101
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Guymon GG, Malakooti MH. Multifunctional liquid metal polymer composites. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory G. Guymon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Washington Seattle Washington USA
- Institute for Nano‐Engineered Systems University of Washington Seattle Washington USA
| | - Mohammad H. Malakooti
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Washington Seattle Washington USA
- Institute for Nano‐Engineered Systems University of Washington Seattle Washington USA
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102
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Baharfar M, Mayyas M, Rahbar M, Allioux FM, Tang J, Wang Y, Cao Z, Centurion F, Jalili R, Liu G, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Exploring Interfacial Graphene Oxide Reduction by Liquid Metals: Application in Selective Biosensing. ACS NANO 2021; 15:19661-19671. [PMID: 34783540 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c06973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Liquid metals (LMs) are electronic liquid with enigmatic interfacial chemistry and physics. These features make them promising materials for driving chemical reactions on their surfaces for designing nanoarchitectonic systems. Herein, we showed the interfacial interaction between eutectic gallium-indium (EGaIn) liquid metal and graphene oxide (GO) for the reduction of both substrate-based and free-standing GO. NanoIR surface mapping indicated the successful removal of carbonyl groups. Based on the gained knowledge, a composite consisting of assembled reduced GO sheets on LM microdroplets (LM-rGO) was developed. The LM enforced Ga3+ coordination within the rGO assembly found to modify the electrochemical interface for selective dopamine sensing by separating the peaks of interfering biologicals. Subsequently, paper-based electrodes were developed and modified with the LM-rGO that presented the compatibility of the assembly with low-cost commercial technologies. The observed interfacial interaction, imparted by LM's interfaces, and electrochemical performance observed for LM-rGO will lead to effective functional materials and electrode modifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahroo Baharfar
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Mohannad Mayyas
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Mohammad Rahbar
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Francois-Marie Allioux
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Jianbo Tang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Yifang Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Zhenbang Cao
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Franco Centurion
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Rouhollah Jalili
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Guozhen Liu
- School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, P. R. China
| | - Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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103
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Wang M, Ma C, Uzabakiriho PC, Chen X, Chen Z, Cheng Y, Wang Z, Zhao G. Stencil Printing of Liquid Metal upon Electrospun Nanofibers Enables High-Performance Flexible Electronics. ACS NANO 2021; 15:19364-19376. [PMID: 34783541 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c05762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Flexible electronics as an emerging technology has demonstrated potential for applications in various fields. With the advent of the Internet of Things era, countless flexible electronic systems need to be developed and deployed. However, materials and fabrication technologies are the key factors restricting the development and commercialization of flexible electronics. Here we report a simple, fast, and green flexible electronics preparation technology. The stencil printing method is adopted to pattern liquid metal on the thermoplastic polyurethane membrane prepared by electrospinning. Besides, with layer-by-layer assembly, flexible circuits, resistors, capacitors, inductors, and their composite devices can be prepared parametrically. Furthermore, these devices have good stretchability, air permeability, and stability, while they are multilayered and reconfigurable. As proof, this strategy is used to fabricate flexible displays, flexible sensors, and flexible filters. Finally, flexible electronic devices are also recycled and reconfigured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Department of Electronic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Chao Ma
- Department of Electronic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Pierre Claver Uzabakiriho
- Department of Electronic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Xi Chen
- College of Mathematics, Physics and Information Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Zhongrong Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Yue Cheng
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Zirui Wang
- Department of Electronic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Electronic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
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104
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Krings EJ, Zhang H, Sarin S, Shield JE, Ryu S, Markvicka EJ. Lightweight, Thermally Conductive Liquid Metal Elastomer Composite with Independently Controllable Thermal Conductivity and Density. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2104762. [PMID: 34723427 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202104762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lightweight and elastically deformable soft materials that are thermally conductive are critical for emerging applications in wearable computing, soft robotics, and thermoregulatory garments. To overcome the fundamental heat transport limitations in soft materials, room temperature liquid metal (LM) has been dispersed in elastomer that results in soft and deformable materials with unprecedented thermal conductivity. However, the high density of LMs (>6 g cm-3 ) and the typically high loading (⩾85 wt%) required to achieve the desired properties contribute to the high density of these elastomer composites, which can be problematic for large-area, weight-sensitive applications. Here, the relationship between the properties of the LM filler and elastomer composite is systematically studied. Experiments reveal that a multiphase LM inclusion with a low-density phase can achieve independent control of the density and thermal conductivity of the elastomer composite. Quantitative design maps of composite density and thermal conductivity are constructed to rationally guide the selection of filler properties and material composition. This new multiphase material architecture provides a method to fine-tune material composition to independently control material and functional properties of soft materials for large-area and weight-sensitive applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan J Krings
- Smart Materials and Robotics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Haipeng Zhang
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Suchit Sarin
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Jeffery E Shield
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Sangjin Ryu
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Eric J Markvicka
- Smart Materials and Robotics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
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105
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Biocompatibility Testing of Liquid Metal as an Interconnection Material for Flexible Implant Technology. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11123251. [PMID: 34947600 PMCID: PMC8706733 DOI: 10.3390/nano11123251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Galinstan, a liquid metal at room temperature, is a promising material for use in flexible electronics. Since it has been successfully integrated in devices for external use, e.g., as stretchable electronic skin in tactile sensation, the possibility of using galinstan for flexible implant technology comes to mind. Usage of liquid metals in a flexible implant would reduce the risk of broken conductive pathways in the implants and therefore reduce the possibility of implant failure. However, the biocompatibility of the liquid metal under study, i.e., galinstan, has not been proven in state-of-the-art literature. Therefore, in this paper, a material combination of galinstan and silicone rubber is under investigation regarding the success of sterilization methods and to establish biocompatibility testing for an in vivo application. First cell biocompatibility tests (WST-1 assays) and cell toxicity tests (LDH assays) show promising results regarding biocompatibility. This work paves the way towards the successful integration of stretchable devices using liquid metals embedded in a silicone rubber encapsulant for flexible surface electro-cortical grid arrays and other flexible implants.
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106
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Cao C, Huang X, Lv D, Ai L, Chen W, Hou C, Yi B, Luo J, Yao X. Ultrastretchable conductive liquid metal composites enabled by adaptive interfacial polarization. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:3399-3408. [PMID: 34679157 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh00924a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Gallium-based liquid metals (LMs) are emerging candidates for the development of metal/polymer-based flexible circuits in wearable electronics. However, the high surface energies of LMs make them easily depleted from the polymer matrix and therefore substantially suppress the stretchability of the conductive composites. Here, we reveal that a dynamic interplay between the LM and the polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) copolymer can help to address these issues. Weak and abundant interfacial polarization interactions between the PVDF copolymer and the oxide layer allow continuous and adaptive configuration of the compartmented LM channels, enabling ultra-stretchability of the composites. The conductive LM-polymer composites can maintain their structural integrity with a high surface conductivity and small resistance changes under large strains from 1000% to 10 000%. Taking advantage of their flexible processability under mild conditions and exceptional performance, our design strategy allows the scalable fabrication of conductive LM-polymer composites for a range of applications in wearable devices and sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Cao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China.
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China.
| | - Dong Lv
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China.
| | - Liqing Ai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China.
| | - Weilong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China.
| | - Changshun Hou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China.
| | - Bo Yi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China.
| | - Jingdong Luo
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China.
| | - Xi Yao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, P. R. China
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107
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Yao M, Wu B, Feng X, Sun S, Wu P. A Highly Robust Ionotronic Fiber with Unprecedented Mechanomodulation of Ionic Conduction. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2103755. [PMID: 34477247 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202103755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable ionic conductors are appealing for tissue-like soft electronics, yet suffer from a tardy mechanoelectric response due to their poor modulation of ionic conduction arising from intrinsic homogeneous soft chain network. Here, a highly robust ionotronic fiber is designed by synergizing ionic liquid and liquid crystal elastomer with alternate rigid mesogen units and soft chain spacers, which shows an unprecedented strain-induced ionic conductivity boost (≈103 times enhanced as stretched to 2000% strain). Such a surprisingly high enhancement is attributed to the formation of microphase-separated low-tortuosity ion-conducting nanochannels guided by strain-induced emergence of aligned smectic mesophases, thus allowing for ultrafast ion transport that resembles the role of "swimming lanes." Intriguingly, the boosting conductivity even reverses Pouillet's Law-dictated resistance increase at certain strains, leading to unique waveform-discernible strain sensing. Moreover, the fiber retains thermal actuation properties with a maximum of 70% strain changes upon heating, and enables integrated self-perception and actuation. The findings offer a promising molecular engineering route to mechanically modulate the ion transport behavior of ionic conductors toward advanced ionotronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology & Center for Advanced Low-dimension Materials, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Baohu Wu
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ) Forschungszentrum Jülich, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Xunda Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology & Center for Advanced Low-dimension Materials, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Shengtong Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology & Center for Advanced Low-dimension Materials, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Peiyi Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology & Center for Advanced Low-dimension Materials, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai, 201620, China
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108
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Li Z, Guo Y, Zong Y, Li K, Wang S, Cao H, Teng C. Ga Based Particles, Alloys and Composites: Fabrication and Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2246. [PMID: 34578561 PMCID: PMC8471900 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Liquid metal (LM) materials, including pure gallium (Ga) LM, eutectic alloys and their composites with organic polymers and inorganic nanoparticles, are cutting-edge functional materials owing to their outstanding electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, extraordinary mechanical compliance, deformability and excellent biocompatibility. The unique properties of LM-based materials at room temperatures can overcome the drawbacks of the conventional electronic devices, particularly high thermal, electrical conductivities and their fluidic property, which would open tremendous opportunities for the fundamental research and practical applications of stretchable and wearable electronic devices. Therefore, research interest has been increasingly devoted to the fabrication methodologies of LM nanoparticles and their functional composites. In this review, we intend to present an overview of the state-of-art protocols for the synthesis of Ga-based materials, to introduce their potential applications in the fields ranging from wearable electronics, energy storage batteries and energy harvesting devices to bio-applications, and to discuss challenges and opportunities in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Li
- Institute of Marine Biomedicine, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China; (Z.L.); (K.L.); (S.W.)
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yiming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (Y.G.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yufen Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (Y.G.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Kai Li
- Institute of Marine Biomedicine, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China; (Z.L.); (K.L.); (S.W.)
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Institute of Marine Biomedicine, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China; (Z.L.); (K.L.); (S.W.)
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Hai Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (Y.G.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Chao Teng
- Institute of Marine Biomedicine, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China; (Z.L.); (K.L.); (S.W.)
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109
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Jung D, Lim C, Shim HJ, Kim Y, Park C, Jung J, Han SI, Sunwoo SH, Cho KW, Cha GD, Kim DC, Koo JH, Kim JH, Hyeon T, Kim DH. Highly conductive and elastic nanomembrane for skin electronics. Science 2021; 373:1022-1026. [PMID: 34446604 DOI: 10.1126/science.abh4357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Skin electronics require stretchable conductors that satisfy metallike conductivity, high stretchability, ultrathin thickness, and facile patternability, but achieving these characteristics simultaneously is challenging. We present a float assembly method to fabricate a nanomembrane that meets all these requirements. The method enables a compact assembly of nanomaterials at the water-oil interface and their partial embedment in an ultrathin elastomer membrane, which can distribute the applied strain in the elastomer membrane and thus lead to a high elasticity even with the high loading of the nanomaterials. Furthermore, the structure allows cold welding and bilayer stacking, resulting in high conductivity. These properties are preserved even after high-resolution patterning by using photolithography. A multifunctional epidermal sensor array can be fabricated with the patterned nanomembranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjun Jung
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaehong Lim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Joon Shim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongjun Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chansul Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaebong Jung
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ihn Han
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hyuk Sunwoo
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Won Cho
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Doo Cha
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Chan Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja Hoon Koo
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeghwan Hyeon
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea. .,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyeong Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea. .,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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110
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Reversible polymer-gel transition for ultra-stretchable chip-integrated circuits through self-soldering and self-coating and self-healing. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4666. [PMID: 34344880 PMCID: PMC8333313 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25008-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Integration of solid-state microchips into soft-matter, and stretchable printed electronics has been the biggest challenge against their scalable fabrication. We introduce, Pol-Gel, a simple technique for self-soldering, self-encapsulation, and self-healing, that allows low cost, scalable, and rapid fabrication of hybrid microchip-integrated ultra-stretchable circuits. After digitally printing the circuit, and placing the microchips, we trigger a Polymer-Gel transition in physically cross-linked block copolymers substrate, and silver liquid metal composite ink, by exposing the circuits to the solvent vapor. Once in the gel state, microchips penetrate to the ink and the substrate (Self-Soldering), and the ink penetrates to the substrate (Self-encapsulation). Maximum strain tolerance of ~1200% for printed stretchable traces, and >500% for chip-integrated soft circuits is achieved, which is 5x higher than the previous works. We demonstrate condensed soft-matter patches and e-textiles with integrated sensors, processors, and wireless communication, and repairing of a fully cut circuits through Pol-Gel. Despite advances on fabrication of stretchable interconnects, realizing functional electronics with integrated solid-state technology (SST) remains a challenge. Here, the authors report a reversible Pol-Gel transition method for fabrication of liquid-metal based, chip-integrated, printed stretchable circuits.
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111
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Abstract
Soft wearable electronics are rapidly developing through exploration of new materials, fabrication approaches, and design concepts. Although there have been many efforts for decades, a resurgence of interest in liquid metals (LMs) for sensing and wiring functional properties of materials in soft wearable electronics has brought great advances in wearable electronics and materials. Various forms of LMs enable many routes to fabricate flexible and stretchable sensors, circuits, and functional wearables with many desirable properties. This review article presents a systematic overview of recent progresses in LM-enabled wearable electronics that have been achieved through material innovations and the discovery of new fabrication approaches and design architectures. We also present applications of wearable LM technologies for physiological sensing, activity tracking, and energy harvesting. Finally, we discuss a perspective on future opportunities and challenges for wearable LM electronics as this field continues to grow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Won
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Seongmin Jeong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Carmel Majidi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Seung Hwan Ko
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Institute of Advanced Machines and Design / Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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112
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D’Ambrogio G, Zahhaf O, Le MQ, Capsal JF, Cottinet PJ. Dielectrophoresis Structurization of PZT/PDMS Micro-Composite for Elastronic Function: Towards Dielectric and Piezoelectric Enhancement. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14154071. [PMID: 34361265 PMCID: PMC8346992 DOI: 10.3390/ma14154071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Piezoelectric materials have been used for decades in the field of sensors as transducers and energy harvesters. Among these, piezoelectric composites are emerging being extremely advantageous in terms of production, costs, and versatility. However, the piezoelectric performances of a composite with randomly dispersed filler are not comparable with bulk ferroelectric ceramics and electroactive polymers. In order to achieve highly performing and low-cost materials, this work aims to develop flexible composites made of Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) filler in Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix, with a specific internal structure called quasi-1–3 connectivity. Such a structure, comprising particles arranged in columns along a preferred direction, is performed through dielectrophoresis by applying an alternating electric field on the composite before and during the polymerization. The developed flexible material could be introduced into complex structures in various application fields, as sensors for structural monitoring.
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113
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Sun H, Li R, Li H, Weng Z, Wu G, Kerns P, Suib S, Wang X, Zhang Y. Bioinspired Oil-Infused Slippery Surfaces with Water and Ion Barrier Properties. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:33464-33476. [PMID: 34241991 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c06632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Encapsulation materials play an important role in many applications including wearable electronics, medical devices, underwater robotics, marine skin tagging system, food packaging, and energy conversation and storage devices. To date, all the encapsulation materials, including polymer layers and inorganic materials, are solid materials. These solid materials suffer from limited barrier lifetimes due to pinholes, cracks, and nanopores or from complicated fabrication processes and limited stretchability for interfacing with complex 3D surfaces. This paper reports a solution to this material challenge by demonstrating bioinspired oil-infused slippery surfaces with excellent waterproof property for the first time. A water vapor transmission test shows that locking a thin layer of oil on the silicone elastomer improves the water vapor barrier performance by three orders of magnitude. Accelerated lifetime tests suggest robust water barrier characteristics that approach 226 days at 37 °C even under severe mechanical damage. A combination of temperature- and thickness-dependent experimental measurements and reaction-diffusion modeling reveals the key waterproof property. In addition to serving as a barrier to water, the oil-infused surface demonstrates an attractive ion barrier property. All these exceptional properties suggest the potential applications of slippery surfaces as encapsulation materials for medical devices, underwater electronics, and many others.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Department of Engineering Mechanics, and International Research Center for Computational Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P.R. China
| | - Huijie Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Zhengyan Weng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Guangfu Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Peter Kerns
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Steven Suib
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Xueju Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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114
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Liu S, Kim SY, Henry KE, Shah DS, Kramer-Bottiglio R. Printed and Laser-Activated Liquid Metal-Elastomer Conductors Enabled by Ethanol/PDMS/Liquid Metal Double Emulsions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:28729-28736. [PMID: 34125509 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c23108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Soft electronic systems require stretchable, printable conductors for applications in soft robotics, wearable technologies, and human-machine interfaces. Gallium-based room-temperature liquid metals (LMs) have emerged as promising candidates, and recent liquid metal-embedded elastomers (LMEEs) have demonstrated favorable properties such as stable conductivity during strain, cyclic durability, and patternability. Here, we present an ethanol/polydimethylsiloxane/liquid metal (EtOH/PDMS/LM) double emulsion ink that enables a fast, scalable method to print LM conductors with high conductivity (7.7 × 105 S m-1), small resistance change when strained, and consistent cyclic performance (over 10,000 cycles). EtOH, the carrier solvent, is leveraged for its low viscosity to print the ink onto silicone substrates. PDMS resides at the EtOH/LM interface and cures upon deposition and EtOH evaporation, consequently bonding the LM particles to each other and to the silicone substrate. The printed PDMS-LM composite can be subsequently activated by direct laser writing, forming high-resolution electrically conductive pathways. We demonstrate the utility of the double emulsion ink by creating intricate electrical interconnects for stretchable electronic circuits. This work combines the speed, consistency, and precision of laser-assisted manufacturing with the printability, high conductivity, strain insensitivity, and mechanical robustness of the PDMS-LM composite, unlocking high-yield, high-throughput, and high-density stretchable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanliangzi Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Sang Yup Kim
- School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Kristen E Henry
- School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Dylan S Shah
- School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Rebecca Kramer-Bottiglio
- School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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115
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Bartlett
- Soft Materials and Structures Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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