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Zhou C, Li H, Han X, Pang H, Wu M, Tang Y, Luo X. Prognostic Value and Molecular Mechanisms of Proteasome 26S Subunit, Non-ATPase Family Genes for Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Patients after Pancreaticoduodenectomy. J INVEST SURG 2021; 35:330-346. [PMID: 33525943 DOI: 10.1080/08941939.2020.1863527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Pancreatic cancer (PC) is an extremely malignant tumor with similar morbidity and mortality and lack of an effective treatment. This study explored the prognostic value and molecular mechanisms of proteasome 26S subunit, non-ATPase (PSMD) family genes in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC).Methods: Survival analyses were performed to elucidate the relationship between prognosis and the level of PSMD expression. ROC curves and nomograms were constructed to predict the prognosis. A bioinformatics analysis was used to explore the co-expression and complex interaction networks of PSMDs. The potential mechanisms were further explored via gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA).Results: We find high levels of PSMD6, PSMD9, PSMD11, and PSMD14 expression were significantly associated with a poorer OS. High PSMD6 and PSMD11 expression was associated with a poorer relapse-free survival (RFS). A risk score model was constructed based on prognosis-related genes. The area under ROC curves (AUC) was 53.3%, 59.3%, and 62.9% for 1-, 2-, 3 years, respectively.Conclusion: GSEA revealed that PSMD6 and PSMD11 play a role in PDAC through various biological processes and signaling pathways, including TP53, CDKN2A, MYC pathway, DNA repair, KRAS, cell cycle checkpoint, NIK, NF-κB signaling pathway, and proteasomes. This study demonstrated that PSMD6 and PSMD11 could serve as a potential prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers for patients with early-stage PDAC after pancreaticoduodenectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caifu Zhou
- Research Department, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Haixia Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Han
- Research Department, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbing Pang
- Research Department, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Manya Wu
- Research Department, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanping Tang
- Research Department, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoling Luo
- Research Department, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
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103
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Caruso S, O'Brien DR, Cleary SP, Roberts LR, Zucman-Rossi J. Genetics of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Approaches to Explore Molecular Diversity. Hepatology 2021; 73 Suppl 1:14-26. [PMID: 32463918 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Caruso
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Université Paris 13, Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Daniel R O'Brien
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN
| | - Sean P Cleary
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN
| | - Lewis R Roberts
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN
| | - Jessica Zucman-Rossi
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Université Paris 13, Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors Laboratory, Paris, France.,European Hospital Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
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Zhang C, Wang X, Fang D, Xu P, Mo X, Hu C, Abdelatty A, Wang M, Xu H, Sun Q, Zhou G, She J, Xia J, Hui KM, Xia H. STK39 is a novel kinase contributing to the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma by the PLK1/ERK signaling pathway. Theranostics 2021; 11:2108-2122. [PMID: 33500714 PMCID: PMC7797677 DOI: 10.7150/thno.48112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Protein kinases are critical therapeutic targets for curing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). As a serine/threonine kinase, the potential roles of serine/threonine kinase 39 (STK39) in HCC remain to be explored. Methods: The expression of STK39 was examined by RT-qPCR, western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were detected by CCK8 and TUNEL kit. Cell migration and invasion assays were performed using a transwell system with or without Matrigel. RNA-seq, mass spectrometry and luciferase reporter assays were used to identify STK39 binding proteins. Results: Here, we firstly report that STK39 was highly overexpressed in clinical HCC tissues compared with adjacent tissues, high expression of STK39 was induced by transcription factor SP1 and correlated with poor patient survival. Gain and loss of function assays revealed that overexpression of STK39 promoted HCC cell proliferation, migration and invasion. In contrast, the depletion of STK39 attenuated the growth and metastasis of HCC cells. Moreover, knockdown of STK39 induced the HCC cell cycle arrested in the G2/M phase and promoted apoptosis. In mechanistic studies, RNA-seq revealed that STK39 positively regulated the ERK signaling pathway. Mass spectrometry identified that STK39 bound to PLK1 and STK39 promoted HCC progression and activated ERK signaling pathway dependent on PLK1. Conclusions: Thus, our study uncovers a novel role of STK39/PLK1/ERK signaling axis in the progress of HCC and suggests STK39 as an indicator for prognosis and a potential drug target of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengfei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Sir Run Run Hospital & State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine & Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of National Health Commission, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, Anhui, China
| | - Dan Fang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Sir Run Run Hospital & State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine & Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of National Health Commission, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ping Xu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Sir Run Run Hospital & State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine & Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of National Health Commission, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao Mo
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Sir Run Run Hospital & State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine & Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of National Health Commission, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Hu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Sir Run Run Hospital & State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine & Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of National Health Commission, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Alaa Abdelatty
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Sir Run Run Hospital & State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine & Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of National Health Commission, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mei Wang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Sir Run Run Hospital & State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine & Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of National Health Commission, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haojun Xu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Sir Run Run Hospital & State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine & Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of National Health Commission, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qi Sun
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Sir Run Run Hospital & State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine & Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of National Health Commission, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guoren Zhou
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junjun She
- Department of High Talent & General Surgery & Med-X Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jinglin Xia
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kam Man Hui
- Laboratory of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Centre Singapore & Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Hongping Xia
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Sir Run Run Hospital & State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine & Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of National Health Commission, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
- Department of High Talent & General Surgery & Med-X Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
- Laboratory of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Centre Singapore & Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
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105
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Heinrich B, Brown ZJ, Diggs LP, Vormehr M, Ma C, Subramanyam V, Rosato U, Ruf B, Walz JS, McVey JC, Wabitsch SF, Fu Q, Yu SJ, Zhang Q, Lai CW, Sahin U, Greten TF. Steatohepatitis Impairs T-cell-Directed Immunotherapies Against Liver Tumors in Mice. Gastroenterology 2021; 160:331-345.e6. [PMID: 33010248 PMCID: PMC7755834 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis causes loss of hepatic CD4+ T cells and promotes tumor growth. The liver is the most common site of distant metastases from a variety of malignancies, many of which respond to immunotherapy. We investigated the effects of steatohepatitis on the efficacy of immunotherapeutic agents against liver tumors in mice. METHODS Steatohepatitis was induced by feeding C57BL/6NCrl or BALB/c AnNCr mice a methionine and choline-deficient diet or a choline-deficient l-amino acid-defined diet. Mice were given intrahepatic or subcutaneous injections of B16 melanoma and CT26 colon cancer cells, followed by intravenous injections of M30-RNA vaccine (M30) or intraperitoneal injections of an antibody against OX40 (aOX40) on days 3, 7, and 10 after injection of the tumor cells. We measured tumor growth and analyzed immune cells in tumor tissues by flow cytometry. Mice were given N-acetylcysteine to prevent loss of CD4+ T cells from liver. RESULTS Administration of M30 and aOX40 inhibited growth of tumors from intrahepatic injections of B16 or CT26 cells in mice on regular diet. However, M30 and/or aOX40 did not slow growth of liver tumors from B16 or CT26 cells in mice with diet-induced steatohepatitis (methionine and choline-deficient diet or choline-deficient l-amino acid-defined diet). Steatohepatitis did not affect the ability of M30 to slow growth of subcutaneous B16 tumors. In mice with steatohepatitis given N-acetylcysteine, which prevents loss of CD4+ T cells, M30 and aOX40 were able slow growth of hepatic tumors. Flow cytometry analysis of liver tumors revealed reduced CD4+ T cells and effector memory cells in mice with vs without steatohepatitis. CONCLUSIONS Steatohepatitis reduces the abilities of immunotherapeutic agents, such as M30 and aOX40, to inhibit tumor liver growth by reducing tumor infiltration by CD4+ T cells and effector memory cells. N-acetylcysteine restores T-cell numbers in tumors and increases the ability of M30 and aOX40 to slow tumor growth in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Heinrich
- Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zachary J. Brown
- Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Department of Surgery, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Laurence P. Diggs
- Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Surgical Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mathias Vormehr
- Biopharmaceutical New Technologies (BioNTech) Corporation, An der Goldgrube 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany.,University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Chi Ma
- Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Varun Subramanyam
- Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Umberto Rosato
- Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Benjamin Ruf
- Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Juliane S. Walz
- Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), University Hospital Tübingen, Germany
| | - John C. McVey
- Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Simon F. Wabitsch
- Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Qiong Fu
- Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Su Jong Yu
- Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Qianfei Zhang
- Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Chunwei W. Lai
- Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ugur Sahin
- Biopharmaceutical New Technologies (BioNTech) Corporation, An der Goldgrube 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany.,University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.,TRON – Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University gGmbH, Freiligrathstraße 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tim F. Greten
- Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,NCI CCR Liver Cancer Program.,Correspondence: Tim F. Greten, MD, Thoracic and GI Malignancy Section, TGMB NIH/NCI/CCR, Building 10, Rm 2B28B, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD 20892, USA, Telephone: +1 (240) 760 6114,
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106
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Pan B, Liu L, Li W. A prognostic risk model based on immune-related genes predicts overall survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Health Sci Rep 2020; 3:e202. [PMID: 33204848 PMCID: PMC7654629 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common heterogeneous tumors that occurs after chronic liver diseases and hepatitis virus infection. Immune-related genes (IRGs) and their ligands regulate the homeostasis of tumor microenvironment, which is essential for the treatment of HCC and its prognosis. This study aimed to investigate the clinical value of IRGs in predicting the prognosis of HCC. METHODS We downloaded RNA-seq data and clinical information from TCGA database. Samples were randomly divided into training cohort and testing cohort. The "limma" R package was performed to identify differentially expressed IRGs (DEIRGs) between HCC group and normal group. Prognostic DEIRGs (PDEIRGs) were obtained by univariate Cox analysis. LASSO and multivariate Cox analysis were used, and a prognostic risk model was constructed. In order to better demonstrate the clinical value of our model in predicting overall survival rate, a nomogram was constructed. To further investigate the molecular mechanism of our model, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was performed. RESULTS Compared with the low-risk group, the high-risk group had a significantly worse prognosis. Moreover, our prognostic risk model can accurately stratify tumor grade and TNM stage. Importantly, in our model, not only immune checkpoint genes were well predicted, but also human leucocyte antigen-I molecules were revealed. GSEA suggested that "MAPK signaling pathway," "mTOR signaling pathway," "NOD like receptor signaling pathway," "Toll like receptor signaling pathway," "VEGF signaling pathway," "WNT signaling pathway" had significant correlations with the high-risk group. CONCLUSION Overall, our study showed that our prognostic risk model can be used to assess prognosis of HCC, which may provide a certain basis for the survival rate of patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banglun Pan
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life SciencesWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Lin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life SciencesWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical GeneticsWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life SciencesWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical GeneticsWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
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Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer worldwide and the third leading cause of cancer related mortality with a 10 year survival rate of merely 22-35%. Tumorigenesis frequently occurs in patients with chronic liver disease where continued liver cell damage, compensatory proliferation and inflammation provide the basis for tumor initiation, promotion and progression. Animal models of HCC are particularly useful to better understand molecular events underlying liver tumorigenesis. To this end, chemical carcinogenesis protocols based on the injection of genotoxic compounds such as diethylnitrosamine (DEN) are widely used to model liver tumorigenesis in rodents. DEN injection into 2 week old mice is sufficient to cause liver tumorigenesis after 8-10 months. When injected into older mice, DEN has to be combined with administration of tumor promoting agents such as phenobarbital or feeding high fat diet. Such protocols allow to dissect the different steps of tumor formation (i.e., tumor initiation and promotion) experimentally and to model liver pathologies in mice which frequently lead to HCC in human patients such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Here, we review several established chemical carcinogenesis protocols based on DEN injection into mice and discuss their advantages as well as potential limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Schulien
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center-University of Freiburg and Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Hasselblatt
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center-University of Freiburg and Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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108
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Han H, Desert R, Das S, Song Z, Athavale D, Ge X, Nieto N. Danger signals in liver injury and restoration of homeostasis. J Hepatol 2020; 73:933-951. [PMID: 32371195 PMCID: PMC7502511 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Damage-associated molecular patterns are signalling molecules involved in inflammatory responses and restoration of homeostasis. Chronic release of these molecules can also promote inflammation in the context of liver disease. Herein, we provide a comprehensive summary of the role of damage-associated molecular patterns as danger signals in liver injury. We consider the role of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species as inducers of damage-associated molecular patterns, as well as how specific damage-associated molecular patterns participate in the pathogenesis of chronic liver diseases such as alcohol-related liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, liver fibrosis and liver cancer. In addition, we discuss the role of damage-associated molecular patterns in ischaemia reperfusion injury and liver transplantation and highlight current studies in which blockade of specific damage-associated molecular patterns has proven beneficial in humans and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Han
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood St., Suite 130 CSN, MC 847, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Romain Desert
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood St., Suite 130 CSN, MC 847, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Sukanta Das
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood St., Suite 130 CSN, MC 847, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Zhuolun Song
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood St., Suite 130 CSN, MC 847, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Dipti Athavale
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood St., Suite 130 CSN, MC 847, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Xiaodong Ge
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood St., Suite 130 CSN, MC 847, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Natalia Nieto
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood St., Suite 130 CSN, MC 847, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood St., Suite 1020N, MC 787, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Liu J, Qu L, Wan C, Xiao M, Ni W, Jiang F, Fan Y, Lu C, Ni R. A novel β2-AR/YB-1/β-catenin axis mediates chronic stress-associated metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncogenesis 2020; 9:84. [PMID: 32973139 PMCID: PMC7515897 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-020-00268-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Adrenergic receptor (β-AR) signalling is strongly associated with tumour progression by the coupling of β-ARs with either a G protein or β-arrestin; however, the related mechanism underlying hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) metastasis is not clear. Here, we reveal that the transcription factor Y-box binding protein 1 (YB-1) interacts with β2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) following stimulation with the agonist isoproterenol (ISO). Clinicopathological analysis demonstrated that β2-AR is significantly correlated with YB-1, which favours the progression of HCC. The binding of YB-1 with β2-AR resulted in YB-1 phosphorylation at serine 102 (S102) via the β-arrestin-1-dependent activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway, followed by the translocation of YB-1 to the nucleus to carry out its tumour-related function. β2-AR-mediated activation of YB-1 facilitated epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and HCC metastasis. The interference of YB-1 expression significantly attenuated liver tumour metastasis induced by chronic stress. Analysis of the transcriptional profile and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) identified β-catenin as a crucial target of YB-1. Our results unveiled a novel β2-AR-mediated regulatory axis in HCC metastasis that might be helpful for the development of HCC therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxia Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Lishuai Qu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Chunhua Wan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Mingbing Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Wenkai Ni
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Feng Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yihui Fan
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Cuihua Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China.
| | - Runzhou Ni
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China.
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Heinrich S, Castven D, Galle PR, Marquardt JU. Translational Considerations to Improve Response and Overcome Therapy Resistance in Immunotherapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2495. [PMID: 32899197 PMCID: PMC7563159 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, progress in systemic therapies significantly improved the outcome of primary liver cancer. More recently, precision oncological and immunotherapeutic approaches became the focus of intense scientific and clinical research. Herein, preclinical studies showed promising results with high response rates and improvement of overall survival. However, results of phase III clinical trials revealed that only a subfraction of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients respond to therapy and display only moderate objective response rates. Further, predictive molecular characteristics are largely missing. In consequence, suitable trial design has emerged as a crucial factor for the success of a novel compound. In addition, increasing knowledge from translational studies indicate the importance of targeting the tumor immune environment to overcome resistance to immunotherapy. Thus, combination of different immunotherapies with other treatment modalities including antibodies, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, or local therapies is highly promising. However, the mechanisms of failure to respond to immunotherapy in liver cancer are still not fully understood and the modulation of the immune system and cellular tumor composition is particularly relevant in this context. Altogether, it is increasingly clear that tailoring of immunotherapy and individualized approaches are required to improve efficacy and patient outcome in liver cancer. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge as well as translational considerations to overcome therapy resistance in immunotherapy of primary liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Heinrich
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Liver Carcinogenesis Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
- Department of Medicine I, Lichtenberg Research Group for Molecular Hepatocarcinogenesis, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Darko Castven
- Department of Medicine I, Lichtenberg Research Group for Molecular Hepatocarcinogenesis, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
- Lichtenberg Research Group for Molecular Hepatocarcinogenesis, Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, 23538 Luebeck, Germany
| | - Peter R. Galle
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jens U. Marquardt
- Department of Medicine I, Lichtenberg Research Group for Molecular Hepatocarcinogenesis, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
- Lichtenberg Research Group for Molecular Hepatocarcinogenesis, Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, 23538 Luebeck, Germany
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Zhao Z, Meng J, Su R, Zhang J, Chen J, Ma X, Xia Q. Epitranscriptomics in liver disease: Basic concepts and therapeutic potential. J Hepatol 2020; 73:664-679. [PMID: 32330603 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of next-generation sequencing technology and the discovery of specific antibodies targeting chemically modified nucleotides have paved the way for a new era of epitranscriptomics. Cellular RNA is known to dynamically and reversibly undergo different chemical modifications after transcription, such as N6-methyladenosine (m6A), N1-methyladenosine, N6,2'-O-dimethyladenosine, 5-methylcytosine, and 5-hydroxymethylcytidine, whose identity and location comprise the field of epitranscriptomics. Dynamic post-transcriptional modifications determine the fate of target RNAs by regulating various aspects of their processing, including RNA export, transcript processing, splicing, and degradation. The most abundant internal mRNA modification in eukaryotic cells is m6A, which exhibits essential roles in physiological processes, such as embryogenesis, carcinogenesis, and neurogenesis. m6A is deposited by the m6A methyltransferase complex (composed of METTL3/14/16, WTAP, KIAA1429, and RBM15/15B), erased by demethylases (FTO and ALKBH5), and recognised by binding proteins (e.g., YTHDF1/2/3, YTHDC1/2, IGF2BP1/2/3). The liver is the largest digestive and metabolic organ, and m6A modifications play unique roles in critical physiological hepatic functions and various liver diseases. This review focuses on the biological roles of m6A RNA methylation in lipid metabolism, viral hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, liver cancer, and tumour metastasis. In addition, we summarise the existing inhibitors targeting m6A regulators and discuss the potential of modulating m6A modifications as a therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicong Zhao
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China; Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA
| | - Jiaxiang Meng
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Rui Su
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA
| | - Jun Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA
| | - Xiong Ma
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai 200001, China.
| | - Qiang Xia
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China.
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112
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Lin YL, Li Y. Study on the hepatocellular carcinoma model with metastasis. Genes Dis 2020; 7:336-350. [PMID: 32884988 PMCID: PMC7452459 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2019.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common causes of cancer-related death around the world due to advanced clinical stage at diagnosis, high incidence of recurrence and metastasis after surgical treatment. It is in urgent need to create appropriate animal models to explore the mechanism, patterns, risk factors, and therapeutic strategies of HCC metastasis and recurrence. However, most of the established models lack the phenotype of invasion and metastasis in patient, or have unstable phenotype. To establish HCC models with stable metastasis phenotype requires profound understanding in cancer metastasis biology and scientific methodology. Over the past 3 decades, HCC models with stable metastasis have been extensively studied. This paper reviewed the history and development of HCC animal models and cell models, focusing on the screening and maintaining of metastatic potential and phenotype. In-depth studies using these models vastly promote the understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms and development of therapeutic strategies on HCC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lin Lin
- Department of Peritoneal Cancer Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Peritoneal Cancer Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
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iPSC-Derived Liver Organoids: A Journey from Drug Screening, to Disease Modeling, Arriving to Regenerative Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176215. [PMID: 32867371 PMCID: PMC7503935 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver transplantation is the most common treatment for patients suffering from liver failure that is caused by congenital diseases, infectious agents, and environmental factors. Despite a high rate of patient survival following transplantation, organ availability remains the key limiting factor. As such, research has focused on the transplantation of different cell types that are capable of repopulating and restoring liver function. The best cellular mix capable of engrafting and proliferating over the long-term, as well as the optimal immunosuppression regimens, remain to be clearly well-defined. Hence, alternative strategies in the field of regenerative medicine have been explored. Since the discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) that have the potential of differentiating into a broad spectrum of cell types, many studies have reported the achievement of iPSCs differentiation into liver cells, such as hepatocytes, cholangiocytes, endothelial cells, and Kupffer cells. In parallel, an increasing interest in the study of self-assemble or matrix-guided three-dimensional (3D) organoids have paved the way for functional bioartificial livers. In this review, we will focus on the recent breakthroughs in the development of iPSCs-based liver organoids and the major drawbacks and challenges that need to be overcome for the development of future applications.
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Younis MA, Khalil IA, Harashima H. Gene Therapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Highlighting the Journey from Theory to Clinical Applications. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A. Younis
- Laboratory of Innovative Nanomedicine, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Hokkaido University Kita‐12, Nishi‐6, Kita‐ku Sapporo 060‐0812 Japan
- Faculty of Pharmacy Assiut University Assiut 71526 Egypt
| | - Ikramy A. Khalil
- Laboratory of Innovative Nanomedicine, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Hokkaido University Kita‐12, Nishi‐6, Kita‐ku Sapporo 060‐0812 Japan
- Faculty of Pharmacy Assiut University Assiut 71526 Egypt
| | - Hideyoshi Harashima
- Laboratory of Innovative Nanomedicine, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Hokkaido University Kita‐12, Nishi‐6, Kita‐ku Sapporo 060‐0812 Japan
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Genetically Engineered Mouse Models of Liver Tumorigenesis Reveal a Wide Histological Spectrum of Neoplastic and Non-Neoplastic Liver Lesions. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082265. [PMID: 32823526 PMCID: PMC7465606 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMM) are an elegant tool to study liver carcinogenesis in vivo. Newly designed mouse models need detailed (histopathological) phenotyping when described for the first time to avoid misinterpretation and misconclusions. Many chemically induced models for hepatocarcinogenesis comprise a huge variety of histologically benign and malignant neoplastic, as well as non-neoplastic, lesions. Such comprehensive categorization data for GEMM are still missing. In this study, 874 microscopically categorized liver lesions from 369 macroscopically detected liver "tumors" from five different GEMM for liver tumorigenesis were included. The histologic spectrum of diagnosis included a wide range of both benign and malignant neoplastic (approx. 82%) and non-neoplastic (approx. 18%) lesions including hyperplasia, reactive bile duct changes or oval cell proliferations with huge variations among the various models and genetic backgrounds. Our study therefore critically demonstrates that models of liver tumorigenesis can harbor a huge variety of histopathologically distinct diagnosis and, depending on the genotype, notable variations are expectable. These findings are extremely important to warrant the correct application of GEMM in liver cancer research and clearly emphasize the role of basic histopathology as still being a crucial tool in modern biomedical research.
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Nevzorova YA, Boyer-Diaz Z, Cubero FJ, Gracia-Sancho J. Animal models for liver disease - A practical approach for translational research. J Hepatol 2020; 73:423-440. [PMID: 32330604 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Animal models are crucial for improving our understanding of human pathogenesis, enabling researchers to identify therapeutic targets and test novel drugs. In the current review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the most widely used experimental models of chronic liver disease, starting from early stages of fatty liver disease (non-alcoholic and alcoholic) to steatohepatitis, advanced cirrhosis and end-stage primary liver cancer. We focus on aspects such as reproducibility and practicality, discussing the advantages and weaknesses of available models for researchers who are planning to perform animal studies in the near future. Additionally, we summarise current and prospective models based on human tissue bioengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia A Nevzorova
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain; Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Zoe Boyer-Diaz
- Liver Vascular Biology Research Group, Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Unit, IDIBAPS Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Liver Bioservices, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Cubero
- 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain; Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology & ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jordi Gracia-Sancho
- Liver Vascular Biology Research Group, Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Unit, IDIBAPS Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Liver Bioservices, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain; Hepatology, Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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Afaloniati H, Angelopoulou K, Giakoustidis A, Hardas A, Pseftogas A, Makedou K, Gargavanis A, Goulopoulos T, Iliadis S, Papadopoulos V, Papalois A, Mosialos G, Poutahidis T, Giakoustidis D. HDAC1/2 Inhibitor Romidepsin Suppresses DEN-Induced Hepatocellular Carcinogenesis in Mice. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:5575-5588. [PMID: 32606772 PMCID: PMC7304783 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s250233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a frequently diagnosed cancer and a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Its rapid progression, combined with the limited treatment options at late stages, imposes the need for early detection and aggressive intervention. Based on the knowledge that hepatocarcinogenesis is significantly influenced by histone acetylation, we directed our search for novel HCC therapeutics among histone deacetylation inhibitors (HDACi). The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of HDAC1/2 inhibitor Romidepsin in the well-established mouse model of diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced HCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS C56BL/6 mice were treated with Romidepsin at the critical point of 10 months after DEN challenge and their livers were examined 2 months later using histopathology and morphometry. Protein levels were assessed in serum using ELISA and in liver tissues using Western blot and immunohistochemistry (in-situ detection). Gene expression was quantified using real-time PCR. RESULTS Romidepsin suppressed cancer progression. This effect was associated with decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis of cancer cells. The cell cycle regulator CK2a, the anti-inflammatory molecule PPAR-γ, and the tumor suppressors PTEN and CYLD were upregulated in treated HCC. By contrast, the expression of PI3K, NF-κB p65 and c-Jun was reduced. In line with this result, the levels of two major apoptosis regulators, ie, BAD and the multifunctional protein c-Met, were lower in the blood serum of treated mice compared to the untreated mice with HCC. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that Romidepsin, a drug currently used in the treatment of lymphoma, could also be considered in the management of early-stage HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hara Afaloniati
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Katerina Angelopoulou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Alexander Giakoustidis
- First Department of Surgery, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, General Hospital Papageorgiou, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Alexandros Hardas
- Laboratory of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athanasios Pseftogas
- School of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kali Makedou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athanasios Gargavanis
- First Department of Surgery, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, General Hospital Papageorgiou, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Thomas Goulopoulos
- First Department of Surgery, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, General Hospital Papageorgiou, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stavros Iliadis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vasileios Papadopoulos
- First Department of Surgery, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, General Hospital Papageorgiou, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Apostolos Papalois
- Experimental, Educational and Research Center, ELPEN, Pikermi, Attica, Greece
| | - George Mosialos
- School of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theofilos Poutahidis
- Laboratory of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Giakoustidis
- First Department of Surgery, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, General Hospital Papageorgiou, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Qin YJ, Lin TY, Lin XL, Liu Y, Zhao WT, Li XY, Lian M, Chen HW, Li YL, Zhang XL, Xiao D, Jia JS, Sun Y. Loss of PDK4 expression promotes proliferation, tumorigenicity, motility and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. J Cancer 2020; 11:4397-4405. [PMID: 32489458 PMCID: PMC7255379 DOI: 10.7150/jca.43459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the roles and underlying mechanisms of other PDK family members (i.e., PDK1, PDK2 and PDK3) in tumor progression have been extensively investigated and are well understood, the functions and underlying molecular mechanisms of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) in the tumorigenesis and progression of various cancers [including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)] remain largely unknown. In this study, we examined the expression profile of PDK4 in HCC clinical tissue specimens and the roles of PDK4 in the proliferation, tumorigenicity, motility and invasion of HCC cells. The immunohistochemistry (IHC) and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) results revealed that PDK4 was significantly downregulated in the cohort of HCC clinical specimens. Additionally, PDK4 protein was found in both the nucleus and cytoplasm of HCC cells based on an immunofluorescence (ICC) assay, and PDK4 protein was also found in the nucleus and cytoplasm of cancer cells contained in HCC clinical specimens based on IHC. The CCK-8 assay and cell colony formation assay demonstrated that stable depletion of endogenous PDK4 by lentivirus-mediated RNA interference (RNAi) markedly promoted the proliferation of HCC cell lines (i.e., BEL-7402 and BEL-7404 cells) in vitro, while PDK4 silencing significantly enhanced the tumorigenic ability of BEL-7404 cells in vivo. In addition to enhance proliferation and tumorigenesis induced by PDK4 silencing, additional studies demonstrated that knockdown of PDK4 led to increase migration and invasion of BEL-7402 and BEL-7404 cells in vitro. Taken together, these findings suggest that the loss of PDK4 expression contributes to HCC malignant progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Juan Qin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunotherapy Research and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology Research, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Institute of Comparative Medicine & Laboratory Animal Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Department of Radiology, The 5th Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Tao-Yan Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunotherapy Research and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology Research, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunotherapy Research and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology Research, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Institute of Comparative Medicine & Laboratory Animal Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Wen-Tao Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province), Kunming 650118, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Li
- Institute of Comparative Medicine & Laboratory Animal Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Mei Lian
- Institute of Comparative Medicine & Laboratory Animal Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Heng-Wei Chen
- Institute of Comparative Medicine & Laboratory Animal Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yong-Long Li
- Institute of Comparative Medicine & Laboratory Animal Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Dong Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunotherapy Research and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology Research, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Institute of Comparative Medicine & Laboratory Animal Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jun-Shuang Jia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunotherapy Research and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology Research, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
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119
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Lee SE, Alcedo KP, Kim HJ, Snider NT. Alternative Splicing in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 10:699-712. [PMID: 32389640 PMCID: PMC7490524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for the majority of primary liver cancer cases, with more than 850,000 new diagnoses per year globally. Recent trends in the United States have shown that liver cancer mortality has continued to increase in both men and women, while 5-year survival remains below 20%. Understanding key mechanisms that drive chronic liver disease progression to HCC can reveal new therapeutic targets and biomarkers for early detection of HCC. In that regard, many studies have underscored the importance of alternative splicing as a source of novel HCC prognostic markers and disease targets. Alternative splicing of pre-mRNA provides functional diversity to the genome, and endows cells with the ability to rapidly remodel the proteome. Genes that control fundamental processes, such as metabolism, cell proliferation, and apoptosis, are altered globally in HCC by alternative splicing. This review highlights the major splicing factors, RNA binding proteins, transcriptional targets, and signaling pathways that are of key relevance to HCC. We highlight primary research from the past 3-5 years involving functional interrogation of alternative splicing in rodent and human liver, using both large-scale transcriptomic and focused mechanistic approaches. Because this is a rapidly advancing field, we anticipate that it will be transformative for the future of basic liver biology, as well as HCC diagnosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Eun Lee
- Department of Surgery, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Karel P. Alcedo
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Hong Jin Kim
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Natasha T. Snider
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Natasha Snider, PhD, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill, 5340C MBRB, 111 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27516. fax: (919) 966-6927.
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Wu L, Xie W, Zan HM, Liu Z, Wang G, Wang Y, Liu W, Dong W. Platelet membrane-coated nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery and local chemo-photothermal therapy of orthotopic hepatocellular carcinoma. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:4648-4659. [PMID: 32373904 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb00735h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Specific targeted drug delivery and controllable release of drugs at tumor regions are two of the main challenges for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) therapy, particularly post metastasis. Herein, we present a platelet membrane-facilitated local chemo-photothermal therapy strategy, in which polypyrrole (PPy) nanoparticles act as photothermal agents and along with antitumor drug doxorubicin (DOX) are encapsulated into platelet membranes (PLT-PPy-DOX). The particles are endowed with immune evasiveness and tumor targeting abilities from platelet membranes, and are then intravenously injected into an orthotopic mouse model of HCC. As expected, the PLT-PPy-DOX nanoplatforms were abundant in the tumor tissues. Hyperthermia was generated under laser irradiation (808 nm) not only to ablate tumor cells directly but also to increase the triggered release of DOX. This combination of local chemotherapy and photothermal therapy demonstrated excellent antitumor efficiency in suppressing primary tumor growth and inhibiting tumor metastases. This localized therapy which adopts biocompatible natural cell membranes and good biodegradable organic photothermal agents may provide new insights into designing biomimetic nano-vehicles for personalized therapy of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease of Wuhan University, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
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Guo Q, Yu DY, Yang ZF, Liu DY, Cao HQ, Liao XW. IGFBP2 upregulates ZEB1 expression and promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression through NF-κB signaling pathway. Dig Liver Dis 2020; 52:573-581. [PMID: 31818638 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2019.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most lethal cancers owing to the high metastasis rate. The molecular mechanism underlying HCC progression remains unclear. AIMS We aimed to explore the function and mechanism of action of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP2) in HCC. METHODS Expression of IGFBP2 was evaluated with western blotting and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Loss- and gain-function assays were conducted to evaluate the effects of IGFBP2 on HCC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Signaling pathways were screened with a dual-fluorescein reporting system, and levels of epithelial and mesenchymal markers were measured after altering IGFBP2 expression. Cell fractionation analysis was conducted to evaluate the nuclear translocation of p65. RESULTS IGFBP2 expression was upregulated in HCC tissues, predicted worse prognosis, and was associated with strong metastatic potentials. IGFBP2 depletion significantly inhibited HCC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, whereas IGFBP2 overexpression showed reverse phenotypes. The underlying mechanism involved IGFBP2-mediated nuclear localization of p65, which activated nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and zinc finger E-Box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) transcription via binding to the gene promoter. CONCLUSION This study for the first time identifies IGFBP2 as a novel therapeutic target in HCC that activates the NF-κB-ZEB1 signaling axis and promotes HCC tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Zhumadian Central Hospital, Henan Province, China.
| | - Dao-Yang Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhumadian Central Hospital, Henan Province, China.
| | - Zhen-Fang Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhumadian Central Hospital, Henan Province, China.
| | - Da-Yong Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhumadian Central Hospital, Henan Province, China.
| | - Hai-Qing Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Zhumadian Central Hospital, Henan Province, China.
| | - Xin-Wei Liao
- Department of General Surgery, Zhumadian Central Hospital, Henan Province, China.
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122
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The landscape of gene mutations in cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2020; 72:990-1002. [PMID: 32044402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic liver disease and primary liver cancer are a massive global problem, with a future increase in incidences predicted. The most prevalent form of primary liver cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, occurs after years of chronic liver disease. Mutations in the genome are a causative and defining feature of all cancers. Chronic liver disease, mostly at the cirrhotic stage, causes the accumulation of progressive mutations which can drive cancer development. Within the liver, a Darwinian process selects out dominant clones with selected driver mutations but also leaves a trail of passenger mutations which can be used to track the evolution of a tumour. Understanding what causes specific mutations and how they combine with one another to form cancer is a question at the heart of understanding, preventing and tackling liver cancer. Herein, we review the landscape of gene mutations in cirrhosis, especially those paving the way toward hepatocellular carcinoma development, that have been characterised by recent studies capitalising on technological advances in genomic sequencing. With these insights, we are beginning to understand how cancers form in the liver, particularly on the background of chronic liver disease. This knowledge may soon lead to breakthroughs in the way we detect, diagnose and treat this devastating disease.
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Liu LY, Ma XZ, Ouyang B, Ings DP, Marwah S, Liu J, Chen AY, Gupta R, Manuel J, Chen XC, Gage BK, Cirlan I, Khuu N, Chung S, Camat D, Cheng M, Sekhon M, Zagorovsky K, Abdou Mohamed MA, Thoeni C, Atif J, Echeverri J, Kollmann D, Fischer S, Bader GD, Chan WCW, Michalak TI, McGilvray ID, MacParland SA. Nanoparticle Uptake in a Spontaneous and Immunocompetent Woodchuck Liver Cancer Model. ACS NANO 2020; 14:4698-4715. [PMID: 32255624 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c00468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
There is a tremendous focus on the application of nanomaterials for the treatment of cancer. Nonprimate models are conventionally used to assess the biomedical utility of nanomaterials. However, these animals often lack an intact immunological background, and the tumors in these animals do not develop spontaneously. We introduce a preclinical woodchuck hepatitis virus-induced liver cancer model as a platform for nanoparticle (NP)-based in vivo experiments. Liver cancer development in these out-bred animals occurs as a result of persistent viral infection, mimicking human hepatitis B virus-induced HCC development. We highlight how this model addresses key gaps associated with other commonly used tumor models. We employed this model to (1) track organ biodistribution of gold NPs after intravenous administration, (2) examine their subcellular localization in the liver, (3) determine clearance kinetics, and (4) characterize the identity of hepatic macrophages that take up NPs using RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq). We found that the liver and spleen were the primary sites of NP accumulation. Subcellular analyses revealed accumulation of NPs in the lysosomes of CD14+ cells. Through RNA-seq, we uncovered that immunosuppressive macrophages within the woodchuck liver are the major cell type that take up injected NPs. The woodchuck-HCC model has the potential to be an invaluable tool to examine NP-based immune modifiers that promote host anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis Y Liu
- Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C4
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Sciences Building, Room 6271, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Xue-Zhong Ma
- Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C4
| | - Ben Ouyang
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Rosebrugh Building, Room 407, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G9
| | - Danielle P Ings
- Molecular Virology and Hepatology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, Memorial University, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada A1B 3V6
| | - Sagar Marwah
- Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C4
| | - Jeff Liu
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Room 230, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E1
| | - Annie Y Chen
- Molecular Virology and Hepatology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, Memorial University, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada A1B 3V6
| | - Rahul Gupta
- Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C4
| | - Justin Manuel
- Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C4
| | - Xu-Chun Chen
- Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C4
| | - Blair K Gage
- Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C4
- McEwen Stem Cell Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Iulia Cirlan
- Princess Margaret Genomics Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Nicholas Khuu
- Princess Margaret Genomics Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Sai Chung
- Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C4
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Sciences Building, Room 6271, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Damra Camat
- Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C4
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Sciences Building, Room 6271, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Michael Cheng
- Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C4
- Luna Nanotech, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1Y8
| | - Manmeet Sekhon
- Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C4
| | - Kyryl Zagorovsky
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Rosebrugh Building, Room 407, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G9
- Luna Nanotech, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1Y8
| | - Mohamed A Abdou Mohamed
- Luna Nanotech, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1Y8
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt 44519
| | - Cornelia Thoeni
- Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C4
| | - Jawairia Atif
- Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C4
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Sciences Building, Room 6271, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Juan Echeverri
- Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C4
| | - Dagmar Kollmann
- Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C4
| | - Sandra Fischer
- Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C4
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Sciences Building, Room 6271, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Gary D Bader
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Room 230, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E1
| | - Warren C W Chan
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Rosebrugh Building, Room 407, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G9
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Room 450, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E1
| | - Tomasz I Michalak
- Molecular Virology and Hepatology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, Memorial University, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada A1B 3V6
| | - Ian D McGilvray
- Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C4
| | - Sonya A MacParland
- Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C4
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Sciences Building, Room 6271, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Sciences Building, Room 6271, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
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124
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LGR5 marks targetable tumor-initiating cells in mouse liver cancer. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1961. [PMID: 32327656 PMCID: PMC7181628 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15846-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) or tumor-initiating cells (TICs) are thought to be the main drivers for disease progression and treatment resistance across various cancer types. Identifying and targeting these rare cancer cells, however, remains challenging with respect to therapeutic benefit. Here, we report the enrichment of LGR5 expressing cells, a well-recognized stem cell marker, in mouse liver tumors, and the upregulation of LGR5 expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Isolated LGR5 expressing cells from mouse liver tumors are superior in initiating organoids and forming tumors upon engraftment, featuring candidate TICs. These cells are resistant to conventional treatment including sorafenib and 5-FU. Importantly, LGR5 lineage ablation significantly inhibits organoid initiation and tumor growth. The combination of LGR5 ablation with 5-FU, but not sorafenib, further augments the therapeutic efficacy in vivo. Thus, we have identified the LGR5+ compartment as an important TIC population, representing a viable therapeutic target for combating liver cancer.
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125
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Bresnahan E, Lindblad KE, Ruiz de Galarreta M, Lujambio A. Mouse Models of Oncoimmunology in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:5276-5286. [PMID: 32327473 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-2923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Liver cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide and incidence is on the rise. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common form of liver cancer, with a complex etiology and limited treatment options. The standard-of-care treatment for patients with advanced HCC is sorafenib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that offers limited survival benefit. In the past years, therapeutic options for the treatment of advanced HCC have increased substantially, including additional multikinase inhibitors as well as immune checkpoint inhibitors. Nivolumab and pembrolizumab were approved in 2017 and 2018, respectively, as second-line treatment in advanced HCC. These drugs, both targeting the programmed death-1 pathway, demonstrate unprecedented results, with objective response rates of approximately 20%. However, the majority of patients do not respond, necessitating the identification of biomarkers of response and resistance to immunotherapy. With the recent success of immunotherapies in oncology, mouse models that better recapitulate the human disease and antitumor immune response are needed. This review lists ongoing clinical trials testing immunotherapy in HCC, briefly discusses the unique immunosuppressive environment of the liver, and then delves into the most applicable current murine model systems to study oncoimmunology within the context of HCC, including syngeneic, genetically engineered, and humanized models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Bresnahan
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,The Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Katherine E Lindblad
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,The Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Marina Ruiz de Galarreta
- Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,The Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Amaia Lujambio
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York. .,Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,The Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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126
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Dey P, Kim JB, Chitchumroonchokchai C, Li J, Sasaki GY, Olmstead BD, Stock KL, Thomas-Ahner JM, Clinton SK, Bruno RS. Green tea extract inhibits early oncogenic responses in mice with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Food Funct 2020; 10:6351-6361. [PMID: 31503268 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo01199d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) increases hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk. We hypothesized that the hepatoprotective anti-inflammatory benefits of catechin-rich green tea extract (GTE) would protect against HCC progression by inhibiting NASH-associated liver injury and pro-oncogenic responses. We used an HCC model in high-fat (HF)-fed mice that mimics early oncogenic events during NASH without inducing tumorigenesis and premature mortality. Male C57BL/6J mice (4-weeks old) were fed a HF diet containing GTE at 0% or 2%. Mice were administered saline or diethylnitrosamine (DEN; 60 mg kg-1, i.p.) at 5-weeks and 7-weeks of age. NASH, inflammation, fibrosis, and oncogenic responses were assessed at 25-weeks of age. Saline-treated mice showed prominent histopathological signs of steatosis and hepatocellular ballooning. Although DEN did not impact adiposity, steatosis, ballooning and hepatic lipid accumulation, these parameters were attenuated by GTE regardless of DEN. Hepatic lipid peroxidation and fibrosis that were increased by DEN were attenuated by GTE. Hepatic TLR4, MCP1 and TNFα mRNA levels were unaffected by DEN, whereas iNOS was increased by DEN. These transcripts were lowered by GTE. GTE attenuated the frequency of PCNA+ hepatocytes and mRNA expression of cyclin D1, MIB1 and Ki-67 that were otherwise increased by DEN. GTE increase APAF1 mRNA that was otherwise lowered by DEN. Relative to saline-treated mice, DEN increased mRNA levels of oncostatin M, gp130, c-Fos, c-Myc and survivin; each was lowered by GTE in DEN-treated mice. These findings indicate that GTE may protect against hepatic oncogenesis by limiting early steps in the carcinogenic cascade related to NASH-associated HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyankar Dey
- Human Nutrition Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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127
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Li Y, Wang J, Song K, Liu S, Zhang H, Wang F, Ni C, Zhai W, Liang J, Qin Z, Zhang J. S100A4 promotes hepatocellular carcinogenesis by intensifying fibrosis-associated cancer cell stemness. Oncoimmunology 2020; 9:1725355. [PMID: 32117590 PMCID: PMC7028350 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2020.1725355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A cancer-promoting role of fibrogenesis in the liver has long been speculated; however, the molecular mechanisms regarding this phenomenon are largely unknown. We demonstrated in our previous study that macrophage-derived S100A4 promotes liver fibrosis via activation of hepatic stellate cells; however, whether and how S100A4 directly contributes to the development of fibrosis-associated liver cancer remains elusive. High expression of S100A4 in the fibrotic region was observed in human liver tumor tissues which associated with advanced disease severity. Through an established hepatocarcinogenesis model involving apparent liver fibrogenesis, we found that S100A4-deficient mice developed significantly less and smaller liver tumor nodules, with no change in the liver inflammation but decreased liver fibrosis and expression of stem cell markers in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissues. Mechanistically, S100A4 directly promoted stem cell-associated genes signatures in a way synergistic with its interacting protein, extracellular matrix component collagen I. This process is dependent on the receptor of advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and β-catenin signaling. Furthermore, the liver tumor sphere formation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo were greatly enhanced only when the cancer cells were pretreated with both S100A4 and collagen I. Our work firstly demonstrated a key role of S100A4 in synergy with extracellular matrix in the promotion of hepatocellular carcinoma by affecting the stemness of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Li
- Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences-University of Tokyo Joint Laboratory of Structural Virology and Immunology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Immunobiology and Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kun Song
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences-University of Tokyo Joint Laboratory of Structural Virology and Immunology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuangqing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences-University of Tokyo Joint Laboratory of Structural Virology and Immunology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huilei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences-University of Tokyo Joint Laboratory of Structural Virology and Immunology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chen Ni
- Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Wenlong Zhai
- Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jialu Liang
- Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhihai Qin
- Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences-University of Tokyo Joint Laboratory of Structural Virology and Immunology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinhua Zhang
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
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128
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Liu M, Zhou J, Liu X, Feng Y, Yang W, Wu F, Cheung OKW, Sun H, Zeng X, Tang W, Mok MTS, Wong J, Yeung PC, Lai PBS, Chen Z, Jin H, Chen J, Chan SL, Chan AWH, To KF, Sung JJY, Chen M, Cheng ASL. Targeting monocyte-intrinsic enhancer reprogramming improves immunotherapy efficacy in hepatocellular carcinoma. Gut 2020; 69:365-379. [PMID: 31076403 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2018-317257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), mostly developed in fibrotic/cirrhotic liver, exhibits relatively low responsiveness to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy. As myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) is pivotal for immunosuppression, we investigated its role and regulation in the fibrotic microenvironment with an aim of developing mechanism-based combination immunotherapy. DESIGN Functional significance of MDSCs was evaluated by flow cytometry using two orthotopic HCC models in fibrotic liver setting via carbon tetrachloride or high-fat high-carbohydrate diet and verified by clinical specimens. Mechanistic studies were conducted in human hepatic stellate cell (HSC)-peripheral blood mononuclear cell culture systems and fibrotic-HCC patient-derived MDSCs. The efficacy of single or combined therapy with anti-programmed death-1-ligand-1 (anti-PD-L1) and a clinically trialled BET bromodomain inhibitor i-BET762 was determined. RESULTS Accumulation of monocytic MDSCs (M-MDSCs), but not polymorphonuclear MDSCs, in fibrotic livers significantly correlated with reduced tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and increased tumorigenicity in both mouse models. In human HCCs, the tumour-surrounding fibrotic livers were markedly enriched with M-MDSC, with its surrogate marker CD33 significantly associated with aggressive tumour phenotypes and poor survival rates. Mechanistically, activated HSCs induced monocyte-intrinsic p38 MAPK signalling to trigger enhancer reprogramming for M-MDSC development and immunosuppression. Treatment with p38 MAPK inhibitor abrogated HSC-M-MDSC crosstalk to prevent HCC growth. Concomitant with patient-derived M-MDSC suppression by i-BET762, combined treatment with anti-PD-L1 synergistically enhanced TILs, resulting in tumour eradication and prolonged survival in the fibrotic-HCC mouse model. CONCLUSION Our results signify how non-tumour-intrinsic properties in the desmoplastic microenvironment can be exploited to reinstate immunosurveillance, providing readily translatable combination strategies to empower HCC immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Liu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingying Zhou
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu Feng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Weiqin Yang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Feng Wu
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Otto Ka-Wing Cheung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hanyong Sun
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuezhen Zeng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wenshu Tang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Myth T S Mok
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - John Wong
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Philip Chun Yeung
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul Bo San Lai
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- AIDS Institute, Department of Microbiology and Research Center for Infection and Immunity, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hongchuan Jin
- Labortaory of Cancer Biology, Key Laboratory of Biotherapy in Zhejiang, Sir Runrun Shaw hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hang Zhou, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Stephen Lam Chan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Anthony W H Chan
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka Fai To
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Joseph J Y Sung
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Minhu Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Alfred Sze-Lok Cheng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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129
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Rebouissou S, Nault JC. Advances in molecular classification and precision oncology in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2020; 72:215-229. [PMID: 31954487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) arises from hepatocytes through the sequential accumulation of multiple genomic and epigenomic alterations resulting from Darwinian selection. Genes from various signalling pathways such as telomere maintenance, Wnt/β-catenin, P53/cell cycle regulation, oxidative stress, epigenetic modifiers, AKT/mTOR and MAP kinase are frequently mutated in HCC. Several subclasses of HCC have been identified based on transcriptomic dysregulation and genetic alterations that are closely related to risk factors, pathological features and prognosis. Undoubtedly, integration of data obtained from both preclinical models and human studies can help to accelerate the identification of robust predictive biomarkers of response to targeted biotherapy and immunotherapy. The aim of this review is to describe the main advances in HCC in terms of molecular biology and to discuss how this knowledge could be used in clinical practice in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Rebouissou
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Université Paris 13, Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors Laboratory, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Charles Nault
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Université Paris 13, Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors Laboratory, F-75006 Paris, France; Liver Unit, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Bondy, France; Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé Médecine et Biologie Humaine, Université Paris 13, Communauté d'Universités et Etablissements Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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130
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Schwabe RF, Greten TF. Gut microbiome in HCC - Mechanisms, diagnosis and therapy. J Hepatol 2020; 72:230-238. [PMID: 31954488 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The microbiome exerts essential functions in health and disease, modulating key processes in metabolism, inflammation and immunity. Recent evidence has revealed a key role of the microbiome in carcinogenesis as well as anti-cancer immune responses in mouse models and patients. Herein, we will review functions of the gut microbiome in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the third leading cause of worldwide cancer mortality. The majority of HCC develops in patients with chronic liver disease, caused by viral hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and alcohol-related fatty liver disease. In this review, we will discuss mechanisms by which the gut-liver axis promotes the development of HCC in mouse models and patients, including dysbiosis, the leaky gut and bacterial metabolites, with a particular focus on NAFLD as the fastest growing cause of HCC development. Moreover, we will review recent progress in harnessing the gut microbiome as a potential diagnostic tool and novel therapeutic target in patients with HCC, in particular in the setting of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Schwabe
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Tim F Greten
- Gastrointestinal Malignancy Section, Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; NCI-CCR Liver Cancer Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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131
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Novel patient-derived preclinical models of liver cancer. J Hepatol 2020; 72:239-249. [PMID: 31954489 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical models of cancer based on the use of human cancer cell lines and mouse models have enabled discoveries that have been successfully translated into patients. And yet the majority of clinical trials fail, emphasising the urgent need to improve preclinical research to better interrogate the potential efficacy of each therapy and the patient population most likely to benefit. This is particularly important for liver malignancies, which lack highly efficient treatments and account for hundreds of thousands of deaths around the globe. Given the intricate network of genetic and environmental factors that contribute to liver cancer development and progression, the identification of new druggable targets will mainly depend on establishing preclinical models that mirror the complexity of features observed in patients. The development of new 3D cell culture systems, originating from cells/tissues isolated from patients, might create new opportunities for the generation of more specific and personalised therapies. However, these systems are unable to recapitulate the tumour microenvironment and interactions with the immune system, both proven to be critical influences on therapeutic outcomes. Patient-derived xenografts, in particular with humanised mouse models, more faithfully mimic the physiology of human liver cancer but are costly and time-consuming, which can be prohibitive for personalising therapies in the setting of an aggressive malignancy. In this review, we discuss the latest advances in the development of more accurate preclinical models to better understand liver cancer biology and identify paradigm-changing therapies, stressing the importance of a bi-directional communicative flow between clinicians and researchers to establish reliable model systems and determine how best to apply them to expanding our current knowledge.
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132
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Hou J, Zhang H, Sun B, Karin M. The immunobiology of hepatocellular carcinoma in humans and mice: Basic concepts and therapeutic implications. J Hepatol 2020; 72:167-182. [PMID: 31449859 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Basic and clinical studies have demonstrated the efficacy of immunotherapy, a technical and conceptual breakthrough that has revolutionised cancer treatment. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a deadly malignancy with aetiologic diversity and a chronic course, is strongly influenced by the immune system, and was recently found to partially benefit from immune-checkpoint inhibitor therapy. Notably, HCC onco-immunology depends on diverse genetic and environmental factors that together shape cancer-promoting inflammation and immune dysfunction - critical processes that control HCC malignant progression and response to therapy. Herein, we summarise the current understanding of liver and HCC onco-immunology obtained through basic studies with mouse models and clinical practice in humans. In particular, we discuss preclinical and clinical findings that implicate immunomodulation as a major factor in HCC development and explain the basis for HCC-targeting immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie Hou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Beicheng Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China; Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
| | - Michael Karin
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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133
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Zhu C, Luo X, Wu J, Liu Y, Liu L, Ma S, Xie R, Wang S, Ji W. TM4SF1, a binding protein of DVL2 in hepatocellular carcinoma, positively regulates beta-catenin/TCF signalling. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 25:2356-2364. [PMID: 31876386 PMCID: PMC7933925 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between Axin and DVL2 is critical for the breaking down of the beta‐catenin destruction complex and the activation of the Wnt/beta‐catenin cascade. However, this biological process remains poorly understood. In the present study, TM4SF1 was identified as the interacting partner of DVL2 and positively regulated as Wnt/beta‐catenin signalling by strengthening the DVL2‐Axin interaction. The expression levels of TM4SF1 were elevated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and were induced by Kras signalling. The overexpression of TM4SF1 promoted the growth and motility of HCC cells, and up‐regulated the target genes (Axin2 and cyclin D1). The down‐regulation of TM4SF1 impaired the capability of HCC cells for growth, migration and metastasis. In addition, the down‐regulation of TM4SF1 promoted the ubiquitination of beta‐catenin. In summary, these results reveal the oncogenic functions of TM4SF1 in HCC progression and suggest that TM4SF1 might be a target for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChuanrRong Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery, The Affiliated Huai'an No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - XiaoLing Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Huai'an No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - JinSheng Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery, The Affiliated Huai'an No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - YuTing Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery, The Affiliated Huai'an No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery, The Affiliated Huai'an No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - ShiJie Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Huai'an No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Rui Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Huai'an No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - ShaoChuang Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery, The Affiliated Huai'an No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Wu Ji
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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134
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Genetically Engineered Mouse Models for Liver Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 12:cancers12010014. [PMID: 31861541 PMCID: PMC7016809 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death globally, accounting for approximately 800,000 deaths annually. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of liver cancer, comprising approximately 80% of cases. Murine models of HCC, such as chemically-induced models, xenograft models, and genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models, are valuable tools to reproduce human HCC biopathology and biochemistry. These models can be used to identify potential biomarkers, evaluate potential novel therapeutic drugs in pre-clinical trials, and develop molecular target therapies. Considering molecular target therapies, a novel approach has been developed to create genetically engineered murine models for HCC, employing hydrodynamics-based transfection (HT). The HT method, coupled with the Sleeping Beauty transposon system or the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing tool, has been used to rapidly and cost-effectively produce a variety of HCC models containing diverse oncogenes or inactivated tumor suppressor genes. The versatility of these models is expected to broaden our knowledge of the genetic mechanisms underlying human hepatocarcinogenesis, allowing the study of premalignant and malignant liver lesions and the evaluation of new therapeutic strategies. Here, we review recent advances in GEM models of HCC with an emphasis on new technologies.
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135
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Satriano L, Lewinska M, Rodrigues PM, Banales JM, Andersen JB. Metabolic rearrangements in primary liver cancers: cause and consequences. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 16:748-766. [PMID: 31666728 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-019-0217-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Primary liver cancer (PLC) is the fourth most frequent cause of cancer-related death. The high mortality rates arise from late diagnosis and the limited accuracy of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. The liver is a major regulator, orchestrating the clearance of toxins, balancing glucose, lipid and amino acid uptake, managing whole-body metabolism and maintaining metabolic homeostasis. Tumour onset and progression is frequently accompanied by rearrangements of metabolic pathways, leading to dysregulation of metabolism. The limitation of current therapies targeting PLCs, such as hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma, points towards the importance of deciphering this metabolic complexity. In this Review, we discuss the role of metabolic liver disruptions and the implications of these processes in PLCs, emphasizing their clinical relevance and value in early diagnosis and prognosis and as putative therapeutic targets. We also describe system biology approaches able to reconstruct the metabolic complexity of liver diseases. We also discuss whether metabolic rearrangements are a cause or consequence of PLCs, emphasizing the opportunity to clinically exploit the rewired metabolism. In line with this idea, we discuss circulating metabolites as promising biomarkers for PLCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Satriano
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC) Department of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Monika Lewinska
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC) Department of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pedro M Rodrigues
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Jesus M Banales
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain.,National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Jesper B Andersen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC) Department of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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136
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Hao X, Chen Y, Bai L, Wei H, Sun R, Tian Z. HBsAg-specific CD8 + T cells as an indispensable trigger to induce murine hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell Mol Immunol 2019; 18:128-137. [PMID: 31767976 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0330-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is mediated by an inappropriate attack by HBV-specific T cells in patients. However, this immunopathogenic process has not been clarified because of the lack of a suitable animal model. Here, we used immunocompetent Fah-/- mice as the recipients in the adoptive transfer of HBsAg+ hepatocytes from HBs-Tg mice to replace the recipient hepatocytes (HBs-HepR). HBs-HepR mice exhibited persistent HBsAg expression with chronic hepatitis and eventually developed HCC with a prevalence of 100%. HBsAg-specific CD8+ T cells were generated and specifically and continuously induced hepatocyte apoptosis with progressive chronic inflammation, and the depletion of CD8+ T cells or their deficiency prevented HCC, which could then be reproduced by the transfer of HBsAg-specific CD8+ T cells. In summary, our results demonstrated that CD8+ T cells plays a critical role in HBsAg-driven inflammtion and HCC tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Hao
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, 230027, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, 230027, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yongyan Chen
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, 230027, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, 230027, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lu Bai
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, 230027, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, 230027, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Haiming Wei
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, 230027, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, 230027, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, 230027, Hefei, Anhui, China. .,Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, 230027, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, 230027, Hefei, Anhui, China. .,Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, 230027, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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137
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Mouse Models for Immunotherapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11111800. [PMID: 31731753 PMCID: PMC6896030 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is one of the dominant causes of cancer-related mortality, and the survival rate of liver cancer is among the lowest for all cancers. Immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has yielded some encouraging results, but the percentage of patients responding to single-agent therapies remains low. Therefore, potential directions for improved immunotherapies include identifying new immune targets and checkpoints and customizing treatment procedures for individual patients. The development of combination therapies for HCC is also crucial and urgent and, thus, further studies are required. Mice have been utilized in immunotherapy research due to several advantages, for example, being low in cost, having high success rates for inducing tumor growth, and so on. Moreover, immune-competent mice are used in immunotherapy research to clarify the role that the immune system plays in cancer growth. In this review paper, the advantages and disadvantages of mouse models for immunotherapy, the equipment that are used for monitoring HCC, and the cell strains used for inducing HCC are reviewed.
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138
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Moeini A, Torrecilla S, Tovar V, Montironi C, Andreu-Oller C, Peix J, Higuera M, Pfister D, Ramadori P, Pinyol R, Solé M, Heikenwälder M, Friedman SL, Sia D, Llovet JM. An Immune Gene Expression Signature Associated With Development of Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Identifies Mice That Respond to Chemopreventive Agents. Gastroenterology 2019; 157:1383-1397.e11. [PMID: 31344396 PMCID: PMC6815707 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Cirrhosis and chronic inflammation precede development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in approximately 80% of cases. We investigated immune-related gene expression patterns in liver tissues surrounding early-stage HCCs and chemopreventive agents that might alter these patterns to prevent liver tumorigenesis. METHODS We analyzed gene expression profiles of nontumor liver tissues from 392 patients with early-stage HCC (training set, N = 167 and validation set, N = 225) and liver tissue from patients with cirrhosis without HCC (N = 216, controls) to identify changes in expression of genes that regulate the immune response that could contribute to hepatocarcinogenesis. We defined 172 genes as markers for this deregulated immune response, which we called the immune-mediated cancer field (ICF). We analyzed the expression data of liver tissues from 216 patients with cirrhosis without HCC and investigated the association between this gene expression signature and development of HCC and outcomes of patients (median follow-up, 10 years). Human liver tissues were also analyzed by histology. C57BL/6J mice were given a single injection of diethylnitrosamine (DEN) followed by weekly doses of carbon tetrachloride to induce liver fibrosis and tumorigenesis. Mice were then orally given the multiple tyrosine inhibitor nintedanib or vehicle (controls); liver tissues were collected and histology, transcriptome, and protein analyses were performed. We also analyzed transcriptomes of liver tissues collected from mice on a choline-deficient high-fat diet, which developed chronic liver inflammation and tumors, orally given aspirin and clopidogrel or the anti-inflammatory agent sulindac vs mice on a chow (control) diet. RESULTS We found the ICF gene expression pattern in 50% of liver tissues from patients with cirrhosis without HCC and in 60% of nontumor liver tissues from patients with early-stage HCC. The liver tissues with the ICF gene expression pattern had 3 different features: increased numbers of effector T cells; increased expression of genes that suppress the immune response and activation of transforming growth factor β signaling; or expression of genes that promote inflammation and activation of interferon gamma signaling. Patients with cirrhosis and liver tissues with the immunosuppressive profile (10% of cases) had a higher risk of HCC (hazard ratio, 2.41; 95% confidence interval, 1.21-4.80). Mice with chemically induced fibrosis or diet-induced steatohepatitis given nintedanib or aspirin and clopidogrel down-regulated the ICF gene expression pattern in liver and developed fewer and smaller tumors than mice given vehicle. CONCLUSIONS We identified an immune-related gene expression pattern in liver tissues of patients with early-stage HCC, called the ICF, that is associated with risk of HCC development in patients with cirrhosis. Administration of nintedanib or aspirin and clopidogrel to mice with chronic liver inflammation caused loss of this gene expression pattern and development of fewer and smaller liver tumors. Agents that alter immune regulatory gene expression patterns associated with carcinogenesis might be tested as chemopreventive agents in patients with cirrhosis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anticarcinogenic Agents/pharmacology
- Aspirin/pharmacology
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/immunology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Case-Control Studies
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/immunology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Clopidogrel/pharmacology
- Diethylnitrosamine
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Gene Regulatory Networks
- Humans
- Indoles/pharmacology
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/immunology
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/prevention & control
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Transcriptome
- Tumor Escape/genetics
- Tumor Microenvironment
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Affiliation(s)
- Agrin Moeini
- Liver Cancer Translational Research Liver Cancer Translational Research Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clínic, Liver Unit, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sara Torrecilla
- Liver Cancer Translational Research Liver Cancer Translational Research Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clínic, Liver Unit, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Victoria Tovar
- Liver Cancer Translational Research Liver Cancer Translational Research Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clínic, Liver Unit, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carla Montironi
- Liver Cancer Translational Research Liver Cancer Translational Research Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clínic, Liver Unit, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Mount Sinai Liver Cancer Program, Department of Liver Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Carmen Andreu-Oller
- Liver Cancer Translational Research Liver Cancer Translational Research Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clínic, Liver Unit, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Judit Peix
- Liver Cancer Translational Research Liver Cancer Translational Research Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clínic, Liver Unit, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mónica Higuera
- Liver Cancer Translational Research Liver Cancer Translational Research Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clínic, Liver Unit, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Liver diseases, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dominik Pfister
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pierluigi Ramadori
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roser Pinyol
- Liver Cancer Translational Research Liver Cancer Translational Research Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clínic, Liver Unit, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Manel Solé
- Liver Cancer Translational Research Liver Cancer Translational Research Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clínic, Liver Unit, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mathias Heikenwälder
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Scott L Friedman
- Mount Sinai Liver Cancer Program, Department of Liver Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Daniela Sia
- Mount Sinai Liver Cancer Program, Department of Liver Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA.
| | - Josep M Llovet
- Liver Cancer Translational Research Liver Cancer Translational Research Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clínic, Liver Unit, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Mount Sinai Liver Cancer Program, Department of Liver Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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139
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Keenan BP, Fong L, Kelley RK. Immunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma: the complex interface between inflammation, fibrosis, and the immune response. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:267. [PMID: 31627733 PMCID: PMC6798343 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0749-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide and confers a poor prognosis. Beyond standard systemic therapy with multikinase inhibitors, recent studies demonstrate the potential for robust and durable responses from immune checkpoint inhibition in subsets of HCC patients across disease etiologies. The majority of HCC arises in the context of chronic inflammation and from within a fibrotic liver, with many cases associated with hepatitis virus infections, toxins, and fatty liver disease. Many patients also have concomitant cirrhosis which is associated with both local and systemic immune deficiency. Furthermore, the liver is an immunologic organ in itself, which may enhance or suppress the immune response to cancer arising within it. Here, we explore the immunobiology of the liver from its native state to chronic inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis and then to cancer, and summarize how this unique microenvironment may affect the response to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget P Keenan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, Room M1286, 505 Parnassus Ave., San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA. .,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Lawrence Fong
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, Room M1286, 505 Parnassus Ave., San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Robin K Kelley
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, Room M1286, 505 Parnassus Ave., San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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140
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Animal Models of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: The Role of Immune System and Tumor Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101487. [PMID: 31581753 PMCID: PMC6826986 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of liver cancer in adults and has one of the highest mortality rates of solid cancers. Ninety percent of HCCs are associated with liver fibrosis or cirrhosis developed from chronic liver injuries. The immune system of the liver contributes to the severity of the necrotic-inflammatory tissue damage, the establishment of fibrosis and cirrhosis, and the disease progression towards HCC. Immunotherapies have emerged as an exciting strategy for HCC treatment, but their effect is limited, and an extensive translation research is urgently needed to enhance anti-tumor efficacy and clinical success. Establishing HCC animal models that are analogous to human disease settings, i.e., mimicking the tumor microenvironment of HCC, is extremely challenging. Hence, this review discusses different animal models of HCC by summarizing their advantages and their limits with a specific focus on the role of the immune system and tumor microenvironment.
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141
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Alcedo KP, Guerrero A, Basrur V, Fu D, Richardson ML, McLane JS, Tsou C, Nesvizhskii AI, Welling TH, Lebrilla CB, Otey CA, Kim HJ, Omary MB, Snider NT. Tumor-Selective Altered Glycosylation and Functional Attenuation of CD73 in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Hepatol Commun 2019; 3:1400-1414. [PMID: 31592495 PMCID: PMC6771166 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
CD73, a cell-surface N-linked glycoprotein that produces extracellular adenosine, is a novel target for cancer immunotherapy. Although anti-CD73 antibodies have entered clinical development, CD73 has both protumor and antitumor functions, depending on the target cell and tumor type. The aim of this study was to characterize CD73 regulation in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We examined CD73 expression, localization, and activity using molecular, biochemical, and cellular analyses on primary HCC surgical specimens, coupled with mechanistic studies in HCC cells. We analyzed CD73 glycan signatures and global alterations in transcripts encoding other N-linked glycoproteins by using mass spectrometry glycomics and RNA sequencing (RNAseq), respectively. CD73 was expressed on tumor hepatocytes where it exhibited abnormal N-linked glycosylation, independent of HCC etiology, tumor stage, or fibrosis presence. Aberrant glycosylation of tumor-associated CD73 resulted in a 3-fold decrease in 5'-nucleotidase activity (P < 0.0001). Biochemically, tumor-associated CD73 was deficient in hybrid and complex glycans specifically on residues N311 and N333 located in the C-terminal catalytic domain. Blocking N311/N333 glycosylation by site-directed mutagenesis produced CD73 with significantly decreased 5'-nucleotidase activity in vitro, similar to the primary tumors. Glycosylation-deficient CD73 partially colocalized with the Golgi structural protein GM130, which was strongly induced in HCC tumors. RNAseq analysis further revealed that N-linked glycoprotein-encoding genes represented the largest category of differentially expressed genes between HCC tumor and adjacent tissue. Conclusion: We provide the first detailed characterization of CD73 glycosylation in normal and tumor tissue, revealing a novel mechanism that leads to the functional suppression of CD73 in human HCC tumor cells. The present findings have translational implications for therapeutic candidate antibodies targeting cell-surface CD73 in solid tumors and small-molecule adenosine receptor agonists that are in clinical development for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel P. Alcedo
- Department of Cell Biology and PhysiologyUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC
| | - Andres Guerrero
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of California DavisDavisCA
| | | | - Dong Fu
- Department of Cell Biology and PhysiologyUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC
| | - Monea L. Richardson
- Department of Cell Biology and PhysiologyUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC
| | - Joshua S. McLane
- Department of Cell Biology and PhysiologyUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC
| | - Chih‐Chiang Tsou
- Department of Computational Medicine and BioinformaticsUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI
| | - Alexey I. Nesvizhskii
- Department of PathologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI
- Department of Computational Medicine and BioinformaticsUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI
| | - Theodore H. Welling
- Perlmutter Cancer Center and Department of SurgeryNew York University Langone HealthNew YorkNY
| | | | - Carol A. Otey
- Department of Cell Biology and PhysiologyUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC
| | - Hong Jin Kim
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC
| | - M. Bishr Omary
- Department of Molecular and Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI
- Department of MedicineUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology & MedicineRutgers UniversityPiscatawayNJ
- Rutgers Biomedical Health SciencesNewarkNJ
| | - Natasha T. Snider
- Department of Cell Biology and PhysiologyUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC
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142
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Zhou ZF, Peng F, Li JY, Ye YB. Intratumoral IL-12 Gene Therapy Inhibits Tumor Growth In A HCC-Hu-PBL-NOD/SCID Murine Model. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:7773-7784. [PMID: 31571927 PMCID: PMC6760038 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s222097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of intratumoral IL-12 gene therapy in an HCC-hu-PBL-NOD/SCID mouse model. Materials and methods The HCC murine model was generated in NOD/SCID mice, and mice with grafted tumors were injected intraperitoneally with 2 × 107 human peripheral blood lymphocytes 14 days after modeling. After 4 days, mice were randomly divided into the 9597/IL-12 group, the 9597/plasmid group and the PBS group. The changes of tumor volume were measured and mouse peripheral blood was sampled post-treatment for ELISA and CBA analyses, and the grafted tumors were collected 28 days post-treatment for immunohistochemistry, ELISA, CBA and detection of cell cycle and apoptosis. Results The tumor volume was smaller in the 9597/IL-12 group than in the 9597/plasmid and PBS groups on days 7, 14, 21, and 28 post-treatment (P < 0.05). Higher IL-12 levels were detected in the peripheral blood and the supernatants of grafted tumor homogenates in the 9597/IL-12 group than in the 9597/plasmid and PBS groups 7, 14, 21 and 28 days post-treatment (P < 0.05). IHC revealed higher counts of CD3+T cells, CD4+T helper cells, IFN-γ Th1 cells+ and S-100 protein positive dentric cells and lower MVD in the 9597/IL-12 group than in the 9597/plasmid and PBS groups (P < 0.05). Flow cytometry showed a significantly higher proportion of HCC cells at the G0/G1 phase and a significantly lower proportion of HCC cells at the S phase in the 9597/IL-12 group than in the PBS group (P < 0.05) and a greater apoptotic rate of HCC cells in the 9597/IL-12 group than in the 9597/plasmid and PBS groups (P < 0.05). Conclusion Intratumoral IL-12 gene therapy may inhibit tumorigenesis with mild adverse effects in a HCC-hu-PBL-NOD/SCID murine model through inhibiting angiogenesis, arresting cells in G0/G1 phase and inducing apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Feng Zhou
- Laboratory of Immuno-Oncology, Fujian Cancer Hospital and Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou 350014, People's Republic of China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Medicine, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou 350014, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Peng
- Laboratory of Immuno-Oncology, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou 350014, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie-Yu Li
- Laboratory of Immuno-Oncology, Fujian Cancer Hospital and Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou 350014, People's Republic of China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Medicine, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou 350014, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Bin Ye
- Laboratory of Immuno-Oncology, Fujian Cancer Hospital and Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou 350014, People's Republic of China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Medicine, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou 350014, People's Republic of China
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143
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Zhao Z, Dai J, Yu Y, Zhang Q, Liu S, Huang G, Zhang Z, Chen T, Pan R, Lu L, Zhang W, Liao W, Lu X. Non-invasive Bioluminescence Monitoring of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Therapy in an HCR Mouse Model. Front Oncol 2019; 9:864. [PMID: 31572672 PMCID: PMC6749040 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models play crucial roles in the development of anticancer therapeutics. The ability to quickly assess the localized primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) status in a non-invasive manner would significantly improve the effectiveness of anti-HCC therapeutic studies. However, to date, animal models with this advantage are extremely scarce. In this study, we developed a novel animal model for the fast assessment of drug efficacy against primary HCC in vivo. HCC was induced in immunocompetent hepatocarcinogenesis reporter (HCR) mice by diethylnitrosamine (DEN) injection and confirmed by histopathological staining. Using the bioluminescence imaging (BLI) technique, HCC progression was longitudinally visualized and monitored in a non-invasive way. Tests of two clinical drugs showed that both sorafenib and oxaliplatin significantly inhibited the BLI signal in mouse liver in a dose-dependent manner. The in vivo intensity of BLI signals was highly consistent with the final tumor burden status in mouse liver after drug treatment. The inhibitory effect of anti-HCC drugs was accurately evaluated through in vivo BLI intensity detection. Our study successfully established a bioluminescence mouse model for non-invasive real-time monitoring of HCC therapy, and this HCR mouse model would be a useful tool for potential anti-HCC drug screening and new therapeutic strategy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Juji Dai
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yan Yu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Sai Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Guanmeng Huang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Tianke Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Rulu Pan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Liting Lu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wenyi Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wanqin Liao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xincheng Lu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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144
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Huang X, Lee F, Teng Y, Lingam CB, Chen Z, Sun M, Song Z, Balachander GM, Leo HL, Guo Q, Shah I, Yu H. Sequential drug delivery for liver diseases. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 149-150:72-84. [PMID: 31734169 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The liver performs critical physiological functions such as metabolism/detoxification and blood homeostasis/biliary excretion. A high degree of blood access means that a drug's resident time in any cell is relatively short. This short drug exposure to cells requires local sequential delivery of multiple drugs for optimal efficacy, potency, and safety. The high metabolism and excretion of drugs also impose both technical challenges and opportunities to sequential drug delivery. This review provides an overview of the sequential events in liver regeneration and the related liver diseases. Using selected examples of liver cancer, hepatitis B viral infection, fatty liver diseases, and drug-induced liver injury, we highlight efforts made for the sequential delivery of small and macromolecular drugs through different biomaterials, cells, and microdevice-based delivery platforms that allow fast delivery kinetics and rapid drug switching. As this is a nascent area of development, we extrapolate and compare the results with other sequential drug delivery studies to suggest possible application in liver diseases, wherever appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhong Huang
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, MD9-04-11, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore 117593, Singapore; Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, A*STAR, The Nanos, #06-01, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Fan Lee
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, A*STAR, The Nanos, #06-01, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Yao Teng
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, MD9-04-11, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore 117593, Singapore; Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, A*STAR, The Nanos, #06-01, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Corey Bryen Lingam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Engineering Drive 3, Engineering Block 4, #04-08, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Zijian Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Engineering Drive 3, Engineering Block 4, #04-08, Singapore 117583, Singapore; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Min Sun
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, MD9-04-11, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore 117593, Singapore
| | - Ziwei Song
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, MD9-04-11, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore 117593, Singapore; Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, A*STAR, The Nanos, #06-01, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Gowri M Balachander
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, MD9-04-11, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore 117593, Singapore
| | - Hwa Liang Leo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Engineering Drive 3, Engineering Block 4, #04-08, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Qiongyu Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Imran Shah
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 4930 Old Page Rd., Durham, NC 27703, USA
| | - Hanry Yu
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, MD9-04-11, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore 117593, Singapore; Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, A*STAR, The Nanos, #06-01, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138669, Singapore; Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-Lab, #05-01, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore; CAMP, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 1 CREATE Way, Level 4 Enterprise Wing, Singapore 138602, Singapore; Gastroenterology Department, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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145
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Meng Y, Sun J, Wang X, Ma Y, Kong C, Zhang G, Dou H, Nan N, Shi M, Yu T, Piao H. The biological macromolecule Nocardia rubra cell-wall skeleton as an avenue for cell-based immunotherapy. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:15342-15356. [PMID: 30697721 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Promoting the antitumor effects of cell-based immunotherapy for clinical application remains a difficult challenge. Nocardia rubra cell-wall skeleton (N-CWS) is an immunotherapeutic agent for cancers that have been proven to possess the ability to activate immune response without showing toxicity. However, its effects on immune cells that are derived from tumor patients and cultured in vitro remain unclear. As expected, N-CWS can enhance the proliferation and viability of cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs), and natural killer (NK) cells. The maturation of DCs and specific cytotoxicity against NK cells and CIK cells were consistently promoted. The TUNEL-staining and the Annexin V/propidium iodide assay revealed that after treatment with N-CWS, the stimulated CIK/NK cells could induce DNA breaks in tumor cells. Furthermore, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis showed upregulation of proapoptotic biomarkers (caspase-3 and caspase-9) and a downregulation of the antiapoptotic biomarker Bcl-2 in the tumor cells of the N-CWS-treated group, indicating that N-CWS could induce hepatocellular carcinoma cell apoptosis via CIK/NK cells. Finally, CIK/NK cells could notably suppress the invasion and migration of tumor cells in the presence of N-CWS. Our study provides evidence that N-CWS could significantly increase the growth of CIK cells, DCs, and NK cells, particularly due to its robust antitumor activities by inducing apoptosis, and attenuate the invasion and migration of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Meng
- Department of Central laboratory, Cancer hospital of China medical university, Liaoning province Cancer Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Central laboratory, Cancer hospital of China medical university, Liaoning province Cancer Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaonan Wang
- Department of Immunology, China medical university, Shenyang, China
| | - Yushu Ma
- Department of Central laboratory, Cancer hospital of China medical university, Liaoning province Cancer Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Cuicui Kong
- Department of Central laboratory, Cancer hospital of China medical university, Liaoning province Cancer Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Guirong Zhang
- Department of Central laboratory, Cancer hospital of China medical university, Liaoning province Cancer Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Heng Dou
- R&D division, Greatest Biopharma Limited Company, Benxi, China
| | - Ning Nan
- R&D division, Greatest Biopharma Limited Company, Benxi, China
| | - Mingsheng Shi
- R&D division, Greatest Biopharma Limited Company, Benxi, China
| | - Tao Yu
- Department of Medical Image, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning province Cancer Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Haozhe Piao
- Department of Central laboratory, Cancer hospital of China medical university, Liaoning province Cancer Hospital, Shenyang, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer hospital of China medical university, Liaoning province Cancer Hospital, Shenyang, China
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146
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Chan LC, Li CW, Xia W, Hsu JM, Lee HH, Cha JH, Wang HL, Yang WH, Yen EY, Chang WC, Zha Z, Lim SO, Lai YJ, Liu C, Liu J, Dong Q, Yang Y, Sun L, Wei Y, Nie L, Hsu JL, Li H, Ye Q, Hassan MM, Amin HM, Kaseb AO, Lin X, Wang SC, Hung MC. IL-6/JAK1 pathway drives PD-L1 Y112 phosphorylation to promote cancer immune evasion. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:3324-3338. [PMID: 31305264 DOI: 10.1172/jci126022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation of immune receptors and ligands, such as T cell receptor and coinhibitory molecules, regulates immune signaling activation and immune surveillance. However, how oncogenic signaling initiates glycosylation of coinhibitory molecules to induce immunosuppression remains unclear. Here we show that IL-6-activated JAK1 phosphorylates programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) Tyr112, which recruits the endoplasmic reticulum-associated N-glycosyltransferase STT3A to catalyze PD-L1 glycosylation and maintain PD-L1 stability. Targeting of IL-6 by IL-6 antibody induced synergistic T cell killing effects when combined with anti-T cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 (anti-Tim-3) therapy in animal models. A positive correlation between IL-6 and PD-L1 expression was also observed in hepatocellular carcinoma patient tumor tissues. These results identify a mechanism regulating PD-L1 glycosylation initiation and suggest the combination of anti-IL-6 and anti-Tim-3 as an effective marker-guided therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Chuan Chan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Chia-Wei Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Weiya Xia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jung-Mao Hsu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Heng-Huan Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jong-Ho Cha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hung-Ling Wang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hao Yang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Er-Yen Yen
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Wei-Chao Chang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Zhengyu Zha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Seung-Oe Lim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yun-Ju Lai
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Chunxiao Liu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jielin Liu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Qiongzhu Dong
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital and Cancer Metastasis Institute and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Linlin Sun
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yongkun Wei
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Lei Nie
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jennifer L Hsu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinghai Ye
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Manal M Hassan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hesham M Amin
- Department of Hematopathology, Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ahmed O Kaseb
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xin Lin
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shao-Chun Wang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Mien-Chie Hung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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147
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Neureiter D, Stintzing S, Kiesslich T, Ocker M. Hepatocellular carcinoma: Therapeutic advances in signaling, epigenetic and immune targets. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:3136-3150. [PMID: 31333307 PMCID: PMC6626722 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i25.3136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a global medical burden with rising incidence due to chronic viral hepatitis and non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases. Treatment of advanced disease stages is still unsatisfying. Besides first and second generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors, immune checkpoint inhibitors have become central for the treatment of HCC. New modalities like epigenetic therapy using histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) and cell therapy approaches with chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T cells) are currently under investigation in clinical trials. Development of such novel drugs is closely linked to the availability and improvement of novel preclinical and animal models and the identification of predictive biomarkers. The current status of treatment options for advanced HCC, emerging novel therapeutic approaches and different preclinical models for HCC drug discovery and development are reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Neureiter
- Institute of Pathology, Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University/Salzburger Landeskliniken (SALK), Salzburg 5020, Austria
| | - Sebastian Stintzing
- Medical Department, Division of Oncology and Hematology, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Tobias Kiesslich
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Paracelsus Medical University/Salzburger Landeskliniken (SALK) and Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg 5020, Austria
| | - Matthias Ocker
- Translational Medicine Oncology, Bayer AG, Berlin 13353, Germany
- Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany
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148
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Ruiz de Galarreta M, Bresnahan E, Molina-Sánchez P, Lindblad KE, Maier B, Sia D, Puigvehi M, Miguela V, Casanova-Acebes M, Dhainaut M, Villacorta-Martin C, Singhi AD, Moghe A, von Felden J, Tal Grinspan L, Wang S, Kamphorst AO, Monga SP, Brown BD, Villanueva A, Llovet JM, Merad M, Lujambio A. β-Catenin Activation Promotes Immune Escape and Resistance to Anti-PD-1 Therapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancer Discov 2019. [PMID: 31186238 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-19-0074.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitors have produced encouraging results in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, what determines resistance to anti-PD-1 therapies is unclear. We created a novel genetically engineered mouse model of HCC that enables interrogation of how different genetic alterations affect immune surveillance and response to immunotherapies. Expression of exogenous antigens in MYC;Trp53 -/- HCCs led to T cell-mediated immune surveillance, which was accompanied by decreased tumor formation and increased survival. Some antigen-expressing MYC;Trp53 -/- HCCs escaped the immune system by upregulating the β-catenin (CTNNB1) pathway. Accordingly, expression of exogenous antigens in MYC;CTNNB1 HCCs had no effect, demonstrating that β-catenin promoted immune escape, which involved defective recruitment of dendritic cells and consequently impaired T-cell activity. Expression of chemokine CCL5 in antigen-expressing MYC;CTNNB1 HCCs restored immune surveillance. Finally, β-catenin-driven tumors were resistant to anti-PD-1. In summary, β-catenin activation promotes immune escape and resistance to anti-PD-1 and could represent a novel biomarker for HCC patient exclusion. SIGNIFICANCE: Determinants of response to anti-PD-1 immunotherapies in HCC are poorly understood. Using a novel mouse model of HCC, we show that β-catenin activation promotes immune evasion and resistance to anti-PD-1 therapy and could potentially represent a novel biomarker for HCC patient exclusion.See related commentary by Berraondo et al., p. 1003.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 983.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ruiz de Galarreta
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,The Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Erin Bresnahan
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,The Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Pedro Molina-Sánchez
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,The Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Katherine E Lindblad
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,The Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Barbara Maier
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,The Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Daniela Sia
- Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Marc Puigvehi
- Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Hospital del Mar, IMIM, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Verónica Miguela
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,The Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - María Casanova-Acebes
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,The Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Maxime Dhainaut
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,The Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Carlos Villacorta-Martin
- Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Aatur D Singhi
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Akshata Moghe
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Johann von Felden
- Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,First Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lauren Tal Grinspan
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,The Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Shuang Wang
- Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Alice O Kamphorst
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,The Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Satdarshan P Monga
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Brian D Brown
- The Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Augusto Villanueva
- Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Josep M Llovet
- Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Liver Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) Group, Liver Unit and Pathology Department, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miriam Merad
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,The Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Amaia Lujambio
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York. .,Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,The Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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149
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Ruiz de Galarreta M, Bresnahan E, Molina-Sánchez P, Lindblad KE, Maier B, Sia D, Puigvehi M, Miguela V, Casanova-Acebes M, Dhainaut M, Villacorta-Martin C, Singhi AD, Moghe A, von Felden J, Tal Grinspan L, Wang S, Kamphorst AO, Monga SP, Brown BD, Villanueva A, Llovet JM, Merad M, Lujambio A. β-Catenin Activation Promotes Immune Escape and Resistance to Anti-PD-1 Therapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancer Discov 2019; 9:1124-1141. [PMID: 31186238 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-19-0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 497] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitors have produced encouraging results in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, what determines resistance to anti-PD-1 therapies is unclear. We created a novel genetically engineered mouse model of HCC that enables interrogation of how different genetic alterations affect immune surveillance and response to immunotherapies. Expression of exogenous antigens in MYC;Trp53 -/- HCCs led to T cell-mediated immune surveillance, which was accompanied by decreased tumor formation and increased survival. Some antigen-expressing MYC;Trp53 -/- HCCs escaped the immune system by upregulating the β-catenin (CTNNB1) pathway. Accordingly, expression of exogenous antigens in MYC;CTNNB1 HCCs had no effect, demonstrating that β-catenin promoted immune escape, which involved defective recruitment of dendritic cells and consequently impaired T-cell activity. Expression of chemokine CCL5 in antigen-expressing MYC;CTNNB1 HCCs restored immune surveillance. Finally, β-catenin-driven tumors were resistant to anti-PD-1. In summary, β-catenin activation promotes immune escape and resistance to anti-PD-1 and could represent a novel biomarker for HCC patient exclusion. SIGNIFICANCE: Determinants of response to anti-PD-1 immunotherapies in HCC are poorly understood. Using a novel mouse model of HCC, we show that β-catenin activation promotes immune evasion and resistance to anti-PD-1 therapy and could potentially represent a novel biomarker for HCC patient exclusion.See related commentary by Berraondo et al., p. 1003.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 983.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ruiz de Galarreta
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,The Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Erin Bresnahan
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,The Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Pedro Molina-Sánchez
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,The Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Katherine E Lindblad
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,The Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Barbara Maier
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,The Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Daniela Sia
- Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Marc Puigvehi
- Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Hospital del Mar, IMIM, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Verónica Miguela
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,The Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - María Casanova-Acebes
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,The Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Maxime Dhainaut
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,The Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Carlos Villacorta-Martin
- Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Aatur D Singhi
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Akshata Moghe
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Johann von Felden
- Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,First Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lauren Tal Grinspan
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,The Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Shuang Wang
- Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Alice O Kamphorst
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,The Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Satdarshan P Monga
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Brian D Brown
- The Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Augusto Villanueva
- Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Josep M Llovet
- Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Liver Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) Group, Liver Unit and Pathology Department, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miriam Merad
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,The Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Amaia Lujambio
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York. .,Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,The Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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150
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Greten TF, Mauda-Havakuk M, Heinrich B, Korangy F, Wood BJ. Combined locoregional-immunotherapy for liver cancer. J Hepatol 2019; 70:999-1007. [PMID: 30738077 PMCID: PMC6462230 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Locoregional therapies are commonly used to treat patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. It has been noted for many years that locoregional therapies may have additional systemic effects other than simple tumour elimination. Immunological "side effects" have been described in response to locoregional therapies in animal studies and in patients. With the advent of immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma, there is increasing interest in determining the best way to combine immunotherapy with locoregional therapies. Herein, we provide a compact summary of answered and unanswered questions in the field, including: What animal model is best suited to test combined immune-locoregional treatments? How does tumour cell death affect immune responses? What type of immune responses have been observed in patients treated with different types of locoregional therapies? What can be surmised from the results of the first study testing the combination of locoregional therapy with immune checkpoint blockade? Finally, we discuss the outlook for this rapidly growing area of research, focussing on the issues which must be overcome to bridge the gap between interventional radiology and cancer immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim F Greten
- Gastrointestinal Malignancies Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, United States; NCI CCR Liver Cancer Program, United States.
| | - Michal Mauda-Havakuk
- Center for Interventional Oncology, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, NIH Clinical Center & Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, United States; NIBIB & NIH Clinical Center Clinical Translational Research Fellowship Program, United States
| | - Bernd Heinrich
- Gastrointestinal Malignancies Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, United States
| | - Firouzeh Korangy
- Gastrointestinal Malignancies Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, United States
| | - Bradford J Wood
- Center for Interventional Oncology, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, NIH Clinical Center & Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, United States; NCI CCR Liver Cancer Program, United States
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