can be traced to the progenitor stage, when p53, a principal MDM2 protein degradation target, was transiently upregulated. This was followed by a brief increase of apoptosis. Inactivation of the p53 gene in the Mdm2 mutant background effectively reversed the lung size phenotype, allowing survival at birth. Together, these findings demonstrate that p53 protein turnover by MDM2 is essential for the survival of respiratory progenitors. Unlike in the liver, in which genetic reduction of progenitors triggered compensation, in the lung, respiratory progenitor number is a key determinant factor for final lung size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Sui
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA 92130, USA.,Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.,Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200231, China
| | - Rongbo Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA 92130, USA.,Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA 92130, USA.,Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Chunting Tan
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA 92130, USA
| | - Ankur Garg
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA 92130, USA
| | - Jamie M Verheyden
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA 92130, USA .,Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Xin Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA 92130, USA .,Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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18
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Lebovitz Y, Kowalski EA, Wang X, Kelly C, Lee M, McDonald V, Ward R, Creasey M, Mills W, Gudenschwager Basso EK, Hazy A, Hrubec T, Theus MH. Lactobacillus rescues postnatal neurobehavioral and microglial dysfunction in a model of maternal microbiome dysbiosis. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 81:617-29. [PMID: 31351186 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing reports of pregnancy events leading to maternal microbiome dysbiosis (MMD) show strong correlates with atypical neurodevelopmental outcomes. However, the mechanism(s) driving microbiome-mediated behavioral dysfunction in offspring remain understudied. Here, we demonstrate the presence of a novel gut commensal bacterium strain, Lactobacillus murinus HU-1, was sufficient to rescue behavioral deficits and brain region-specific microglial activationobserved in MMD-reared murine offspring. We furtheridentified a postnatal window of susceptibility that could prevent social impairments with timed maternal administration of the symbiotic bacterium. Moreover, MMD increased expression of microglial senescence genes, Trp53 and Il1β, and Cx3cr1 protein in the prefrontal cortex, which correlated with dysfunctional modeling of synapses and accompanied dysbiosis-induced microglial activation. MMD male offspring harboring Lactobacillus murinus HU-1 or lacking Cx3cr1 showed amelioration of these effects. The current study describes a new avenue of influence by which maternally transferred Lactobacillus drives proper development of social behavior in the offspring through microglia-specific regulation of Cx3cr1 signaling.
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19
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Salter DM, Griffin M, Muir M, Teo K, Culley J, Smith JR, Gomez-Cuadrado L, Matchett K, Sims AH, Hayward L, Henderson NC, Brunton VG. Development of mouse models of angiosarcoma driven by p53. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:dmm038612. [PMID: 31221668 PMCID: PMC6679377 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.038612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiosarcomas are a rare group of tumours which have poor prognosis and limited treatment options. The development of new therapies has been hampered by a lack of good preclinical models. Here, we describe the development of an autochthonous mouse model of angiosarcoma driven by loss of p53 in VE-cadherin-expressing endothelial cells. Using Cdh5-Cre to drive recombination in adult endothelial cells, mice developed angiosarcomas with 100% penetrance upon homozygous deletion of Trp53 with a median lifespan of 325 days. In contrast, expression of the R172H mutant p53 resulted in formation of thymic lymphomas with a more rapid onset (median lifespan 151 days). We also used Pdgfrb-Cre-expressing mice, allowing us to target predominantly pericytes, as these have been reported as the cell of origin for a number of soft tissue sarcomas. Pdgfrb-Cre also results in low levels of recombination in venous blood endothelial cells in multiple tissues during development. Upon deletion of Trp53 in Pdgfrb-Cre-expressing mice (Pdgfrb-Cre,Trp53fl/fl mice), 65% developed lymphomas and 21% developed pleomorphic undifferentiated soft tissue sarcomas. None developed angiosarcomas. In contrast, 75% of Pdgfrb-Cre,Trp53R172H/R172H mice developed angiosarcomas, with 60% of these mice also developing lymphomas. The median lifespan of the Pdgfrb-Cre,Trp53R172H/R172H mice was 151 days. Re-implantation of angiosarcoma tumour fragments from Cdh5-Cre, Trp53fl/fl mice provided a more consistent and rapid model of angiosarcoma than the two spontaneous models. The ability to passage tumour fragments through the mouse provides a novel model which is amenable to preclinical studies and will help the development of potential new therapies for angiosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald M Salter
- Centre for Genomic & Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Meredyth Griffin
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Morwenna Muir
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Katy Teo
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Jayne Culley
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - James R Smith
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Laura Gomez-Cuadrado
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Kylie Matchett
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Andrew H Sims
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Larry Hayward
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Neil C Henderson
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Valerie G Brunton
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
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20
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Machida Y, Sudo Y, Uchiya N, Imai T. Increased susceptibility to mammary carcinogenesis and an opposite trend in endometrium in Trp53 heterozygous knockout female mice by backcrossing the BALB/c strain onto the background C3H strain. J Toxicol Pathol 2019; 32:197-203. [PMID: 31404346 PMCID: PMC6682560 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2018-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with dominantly inherited Li-Fraumeni syndrome have a loss-of-function mutation in TP53 and develop diverse mesenchymal and epithelial neoplasms at multiple sites. Trp53 +/- female mice with the BALB/c background provide unique characteristics for the study of breast cancer in Li-Fraumeni syndrome; however, we previously found that female C3H-Trp53+/ - mice did not spontaneously develop mammary tumors. Therefore, we obtained F1 and N2-N4 female mice by backcrossing the BALB/c strain and examined the incidence of mammary and other tumors in lifetime studies. Malignant lymphomas, osteosarcomas, and uterine adenocarcinomas spontaneously developed in approximately 20% or more of Trp53+/ - mice with the C3H background. In contrast, the incidence of uterine adenocarcinomas showed a tendency to decrease, while that of mammary adenocarcinomas gradually increased in mice with the BALB/c strain backcross. Wild-type BALB/c female mice are predisposed to a wide spectrum of neoplasms, including mammary tumors, partly due to genetic factors, whereas uterine tumors are uncommon not only in BALB/c mice but also C3H mice. Thus, genetic factors appear to contribute to a strain-specific predisposition to malignant neoplasms in Trp53+/- mice, and further studies are needed to clarify the detailed mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukino Machida
- Central Animal Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.,Department of Veterinary Pathology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonancho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Yukiko Sudo
- Central Animal Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Naoaki Uchiya
- Central Animal Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Toshio Imai
- Central Animal Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
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21
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Murai K, Skrupskelyte G, Piedrafita G, Hall M, Kostiou V, Ong SH, Nagy T, Cagan A, Goulding D, Klein AM, Hall BA, Jones PH. Epidermal Tissue Adapts to Restrain Progenitors Carrying Clonal p53 Mutations. Cell Stem Cell 2018; 23:687-699.e8. [PMID: 30269904 PMCID: PMC6224607 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Aging human tissues, such as sun-exposed epidermis, accumulate a high burden of progenitor cells that carry oncogenic mutations. However, most progenitors carrying such mutations colonize and persist in normal tissue without forming tumors. Here, we investigated tissue-level constraints on clonal progenitor behavior by inducing a single-allele p53 mutation (Trp53R245W; p53∗/wt), prevalent in normal human epidermis and squamous cell carcinoma, in transgenic mouse epidermis. p53∗/wt progenitors initially outcompeted wild-type cells due to enhanced proliferation, but subsequently reverted toward normal dynamics and homeostasis. Physiological doses of UV light accelerated short-term expansion of p53∗/wt clones, but their frequency decreased with protracted irradiation, possibly due to displacement by UV-induced mutant clones with higher competitive fitness. These results suggest multiple mechanisms restrain the proliferation of p53∗/wt progenitors, thereby maintaining epidermal integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michael Hall
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK; MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison-MRC Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Vasiliki Kostiou
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison-MRC Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | | | - Tibor Nagy
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Alex Cagan
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | | | - Allon M Klein
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Benjamin A Hall
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison-MRC Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Philip H Jones
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK; MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison-MRC Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK.
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22
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Duteil D, Tourrette Y, Eberlin A, Willmann D, Patel D, Friedrichs N, Müller JM, Schüle R. The histone acetyltransferase inhibitor Nir regulates epidermis development. Development 2018; 145:dev.158543. [PMID: 29490983 DOI: 10.1242/dev.158543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In addition to its function as an inhibitor of histone acetyltransferases, Nir (Noc2l) binds to p53 and TAp63 to regulate their activity. Here, we show that epidermis-specific ablation of Nir impairs epidermal stratification and barrier function, resulting in perinatal lethality. Nir-deficient epidermis lacks appendages and remains single layered during embryogenesis. Cell proliferation is inhibited, whereas apoptosis and p53 acetylation are increased, indicating that Nir is controlling cell proliferation by limiting p53 acetylation. Transcriptome analysis revealed that Nir regulates the expression of essential factors in epidermis development, such as keratins, integrins and laminins. Furthermore, Nir binds to and controls the expression of p63 and limits H3K18ac at the p63 promoter. Corroborating the stratification defects, asymmetric cell divisions were virtually absent in Nir-deficient mice, suggesting that Nir is required for correct mitotic spindle orientation. In summary, our data define Nir as a key regulator of skin development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Duteil
- Urologische Klinik und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg, Breisacherstrasse 66, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yves Tourrette
- Urologische Klinik und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg, Breisacherstrasse 66, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Adrien Eberlin
- Urologische Klinik und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg, Breisacherstrasse 66, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dominica Willmann
- Urologische Klinik und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg, Breisacherstrasse 66, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dharmeshkumar Patel
- Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplant, University of Minnesota, 2-191 Moos Tower, 515 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Nicolaus Friedrichs
- Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne Medical School, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Judith M Müller
- Urologische Klinik und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg, Breisacherstrasse 66, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roland Schüle
- Urologische Klinik und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg, Breisacherstrasse 66, 79106 Freiburg, Germany .,BIOSS Centre of Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.,Deutsche Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung (DKTK), Standort, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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23
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Ghosh S, Wong SK, Jiang Z, Liu B, Wang Y, Hao Q, Gorbunova V, Liu X, Zhou Z. Haploinsufficiency of Trp53 dramatically extends the lifespan of Sirt6-deficient mice. eLife 2018; 7:32127. [PMID: 29474172 PMCID: PMC5825207 DOI: 10.7554/elife.32127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian sirtuin 6 (Sirt6) is a conserved NAD+-dependent deacylase and mono-ADP ribosylase that is known to be involved in DNA damage repair, metabolic homeostasis, inflammation, tumorigenesis, and aging. Loss of Sirt6 in mice results in accelerated aging and premature death within a month. Here, we show that haploinsufficiency (i.e., heterozygous deletion) of Trp53 dramatically extends the lifespan of both female and male Sirt6-deficient mice. Haploinsufficiency of Trp53 in Sirt6-deficient mice rescues several age-related phenotypes of Sirt6-deficient mice, including reduced body size and weight, lordokyphosis, colitis, premature senescence, apoptosis, and bone marrow stem cell decline. Mechanistically, SIRT6 deacetylates p53 at lysine 381 to negatively regulate the stability and activity of p53. These findings establish that elevated p53 activity contributes significantly to accelerated aging in Sirt6-deficient mice. Our study demonstrates that p53 is a substrate of SIRT6, and highlights the importance of SIRT6-p53 axis in the regulation of aging. Almost without exception, mammals age as they grow older. Older mammals are at greater risk of diseases like cancer, and have fewer stem cells that would otherwise help to keep their organs healthy. Some of the proteins that regulate and impact upon aging have been identified. One of these is an enzyme called SIRT6, which is thought to promote longevity. Mice without any SIRT6 suffer from severe premature aging, and rather than living up to two years like normal mice, SIRT6-deficient mice die within one month of their birth. The mutant mice also lose stem cells and exhibit signs of organ degeneration and body wasting. Another protein called p53 is well known for having the opposite effect to SIRT6: it accelerates aging and helps to prevent tumor growth. However, it was unclear if p53 is also involved in the processes that lead to the premature death of mice without SIRT6. Now, Ghosh et al. report that mouse cells and tissues without SIRT6 have more p53 compared to control samples. Biochemical experiments showed that the SIRT6 and p53 proteins physically interact, and that SIRT6 could use its enzymatic activity to remove a chemical modification, called acetylation, from p53. Without this specific acetylation, p53 became less stable and its levels dropped. Consequently, p53 was stabilized in the SIRT6-deficient cells. When Ghosh et al. deleted one copy of the gene that codes for p53 in SIRT6-deficient mice, mutant mice that had before only lived for a month now lived for up to sixteen months. Additionally, the mice were healthier, showing fewer signs of aging: for example, they had more immune cells and stem cells, straighter spines, and showed less gut inflammation and less body wasting. These findings suggest that SIRT6 does indeed inhibit p53 to counteract the normal aging process. Future experiments may explore if this regulation also holds true in human cells. Detailed knowledge of these molecular interactions could also open up more research into therapies against cancer and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrestha Ghosh
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong.,Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Sheung Kin Wong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong.,Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Zhixin Jiang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong.,Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Baohua Liu
- School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Quan Hao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Vera Gorbunova
- Rochester Aging Research Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, United States
| | - Xinguang Liu
- Institute for Aging Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Zhongjun Zhou
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong.,Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
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24
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El Nagar S, Zindy F, Moens C, Martin L, Plassard D, Roussel MF, Lamonerie T, Billon N. A new genetically engineered mouse model of choroid plexus carcinoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 496:568-574. [PMID: 29339161 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.11.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Choroid plexus carcinomas (CPCs) are highly malignant brain tumours predominantly found in children and associated to poor prognosis. Improved therapy for these cancers would benefit from the generation of animal models. Here we have created a novel mouse CPC model by expressing a stabilised form of c-Myc (MycT58A) and inactivating Trp53 in the choroid plexus of newborn mice. This induced aberrant proliferation of choroid plexus epithelial cells, leading to aggressive tumour development and death within 150 days. Choroid plexus tumours occurred with a complete penetrance in all brain ventricles, with prevalence in the lateral and fourth ventricles. Histological and cellular analysis indicated that these tumours were CPCs resembling their human counterparts. Comparison of gene expression profiles of CPCs and non-neoplastic tissues revealed profound alterations in cell cycle regulation and DNA damage responses, suggesting that dysregulation of cell division and DNA checkpoint pathways may represent key vulnerabilities. This novel animal model of CPC provides an invaluable tool to elucidate the mechanism of CPC formation and to develop successful therapies against this devastating paediatric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frederique Zindy
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Charlotte Moens
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, Nice, France; Present address: Institut des sciences de la vie, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-neuve, Belgium
| | - Luc Martin
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, Nice, France
| | | | - Martine F Roussel
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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25
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McConnell AM, Yao C, Yeckes AR, Wang Y, Selvaggio AS, Tang J, Kirsch DG, Stripp BR. p53 Regulates Progenitor Cell Quiescence and Differentiation in the Airway. Cell Rep 2017; 17:2173-2182. [PMID: 27880895 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms that regulate progenitor cell quiescence and differentiation in slowly replacing tissues are not fully understood. Here, we demonstrate that the tumor suppressor p53 regulates both proliferation and differentiation of progenitors in the airway epithelium. p53 loss decreased ciliated cell differentiation and increased the self-renewal and proliferative capacity of club progenitors, increasing epithelial cell density. p53-deficient progenitors generated a pseudostratified epithelium containing basal-like cells in vitro and putative bronchioalveolar stem cells in vivo. Conversely, an additional copy of p53 increased quiescence and ciliated cell differentiation, highlighting the importance of tight regulation of p53 levels. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we found that loss of p53 altered the molecular phenotype of progenitors and differentially modulated cell-cycle regulatory genes. Together, these findings reveal that p53 is an essential regulator of progenitor cell behavior, which shapes our understanding of stem cell quiescence during homeostasis and in cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M McConnell
- Lung and Regenerative Medicine Institutes, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Changfu Yao
- Lung and Regenerative Medicine Institutes, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Alyson R Yeckes
- Lung and Regenerative Medicine Institutes, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Yizhou Wang
- Genomics Core, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Anna S Selvaggio
- Lung and Regenerative Medicine Institutes, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Jie Tang
- Genomics Core, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - David G Kirsch
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Barry R Stripp
- Lung and Regenerative Medicine Institutes, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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26
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Guinot A, Lehmann H, Wild PJ, Frew IJ. Combined deletion of Vhl, Trp53 and Kif3a causes cystic and neoplastic renal lesions. J Pathol 2016; 239:365-73. [PMID: 27126173 DOI: 10.1002/path.4736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumour suppressor gene is bi-allelically inactivated in the majority of cases of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC); however, Vhl knockout mouse models do not recapitulate human ccRCC, implying that additional mutations are required for tumour formation. Mutational inactivation of VHL sensitises renal epithelial cells to lose the primary cilium in response to other mutations or extracellular stimuli. Loss of cilia is believed to represent a second hit in VHL mutant cells that causes the development of cystic lesions that, in some cases, can progress to ccRCC. Supporting this idea, genetic ablation of the primary cilium by deletion of the kinesin family member 3A (Kif3a) gene cooperates with loss of Vhl to accelerate cyst formation in mouse kidneys. Additionally, aged Vhl/Trp53 double-mutant mice develop renal cysts and tumours at a relatively low incidence, suggesting that there is a genetic cooperation between VHL and TP53 mutation in the development of ccRCC. Here we generated renal epithelium-specific Kif3a/Trp53 and Vhl/Kif3a/Trp53 mutant mice to investigate whether primary cilium deletion would accelerate the development of cystic precursor lesions or cause their progression to ccRCC. Longitudinal microcomputed tomography (μCT) imaging and histopathological analyses revealed an increased rate of cyst formation, increased proportion of cysts with proliferating cells, higher frequency of atypical cysts as well as the development of neoplasms in Vhl/Kif3a/Trp53 mutant kidneys compared to Kif3a/Trp53 or Vhl/Kif3a mutant kidneys. These findings demonstrate that primary cilium loss, in addition to Vhl and Trp53 losses, promotes the transition towards malignancy and provide further evidence that the primary cilium functions as a tumour suppressor organelle in the kidney. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Guinot
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Holger Lehmann
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter J Wild
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ian J Frew
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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27
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Breuss M, Fritz T, Gstrein T, Chan K, Ushakova L, Yu N, Vonberg FW, Werner B, Elling U, Keays DA. Mutations in the murine homologue of TUBB5 cause microcephaly by perturbing cell cycle progression and inducing p53-associated apoptosis. Development 2016; 143:1126-33. [PMID: 26903504 DOI: 10.1242/dev.131516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules play a crucial role in the generation, migration and differentiation of nascent neurons in the developing vertebrate brain. Mutations in the constituents of microtubules, the tubulins, are known to cause an array of neurological disorders, including lissencephaly, polymicrogyria and microcephaly. In this study we explore the genetic and cellular mechanisms that cause TUBB5-associated microcephaly by exploiting two new mouse models: a conditional E401K knock-in, and a conditional knockout animal. These mice present with profound microcephaly due to a loss of upper-layer neurons that correlates with massive apoptosis and upregulation of p53. This phenotype is associated with a delay in cell cycle progression and ectopic DNA elements in progenitors, which is dependent on the dosage of functional Tubb5. Strikingly, we report ectopic Sox2-positive progenitors and defects in spindle orientation in our knock-in mouse line, which are absent in knockout animals. This work sheds light on the functional repertoire of Tubb5, reveals that the E401K mutation acts by a complex mechanism, and demonstrates that the cellular pathology driving TUBB5-associated microcephaly is cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Breuss
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Tanja Fritz
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Thomas Gstrein
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Kelvin Chan
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, Vienna 1030, Austria Medical Scientist Training Program, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Lyubov Ushakova
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Nuo Yu
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Frederick W Vonberg
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, Vienna 1030, Austria Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Barbara Werner
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Ulrich Elling
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - David A Keays
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, Vienna 1030, Austria
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28
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Adams CJ, Yu JS, Mao JH, Jen KY, Costes SV, Wade M, Shoemake J, Aina OH, Del Rosario R, Menchavez PT, Cardiff RD, Wahl GM, Balmain A. The Trp53 delta proline (Trp53ΔP) mouse exhibits increased genome instability and susceptibility to radiation-induced, but not spontaneous, tumor development. Mol Carcinog 2015; 55:1387-96. [PMID: 26310697 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor TP53 can initiate a plethora of anti-proliferative effects to maintain genomic integrity under conditions of genotoxic stress. The N-terminal proline-rich domain (PRD) of TP53 is important in the regulation of TP53 activity and stability. A common polymorphism at codon 72 in this region has been associated with altered cancer risk in humans. The Trp53ΔP mouse, which carries a germline homozygous deletion of a region of the PRD, does not develop spontaneous tumors in a mixed 129/Sv and C57BL/6 genetic background, but is highly susceptible to a broad range of tumor types following total body exposure to 4 Gy gamma (γ) radiation. This contrasts with the tumor spectrum in Trp53 null (-/-) mice, which mainly develop thymic lymphomas and osteosarcomas. Analysis of genomic instability in tissues and cells from Trp53ΔP mice demonstrated elevated basal levels of aneuploidy, but this is not sufficient to drive spontaneous tumorigenesis, which requires an additional DNA damage stimulus. Levels of genomic instability did not increase significantly in Trp53ΔP mice following irradiation exposure, suggesting that other radiation effects including tissue inflammation, altered metabolism or autophagy, may play an important role. The Trp53ΔP mouse is a novel model to dissect the mechanisms of tumor development induced by radiation exposure. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra J Adams
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jennifer S Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Department of Stem Cell Biology, Cleveland Clinic Main Campus, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jian-Hua Mao
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California
| | - Kuang-Yu Jen
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Sylvain V Costes
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California
| | - Mark Wade
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Milan, Italy
| | - Jocelyn Shoemake
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Department of Stem Cell Biology, Cleveland Clinic Main Campus, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Olulanu H Aina
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis, Primate Drive, California
| | - Reyno Del Rosario
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Phuong Thuy Menchavez
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Robert D Cardiff
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis, Primate Drive, California
| | - Geoffrey M Wahl
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California
| | - Allan Balmain
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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29
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Sjögren SE, Siva K, Soneji S, George AJ, Winkler M, Jaako P, Wlodarski M, Karlsson S, Hannan RD, Flygare J. Glucocorticoids improve erythroid progenitor maintenance and dampen Trp53 response in a mouse model of Diamond-Blackfan anaemia. Br J Haematol 2015; 171:517-29. [PMID: 26305041 PMCID: PMC5014181 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.13632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Diamond-Blackfan anaemia (DBA) is a rare congenital disease causing severe anaemia and progressive bone marrow failure. The majority of patients carry mutations in ribosomal proteins, which leads to depletion of erythroid progenitors in the bone marrow. As many as 40% of all DBA patients receive glucocorticoids to alleviate their anaemia. However, despite their use in DBA treatment for more than half a century, the therapeutic mechanisms of glucocorticoids remain largely unknown. Therefore we sought to study disease specific effects of glucocorticoid treatment using a ribosomal protein s19 (Rps19) deficient mouse model of DBA. This study determines for the first time that a mouse model of DBA can respond to glucocorticoid treatment, similar to DBA patients. Our results demonstrate that glucocorticoid treatment reduces apoptosis, rescues erythroid progenitor depletion and premature differentiation of erythroid cells. Furthermore, glucocorticoids prevent Trp53 activation in Rps19-deficient cells- in a disease-specific manner. Dissecting the therapeutic mechanisms behind glucocorticoid treatment of DBA provides indispensible insight into DBA pathogenesis. Identifying mechanisms important for DBA treatment also enables development of more disease-specific treatments of DBA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Sjögren
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Centre, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kavitha Siva
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Centre, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Shamit Soneji
- Lund Stem Cell Centre, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Amee J George
- Oncogenic Signalling and Growth Control Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Marcus Winkler
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Centre, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Pekka Jaako
- Lund Stem Cell Centre, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Division of Molecular Haematology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Marcin Wlodarski
- Division of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Karlsson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Centre, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ross D Hannan
- Oncogenic Signalling and Growth Control Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Johan Flygare
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Centre, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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30
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Tumiati M, Hemmes A, Uusivirta S, Koopal S, Kankainen M, Lehtonen E, Kuznetsov SG. Loss of Rad51c accelerates tumourigenesis in sebaceous glands of Trp53-mutant mice. J Pathol 2015; 235:136-46. [PMID: 25270124 DOI: 10.1002/path.4455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Germline mutations in RAD51C predispose to breast and ovarian cancers. However, the mechanism of RAD51C-mediated carcinogenesis is poorly understood. We previously reported a first-generation Rad51c-knock-out mouse model, in which a spontaneous loss of both Rad51c and Trp53 together resulted in a high incidence of sebaceous carcinomas, particularly in preputial glands. Here we describe a second-generation mouse model, in which Rad51c is deleted, alone or together with Trp53, in sebaceous glands, using Cre-mediated recombination. We demonstrate that deletion of Rad51c alone is not sufficient to drive tumourigenesis and may only cause keratinization of preputial sebocytes. However, deletion of Rad51c together with Trp53 leads to tumour development at around 6 months of age, compared to 11 months for single Trp53-mutant mice. Preputial glands of double-mutant mice are also characterized by increased levels of cell proliferation and DNA damage and form multiple hyperplasias, detectable as early as 2 months of age. Our results reveal a critical synergy between Rad51c and Trp53 in tumour progression and provide a predictable in vivo model system for studying mechanisms of Rad51c-mediated carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Tumiati
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Finland
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31
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Yang A, Kimmelman AC. Inhibition of autophagy attenuates pancreatic cancer growth independent of TP53/ TRP53 status. Autophagy 2014; 10:1683-4. [PMID: 25046107 PMCID: PMC4206544 DOI: 10.4161/auto.29961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Basal levels of autophagy are elevated in most pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAC). Suppressing autophagy pharmacologically using chloroquine (CQ) or genetically with RNAi to essential autophagy genes inhibits human pancreatic cancer growth in vitro and in vivo, which presents possible treatment opportunities for PDAC patients using the CQ-derivative hydroxychloroquine (HCQ). Indeed, such clinical trials are ongoing. However, autophagy is a complex cellular mechanism to maintain cell homeostasis under stress. Based on its biological role, a dual role of autophagy in tumorigenesis has been proposed: at tumor initiation, autophagy helps maintain genomic stability and prevent tumor initiation; while in advanced disease, autophagy degrades and recycles cellular components to meet the metabolic needs for rapid growth. This model was proven to be the case in mouse lung tumor models. However, in contrast to prior work in various PDAC model systems, loss of autophagy in PDAC mouse models with embryonic homozygous Trp53 deletion does not inhibit tumor growth and paradoxically increases progression. This raised concerns whether there may be a genotype-dependent reliance of PDAC on autophagy. In a recent study, our group used a Trp53 heterozygous mouse PDAC model and human PDX xenografts to address the question. Our results demonstrate that autophagy inhibition was effective against PDAC tumors irrespective of TP53/TRP53 status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annan Yang
- Division of Genomic Stability and DNA Repair; Department of Radiation Oncology; Dana Farber Cancer Institute; Boston, MA USA
| | - Alec C Kimmelman
- Division of Genomic Stability and DNA Repair; Department of Radiation Oncology; Dana Farber Cancer Institute; Boston, MA USA
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32
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Lemon JA, Taylor K, Verdecchia K, Phan N, Boreham DR. The influence of Trp53 in the dose response of radiation-induced apoptosis, DNA repair and genomic stability in murine haematopoietic cells. Dose Response 2014; 12:365-85. [PMID: 25249831 PMCID: PMC4146330 DOI: 10.2203/dose-response.14-008.lemon] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptotic and DNA damage endpoints are frequently used as surrogate markers of cancer risk, and have been well-studied in the Trp53+/- mouse model. We report the effect of differing Trp53 gene status on the dose response of ionizing radiation exposures (0.01-2 Gy), with the unique perspective of determining if effects of gene status remain at extended time points. Here we report no difference in the dose response for radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks in bone marrow and genomic instability (MN-RET levels) in peripheral blood, between wild-type (Trp53+/+) and heterozygous (Trp53+/-) mice. The dose response for Trp53+/+ mice showed higher initial levels of radiation-induced lymphocyte apoptosis relative to Trp53+/- between 0 and 1 Gy. Although this trend was observed up to 12 hours post-irradiation, both genotypes ultimately reached the same level of apoptosis at 14 hours, suggesting the importance of late-onset p53-independent apoptotic responses in this mouse model. Expected radiation-induced G1 cell cycle delay was observed in Trp53+/+ but not Trp53+/-. Although p53 has an important role in cancer risk, we have shown its influence on radiation dose response can be temporally variable. This research highlights the importance of caution when using haematopoietic endpoints as surrogates to extrapolate radiation-induced cancer risk estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Lemon
- McMaster University, Department of Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1
| | - Kristina Taylor
- McMaster University, Department of Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1
| | - Kyle Verdecchia
- McMaster University, Department of Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1
| | - Nghi Phan
- McMaster University, Department of Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1
| | - Douglas R. Boreham
- McMaster University, Department of Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1
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33
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Eischen CM, Lozano G. The Mdm network and its regulation of p53 activities: a rheostat of cancer risk. Hum Mutat 2014; 35:728-37. [PMID: 24488925 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The potent transcriptional activity of p53 (Trp53, TP53) must be kept in check for normal cell growth and survival. Tumors, which drastically deviate from these parameters, have evolved multiple mechanisms to inactivate TP53, the most prevalent of which is the emergence of TP53 missense mutations, some of which have gain-of-function activities. Another important mechanism by which tumors bypass TP53 functions is via increased levels of two TP53 inhibitors, MDM2, and MDM4. Studies in humans and in mice reveal the complexity of TP53 regulation and the exquisite sensitivity of this pathway to small changes in regulation. Here, we summarize the factors that impinge on TP53 activity and thus cell death/arrest or tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Eischen
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Nashville, Tennessee
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34
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Surh I, Brix A, French JE, Collins BJ, Sanders JM, Vallant M, Dunnick JK. Toxicology and carcinogenesis study of senna in C3B6.129F1- Trp53 tm1Brd N12 haploinsufficient mice. Toxicol Pathol 2013; 41:770-8. [PMID: 23125117 PMCID: PMC3672319 DOI: 10.1177/0192623312464304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Senna is a pod or leaf of Senna alexandrina P. Mill and is used as a stimulant laxative. In the large intestine, bacterial enzymes reduce sennosides to rhein-9-anthrone, the active form for the laxative effect. To determine the potential toxic effects of senna, a 5-week dose range finding study in the C57BL/6N mouse and a 40-week toxicology and carcinogenesis study in the C3B6.129F1-Trp53 (tm1Brd) N12 haploinsufficient (p53(+/-)) mouse were conducted. In the 5-week study, C57BL/6N mice were exposed to up to 10,000 ppm senna in feed. Increased incidences of epithelial hyperplasia of the cecum and colon were observed in males and females exposed to 5,000 or 10,000 ppm senna. These intestinal lesions were not considered to be of sufficient severity to cause mortality and, thus, in the p53(+/-) mouse 40-week study, the high dose of 10,000 ppm was selected. Significant increases in the incidences of epithelial hyperplasia of the colon and cecum were observed at 10,000 ppm in p53(+/-) males and females, and the incidence of hyperplasia of the colon was significantly increased at 3,000 ppm in females. In conclusion, the large intestine was the major target of senna-induced toxicity in both wild-type and the p53(+/-) mouse model. There was no neoplastic change when senna was administered to p53(+/-) mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inok Surh
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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35
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Hollstein M, Moriya M, Grollman AP, Olivier M. Analysis of TP53 mutation spectra reveals the fingerprint of the potent environmental carcinogen, aristolochic acid. Mutat Res 2013; 753:41-49. [PMID: 23422071 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Genetic alterations in cancer tissues may reflect the mutational fingerprint of environmental carcinogens. Here we review the pieces of evidence that support the role of aristolochic acid (AA) in inducing a mutational fingerprint in the tumor suppressor gene TP53 in urothelial carcinomas of the upper urinary tract (UUT). Exposure to AA, a nitrophenathrene carboxylic acid present in certain herbal remedies and in flour prepared from wheat grain contaminated with seeds of Aristolochia clematitis, has been linked to chronic nephropathy and UUT. TP53 mutations in UUT of individuals exposed to AA reveal a unique pattern of mutations characterized by A to T transversions on the non-transcribed strand, which cluster at hotspots rarely mutated in other cancers. This unusual pattern, originally discovered in UUTs from two different populations, one in Taiwan, and one in the Balkans, has been reproduced experimentally by treating mouse cells that harbor human TP53 sequences with AA. The convergence of molecular epidemiological and experimental data establishes a clear causal association between exposure to the human carcinogen AA and UUT. Despite bans on the sale of herbs containing AA, their use continues, raising global public health concern and an urgent need to identify populations at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hollstein
- German Cancer Research Center (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum), D69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT UK
| | - M Moriya
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - A P Grollman
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - M Olivier
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, F69372 Lyon, France.
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36
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Abstract
The bystander effect refers to the biological response of a cell resulting from an event in an adjacent or nearby cell. Such effects depend on intercellular communication and amplify the consequences of the original event. These responses are of particular interest in the assessment of ionizing radiation risk because at public or occupational exposure levels not every cell receives a radiation track. Current radiation protection regulations and practices are based on the assumption of a linear increase in risk with dose, including low doses where not all cells are hit. Mechanisms that amplify biological effects are inconsistent with these assumptions. Evidence suggests that there are two different bystander effects in mammalian cells. In one type, a radiation track in one cell leads to damaging, mutagenic, and sometimes lethal events in adjacent, unhit cells. In the other type, a radiation track in one cell leads to an adaptive response in bystander cells, increasing resistance to spontaneous or radiation-induced events. This paper describes some of the data for radiation-induced bystander effects in vitro and correlates that data with in vitro and in vivo observations of risk at low doses. The data suggest that protective effects, including beneficial bystander effects, outweigh detrimental effects at doses below about 100 mGy, but that the reverse is true above this threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E J Mitchel
- Radiation Biology and Health Physics Branch, Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, Chalk River Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario, K0J 1J0 Canada
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