101
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Tan S, Gong X, Liu H, Yao X. Virtual Screening and Biological Activity Evaluation of New Potent Inhibitors Targeting LRRK2 Kinase Domain. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:3214-3224. [PMID: 34387082 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) has been reported in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Inhibition of LRRK2 kinase activity is a therapeutic approach that may provide new treatments for PD. In this study, novel LRRK2 inhibitors were identified by performing a docking-based virtual screening (VS). Due to the absence of a crystal structure of LRRK2, homology modeling was adopted to model human LRRK2 kinase domain that binds the inhibitor. Next, a docking-based virtual screening protocol was applied to identify LRRK2 small molecule inhibitors targeting the ATP binding pocket. A total of 28 compounds were selected and subjected to LRRK2 kinase inhibition assay. As a result, two small molecules with novel skeleton, compounds LY2019-005 and LY2019-006, were identified as potential LRRK2 kinase inhibitors with the IC50 of these two compounds against the wild-type and G2019S mutant LRRK2 kinase being 424.40 ± 1.31 nM, 378.80 ± 1.20 nM and 1526.00 ± 0.87 nM, 1165.00 ± 1.18 nM, respectively. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was carried out to reveal the binding mode of the newly identified compound LY2019-005 to the LRRK2 kinase domain. The binding modes indicate that the important hydrogen bond between hinge region (such as Ala1950) and inhibitor is crucial for the inhibition activity. In summary, our study provides a highly efficient way to discover LRRK2 inhibitors, and we find two highly efficient novel LRRK2 inhibitors, which could be helpful for the development of potential drugs targeting LRRK2 in PD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuoyan Tan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaoqing Gong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Huanxiang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaojun Yao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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102
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Torrealba-Acosta G, Yu E, Lobo-Prada T, Ruíz-Martínez J, Gorostidi-Pagola A, Gan-Or Z, Carazo-Céspedes K, Trempe JF, Mata IF, Fornaguera-Trías J. Clinical and Genetic Analysis of Costa Rican Patients With Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurol 2021; 12:656342. [PMID: 34421783 PMCID: PMC8371686 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.656342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Most research in genomics of Parkinson's disease (PD) has been done in subjects of European ancestry, leading to sampling bias and leaving Latin American populations underrepresented. We sought to clinically characterize PD patients of Costa Rican origin and to sequence familial PD and atypical parkinsonism-associated genes in cases and controls. Methods: We enrolled 118 PD patients with 97 unrelated controls. Collected information included demographics, exposure to risk and protective factors, and motor and cognitive assessments. We sequenced coding and untranslated regions in familial PD and atypical parkinsonism-associated genes including GBA, SNCA, VPS35, LRRK2, GCH1, PRKN, PINK1, DJ-1, VPS13C, and ATP13A2. Results: Mean age of PD probands was 62.12 ± 13.51 years; 57.6% were male. The frequency of risk and protective factors averaged ~45%. Physical activity significantly correlated with better motor performance despite years of disease. Increased years of education were significantly associated with better cognitive function, whereas hallucinations, falls, mood disorders, and coffee consumption correlated with worse cognitive performance. We did not identify an association between tested genes and PD or any damaging homozygous or compound heterozygous variants. Rare variants in LRRK2 were nominally associated with PD; six were located between amino acids p.1620 and 1623 in the C-terminal-of-ROC (COR) domain of Lrrk2. Non-synonymous GBA variants (p.T369M, p.N370S, and p.L444P) were identified in three healthy individuals. One PD patient carried a pathogenic GCH1 variant, p.K224R. Discussion: This is the first study that describes sociodemographics, risk factors, clinical presentation, and genetics of Costa Rican patients with PD, adding information to genomics research in a Latino population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Torrealba-Acosta
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Neurosciences Research Center, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Eric Yu
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Tanya Lobo-Prada
- Neurosciences Research Center, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.,Department of Biochemistry, Medicine School, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Javier Ruíz-Martínez
- Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain.,CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain.,Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Donostialdea Integrated Health Organisation, Osakidetza Basque Health Service, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ana Gorostidi-Pagola
- CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain.,Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Donostialdea Integrated Health Organisation, Osakidetza Basque Health Service, San Sebastian, Spain.,Genomic Platform, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ziv Gan-Or
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Kenneth Carazo-Céspedes
- Department of Neurology, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Jean-François Trempe
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ignacio F Mata
- Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Genomic Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Jaime Fornaguera-Trías
- Neurosciences Research Center, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.,Department of Biochemistry, Medicine School, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
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103
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Leschziner AE, Reck-Peterson SL. Structural Biology of LRRK2 and its Interaction with Microtubules. Mov Disord 2021; 36:2494-2504. [PMID: 34423856 PMCID: PMC9290818 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in leucine rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are a major cause of familial Parkinson's disease (PD) and a risk factor for its sporadic form. LRRK2 hyperactivity has also been reported in sporadic PD, making LRRK2 an appealing target for PD small‐molecule therapeutics. At a cellular level, increasing evidence suggests that LRRK2 regulates membrane trafficking. Under some conditions LRRK2 also associates with microtubules, the cellular tracks used by dynein and kinesin motors to move membranes. At a structural level, however, relatively little was known about LRRK2. An important step toward bridging this gap took place last year with the publication of structures of LRRK2's cytosolic and microtubule‐bound forms. Here, we review the main findings from these studies and discuss what we see as the major challenges going forward with a focus on areas that will require structural information. We also introduce the structural techniques—cryo‐electron microscopy and cryo‐electron tomography—that were instrumental to solving the structures of LRRK2. © 2021 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres E Leschziner
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Division of Biological Sciences, Molecular Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Samara L Reck-Peterson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, USA
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104
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Allosteric inhibition of LRRK2, where are we now. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 48:2185-2194. [PMID: 33079169 PMCID: PMC7609032 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. In recent years, it has been shown that leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) has a crucial function in both familial and sporadic forms of PD. LRRK2 pathogenic mutations are thought to result in an increase in LRRK2 kinase activity. Thus, inhibiting LRRK2 kinase activity has become a main therapeutic target. Many compounds capable of inhibiting LRRK2 kinase activity with high selectivity and brain availability have been described. However, the safety of long-term use of these ATP-competitive LRRK2 kinase inhibitors has been challenged by several studies. Therefore, alternative ways of targeting LRRK2 activity will have a great benefit. In this review, we discuss the recent progress in the development of allosteric inhibitors of LRRK2, mainly via interfering with GTPase activity, and propose potential new intra and interprotein interactions targets that can lead to open doors toward new therapeutics.
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105
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Herbst S, Lewis PA. From structure to ætiology: a new window on the biology of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 and Parkinson's disease. Biochem J 2021; 478:2945-2951. [PMID: 34328508 PMCID: PMC8331089 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) as an underlying genetic cause for the development of Parkinson's disease (PD) in 2004 (Neuron 44, 601-607; Neuron 44, 595-600), and subsequent efforts to develop LRRK2 kinase inhibitors as a therapy for Parkinson's (Expert Opin. Ther. Targets 21, 751-753), elucidating the atomic resolution structure of LRRK2 has been a major goal of research into this protein. At over 250 kDa, the large size and complicated domain organisation of LRRK2 has made this a highly challenging target for structural biologists, however, a number of recent studies using both in vitro and in situ approaches (Nature 588, 344-349; Cell 182, 1508-1518.e1516; Cell 184, 3519-3527.e3510) have provided important new insights into LRRK2 structure and the complexes formed by this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Herbst
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Science, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, U.K
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, U.K
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, U.S.A
| | - Patrick A. Lewis
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Science, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, U.K
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, U.K
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, U.S.A
- Correspondence: Patrick A. Lewis ()
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106
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Wojewska DN, Kortholt A. LRRK2 Targeting Strategies as Potential Treatment of Parkinson's Disease. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1101. [PMID: 34439767 PMCID: PMC8392603 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) affects millions of people worldwide with no cure to halt the progress of the disease. Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is the most common genetic cause of PD and, as such, LRRK2 inhibitors are promising therapeutic agents. In the last decade, great progress in the LRRK2 field has been made. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of the art, presenting recent developments and challenges in developing LRRK2 inhibitors, and discussing extensively the potential targeting strategies from the protein perspective. As currently there are three LRRK2-targeting agents in clinical trials, more developments are predicted in the upcoming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Natalia Wojewska
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborg 7, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Arjan Kortholt
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborg 7, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands;
- YETEM-Innovative Technologies Application and Research Center, Suleyman Demirel University, 32260 Isparta, Turkey
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107
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Bodakuntla S, Yuan X, Genova M, Gadadhar S, Leboucher S, Birling MC, Klein D, Martini R, Janke C, Magiera MM. Distinct roles of α- and β-tubulin polyglutamylation in controlling axonal transport and in neurodegeneration. EMBO J 2021; 40:e108498. [PMID: 34309047 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021108498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tubulin polyglutamylation is a post-translational modification of the microtubule cytoskeleton, which is generated by a variety of enzymes with different specificities. The "tubulin code" hypothesis predicts that modifications generated by specific enzymes selectively control microtubule functions. Our recent finding that excessive accumulation of polyglutamylation in neurons causes their degeneration and perturbs axonal transport provides an opportunity for testing this hypothesis. By developing novel mouse models and a new glutamylation-specific antibody, we demonstrate here that the glutamylases TTLL1 and TTLL7 generate unique and distinct glutamylation patterns on neuronal microtubules. We find that under physiological conditions, TTLL1 polyglutamylates α-tubulin, while TTLL7 modifies β-tubulin. TTLL1, but not TTLL7, catalyses the excessive hyperglutamylation found in mice lacking the deglutamylase CCP1. Consequently, deletion of TTLL1, but not of TTLL7, prevents degeneration of Purkinje cells and of myelinated axons in peripheral nerves in these mice. Moreover, loss of TTLL1 leads to increased mitochondria motility in neurons, while loss of TTLL7 has no such effect. By revealing how specific patterns of tubulin glutamylation, generated by distinct enzymes, translate into specific physiological and pathological readouts, we demonstrate the relevance of the tubulin code for homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Bodakuntla
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France
| | - Xidi Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Developmental Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mariya Genova
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France
| | - Sudarshan Gadadhar
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France
| | - Sophie Leboucher
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France
| | - Marie-Christine Birling
- CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), CNRS, INSERM, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Dennis Klein
- Department of Neurology, Developmental Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Martini
- Department of Neurology, Developmental Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Janke
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France
| | - Maria M Magiera
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France
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108
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Cui W, Yang X, Chen X, Xiao D, Zhu J, Zhang M, Qin X, Ma X, Lin Y. Treating LRRK2‐Related Parkinson's Disease by Inhibiting the mTOR Signaling Pathway to Restore Autophagy. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202105152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Weitong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Mental Health Center West China Hospital of Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Xingyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Dexuan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Junyao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Mei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Xin Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Xiaohong Ma
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Mental Health Center West China Hospital of Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Yunfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
- College of Biomedical Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
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109
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Parkinson's disease patient-specific neuronal networks carrying the LRRK2 G2019S mutation unveil early functional alterations that predate neurodegeneration. NPJ PARKINSONS DISEASE 2021; 7:55. [PMID: 34215735 PMCID: PMC8253775 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-021-00198-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A deeper understanding of early disease mechanisms occurring in Parkinson’s disease (PD) is needed to reveal restorative targets. Here we report that human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived dopaminergic neurons (DAn) obtained from healthy individuals or patients harboring LRRK2 PD-causing mutation can create highly complex networks with evident signs of functional maturation over time. Compared to control neuronal networks, LRRK2 PD patients’ networks displayed an elevated bursting behavior, in the absence of neurodegeneration. By combining functional calcium imaging, biophysical modeling, and DAn-lineage tracing, we found a decrease in DAn neurite density that triggered overall functional alterations in PD neuronal networks. Our data implicate early dysfunction as a prime focus that may contribute to the initiation of downstream degenerative pathways preceding DAn loss in PD, highlighting a potential window of opportunity for pre-symptomatic assessment of chronic degenerative diseases.
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110
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Williamson DS, Smith GP, Mikkelsen GK, Jensen T, Acheson-Dossang P, Badolo L, Bedford ST, Chell V, Chen IJ, Dokurno P, Hentzer M, Newland S, Ray SC, Shaw T, Surgenor AE, Terry L, Wang Y, Christensen KV. Design and Synthesis of Pyrrolo[2,3- d]pyrimidine-Derived Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) Inhibitors Using a Checkpoint Kinase 1 (CHK1)-Derived Crystallographic Surrogate. J Med Chem 2021; 64:10312-10332. [PMID: 34184879 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) and mutants, such as G2019S, have potential utility in Parkinson's disease treatment. Fragment hit-derived pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines underwent optimization using X-ray structures of LRRK2 kinase domain surrogates, based on checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) and a CHK1 10-point mutant. (2R)-2-Methylpyrrolidin-1-yl derivative 18 (LRRK2 G2019S cKi 0.7 nM, LE 0.66) was identified, with increased potency consistent with an X-ray structure of 18/CHK1 10-pt. mutant showing the 2-methyl substituent proximal to Ala147 (Ala2016 in LRRK2). Further structure-guided elaboration of 18 gave the 2-[(1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)amino] derivative 32. Optimization of 32 afforded diastereomeric oxolan-3-yl derivatives 44 and 45, which demonstrated a favorable in vitro PK profile, although they displayed species disconnects in the in vivo PK profile, and a propensity for P-gp- and/or BCRP-mediated efflux in a mouse model. Compounds 44 and 45 demonstrated high potency and exquisite selectivity for LRRK2 and utility as chemical probes for the study of LRRK2 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Simon T Bedford
- Vernalis (R&D) Ltd., Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GB, U.K
| | - Victoria Chell
- Vernalis (R&D) Ltd., Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GB, U.K
| | - I-Jen Chen
- Vernalis (R&D) Ltd., Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GB, U.K
| | - Pawel Dokurno
- Vernalis (R&D) Ltd., Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GB, U.K
| | | | - Samantha Newland
- Vernalis (R&D) Ltd., Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GB, U.K
| | - Stuart C Ray
- Vernalis (R&D) Ltd., Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GB, U.K
| | - Terry Shaw
- Vernalis (R&D) Ltd., Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GB, U.K
| | - Allan E Surgenor
- Vernalis (R&D) Ltd., Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GB, U.K
| | - Lindsey Terry
- Vernalis (R&D) Ltd., Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GB, U.K
| | - Yikang Wang
- Vernalis (R&D) Ltd., Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GB, U.K
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111
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Cresto N, Gardier C, Gaillard MC, Gubinelli F, Roost P, Molina D, Josephine C, Dufour N, Auregan G, Guillermier M, Bernier S, Jan C, Gipchtein P, Hantraye P, Chartier-Harlin MC, Bonvento G, Van Camp N, Taymans JM, Cambon K, Liot G, Bemelmans AP, Brouillet E. The C-Terminal Domain of LRRK2 with the G2019S Substitution Increases Mutant A53T α-Synuclein Toxicity in Dopaminergic Neurons In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136760. [PMID: 34201785 PMCID: PMC8268201 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (α-syn) and leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) play crucial roles in Parkinson's disease (PD). They may functionally interact to induce the degeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons via mechanisms that are not yet fully understood. We previously showed that the C-terminal portion of LRRK2 (ΔLRRK2) with the G2019S mutation (ΔLRRK2G2019S) was sufficient to induce neurodegeneration of DA neurons in vivo, suggesting that mutated LRRK2 induces neurotoxicity through mechanisms that are (i) independent of the N-terminal domains and (ii) "cell-autonomous". Here, we explored whether ΔLRRK2G2019S could modify α-syn toxicity through these two mechanisms. We used a co-transduction approach in rats with AAV vectors encoding ΔLRRK2G2019S or its "dead" kinase form, ΔLRRK2DK, and human α-syn with the A53T mutation (AAV-α-synA53T). Behavioral and histological evaluations were performed at 6- and 15-weeks post-injection. Results showed that neither form of ΔLRRK2 alone induced the degeneration of neurons at these post-injection time points. By contrast, injection of AAV-α-synA53T alone resulted in motor signs and degeneration of DA neurons. Co-injection of AAV-α-synA53T with AAV-ΔLRRK2G2019S induced DA neuron degeneration that was significantly higher than that induced by AAV-α-synA53T alone or with AAV-ΔLRRK2DK. Thus, mutated α-syn neurotoxicity can be enhanced by the C-terminal domain of LRRK2G2019 alone, through cell-autonomous mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Cresto
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, MIRCen, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; (N.C.); (C.G.); (M.-C.G.); (F.G.); (P.R.); (D.M.); (C.J.); (N.D.); (G.A.); (M.G.); (S.B.); (C.J.); (P.G.); (P.H.); (G.B.); (N.V.C.); (K.C.); (G.L.); (A.-P.B.)
| | - Camille Gardier
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, MIRCen, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; (N.C.); (C.G.); (M.-C.G.); (F.G.); (P.R.); (D.M.); (C.J.); (N.D.); (G.A.); (M.G.); (S.B.); (C.J.); (P.G.); (P.H.); (G.B.); (N.V.C.); (K.C.); (G.L.); (A.-P.B.)
| | - Marie-Claude Gaillard
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, MIRCen, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; (N.C.); (C.G.); (M.-C.G.); (F.G.); (P.R.); (D.M.); (C.J.); (N.D.); (G.A.); (M.G.); (S.B.); (C.J.); (P.G.); (P.H.); (G.B.); (N.V.C.); (K.C.); (G.L.); (A.-P.B.)
| | - Francesco Gubinelli
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, MIRCen, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; (N.C.); (C.G.); (M.-C.G.); (F.G.); (P.R.); (D.M.); (C.J.); (N.D.); (G.A.); (M.G.); (S.B.); (C.J.); (P.G.); (P.H.); (G.B.); (N.V.C.); (K.C.); (G.L.); (A.-P.B.)
| | - Pauline Roost
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, MIRCen, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; (N.C.); (C.G.); (M.-C.G.); (F.G.); (P.R.); (D.M.); (C.J.); (N.D.); (G.A.); (M.G.); (S.B.); (C.J.); (P.G.); (P.H.); (G.B.); (N.V.C.); (K.C.); (G.L.); (A.-P.B.)
| | - Daniela Molina
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, MIRCen, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; (N.C.); (C.G.); (M.-C.G.); (F.G.); (P.R.); (D.M.); (C.J.); (N.D.); (G.A.); (M.G.); (S.B.); (C.J.); (P.G.); (P.H.); (G.B.); (N.V.C.); (K.C.); (G.L.); (A.-P.B.)
| | - Charlène Josephine
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, MIRCen, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; (N.C.); (C.G.); (M.-C.G.); (F.G.); (P.R.); (D.M.); (C.J.); (N.D.); (G.A.); (M.G.); (S.B.); (C.J.); (P.G.); (P.H.); (G.B.); (N.V.C.); (K.C.); (G.L.); (A.-P.B.)
| | - Noëlle Dufour
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, MIRCen, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; (N.C.); (C.G.); (M.-C.G.); (F.G.); (P.R.); (D.M.); (C.J.); (N.D.); (G.A.); (M.G.); (S.B.); (C.J.); (P.G.); (P.H.); (G.B.); (N.V.C.); (K.C.); (G.L.); (A.-P.B.)
| | - Gwenaëlle Auregan
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, MIRCen, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; (N.C.); (C.G.); (M.-C.G.); (F.G.); (P.R.); (D.M.); (C.J.); (N.D.); (G.A.); (M.G.); (S.B.); (C.J.); (P.G.); (P.H.); (G.B.); (N.V.C.); (K.C.); (G.L.); (A.-P.B.)
| | - Martine Guillermier
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, MIRCen, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; (N.C.); (C.G.); (M.-C.G.); (F.G.); (P.R.); (D.M.); (C.J.); (N.D.); (G.A.); (M.G.); (S.B.); (C.J.); (P.G.); (P.H.); (G.B.); (N.V.C.); (K.C.); (G.L.); (A.-P.B.)
| | - Suéva Bernier
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, MIRCen, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; (N.C.); (C.G.); (M.-C.G.); (F.G.); (P.R.); (D.M.); (C.J.); (N.D.); (G.A.); (M.G.); (S.B.); (C.J.); (P.G.); (P.H.); (G.B.); (N.V.C.); (K.C.); (G.L.); (A.-P.B.)
| | - Caroline Jan
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, MIRCen, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; (N.C.); (C.G.); (M.-C.G.); (F.G.); (P.R.); (D.M.); (C.J.); (N.D.); (G.A.); (M.G.); (S.B.); (C.J.); (P.G.); (P.H.); (G.B.); (N.V.C.); (K.C.); (G.L.); (A.-P.B.)
| | - Pauline Gipchtein
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, MIRCen, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; (N.C.); (C.G.); (M.-C.G.); (F.G.); (P.R.); (D.M.); (C.J.); (N.D.); (G.A.); (M.G.); (S.B.); (C.J.); (P.G.); (P.H.); (G.B.); (N.V.C.); (K.C.); (G.L.); (A.-P.B.)
| | - Philippe Hantraye
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, MIRCen, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; (N.C.); (C.G.); (M.-C.G.); (F.G.); (P.R.); (D.M.); (C.J.); (N.D.); (G.A.); (M.G.); (S.B.); (C.J.); (P.G.); (P.H.); (G.B.); (N.V.C.); (K.C.); (G.L.); (A.-P.B.)
| | - Marie-Christine Chartier-Harlin
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France; (M.-C.C.-H.); (J.-M.T.)
- Brain Biology and Chemistry, LiCEND, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Gilles Bonvento
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, MIRCen, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; (N.C.); (C.G.); (M.-C.G.); (F.G.); (P.R.); (D.M.); (C.J.); (N.D.); (G.A.); (M.G.); (S.B.); (C.J.); (P.G.); (P.H.); (G.B.); (N.V.C.); (K.C.); (G.L.); (A.-P.B.)
| | - Nadja Van Camp
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, MIRCen, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; (N.C.); (C.G.); (M.-C.G.); (F.G.); (P.R.); (D.M.); (C.J.); (N.D.); (G.A.); (M.G.); (S.B.); (C.J.); (P.G.); (P.H.); (G.B.); (N.V.C.); (K.C.); (G.L.); (A.-P.B.)
| | - Jean-Marc Taymans
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France; (M.-C.C.-H.); (J.-M.T.)
- Brain Biology and Chemistry, LiCEND, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Karine Cambon
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, MIRCen, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; (N.C.); (C.G.); (M.-C.G.); (F.G.); (P.R.); (D.M.); (C.J.); (N.D.); (G.A.); (M.G.); (S.B.); (C.J.); (P.G.); (P.H.); (G.B.); (N.V.C.); (K.C.); (G.L.); (A.-P.B.)
| | - Géraldine Liot
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, MIRCen, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; (N.C.); (C.G.); (M.-C.G.); (F.G.); (P.R.); (D.M.); (C.J.); (N.D.); (G.A.); (M.G.); (S.B.); (C.J.); (P.G.); (P.H.); (G.B.); (N.V.C.); (K.C.); (G.L.); (A.-P.B.)
| | - Alexis-Pierre Bemelmans
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, MIRCen, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; (N.C.); (C.G.); (M.-C.G.); (F.G.); (P.R.); (D.M.); (C.J.); (N.D.); (G.A.); (M.G.); (S.B.); (C.J.); (P.G.); (P.H.); (G.B.); (N.V.C.); (K.C.); (G.L.); (A.-P.B.)
| | - Emmanuel Brouillet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, MIRCen, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; (N.C.); (C.G.); (M.-C.G.); (F.G.); (P.R.); (D.M.); (C.J.); (N.D.); (G.A.); (M.G.); (S.B.); (C.J.); (P.G.); (P.H.); (G.B.); (N.V.C.); (K.C.); (G.L.); (A.-P.B.)
- Correspondence:
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112
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Abe T, Kuwahara T. Targeting of Lysosomal Pathway Genes for Parkinson's Disease Modification: Insights From Cellular and Animal Models. Front Neurol 2021; 12:681369. [PMID: 34194386 PMCID: PMC8236816 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.681369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous genetic studies on hereditary Parkinson's disease (PD) have identified a set of pathogenic gene mutations that have strong impacts on the pathogenicity of PD. In addition, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) targeted to sporadic PD have nominated an increasing number of genetic variants that influence PD susceptibility. Although the clinical and pathological characteristics in hereditary PD are not identical to those in sporadic PD, α-synuclein, and LRRK2 are definitely associated with both types of PD, with LRRK2 mutations being the most frequent cause of autosomal-dominant PD. On the other hand, a significant portion of risk genes identified from GWAS have been associated with lysosomal functions, pointing to a critical role of lysosomes in PD pathogenesis. Experimental studies have suggested that the maintenance or upregulation of lysosomal activity may protect against neuronal dysfunction or degeneration. Here we focus on the roles of representative PD gene products that are implicated in lysosomal pathway, namely LRRK2, VPS35, ATP13A2, and glucocerebrosidase, and provide an overview of their disease-associated functions as well as their cooperative actions in the pathogenesis of PD, based on the evidence from cellular and animal models. We also discuss future perspectives of targeting lysosomal activation as a possible strategy to treat neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Abe
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoki Kuwahara
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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113
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Bolz SN, Salentin S, Jennings G, Haupt VJ, Sterneckert J, Schroeder M. Structural binding site comparisons reveal Crizotinib as a novel LRRK2 inhibitor. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:3674-3681. [PMID: 34285770 PMCID: PMC8258795 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are a frequent cause of autosomal dominant Parkinson’s disease (PD) and have been associated with familial and sporadic PD. Reducing the kinase activity of LRRK2 is a promising therapeutic strategy since pathogenic mutations increase the kinase activity. Several small-molecule LRRK2 inhibitors are currently under investigation for the treatment of PD. However, drug discovery and development are always accompanied by high costs and a risk of late failure. The use of already approved drugs for a new indication, which is known as drug repositioning, can reduce the cost and risk. In this study, we applied a structure-based drug repositioning approach to identify new LRRK2 inhibitors that are already approved for a different indication. In a large-scale structure-based screening, we compared the protein–ligand interaction patterns of known LRRK2 inhibitors with protein–ligand complexes in the PDB. The screening yielded 6 drug repositioning candidates. Two of these candidates, Sunitinib and Crizotinib, demonstrated an inhibition potency (IC50) and binding affinity (Kd) in the nanomolar to micromolar range. While Sunitinib has already been known to inhibit LRRK2, Crizotinib is a novel LRRK2 binder. Our results underscore the potential of structure-based methods for drug discovery and development. In light of the recent breakthroughs in cryo-electron microscopy and structure prediction, we believe that structure-based approaches like ours will grow in importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Naomi Bolz
- Biotechnology Center (BIOTEC), Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47/49, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Sebastian Salentin
- Biotechnology Center (BIOTEC), Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47/49, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Gary Jennings
- Biotechnology Center (BIOTEC), Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47/49, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - V Joachim Haupt
- Biotechnology Center (BIOTEC), Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47/49, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Jared Sterneckert
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 105, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Michael Schroeder
- Biotechnology Center (BIOTEC), Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47/49, Dresden 01307, Germany
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114
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Conformation and dynamics of the kinase domain drive subcellular location and activation of LRRK2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2100844118. [PMID: 34088839 PMCID: PMC8201809 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2100844118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore how pathogenic mutations of the multidomain leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) hijack its finely tuned activation process and drive Parkinson's disease (PD), we used a multitiered approach. Most mutations mimic Rab-mediated activation by "unleashing" kinase activity, and many, like the kinase inhibitor MLi-2, trap LRRK2 onto microtubules. Here we mimic activation by simply deleting the inhibitory N-terminal domains and then characterize conformational changes induced by MLi-2 and PD mutations. After confirming that LRRK2RCKW retains full kinase activity, we used hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry to capture breathing dynamics in the presence and absence of MLi-2. Solvent-accessible regions throughout the entire protein are reduced by MLi-2 binding. With molecular dynamics simulations, we created a dynamic portrait of LRRK2RCKW and demonstrate the consequences of kinase domain mutations. Although all domains contribute to regulating kinase activity, the kinase domain, driven by the DYGψ motif, is the allosteric hub that drives LRRK2 regulation.
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115
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Myasnikov A, Zhu H, Hixson P, Xie B, Yu K, Pitre A, Peng J, Sun J. Structural analysis of the full-length human LRRK2. Cell 2021; 184:3519-3527.e10. [PMID: 34107286 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are commonly implicated in the pathogenesis of both familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD). LRRK2 regulates critical cellular processes at membranous organelles and forms microtubule-based pathogenic filaments, yet the molecular basis underlying these biological roles of LRRK2 remains largely enigmatic. Here, we determined high-resolution structures of full-length human LRRK2, revealing its architecture and key interdomain scaffolding elements for rationalizing disease-causing mutations. The kinase domain of LRRK2 is captured in an inactive state, a conformation also adopted by the most common PD-associated mutation, LRRK2G2019S. This conformation serves as a framework for structure-guided design of conformational specific inhibitors. We further determined the structure of COR-mediated LRRK2 dimers and found that single-point mutations at the dimer interface abolished pathogenic filamentation in cells. Overall, our study provides mechanistic insights into physiological and pathological roles of LRRK2 and establishes a structural template for future therapeutic intervention in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Myasnikov
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Cryo-EM and Tomography Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Hanwen Zhu
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Patricia Hixson
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Boer Xie
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Kaiwen Yu
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Aaron Pitre
- Cell & Tissue Imaging Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Junmin Peng
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Ji Sun
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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116
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Azeggagh S, Berwick DC. The development of inhibitors of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) as a therapeutic strategy for Parkinson's disease: the current state of play. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:1478-1495. [PMID: 34050929 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Current therapeutic approaches for Parkinson's disease (PD) are based around treatments that alleviate symptoms but do not slow or prevent disease progression. As such, alternative strategies are needed. A promising approach is the use of molecules that reduce the function of leucine-rich repeat kinase (LRRK2). Gain-of-function mutations in LRRK2 account for a notable proportion of familial Parkinson's disease cases, and significantly, elevated LRRK2 kinase activity is reported in idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Here, we describe progress in finding therapeutically effective LRRK2 inhibitors, summarising studies that range from in vitro experiments to clinical trials. LRRK2 is a complex protein with two enzymatic activities and a myriad of functions. This creates opportunities for a rich variety of strategies and also increases the risk of unintended consequences. We comment on the strength and limitations of the different approaches and conclude that with two molecules under clinical trial and a diversity of alternative options in the pipeline, there is cause for optimism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Azeggagh
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Daniel C Berwick
- Institute of Medical and Biomedical Education, St George's, University of London, London, UK
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117
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Boecker CA, Goldsmith J, Dou D, Cajka GG, Holzbaur ELF. Increased LRRK2 kinase activity alters neuronal autophagy by disrupting the axonal transport of autophagosomes. Curr Biol 2021; 31:2140-2154.e6. [PMID: 33765413 PMCID: PMC8154747 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease-causing mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene hyperactivate LRRK2 kinase activity and cause increased phosphorylation of Rab GTPases, important regulators of intracellular trafficking. We found that the most common LRRK2 mutation, LRRK2-G2019S, dramatically reduces the processivity of autophagosome transport in neurons in a kinase-dependent manner. This effect was consistent across an overexpression model, neurons from a G2019S knockin mouse, and human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons gene edited to express the G2019S mutation, and the effect was reversed by genetic or pharmacological inhibition of LRRK2. Furthermore, LRRK2 hyperactivation induced by overexpression of Rab29, a known activator of LRRK2 kinase, disrupted autophagosome transport to a similar extent. Mechanistically, we found that hyperactive LRRK2 recruits the motor adaptor JNK-interacting protein 4 (JIP4) to the autophagosomal membrane, inducing abnormal activation of kinesin that we propose leads to an unproductive tug of war between anterograde and retrograde motors. Disruption of autophagosome transport correlated with a significant defect in autophagosome acidification, suggesting that the observed transport deficit impairs effective degradation of autophagosomal cargo in neurons. Our results robustly link increased LRRK2 kinase activity to defects in autophagosome transport and maturation, further implicating defective autophagy in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Alexander Boecker
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Juliet Goldsmith
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Dan Dou
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gregory G Cajka
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Erika L F Holzbaur
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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118
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Singh F, Ganley IG. Parkinson's disease and mitophagy: an emerging role for LRRK2. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:551-562. [PMID: 33769432 PMCID: PMC8106497 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects around 2% of individuals over 60 years old. It is characterised by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta of the midbrain, which is thought to account for the major clinical symptoms such as tremor, slowness of movement and muscle stiffness. Its aetiology is poorly understood as the physiological and molecular mechanisms leading to this neuronal loss are currently unclear. However, mitochondrial and lysosomal dysfunction seem to play a central role in this disease. In recent years, defective mitochondrial elimination through autophagy, termed mitophagy, has emerged as a potential contributing factor to disease pathology. PINK1 and Parkin, two proteins mutated in familial PD, were found to eliminate mitochondria under distinct mitochondrial depolarisation-induced stress. However, PINK1 and Parkin are not essential for all types of mitophagy and such pathways occur in most cell types and tissues in vivo, even in the absence of overt mitochondrial stress - so-called basal mitophagy. The most common mutation in PD, that of glycine at position 2019 to serine in the protein kinase LRRK2, results in increased activity and this was recently shown to disrupt basal mitophagy in vivo. Thus, different modalities of mitophagy are affected by distinct proteins implicated in PD, suggesting impaired mitophagy may be a common denominator for the disease. In this short review, we discuss the current knowledge about the link between PD pathogenic mutations and mitophagy, with a particular focus on LRRK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois Singh
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Ian G. Ganley
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
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119
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Bryant N, Malpeli N, Ziaee J, Blauwendraat C, Liu Z, West AB. Identification of LRRK2 missense variants in the accelerating medicines partnership Parkinson's disease cohort. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 30:454-466. [PMID: 33640967 PMCID: PMC8101351 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic missense variants in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene have been identified through linkage analysis in familial Parkinson disease (PD). Subsequently, other missense variants with lower effect sizes on PD risk have emerged, as well as non-coding polymorphisms (e.g. rs76904798) enriched in PD cases in genome-wide association studies. Here we leverage recent whole-genome sequences from the Accelerating Medicines Partnership-Parkinson's Disease (AMP-PD) and the Genome Aggregation (gnomAD) databases to characterize novel missense variants in LRRK2 and explore their relationships with known pathogenic and PD-linked missense variants. Using a computational prediction tool that successfully classifies known pathogenic LRRK2 missense variants, we describe an online web-based resource that catalogs characteristics of over 1200 LRRK2 missense variants of unknown significance. Novel high-pathogenicity scoring variants, some identified exclusively in PD cases, tightly cluster within the ROC-COR-Kinase domains. Structure-function predictions support that some of these variants exert gain-of-function effects with respect to LRRK2 kinase activity. In AMP-PD participants, all p.R1441G carriers (N = 89) are also carriers of the more common PD-linked variant p.M1646T. In addition, nearly all carriers of the PD-linked p.N2081D missense variant are also carriers of the LRRK2 PD-risk variant rs76904798. These results provide a compendium of LRRK2 missense variants and how they associate with one another. While the pathogenic p.G2019S variant is by far the most frequent high-pathogenicity scoring variant, our results suggest that ultra-rare missense variants may have an important cumulative impact in increasing the number of individuals with LRRK2-linked PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Bryant
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotherapeutics Research, Departments of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, and Neurology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Nicole Malpeli
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotherapeutics Research, Departments of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, and Neurology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Julia Ziaee
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotherapeutics Research, Departments of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, and Neurology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Cornelis Blauwendraat
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zhiyong Liu
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotherapeutics Research, Departments of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, and Neurology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | | | - Andrew B West
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotherapeutics Research, Departments of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, and Neurology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710 USA
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Abstract
Point mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the most common cause of familial Parkinson's disease (PD) and are implicated in a significant proportion of apparently sporadic PD cases. Clinically, LRRK2-driven PD is indistinguishable from sporadic PD, making it an attractive genetic model for the much more common sporadic PD. In this review, we highlight recent advances in understanding LRRK2's subcellular functions using LRRK2-driven PD models, while also considering some of the limitations of these model systems. Recent developments of particular importance include new evidence of key LRRK2 functions in the endolysosomal system and LRRK2's regulation of and by Rab GTPases. Additionally, LRRK2's interaction with the cytoskeleton allowed elucidation of the LRRK2 structure and appears relevant to LRRK2 protein degradation and LRRK2 inhibitor therapies. We further discuss how LRRK2's interactions with other PD-driving genes, such as the VPS35, GBA1, and SNCA genes, may highlight cellular pathways more broadly disrupted in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahsan Usmani
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Farbod Shavarebi
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Annie Hiniker
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
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121
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Chen L, Hou J, Zeng X, Guo Q, Deng M, Kloeber JA, Tu X, Zhao F, Wu Z, Huang J, Luo K, Kim W, Lou Z. LRRK2 inhibition potentiates PARP inhibitor cytotoxicity through inhibiting homologous recombination-mediated DNA double strand break repair. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e341. [PMID: 33784003 PMCID: PMC7908045 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PARP inhibitors induce DNA lesions, the repair of which are highly dependent on homologous recombination (HR), and preferentially kill HR- deficient cancers. However, cancer cells have developed several mechanisms to transform HR and confer drug resistance to PARP inhibition. Therefore, there is a great clinical interest in exploring new therapies that induce HR deficiency (HRD), thereby sensitizing cancer cells to PARP inhibitors. Here, we found that GSK2578215A, a high-selective and effective leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) inhibitor, or LRRK2 depletion suppresses HR preventing the recruitment of RAD51 to DNA damage sites through disruption of the interaction of RAD51 and BRCA2. Moreover, LRRK2 inhibition or depletion increases the susceptibility of ovarian cancer cells to Olaparib in vitro and in vivo. In clinical specimens, LRRK2 high expression is high related with advanced clinical characteristics and poor survival of ovarian cancer patients. All these findings indicate ovarian cancers expressing high levels of LRRK2 are more resistant to treatment potentially through promoting HR. Furthermore, combination treatment with an LRRK2 and PARP inhibitor may be a novel strategy to improve the effectiveness of LRRK2 expression ovarian cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Chen
- Department of GynecologyZhejiang Provincial People's HospitalHangzhouZhejiangP. R. China
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota
- Department of Oncology, Medical Scientist Training ProgramMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota
| | - Jing Hou
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota
- Department of Oncology, Medical Scientist Training ProgramMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota
| | - Xiangyu Zeng
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota
- Department of Oncology, Medical Scientist Training ProgramMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota
| | - Qiang Guo
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota
- Department of Oncology, Medical Scientist Training ProgramMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota
| | - Min Deng
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota
- Department of Oncology, Medical Scientist Training ProgramMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota
| | - Jake A Kloeber
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota
- Department of Oncology, Medical Scientist Training ProgramMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota
| | - Xinyi Tu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota
- Department of Oncology, Medical Scientist Training ProgramMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota
| | - Fei Zhao
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota
- Department of Oncology, Medical Scientist Training ProgramMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota
| | - Zheming Wu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota
- Department of Oncology, Medical Scientist Training ProgramMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota
| | - Jinzhou Huang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota
- Department of Oncology, Medical Scientist Training ProgramMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota
| | - Kuntian Luo
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota
- Department of Oncology, Medical Scientist Training ProgramMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota
| | - Wootae Kim
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota
- Department of Oncology, Medical Scientist Training ProgramMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota
| | - Zhenkun Lou
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota
- Department of Oncology, Medical Scientist Training ProgramMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota
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122
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Malik AU, Karapetsas A, Nirujogi RS, Mathea S, Chatterjee D, Pal P, Lis P, Taylor M, Purlyte E, Gourlay R, Dorward M, Weidlich S, Toth R, Polinski NK, Knapp S, Tonelli F, Alessi DR. Deciphering the LRRK code: LRRK1 and LRRK2 phosphorylate distinct Rab proteins and are regulated by diverse mechanisms. Biochem J 2021; 478:553-578. [PMID: 33459343 PMCID: PMC7886321 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant mutations in LRRK2 that enhance kinase activity cause Parkinson's disease. LRRK2 phosphorylates a subset of Rab GTPases including Rab8A and Rab10 within its effector binding motif. Here, we explore whether LRRK1, a less studied homolog of LRRK2 that regulates growth factor receptor trafficking and osteoclast biology might also phosphorylate Rab proteins. Using mass spectrometry, we found that in LRRK1 knock-out cells, phosphorylation of Rab7A at Ser72 was most impacted. This residue lies at the equivalent site targeted by LRRK2 on Rab8A and Rab10. Accordingly, recombinant LRRK1 efficiently phosphorylated Rab7A at Ser72, but not Rab8A or Rab10. Employing a novel phospho-specific antibody, we found that phorbol ester stimulation of mouse embryonic fibroblasts markedly enhanced phosphorylation of Rab7A at Ser72 via LRRK1. We identify two LRRK1 mutations (K746G and I1412T), equivalent to the LRRK2 R1441G and I2020T Parkinson's mutations, that enhance LRRK1 mediated phosphorylation of Rab7A. We demonstrate that two regulators of LRRK2 namely Rab29 and VPS35[D620N], do not influence LRRK1. Widely used LRRK2 inhibitors do not inhibit LRRK1, but we identify a promiscuous inhibitor termed GZD-824 that inhibits both LRRK1 and LRRK2. The PPM1H Rab phosphatase when overexpressed dephosphorylates Rab7A. Finally, the interaction of Rab7A with its effector RILP is not affected by LRRK1 phosphorylation and we observe that maximal stimulation of the TBK1 or PINK1 pathway does not elevate Rab7A phosphorylation. Altogether, these findings reinforce the idea that the LRRK enzymes have evolved as major regulators of Rab biology with distinct substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asad U. Malik
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Athanasios Karapetsas
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Raja S. Nirujogi
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Sebastian Mathea
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Deep Chatterjee
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Prosenjit Pal
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Pawel Lis
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Matthew Taylor
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Elena Purlyte
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Robert Gourlay
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Mark Dorward
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Simone Weidlich
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Rachel Toth
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Nicole K. Polinski
- Michael J Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, Grand Central Station, PO Box 4777, New York, NY 10163, U.S.A
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Francesca Tonelli
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Dario R. Alessi
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
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123
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Nirujogi RS, Tonelli F, Taylor M, Lis P, Zimprich A, Sammler E, Alessi DR. Development of a multiplexed targeted mass spectrometry assay for LRRK2-phosphorylated Rabs and Ser910/Ser935 biomarker sites. Biochem J 2021; 478:299-326. [PMID: 33367571 PMCID: PMC7833208 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mutations that increase the protein kinase activity of LRRK2 are one of the most common causes of familial Parkinson's disease. LRRK2 phosphorylates a subset of Rab GTPases within their Switch-II motif, impacting interaction with effectors. We describe and validate a new, multiplexed targeted mass spectrometry assay to quantify endogenous levels of LRRK2-phosphorylated Rab substrates (Rab1, Rab3, Rab8, Rab10, Rab35 and Rab43) as well as total levels of Rabs, LRRK2 and LRRK2-phosphorylated at the Ser910 and Ser935 biomarker sites. Exploiting this assay, we quantify for the first time the relative levels of each of the pRab proteins in different cells (mouse embryonic fibroblasts, human neutrophils) and mouse tissues (brain, kidney, lung and spleen). We define how these components are impacted by Parkinson's pathogenic mutations (LRRK2[R1441C] and VPS35[D620N]) and LRRK2 inhibitors. We find that the VPS35[D620N], but not LRRK2[R1441C] mutation, enhances Rab1 phosphorylation in a manner blocked by administration of an LRRK2 inhibitor, providing the first evidence that endogenous Rab1 is a physiological substrate for LRRK2. We exploit this assay to demonstrate that in Parkinson's patients with VPS35[D620N] mutations, phosphorylation of multiple Rab proteins (Rab1, Rab3, Rab8, Rab10 and Rab43) is elevated. We highlight the benefits of this assay over immunoblotting approaches currently deployed to assess LRRK2 Rab signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja S. Nirujogi
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Francesca Tonelli
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Matthew Taylor
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Pawel Lis
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Alexander Zimprich
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Esther Sammler
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Dario R. Alessi
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
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124
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Konstantinidou M, Oun A, Pathak P, Zhang B, Wang Z, Ter Brake F, Dolga AM, Kortholt A, Dömling A. The tale of proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) for Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2). ChemMedChem 2020; 16:959-965. [PMID: 33278061 PMCID: PMC8048960 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Here we present the rational design and synthetic methodologies towards proteolysis‐targeting chimeras (PROTACs) for the recently‐emerged target leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2). Two highly potent, selective, brain‐penetrating kinase inhibitors were selected, and their structure was appropriately modified to assemble a cereblon‐targeting PROTAC. Biological data show strong kinase inhibition and the ability of the synthesized compounds to enter the cells. However, data regarding the degradation of the target protein are inconclusive. The reasons for the inefficient degradation of the target are further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markella Konstantinidou
- Department of Pharmacy, Group of Drug Design, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Asmaa Oun
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pragya Pathak
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Groningen Institute of Biomolecular Sciences & Biotechnology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bidong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Group of Drug Design, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Zefeng Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Group of Drug Design, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frans Ter Brake
- Department of Pharmacy, Group of Drug Design, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Amalia M Dolga
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan Kortholt
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Groningen Institute of Biomolecular Sciences & Biotechnology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.,YETEM-Innovative Technologies Application and Research Centre Suleyman Demirel University, West Campus, 32260, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Alexander Dömling
- Department of Pharmacy, Group of Drug Design, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
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125
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Kalogeropulou AF, Freemantle JB, Lis P, Vides EG, Polinski NK, Alessi DR. Endogenous Rab29 does not impact basal or stimulated LRRK2 pathway activity. Biochem J 2020; 477:4397-4423. [PMID: 33135724 PMCID: PMC7702304 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mutations that enhance LRRK2 protein kinase activity cause inherited Parkinson's disease. LRRK2 phosphorylates a group of Rab GTPase proteins, including Rab10 and Rab12, within the effector-binding switch-II motif. Previous work has indicated that the PARK16 locus, which harbors the gene encoding for Rab29, is involved in Parkinson's, and that Rab29 operates in a common pathway with LRRK2. Co-expression of Rab29 and LRRK2 stimulates LRRK2 activity by recruiting LRRK2 to the surface of the trans Golgi network. Here, we report that knock-out of Rab29 does not influence endogenous LRRK2 activity, based on the assessment of Rab10 and Rab12 phosphorylation, in wild-type LRRK2, LRRK2[R1441C] or VPS35[D620N] knock-in mouse tissues and primary cell lines, including brain extracts and embryonic fibroblasts. We find that in brain extracts, Rab12 phosphorylation is more robustly impacted by LRRK2 inhibitors and pathogenic mutations than Rab10 phosphorylation. Transgenic overexpression of Rab29 in a mouse model was also insufficient to stimulate basal LRRK2 activity. We observed that stimulation of Rab10 and Rab12 phosphorylation induced by agents that stress the endolysosomal system (nigericin, monensin, chloroquine and LLOMe) is suppressed by LRRK2 inhibitors but not blocked in Rab29 deficient cells. From the agents tested, nigericin induced the greatest increase in Rab10 and Rab12 phosphorylation (5 to 9-fold). Our findings indicate that basal, pathogenic, as well as nigericin and monensin stimulated LRRK2 pathway activity is not controlled by Rab29. Further work is required to establish how LRRK2 activity is regulated, and whether other Rab proteins can control LRRK2 by targeting it to diverse membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia F. Kalogeropulou
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Jordana B. Freemantle
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Pawel Lis
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Edmundo G. Vides
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford 94305-5307, U.S.A
| | - Nicole K. Polinski
- Michael J Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, Grand Central Station, PO Box 4777, New York, NY 10163, U.S.A
| | - Dario R. Alessi
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
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126
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The 14-3-3 Proteins as Important Allosteric Regulators of Protein Kinases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228824. [PMID: 33233473 PMCID: PMC7700312 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation by kinases governs many key cellular and extracellular processes, such as transcription, cell cycle progression, differentiation, secretion and apoptosis. Unsurprisingly, tight and precise kinase regulation is a prerequisite for normal cell functioning, whereas kinase dysregulation often leads to disease. Moreover, the functions of many kinases are regulated through protein–protein interactions, which in turn are mediated by phosphorylated motifs and often involve associations with the scaffolding and chaperon protein 14-3-3. Therefore, the aim of this review article is to provide an overview of the state of the art on 14-3-3-mediated kinase regulation, focusing on the most recent mechanistic insights into these important protein–protein interactions and discussing in detail both their structural aspects and functional consequences.
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127
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Taylor SS, Kaila-Sharma P, Weng JH, Aoto P, Schmidt SH, Knapp S, Mathea S, Herberg FW. Kinase Domain Is a Dynamic Hub for Driving LRRK2 Allostery. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:538219. [PMID: 33122997 PMCID: PMC7573214 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.538219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinases and GTPases are the two major molecular switches that regulate much of biology, and both of these domains are embedded within the large multi-domain Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2). Mutations in LRRK2 are the most common cause of familial Parkinson's disease (PD) and are also implicated in Crohn's disease. The recent Cryo-Electron Microscopy (Cryo-EM) structure of the four C-terminal domains [ROC COR KIN WD40 (RCKW)] of LRRK2 includes both of the catalytic domains. Although the important allosteric N-terminal domains are missing in the Cryo-EM structure this structure allows us to not only explore the conserved features of the kinase domain, which is trapped in an inactive and open conformation but also to observe the direct allosteric cross-talk between the two domains. To define the unique features of the kinase domain and to better understand the dynamic switch mechanism that allows LRRK2 to toggle between its inactive and active conformations, we have compared the LRRK2 kinase domain to Src, BRaf, and PKA. We also compare and contrast the two canonical glycine-rich loop motifs in LRRK2 that anchor the nucleotide: the G-Loop in protein kinases that anchors ATP and the P-Loop in GTPases that anchors GTP. The RCKW structure also provides a template for the cross-talk between the kinase and GTPase domains and brings new mechanistic insights into the physiological function of LRRK2 and how the kinase domain, along with key phosphorylation sites, can serve as an allosteric hub for mediating conformational changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan S Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Pallavi Kaila-Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Jui-Hung Weng
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Phillip Aoto
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Sven H Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sebastian Mathea
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Friedrich W Herberg
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
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128
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Olszewska DA, Lang AE. "Opening" New Insights Into LRRK2 Conformation and the Microtubule. Mov Disord 2020; 35:2162-2163. [PMID: 33085790 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Diana A Olszewska
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anthony E Lang
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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129
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Padmanabhan S, Fiske BK, Baptista MA. The Michael J. Fox Foundation's Strategies for Accelerating Translation of LRRK2 into Therapies for Parkinson Disease. Cells 2020; 9:E1878. [PMID: 32796584 PMCID: PMC7466022 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2005, The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (MJFF) has invested significant funding and non-funding effort to accelerate research and drug development activity around the Parkinson disease (PD)-associated protein LRRK2. MJFF has spearheaded multiple public/private pre-competitive collaborations that have contributed to our understanding of LRRK2 function; de-risked potential safety questions around the therapeutic use of LRRK2 kinase inhibitors; and generated critical research tools, biosamples, and data for the field. Several LRRK2-targeted therapies are now in human testing due to the hard work of so many in the PD community. In this perspective, we present a holistic description and model of how our Foundation's support targeted important barriers to LRRK2 research and helped move the field into clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Padmanabhan
- The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research, Grand Central Station, P.O. Box 4777, New York, NY 10120, USA
| | | | - Marco A.S. Baptista
- The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research, Grand Central Station, P.O. Box 4777, New York, NY 10120, USA
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