101
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Ban J, Sámano C, Mladinic M, Munitic I. Glia in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and spinal cord injury: common therapeutic targets. Croat Med J 2019; 60:109-120. [PMID: 31044582 PMCID: PMC6509626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The toolkit for repairing damaged neurons in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and spinal cord injury (SCI) is extremely limited. Here, we reviewed the in vitro and in vivo studies and clinical trials on nonneuronal cells in the neurodegenerative processes common to both these conditions. Special focus was directed to microglia and astrocytes, because their activation and proliferation, also known as neuroinflammation, is a key driver of neurodegeneration. Neuroinflammation is a multifaceted process that evolves during the disease course, and can be either beneficial or toxic to neurons. Given the fundamental regulatory functions of glia, pathogenic mechanisms in neuroinflammation represent promising therapeutic targets. We also discussed neuroprotective, immunosuppressive, and stem-cell based approaches applicable to both ALS and SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ivana Munitic
- Ivana Munitic, Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, R. Matejčić 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia,
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102
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West PK, Viengkhou B, Campbell IL, Hofer MJ. Microglia responses to interleukin‐6 and type I interferons in neuroinflammatory disease. Glia 2019; 67:1821-1841. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Phillip K. West
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The Charles Perkins Centre, and The Bosch InstituteThe University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Barney Viengkhou
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The Charles Perkins Centre, and The Bosch InstituteThe University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Iain L. Campbell
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The Charles Perkins Centre, and The Bosch InstituteThe University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Markus J. Hofer
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The Charles Perkins Centre, and The Bosch InstituteThe University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
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103
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Pluvinage JV, Haney MS, Smith BAH, Sun J, Iram T, Bonanno L, Li L, Lee DP, Morgens DW, Yang AC, Shuken SR, Gate D, Scott M, Khatri P, Luo J, Bertozzi CR, Bassik MC, Wyss-Coray T. CD22 blockade restores homeostatic microglial phagocytosis in ageing brains. Nature 2019; 568:187-192. [PMID: 30944478 PMCID: PMC6574119 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1088-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Microglia maintain homeostasis in the central nervous system through phagocytic clearance of protein aggregates and cellular debris. This function deteriorates during ageing and neurodegenerative disease, concomitant with cognitive decline. However, the mechanisms of impaired microglial homeostatic function and the cognitive effects of restoring this function remain unknown. We combined CRISPR-Cas9 knockout screens with RNA sequencing analysis to discover age-related genetic modifiers of microglial phagocytosis. These screens identified CD22, a canonical B cell receptor, as a negative regulator of phagocytosis that is upregulated on aged microglia. CD22 mediates the anti-phagocytic effect of α2,6-linked sialic acid, and inhibition of CD22 promotes the clearance of myelin debris, amyloid-β oligomers and α-synuclein fibrils in vivo. Long-term central nervous system delivery of an antibody that blocks CD22 function reprograms microglia towards a homeostatic transcriptional state and improves cognitive function in aged mice. These findings elucidate a mechanism of age-related microglial impairment and a strategy to restore homeostasis in the ageing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- John V Pluvinage
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Graduate Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael S Haney
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin A H Smith
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chemistry, Engineering, and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jerry Sun
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tal Iram
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Liana Bonanno
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lulin Li
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Davis P Lee
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David W Morgens
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Andrew C Yang
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chemistry, Engineering, and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Steven R Shuken
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David Gate
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Madeleine Scott
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Informatics Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Purvesh Khatri
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Informatics Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jian Luo
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Veterans Administration Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Carolyn R Bertozzi
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chemistry, Engineering, and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael C Bassik
- Chemistry, Engineering, and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tony Wyss-Coray
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Chemistry, Engineering, and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Veterans Administration Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
- Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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104
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Fuzzati-Armentero MT, Cerri S, Blandini F. Peripheral-Central Neuroimmune Crosstalk in Parkinson's Disease: What Do Patients and Animal Models Tell Us? Front Neurol 2019; 10:232. [PMID: 30941089 PMCID: PMC6433876 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain is no longer considered an immune privileged organ and neuroinflammation has long been associated with Parkinson's disease. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that innate and adaptive responses take place in the CNS. The extent to which peripheral immune alterations impacts on the CNS, or vice and versa, is, however, still a matter of debate. Gaining a better knowledge of the molecular and cellular immune dysfunctions present in these two compartments and clarifying their mutual interactions is a fundamental step in understanding and preventing Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge on inflammatory processes evidenced both in PD patients and in toxin-induced animal models of the disease. It discusses differences and similarities between human and animal studies in the context of neuroinflammation and immune responses and how they have guided therapeutic strategies to slow down disease progression. Future longitudinal studies are necessary and can help gain a better understanding on peripheral-central nervous system crosstalk to improve therapeutic strategies for PD.
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105
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Frank MG, Fonken LK, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Microglia: Neuroimmune-sensors of stress. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 94:176-185. [PMID: 30638704 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to stressors disrupts homeostasis and results in the release of stress hormones including glucocorticoids, epinepherine and norepinepherine. Interestingly, stress also has profound affects on microglia, which are tissue-resident macrophages in the brain parenchyma. Microglia express a diverse array of receptors, which also allows them to respond to stress hormones derived from peripheral as well as central sources. Here, we review studies of how exposure to acute and chronic stressors alters the immunophenotype and function of microglia. Further, we examine a causal for stress hormones in these effects of stress on microglia. We propose that microglia serve as immunosensors of the stress response, which puts them in the unique position to sense and respond rapidly to alterations in homeostasis and integrate the neural response to threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Frank
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
| | - Laura K Fonken
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Linda R Watkins
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Steven F Maier
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
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106
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Norris GT, Kipnis J. Immune cells and CNS physiology: Microglia and beyond. J Exp Med 2019; 216:60-70. [PMID: 30504438 PMCID: PMC6314530 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20180199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances have directed our knowledge of the immune system from a narrative of "self" versus "nonself" to one in which immune function is critical for homeostasis of organs throughout the body. This is also the case with respect to the central nervous system (CNS). CNS immunity exists in a segregated state, with a marked partition occurring between the brain parenchyma and meningeal spaces. While the brain parenchyma is patrolled by perivascular macrophages and microglia, the meningeal spaces are supplied with a diverse immune repertoire. In this review, we posit that such partition allows for neuro-immune crosstalk to be properly tuned. Convention may imply that meningeal immunity is an ominous threat to brain function; however, recent studies have shown that its presence may instead be a steady hand directing the CNS to optimal performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey T Norris
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Jonathan Kipnis
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
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107
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Abstract
A century ago, Pío del Río-Hortega discovered that microglial cells are endowed with remarkable dynamic and plastic capabilities. The real-time plasticity of microglia could be revealed, however, only during the last 15 years with the development of new transgenic animal models and new molecular and functional analysis methods. Phenotyping microglia in situ with these new tools sealed the fate of the classical two state model of "resting" microglia in physiological conditions and "activated" microglia in pathological conditions. Our current view on functional behavior of microglia takes into account the exquisite reactivity of these immune cells to changes occurring in the CNS in both physiological and pathological conditions. We briefly review here the results and methods that have uncovered the dynamics and versatility of microglial reactivity.
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108
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Marttinen M, Takalo M, Natunen T, Wittrahm R, Gabbouj S, Kemppainen S, Leinonen V, Tanila H, Haapasalo A, Hiltunen M. Molecular Mechanisms of Synaptotoxicity and Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:963. [PMID: 30618585 PMCID: PMC6301995 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder, which is clinically associated with a global cognitive decline and progressive loss of memory and reasoning. According to the prevailing amyloid cascade hypothesis of AD, increased soluble amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomer levels impair the synaptic functions and augment calcium dyshomeostasis, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress as well as the formation of neurofibrillary tangles at specific brain regions. Emerging new findings related to synaptic dysfunction and initial steps of neuroinflammation in AD have been able to delineate the underlying molecular mechanisms, thus reinforcing the development of new treatment strategies and biomarkers for AD beyond the conventional Aβ- and tau-targeted approaches. Particularly, the identification and further characterization of disease-associated microglia and their RNA signatures, AD-associated novel risk genes, neurotoxic astrocytes, and in the involvement of complement-dependent pathway in synaptic pruning and loss in AD have set the outstanding basis for further preclinical and clinical studies. Here, we discuss the recent development and the key findings related to the novel molecular mechanisms and targets underlying the synaptotoxicity and neuroinflammation in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Marttinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mari Takalo
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Teemu Natunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Rebekka Wittrahm
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sami Gabbouj
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Susanna Kemppainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ville Leinonen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine – Neurosurgery, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Neurosurgery, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Heikki Tanila
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Annakaisa Haapasalo
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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109
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Manich G, Recasens M, Valente T, Almolda B, González B, Castellano B. Role of the CD200-CD200R Axis During Homeostasis and Neuroinflammation. Neuroscience 2018; 405:118-136. [PMID: 30367946 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are considered to be the resident macrophages of the CNS and main effector of immune brain function. Due to their essential role in the regulation of neuroinflammatory response, microglia constitute an important target for neurological diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease. The communication between neurons and microglia contributes to a proper maintenance of homeostasis in the CNS. Research developed in the last decade has demonstrated that this interaction is mediated by "Off-signals" - molecules exerting immune inhibition - and "On signals" - molecules triggering immune activation. Among "Off signals", molecular pair CD200 and its CD200R receptor, expressed mainly in the membrane of neurons and microglia, respectively, have centered our attention due to its unexplored and powerful immunoregulatory functions. In this review, we will offer an updated global view of the CD200-CD200R role in the microglia-neuron crosstalk during homeostasis and neuroinflammation. Specifically, the effects of CD200-CD200R in the inhibition of pro-inflammatory microglial activation will be explained, and their involvement in other functions such as homeostasis preservation, tissue repair, and brain aging, among others, will be pointed out. In addition, we will depict the effects of CD200-CD200R uncoupling in the etiopathogenesis of autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, we will explore how to translate the scientific evidence of CD200-CD200R interaction into possible clinical therapeutic strategies to tackle neuroinflammatory CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Manich
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neuroscience. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Recasens
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neuroscience. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tony Valente
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neuroscience. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Almolda
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neuroscience. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Berta González
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neuroscience. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bernardo Castellano
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neuroscience. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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110
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Herkenham M. The contribution of microglia to "immunization against stress". Brain Behav Immun 2018; 73:161-162. [PMID: 30077589 PMCID: PMC7418074 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Miles Herkenham
- Section on Functional Neuroanatomy, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, DHHS, United States.
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111
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Szepesi Z, Manouchehrian O, Bachiller S, Deierborg T. Bidirectional Microglia-Neuron Communication in Health and Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:323. [PMID: 30319362 PMCID: PMC6170615 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are ramified cells that exhibit highly motile processes, which continuously survey the brain parenchyma and react to any insult to the CNS homeostasis. Although microglia have long been recognized as a crucial player in generating and maintaining inflammatory responses in the CNS, now it has become clear, that their function are much more diverse, particularly in the healthy brain. The innate immune response and phagocytosis represent only a little segment of microglia functional repertoire that also includes maintenance of biochemical homeostasis, neuronal circuit maturation during development and experience-dependent remodeling of neuronal circuits in the adult brain. Being equipped by numerous receptors and cell surface molecules microglia can perform bidirectional interactions with other cell types in the CNS. There is accumulating evidence showing that neurons inform microglia about their status and thus are capable of controlling microglial activation and motility while microglia also modulate neuronal activities. This review addresses the topic: how microglia communicate with other cell types in the brain, including fractalkine signaling, secreted soluble factors and extracellular vesicles. We summarize the current state of knowledge of physiological role and function of microglia during brain development and in the mature brain and further highlight microglial contribution to brain pathologies such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, brain ischemia, traumatic brain injury, brain tumor as well as neuropsychiatric diseases (depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Szepesi
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Oscar Manouchehrian
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sara Bachiller
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tomas Deierborg
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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