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Hu Y, Ji Q, Huang M, Chang L, Zhang C, Wu G, Zi B, Bao N, Chen W, Wu Y. Light-Driven Self-Oscillating Actuators with Phototactic Locomotion Based on Black Phosphorus Heterostructure. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:20511-20517. [PMID: 34272927 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202108058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Developing self-oscillating soft actuators that enable autonomous, continuous, and directional locomotion is significant in biomimetic soft robotics fields, but remains great challenging. Here, an untethered soft photoactuators based on covalently-bridged black phosphorus-carbon nanotubes heterostructure with self-oscillation and phototactic locomotion under constant light irradiation is designed. Owing to the good photothermal effect of black phosphorus heterostructure and thermal deformation of the actuator components, the new actuator assembled by heterostructured black phosphorus, polymer and paper produces light-driven reversible deformation with fast and large response. By using this actuator as mechanical power and designing a robot configuration with self-feedback loop to generate self-oscillation, an inchworm-like actuator that can crawl autonomously towards the light source is constructed. Moreover, due to the anisotropy and tailorability of the actuator, an artificial crab robot that can simulate the sideways locomotion of crabs and simultaneously change color under light irradiation is also realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Hu
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Aerospace Structural Parts Forming Technology and Equipment, Institute of Industry & Equipment Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, P. R. China
| | - Qixiao Ji
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Aerospace Structural Parts Forming Technology and Equipment, Institute of Industry & Equipment Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, P. R. China
| | - Majing Huang
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Aerospace Structural Parts Forming Technology and Equipment, Institute of Industry & Equipment Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, P. R. China
| | - Longfei Chang
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Aerospace Structural Parts Forming Technology and Equipment, Institute of Industry & Equipment Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, P. R. China
| | - Chengchu Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Aerospace Structural Parts Forming Technology and Equipment, Institute of Industry & Equipment Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, P. R. China
| | - Guan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Bin Zi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, P. R. China
| | - Ningzhong Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Yucheng Wu
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Aerospace Structural Parts Forming Technology and Equipment, Institute of Industry & Equipment Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, P. R. China
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102
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Xu K, Liu B. Recent progress in actuation technologies of micro/nanorobots. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 12:756-765. [PMID: 34367859 PMCID: PMC8313975 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.12.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
As a research field of robotics, micro/nanorobots have been extensively studied in recent years because of their important application prospects in biomedical fields, such as medical diagnosis, nanoscale surgery, and targeted therapy. In this article, recent progress on micro/nanorobots is reviewed regarding actuation technologies. First, the different actuation mechanisms are divided into two types, external field actuation and self-actuation. Then, a few latest achievements on actuation methods are presented. On this basis, the principles of various actuation methods and their limitations are also analyzed. Finally, some key challenges in the development of micro/nanorobots are summarized and the next development direction of the field is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xu
- School of Information & Control Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China
| | - Bing Liu
- School of Information & Control Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China
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103
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Kryuchkov NP, Yurchenko SO. Collective excitations in active fluids: Microflows and breakdown in spectral equipartition of kinetic energy. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:024902. [PMID: 34266286 DOI: 10.1063/5.0054854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of particle activity on collective excitations in active fluids of microflyers is studied. With an in silico study, we observed an oscillating breakdown of equipartition (uniform spectral distribution) of kinetic energy in reciprocal space. The phenomenon is related to short-range velocity-velocity correlations that were realized without forming of long-lived mesoscale vortices in the system. This stands in contrast to well-known mesoscale turbulence operating in active nematic systems (bacterial or artificial) and reveals the features of collective dynamics in active fluids, which should be important for structural transitions and glassy dynamics in active matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita P Kryuchkov
- Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 2nd Baumanskaya str. 5, 105005 Moscow, Russia
| | - Stanislav O Yurchenko
- Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 2nd Baumanskaya str. 5, 105005 Moscow, Russia
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104
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Bao B, Rivkin B, Akbar F, Karnaushenko DD, Bandari VK, Teuerle L, Becker C, Baunack S, Karnaushenko D, Schmidt OG. Digital Electrochemistry for On-Chip Heterogeneous Material Integration. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2101272. [PMID: 34028906 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202101272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Many modern electronic applications rely on functional units arranged in an active-matrix integrated on a single chip. The active-matrix allows numerous identical device pixels to be addressed within a single system. However, next-generation electronics requires heterogeneous integration of dissimilar devices, where sensors, actuators, and display pixels sense and interact with the local environment. Heterogeneous material integration allows the reduction of size, increase of functionality, and enhancement of performance; however, it is challenging since front-end fabrication technologies in microelectronics put extremely high demands on materials, fabrication protocols, and processing environments. To overcome the obstacle in heterogeneous material integration, digital electrochemistry is explored here, which site-selectively carries out electrochemical processes to deposit and address electroactive materials within the pixel array. More specifically, an amorphous indium-gallium-zinc oxide (a-IGZO) thin-film-transistor (TFT) active-matrix is used to address pixels within the matrix and locally control electrochemical reactions for material growth and actuation. The digital electrochemistry procedure is studied in-depth by using polypyrrole (PPy) as a model material. Active-matrix-driven multicolored electrochromic patterns and actuator arrays are fabricated to demonstrate the capabilities of this approach for material integration. The approach can be extended to a broad range of materials and structures, opening up a new path for advanced heterogeneous microsystem integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Bao
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Boris Rivkin
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Farzin Akbar
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Vineeth Kumar Bandari
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
- Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Laura Teuerle
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Becker
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Baunack
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Daniil Karnaushenko
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Oliver G Schmidt
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
- Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Nanophysics, Faculty of Physics, TU Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
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105
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Engineering Active Micro and Nanomotors. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12060687. [PMID: 34208386 PMCID: PMC8231110 DOI: 10.3390/mi12060687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Micro- and nanomotors (MNMs) are micro/nanoparticles that can perform autonomous motion in complex fluids driven by different power sources. They have been attracting increasing attention due to their great potential in a variety of applications ranging from environmental science to biomedical engineering. Over the past decades, this field has evolved rapidly, with many significant innovations contributed by global researchers. In this review, we first briefly overview the methods used to propel motors and then present the main strategies used to design proper MNMs. Next, we highlight recent fascinating applications of MNMs in two examplary fields, water remediation and biomedical microrobots, and conclude this review with a brief discussion of challenges in the field.
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106
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Omar M, Sun B, Kang SH. Good reactions for low-power shape-memory microactuators. Sci Robot 2021; 6:6/52/eabh1560. [PMID: 34043555 DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.abh1560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Microscale programmable shape-memory actuators based on reversible electrochemical reactions can provide exciting opportunities for microrobotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Omar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hopkins Extreme Materials Institute, Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bohan Sun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hopkins Extreme Materials Institute, Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sung Hoon Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hopkins Extreme Materials Institute, Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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107
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Liu Q, Wang W, Reynolds MF, Cao MC, Miskin MZ, Arias TA, Muller DA, McEuen PL, Cohen I. Micrometer-sized electrically programmable shape-memory actuators for low-power microrobotics. Sci Robot 2021; 6:6/52/eabe6663. [PMID: 34043551 DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.abe6663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Shape-memory actuators allow machines ranging from robots to medical implants to hold their form without continuous power, a feature especially advantageous for situations where these devices are untethered and power is limited. Although previous work has demonstrated shape-memory actuators using polymers, alloys, and ceramics, the need for micrometer-scale electro-shape-memory actuators remains largely unmet, especially ones that can be driven by standard electronics (~1 volt). Here, we report on a new class of fast, high-curvature, low-voltage, reconfigurable, micrometer-scale shape-memory actuators. They function by the electrochemical oxidation/reduction of a platinum surface, creating a strain in the oxidized layer that causes bending. They bend to the smallest radius of curvature of any electrically controlled microactuator (~500 nanometers), are fast (<100-millisecond operation), and operate inside the electrochemical window of water, avoiding bubble generation associated with oxygen evolution. We demonstrate that these shape-memory actuators can be used to create basic electrically reconfigurable microscale robot elements including actuating surfaces, origami-based three-dimensional shapes, morphing metamaterials, and mechanical memory elements. Our shape-memory actuators have the potential to enable the realization of adaptive microscale structures, bio-implantable devices, and microscopic robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingkun Liu
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid-State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Wei Wang
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid-State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.,Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Michael F Reynolds
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid-State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Michael C Cao
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Marc Z Miskin
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tomas A Arias
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid-State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - David A Muller
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.,Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Paul L McEuen
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid-State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. .,Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Itai Cohen
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid-State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. .,Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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108
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Dai C, Cho JH. Electron Beam Maneuvering of a Single Polymer Layer for Reversible 3D Self-Assembly. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:2066-2073. [PMID: 33630613 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c04723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Reversible self-assembly that allows materials to switch between structural configurations has triggered innovation in various applications, especially for reconfigurable devices and robotics. However, reversible motion with nanoscale controllability remains challenging. This paper introduces a reversible self-assembly using stress generated by electron irradiation triggered degradation (shrinkage) of a single polymer layer. The peak position of the absorbed energy along the depth of a polymer layer can be modified by tuning the electron energy; the peak absorption location controls the position of the shrinkage generating stress along the depth of the polymer layer. The stress gradient can shift between the top and bottom surface of the polymer by repeatedly tuning the irradiation location at the nanoscale and the electron beam voltage, resulting in reversible motion. This reversible self-assembly process paves the path for the innovation of small-scale machines and reconfigurable functional devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Dai
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Jeong-Hyun Cho
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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109
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Abstract
3D printing (also called "additive manufacturing" or "rapid prototyping") is able to translate computer-aided and designed virtual 3D models into 3D tangible constructs/objects through a layer-by-layer deposition approach. Since its introduction, 3D printing has aroused enormous interest among researchers and engineers to understand the fabrication process and composition-structure-property correlation of printed 3D objects and unleash its great potential for application in a variety of industrial sectors. Because of its unique technological advantages, 3D printing can definitely benefit the field of microrobotics and advance the design and development of functional microrobots in a customized manner. This review aims to present a generic overview of 3D printing for functional microrobots. The most applicable 3D printing techniques, with a focus on laser-based printing, are introduced for the 3D microfabrication of microrobots. 3D-printable materials for fabricating microrobots are reviewed in detail, including photopolymers, photo-crosslinkable hydrogels, and cell-laden hydrogels. The representative applications of 3D-printed microrobots with rational designs heretofore give evidence of how these printed microrobots are being exploited in the medical, environmental, and other relevant fields. A future outlook on the 3D printing of microrobots is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Li
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6, 16628, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Pumera
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6, 16628, Czech Republic. and Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 656/123, Brno, CZ-61600, Czech Republic and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00, Brno, Czech Republic and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea
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110
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Wu C, Dai J, Li X, Gao L, Wang J, Liu J, Zheng J, Zhan X, Chen J, Cheng X, Yang M, Tang J. Ion-exchange enabled synthetic swarm. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 16:288-295. [PMID: 33432205 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-020-00825-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Active matters are out-of-equilibrium systems that convert energy from the environment to mechanical motion. Non-reciprocal interaction between active matters may lead to collective intelligence beyond the capability of individuals. In nature, such emergent behaviours are ubiquitously observed in animal colonies, giving these species remarkable adaptive capability. In artificial systems, however, the emergence of non-trivial collective intelligent dynamics remains undiscovered. Here we show that a simple ion-exchange reaction can couple self-propelled ZnO nanorods and sulfonated polystyrene microbeads together. Chemical communication is established that enhances the reactivity and motion of both nanorods and the microbeads, resulting in the formation of an active swarm of nanorod-microbead complexes. We demonstrate that the swarm is capable of macroscopic phase segregation and intelligent consensus decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjin Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jia Dai
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Liang Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jizhuang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jing Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiawei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiang Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mingcheng Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijigng, China.
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Jinyao Tang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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111
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Somasundar A, Sen A. Chemically Propelled Nano and Micromotors in the Body: Quo Vadis? SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2007102. [PMID: 33432722 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202007102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The active delivery of drugs to disease sites in response to specific biomarkers is a holy grail in theranostics. If successful, it would greatly diminish the therapeutic dosage and reduce collateral cytotoxicity. In this context, the development of nano and micromotors that are able to harvest local energy to move directionally is an important breakthrough. However, serious hurdles remain before such active systems can be employed in vivo in therapeutic applications. Such motors and their energy sources must be safe and biocompatible, they should be able to move through complex body fluids, and have the ability to reach specific cellular targets. Given the complexity in the design and deployment of nano and micromotors, it is also critically important to show that they are significantly superior to inactive "smart" nanoparticles in theranostics. Furthermore, receiving regulatory approval requires the ability to scale-up the production of nano and micromotors with uniformity in structure, function, and activity. In this essay, the limitations of the current nano and micromotors and the issues that need to be resolved before such motors are likely to find theranostic applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambika Somasundar
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Ayusman Sen
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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112
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Zhang X, Medina L, Cai H, Aksyuk V, Espinosa HD, Lopez D. Kirigami Engineering-Nanoscale Structures Exhibiting a Range of Controllable 3D Configurations. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2005275. [PMID: 33349995 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202005275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Kirigami structures provide a promising approach to transform flat films into 3D complex structures that are difficult to achieve by conventional fabrication approaches. By designing the cutting geometry, it is shown that distinct buckling-induced out-of-plane configurations can be obtained, separated by a sharp transition characterized by a critical geometric dimension of the structures. In situ electron microscopy experiments reveal the effect of the ratio between the in-plane cut size and film thickness on out-of-plane configurations. Moreover, geometrically nonlinear finite element analyses (FEA) accurately predict the out-of-plane modes measured experimentally, their transition as a function of cut geometry, and provide the stress-strain response of the kirigami structures. The combined computational-experimental approach and results reported here represent a step forward in the characterization of thin films experiencing buckling-induced out-of-plane shape transformations and provide a path to control 3D configurations of micro- and nanoscale buckling-induced kirigami structures. The out-of-plane configurations promise great utility in the creation of micro- and nanoscale systems that can harness such structural behavior, such as optical scanning micromirrors, novel actuators, and nanorobotics. This work is of particular significance as the kirigami dimensions approach the sub-micrometer scale which is challenging to achieve with conventional micro-electromechanical system technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Lior Medina
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Haogang Cai
- Tech4Health Institute and Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Vladimir Aksyuk
- Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Horacio D Espinosa
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Daniel Lopez
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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