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Alnemare AK. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome - What Every Otolaryngologist Should Know: A Review. Int J Gen Med 2020; 13:483-489. [PMID: 32801842 PMCID: PMC7403436 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s252796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we illustrate the history of Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus (MERS-CoV) infection from the first reported case to the disease's outbreak and subsequent worldwide decline, with the aim of briefly defining the problem for the benefit of otolaryngologists. MERS-CoV belongs to the Coronaviridae family and causes a zoonotic disease, MERS, with strong camel to human and weak human to human transmission. The first documented case of MERS was reported in Saudi Arabia in June 2012. Viral replication produces inflammatory markers targeting T lymphocytes, with apoptosis being the end result. Nevertheless, the pathogenesis of this virus is not yet fully understood. The main symptomatic appearance is of mild lower respiratory tract infection with dyspnea and persistent cough in addition to systemic manifestations. The diagnosis is mainly based on the use of polymerase chain reaction for the detection of viral ribonucleic acid in the sputum or tracheal fluids. Otolaryngologic treatment mainly involves supportive adjuvant usage of interferon or antiviral drugs; however, approximately one-third of patients may not survive, and, therefore, otolaryngologists should be familiar with and remain mindful of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad K Alnemare
- Otolaryngology Department, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah11952, Saudi Arabia
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102
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Rahman MS, Hoque MN, Islam MR, Akter S, Rubayet Ul Alam ASM, Siddique MA, Saha O, Rahaman MM, Sultana M, Crandall KA, Hossain MA. Epitope-based chimeric peptide vaccine design against S, M and E proteins of SARS-CoV-2, the etiologic agent of COVID-19 pandemic: an in silico approach. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9572. [PMID: 33194329 PMCID: PMC7394063 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the etiologic agent of the ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a public health emergency of international concerns declared by the World Health Organization (WHO). An immuno-informatics approach along with comparative genomics was applied to design a multi-epitope-based peptide vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 combining the antigenic epitopes of the S, M, and E proteins. The tertiary structure was predicted, refined and validated using advanced bioinformatics tools. The candidate vaccine showed an average of ≥90.0% world population coverage for different ethnic groups. Molecular docking and dynamics simulation of the chimeric vaccine with the immune receptors (TLR3 and TLR4) predicted efficient binding. Immune simulation predicted significant primary immune response with increased IgM and secondary immune response with high levels of both IgG1 and IgG2. It also increased the proliferation of T-helper cells and cytotoxic T-cells along with the increased IFN-γ and IL-2 cytokines. The codon optimization and mRNA secondary structure prediction revealed that the chimera is suitable for high-level expression and cloning. Overall, the constructed recombinant chimeric vaccine candidate demonstrated significant potential and can be considered for clinical validation to fight against this global threat, COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M. Nazmul Hoque
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Reproductive Health, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - M. Rafiul Islam
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Salma Akter
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Otun Saha
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Munawar Sultana
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Keith A. Crandall
- Computational Biology Institute, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, Washington D.C., United States of America
| | - M. Anwar Hossain
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Vice–Chancellor, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh
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103
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Chi X, Yan R, Zhang J, Zhang G, Zhang Y, Hao M, Zhang Z, Fan P, Dong Y, Yang Y, Chen Z, Guo Y, Zhang J, Li Y, Song X, Chen Y, Xia L, Fu L, Hou L, Xu J, Yu C, Li J, Zhou Q, Chen W. A neutralizing human antibody binds to the N-terminal domain of the Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. Science 2020; 369:650-655. [PMID: 32571838 PMCID: PMC7319273 DOI: 10.1126/science.abc6952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1049] [Impact Index Per Article: 262.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A key target for therapeutic antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the spike protein, a trimeric protein complex with each monomer comprising an S1 and an S2 domain that mediate binding to host cells and membrane fusion, respectively. In addition to the receptor binding domain (RBD), S1 has an N-terminal domain (NTD). In searching for neutralizing antibodies, there has been a focus on the RBD. Chi et al. isolated antibodies from 10 convalescent patients and identified an antibody that potently neutralizes the virus but does not bind the RBD. Cryo–electron microscopy revealed the epitope as the NTD. This NTD-targeting antibody may be useful to combine with RBD-targeting antibodies in therapeutic cocktails. Science, this issue p. 650 Developing therapeutics against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) could be guided by the distribution of epitopes, not only on the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the Spike (S) protein but also across the full Spike (S) protein. We isolated and characterized monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from 10 convalescent COVID-19 patients. Three mAbs showed neutralizing activities against authentic SARS-CoV-2. One mAb, named 4A8, exhibits high neutralization potency against both authentic and pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2 but does not bind the RBD. We defined the epitope of 4A8 as the N-terminal domain (NTD) of the S protein by determining with cryo–eletron microscopy its structure in complex with the S protein to an overall resolution of 3.1 angstroms and local resolution of 3.3 angstroms for the 4A8-NTD interface. This points to the NTD as a promising target for therapeutic mAbs against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Chi
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China
| | - Renhong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China
| | - Guanying Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Meng Hao
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China
| | - Pengfei Fan
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yunzhu Dong
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yilong Yang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China
| | - Zhengshan Chen
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yingying Guo
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jinlong Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yaning Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaohong Song
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China
| | - Lu Xia
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ling Fu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China
| | - Lihua Hou
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China
| | - Junjie Xu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China
| | - Changming Yu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China
| | - Jianmin Li
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China.
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China.
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104
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Chen B, Tian EK, He B, Tian L, Han R, Wang S, Xiang Q, Zhang S, El Arnaout T, Cheng W. Overview of lethal human coronaviruses. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:89. [PMID: 32533062 PMCID: PMC7289715 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0190-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus infections of multiple origins have spread to date worldwide, causing severe respiratory diseases. Seven coronaviruses that infect humans have been identified: HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-HKU1, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2. Among them, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV caused outbreaks in 2002 and 2012, respectively. SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) is the most recently discovered. It has created a severe worldwide outbreak beginning in late 2019, leading to date to over 4 million cases globally. Viruses are genetically simple, yet highly diverse. However, the recent outbreaks of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, and the ongoing outbreak of SARS-CoV-2, indicate that there remains a long way to go to identify and develop specific therapeutic treatments. Only after gaining a better understanding of their pathogenic mechanisms can we minimize viral pandemics. This paper mainly focuses on SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2. Here, recent studies are summarized and reviewed, with a focus on virus-host interactions, vaccine-based and drug-targeted therapies, and the development of new approaches for clinical diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Chen
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Er-Kang Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Bin He
- Department of Emergency Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lejin Tian
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ruiying Han
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Shuangwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qianrong Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | | | - Wei Cheng
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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105
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Grant OC, Montgomery D, Ito K, Woods RJ. Analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein glycan shield: implications for immune recognition. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020:2020.04.07.030445. [PMID: 32511307 PMCID: PMC7217288 DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.07.030445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Here we have generated 3D structures of glycoforms of the spike (S) glycoprotein from SARS-CoV-2, based on reported 3D structures and glycomics data for the protein produced in HEK293 cells. We also analyze structures for glycoforms representing those present in the nascent glycoproteins (prior to enzymatic modifications in the Golgi), as well as those that are commonly observed on antigens present in other viruses. These models were subjected to molecular dynamics (MD) simulation to determine the extent to which glycan microheterogeneity impacts the antigenicity of the S glycoprotein. Lastly, we have identified peptides in the S glycoprotein that are likely to be presented in human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complexes, and discuss the role of S protein glycosylation in potentially modulating the adaptive immune response to the SARS-CoV-2 virus or to a related vaccine. The 3D structures show that the protein surface is extensively shielded from antibody recognition by glycans, with the exception of the ACE2 receptor binding domain, and also that the degree of shielding is largely insensitive to the specific glycoform. Despite the relatively modest contribution of the glycans to the total molecular weight (17% for the HEK293 glycoform) the level of surface shielding is disproportionately high at 42%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver C. Grant
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd, Athens, GA 30602
| | - David Montgomery
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Keigo Ito
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Robert J. Woods
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd, Athens, GA 30602
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106
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Abstract
An outbreak of COVID-19, the disease caused by infection of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, that began in December 2019 in Wuhan, China has caused more than 2,990,559 confirmed human infections and 207,446 deaths as of April 27, 2020 (Coronavirus COVID-19 Global Cases by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University). Scientists are working quickly on multiple aspects of the pandemic. Genetic analyses are conducted to reveal the source and evolution of SARS-CoV-2, providing knowledge that can be used to contain it and to avoid future outbreaks. Epidemiological studies which incorporates lessons learned from outbreaks of previous related viral diseases can guide development of public health measures effective to contain the current and future outbreaks. Basic virology studies reveal viral structure and function. Pathology studies inform development of strategies to interfere with infection. COVID-19 prevention and treatment strategies are being developed in preclinical and clinical studies. Antibody-based therapy is one viable treatment option. Here, we discuss some of the most active areas of developing strategies to treat COVID-19, focusing on approaches to generate neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 for prophylactic and therapeutic treatment of COVID-19. Significance Development of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies with the desired efficacy and safety profile is a critical part of the toolbox of therapies for the treatment of COVID-19. We discuss in this review the current state of discovery and development of such antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Ku
- McGovern Medical School, Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiaohua Ye
- McGovern Medical School, Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Georgina To’a Salazar
- McGovern Medical School, Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ningyan Zhang
- McGovern Medical School, Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhiqiang An
- McGovern Medical School, Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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107
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陈 咏, 邱 峰. [Spike protein in the detection and treatment of novel coronavirus]. SHENG WU YI XUE GONG CHENG XUE ZA ZHI = JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING = SHENGWU YIXUE GONGCHENGXUE ZAZHI 2020; 37:246-250. [PMID: 32329276 PMCID: PMC9927605 DOI: 10.7507/1001-5515.202002050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Recently a COVID-19 pneumonia pandemic caused by a novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV has broken out over the world. In order to better control the spread of the pandemic, there's an urgent need to extensively study the virus' origin and the mechanisms for its infectivity and pathogenicity. Spike protein is a special structural protein on the surface of coronavirus. It contains important information about the evolution of the virus and plays critical roles in the processes of cellular recognition and entry. In the past decades, spike protein has always been one of the most important objects in research works on coronaviruses closely related to human life. In this review we introduce these research works related to spike proteins, hoping it will provide reasonable ideas for the control of the current pandemic, as well as for the diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- 咏竹 陈
- 四川大学华西医院 期刊社(成都 610041)Periodical Press of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R.China
| | - 峰 邱
- 四川大学华西医院 期刊社(成都 610041)Periodical Press of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R.China
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108
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Qing E, Hantak M, Perlman S, Gallagher T. Distinct Roles for Sialoside and Protein Receptors in Coronavirus Infection. mBio 2020; 11:e02764-19. [PMID: 32047128 PMCID: PMC7018658 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02764-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are common human and animal pathogens that can transmit zoonotically and cause severe respiratory disease syndromes. CoV infection requires spike proteins, which bind viruses to host cell receptors and catalyze virus-cell membrane fusion. Several CoV strains have spike proteins with two receptor-binding domains, an S1A that engages host sialic acids and an S1B that recognizes host transmembrane proteins. As this bivalent binding may enable broad zoonotic CoV infection, we aimed to identify roles for each receptor in distinct infection stages. Focusing on two betacoronaviruses, murine JHM-CoV and human Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), we found that virus particle binding to cells was mediated by sialic acids; however, the transmembrane protein receptors were required for a subsequent virus infection. These results favored a two-step process in which viruses first adhere to sialic acids and then require subsequent engagement with protein receptors during infectious cell entry. However, sialic acids sufficiently facilitated the later stages of virus spread through cell-cell membrane fusion, without requiring protein receptors. This virus spread in the absence of the prototype protein receptors was increased by adaptive S1A mutations. Overall, these findings reveal roles for sialic acids in virus-cell binding, viral spike protein-directed cell-cell fusion, and resultant spread of CoV infections.IMPORTANCE CoVs can transmit from animals to humans to cause serious disease. This zoonotic transmission uses spike proteins, which bind CoVs to cells with two receptor-binding domains. Here, we identified the roles for the two binding processes in the CoV infection process. Binding to sialic acids promoted infection and also supported the intercellular expansion of CoV infections through syncytial development. Adaptive mutations in the sialic acid-binding spike domains increased the intercellular expansion process. These findings raise the possibility that the lectin-like properties of many CoVs contribute to facile zoonotic transmission and intercellular spread within infected organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enya Qing
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Michael Hantak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Stanley Perlman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Tom Gallagher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
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