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Abstract
B-1 cells constitute a unique subpopulation of lymphocytes residing mainly in body cavities like the peritoneal cavity (PerC) but are also found in spleen and bone marrow (BM). As innate-like B cells, they mediate first line immune defense through low-affinity natural IgM (nIgM) antibodies. PerC B-1 cells can egress to the spleen and differentiate into nIgM antibody-secreting plasma cells that recognize conserved exogenous and endogenous cellular structures. Homing to and homeostasis within the PerC are regulated by the chemokine CXCL13 released by PerC macrophages and stroma cells. However, the exact mechanisms underlying the regulation of CXCL13 and B-1 homeostasis are not fully explored. B-1 cells play important roles in the inflammatory response to infection, autoimmunity, ischemia/reperfusion injury, obesity, and atherosclerosis. Remarkably, this list of inflammatory entities has a strong overlap with diseases that are regulated by complement suggesting a link between B-1 cells and the complement system. Interestingly, up to now, no data exist regarding the role of complement in B-1 cell biology. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that C5a regulates B-1 cell steady-state dynamics within the peritoneum, the spleen, and the BM. We found decreased B-1a cell numbers in the peritoneum and the spleen of C5aR1−/− mice associated with increased B1-a and B1-b numbers in the spleen and high serum titers of nIgM antibodies directed against phosphorylcholine and several pneumococcal polysaccharides. Similarly, peritoneal B-1a cells were decreased in the peritoneum and splenic B-1a and B-1b cells were increased in C5aR2−/− mice. The decrease in peritoneal B-1 cell numbers was associated with decreased peritoneal CXCL13 levels in C5aR1−/− and C5aR2−/− mice. In search for mechanisms, we found that combined TLR2 and IL-10 receptor activation in PerC macrophages induced strong CXCL13 production, which was significantly reduced in cells from C5aR1- and C5aR2-deficient mice and after combined C5aR-targeting. Such stimulation also induced marked local C5 production by PerC macrophages and C5a generation. Importantly, peritoneal in vivo administration of C5a increased CXCL13 production. Taken together, our findings suggest that local non-canonical C5 activation in PerC macrophages fuels CXCL13 production as a novel mechanism to control B-1 cell homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Bröker
- Brandenburg Medical School, University Hospital Brandenburg, Center of Internal Medicine II, Brandenburg a. d. Havel, Germany
| | - Julia Figge
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Albert F Magnusen
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Rudolf A Manz
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jörg Köhl
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Christian M Karsten
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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103
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Garg C, Seo JH, Ramachandran J, Loh JM, Calderon F, Contreras JE. Trovafloxacin attenuates neuroinflammation and improves outcome after traumatic brain injury in mice. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:42. [PMID: 29439712 PMCID: PMC5812039 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1069-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trovafloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, recently identified as an inhibitor of pannexin-1 (Panx1) channels. Panx1 channels are important conduits for the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) release from live and dying cells that enhances the inflammatory response of immune cells. Elevated extracellular levels ATP released upon injury activate purinergic pathways in inflammatory cells that promote migration, proliferation, phagocytosis, and apoptotic signals. Here, we tested whether trovafloxacin administration attenuates the neuroinflammatory response and improves outcomes after brain trauma. Methods The murine controlled cortical impact (CCI) model was used to determine whether in vivo delivery of trovafloxacin has anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective actions after brain trauma. Locomotor deficit was assessed using the rotarod test. Levels of tissue damage markers and inflammation were measured using western blot, qPCR, and immunofluorescence. In vitro assays were used to evaluate whether trovafloxacin blocks ATP release and cell migration in a chemotactic-stimulated microglia cell line. Results Trovafloxacin treatment of CCI-injured mice significantly reduced tissue damage markers and improved locomotor deficits. In addition, trovafloxacin treatment significantly reduced mRNA levels of several pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α), which correlates with an overall reduction in the accumulation of inflammatory cell types (neutrophils, microglia/macrophages, and astroglia) at the injury zone. To determine whether trovafloxacin exerted these effects by direct action on immune cells, we evaluated its effect on ATP release and cell migration using a chemotactic-stimulated microglial cell line. We found that trovafloxacin significantly inhibited both ATP release and migration of these cells. Conclusion Our results show that trovafloxacin administration has pronounced anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects following brain injury. These findings lay the foundation for future studies to directly test a role for Panx1 channels in pathological inflammation following brain trauma. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-018-1069-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charu Garg
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neurosciences, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 185 South Orange Ave, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Joon Ho Seo
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neurosciences, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 185 South Orange Ave, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Jayalakshmi Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neurosciences, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 185 South Orange Ave, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Ji Meng Loh
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Frances Calderon
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neurosciences, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 185 South Orange Ave, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
| | - Jorge E Contreras
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neurosciences, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 185 South Orange Ave, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
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104
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Sahoo AR, Mishra R, Rana S. The Model Structures of the Complement Component 5a Receptor (C5aR) Bound to the Native and Engineered hC5a. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2955. [PMID: 29440703 PMCID: PMC5811428 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21290-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of hC5a with C5aR, previously hypothesized to involve a “two-site” binding, (i) recognition of the bulk of hC5a by the N-terminus (NT) of C5aR (“site1”), and (ii) recognition of C-terminus (CT) of hC5a by the extra cellular surface (ECS) of the C5aR (“site2”). However, the pharmacological landscapes of such recognition sites are yet to be illuminated at atomistic resolution. In the context, unique model complexes of C5aR, harboring pharmacophores of diverse functionality at the “site2” has recently been described. The current study provides a rational illustration of the “two-site” binding paradigm in C5aR, by recruiting the native agonist hC5a and engineered antagonist hC5a(A8). The hC5a-C5aR and hC5a(A8)-C5aR complexes studied over 250 ns of molecular dynamics (MD) each in POPC bilayer illuminate the hallmark of activation mechanism in C5aR. The intermolecular interactions in the model complexes are well supported by the molecular mechanics Poisson–Boltzmann surface area (MM-PBSA) based binding free energy calculation, strongly correlating with the reported mutational studies. Exemplified in two unique and contrasting molecular complexes, the study provides an exceptional understanding of the pharmacological divergence observed in C5aR, which will certainly be useful for search and optimization of new generation “neutraligands” targeting the hC5a-C5aR interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amita Rani Sahoo
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Richa Mishra
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Soumendra Rana
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 752050, India.
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105
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Killick J, Morisse G, Sieger D, Astier AL. Complement as a regulator of adaptive immunity. Semin Immunopathol 2018; 40:37-48. [PMID: 28842749 PMCID: PMC5794818 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-017-0644-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The complement system is an ancient and evolutionarily conserved effector system comprising in mammals over 50 circulating and membrane bound proteins. Complement has long been described as belonging to the innate immune system; however, a number of recent studies have demonstrated its key role in the modulation of the adaptive immune response. This review does not set out to be an exhaustive list of the numerous interactions of the many complement components with adaptive immunity; rather, we will focus more precisely on the role of some complement molecules in the regulation of antigen presenting cells, as well as on their direct effect on the activation of the core adaptive immune cells, B and T lymphocytes. Recent reports on the local production and activation of complement proteins also suggest a major role in the control of effector responses. The crucial role of complement in adaptive immunity is further highlighted by several examples of dysregulation of these pathways in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Killick
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh Centre for MS Research, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Gregoire Morisse
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh Centre for MS Research, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
- Centre for NeuroRegeneration, Edinburgh Centre for MS Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Dirk Sieger
- Centre for NeuroRegeneration, Edinburgh Centre for MS Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Anne L Astier
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh Centre for MS Research, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
- Inserm U1043, CNRS U5282, Université de Toulouse, Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan (CPTP), F-31300, Toulouse, France.
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106
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Colley CS, Popovic B, Sridharan S, Debreczeni JE, Hargeaves D, Fung M, An L, Edwards B, Arnold J, England E, Eghobamien L, Sivars U, Flavell L, Renshaw J, Wickson K, Warrener P, Zha J, Bonnell J, Woods R, Wilkinson T, Dobson C, Vaughan TJ. Structure and characterization of a high affinity C5a monoclonal antibody that blocks binding to C5aR1 and C5aR2 receptors. MAbs 2018; 10:104-117. [PMID: 28952876 PMCID: PMC5800367 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2017.1384892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
C5a is a potent anaphylatoxin that modulates inflammation through the C5aR1 and C5aR2 receptors. The molecular interactions between C5a-C5aR1 receptor are well defined, whereas C5a-C5aR2 receptor interactions are poorly understood. Here, we describe the generation of a human antibody, MEDI7814, that neutralizes C5a and C5adesArg binding to the C5aR1 and C5aR2 receptors, without affecting complement-mediated bacterial cell killing. Unlike other anti-C5a mAbs described, this antibody has been shown to inhibit the effects of C5a by blocking C5a binding to both C5aR1 and C5aR2 receptors. The crystal structure of the antibody in complex with human C5a reveals a discontinuous epitope of 22 amino acids. This is the first time the epitope for an antibody that blocks C5aR1 and C5aR2 receptors has been described, and this work provides a basis for molecular studies aimed at further understanding the C5a-C5aR2 receptor interaction. MEDI7814 has therapeutic potential for the treatment of acute inflammatory conditions in which both C5a receptors may mediate inflammation, such as sepsis or renal ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibody Affinity
- Antibody Specificity
- Binding Sites, Antibody
- Complement C5a/antagonists & inhibitors
- Complement C5a/chemistry
- Complement C5a/immunology
- Complement C5a/metabolism
- Epitope Mapping/methods
- Epitopes
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Protein Binding
- Protein Conformation
- Protein Engineering
- Receptor, Anaphylatoxin C5a/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Anaphylatoxin C5a/chemistry
- Receptor, Anaphylatoxin C5a/immunology
- Receptor, Anaphylatoxin C5a/metabolism
- Receptors, Chemokine/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Chemokine/chemistry
- Receptors, Chemokine/immunology
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- Structure-Activity Relationship
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline S. Colley
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune Ltd, Cambridge, UK
- CONTACT Caroline S. Colley Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune Ltd, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Bojana Popovic
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune Ltd, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | - Michael Fung
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Ling–Ling An
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Bryan Edwards
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune Ltd, Cambridge, UK
| | - Joanne Arnold
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune Ltd, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elizabeth England
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune Ltd, Cambridge, UK
| | - Laura Eghobamien
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, MedImmune Ltd, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ulf Sivars
- Translational Biology, IMED RIA Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Liz Flavell
- Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Kate Wickson
- Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul Warrener
- Infectious Diseases, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Jingying Zha
- Infectious Diseases, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | - Rob Woods
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Trevor Wilkinson
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune Ltd, Cambridge, UK
| | - Claire Dobson
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune Ltd, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tristan J. Vaughan
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune Ltd, Cambridge, UK
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107
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Yamanegi K, Yamada N, Nakasho K, Nishiura H. Participation of delta annexin A3 in the ribosomal protein S19 C-terminus-dependent inhibitory mechanism of the neutrophil C5a receptor through delta lactoferrin. Pathol Int 2017; 68:109-116. [PMID: 29288518 DOI: 10.1111/pin.12626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Although C5a receptor (C5aR) interacting with its agonist C5a promotes acute inflammation during the initiation phase, the roles of the recycling C5aR during the resolution phase are still unclear. We found that C5aR interacted with its antagonist/agonist ribosomal protein S19 (RP S19) polymer or a RP S19 polymer functional analogue S-tagged C5a/RP S19, which connects an RP S19 C-terminus (IAGQVAAANKKH) to the S-tagged C5a C-terminus, promoted acute inflammation at the resolution phase via an activation of the apoptosis-inducing transcription factor delta lactoferrin (δLf) in neutrophils and the membrane mobilizing factor full-length annexin A3 (ANXA3) in macrophages. To confirm the antagonistic system of the recycling C5aR, S-tagged δLf-coupled BrCN-activated Sepharose 4B beads were incubated with cytoplasmic proteins and identified a neutrophil-specific δANXA3 via pull-down experiments. The S-tagged C5a/RP S19-induced agonistic functions in macrophage-like cells that were differentiated from human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells by phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate were suppressed by δLf and δANXA3 co-overexpression. δANXA3 seems to participate in the antagonistic system of the neutrophil C5aR involving IAGQVAAANKKH and δLf. Most likely, δANXA3 works as antagonist for the recycling C5aR on neutrophils during the resolution phase of acute inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Yamanegi
- Department of Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | | | | | - Hiroshi Nishiura
- Department of Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
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108
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Complement 5a Receptor deficiency does not influence adverse cardiac remodeling after pressure-overload in mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17045. [PMID: 29213128 PMCID: PMC5719022 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16957-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is one of the most common risk factors for the development heart failure in the general population. Inflammation plays a central role in this adverse remodeling and eventually to the development of heart failure. Circulating levels of Complement factor 5a (C5a) are increased in hypertensive patients and the C5a receptor is associated with the presence of cardiac fibrosis and inflammation in an experimental hypertension model. To test if C5aR is involved in adverse cardiac remodeling following pressure-overload, we induced transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in wildtype and C5a receptor deficient mice (C5aR-/-). Six weeks after TAC, C5aR-/- animals showed a similar degree of cardiac hypertrophy and decrease in cardiac function as wild type mice (End Systolic Volume; 50.30±5.32 µl vs. 55.81±8.16 µl). In addition, other features of adverse cardiac remodeling like cardiomyocyte cell size (WGA staining), fibrosis (picrosirius red staining) or collagen degradation (matrix metalloproteinase activity assay) did not differ either. In conclusion, full body C5aR deficiency does not affect adverse cardiac remodeling after pressure-overload. However, our finding are in contrast with C5a inhibition studies. Our observations do present the role of C5a-C5aR in adverse cardiac remodeling and heart failure as controversial at the least.
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109
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Iyer A, Xu W, Reid RC, Fairlie DP. Chemical Approaches to Modulating Complement-Mediated Diseases. J Med Chem 2017; 61:3253-3276. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abishek Iyer
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Weijun Xu
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Robert C. Reid
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - David P. Fairlie
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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110
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Hernandez MX, Jiang S, Cole TA, Chu SH, Fonseca MI, Fang MJ, Hohsfield LA, Torres MD, Green KN, Wetsel RA, Mortazavi A, Tenner AJ. Prevention of C5aR1 signaling delays microglial inflammatory polarization, favors clearance pathways and suppresses cognitive loss. Mol Neurodegener 2017; 12:66. [PMID: 28923083 PMCID: PMC5604420 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0210-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacologic inhibition of C5aR1, a receptor for the complement activation proinflammatory fragment, C5a, suppressed pathology and cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease (AD) mouse models. To validate that the effect of the antagonist was specifically via C5aR1 inhibition, mice lacking C5aR1 were generated and compared in behavior and pathology. In addition, since C5aR1 is primarily expressed on cells of the myeloid lineage, and only to a lesser extent on endothelial cells and neurons in brain, gene expression in microglia isolated from adult brain at multiple ages was compared across all genotypes. METHODS C5aR1 knock out mice were crossed to the Arctic AD mouse model, and characterized for pathology and for behavior performance in a hippocampal dependent memory task. CX3CR1GFP and CCR2RFP reporter mice were bred to C5aR1 sufficient and knockout wild type and Arctic mice to enable sorting of microglia (GFP-positive, RFP-negative) isolated from adult brain at 2, 5, 7 and 10 months of age followed by RNA-seq analysis. RESULTS A lack of C5aR1 prevented behavior deficits at 10 months, although amyloid plaque load was not altered. Immunohistochemical analysis showed no CCR2+ monocytes/macrophages near the plaques in the Arctic brain with or without C5aR1. Microglia were sorted from infiltrating monocytes (GFP and RFP-positive) for transcriptome analysis. RNA-seq analysis identified inflammation related genes as differentially expressed, with increased expression in the Arctic mice relative to wild type and decreased expression in the Arctic/C5aR1KO relative to Arctic. In addition, phagosomal-lysosomal gene expression was increased in the Arctic mice relative to wild type but further increased in the Arctic/C5aR1KO mice. A decrease in neuronal complexity was seen in hippocampus of 10 month old Arctic mice at the time that correlates with the behavior deficit, both of which were rescued in the Arctic/C5aR1KO. CONCLUSIONS These data are consistent with microglial polarization in the absence of C5aR1 signaling reflecting decreased induction of inflammatory genes and enhancement of degradation/clearance pathways, which is accompanied by preservation of CA1 neuronal complexity and hippocampal dependent cognitive function. These results provide links between microglial responses and loss of cognitive performance and, combined with the previous pharmacological approach to inhibit C5aR1 signaling, support the potential of this receptor as a novel therapeutic target for AD in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael X Hernandez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Shan Jiang
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Tracy A Cole
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Present Address: Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc., Carlsbad, CA, 92010, USA
| | - Shu-Hui Chu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Maria I Fonseca
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Melody J Fang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Lindsay A Hohsfield
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Maria D Torres
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kim N Green
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Rick A Wetsel
- Research Center for Immunology and Autoimmune Diseases, Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, University of Texas-Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ali Mortazavi
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Andrea J Tenner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
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111
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Laumonnier Y, Wiese AV, Figge J, Karsten C. Regulation and function of anaphylatoxins and their receptors in allergic asthma. Mol Immunol 2017; 84:51-56. [PMID: 27916272 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Allergic asthma is a disease of the airways driven by maladaptive T helper 2 (Th2) and Th17 immune response against harmless, airborne substances. The hallmarks of this disease are airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), eosinophilic and neutrophilic airway inflammation and mucus overproduction. Distinct dendric cell (DC) subsets together with airway epithelial and pulmonary vascular endothelial cells play critical roles in allergen sensing and in driving T cell differentiation towards Th2 and Th17 effector or regulatory T cells (Treg). Previous studies suggested already a pivotal role for the anaphylatoxins (C5a, C3a) in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma. During sensitization for example it is described, that C3a promotes, whereas C5a protects from the development of maladaptive immunity during allergen sensitization. Here we will discuss the role of the anaphylatoxins (C3a, C5a) and their receptors during the pathogenesis of allergic asthma, and specifically in lung DC biology. We will also have a look on canonical and non-canonical complement activation and we will discuss novel concepts on how the adaptive immune system can regulate the function of ATRs also in the context of allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Laumonnier
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Anna V Wiese
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Julia Figge
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christian Karsten
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany.
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112
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The Complement System Component C5a Produces Thermal Hyperalgesia via Macrophage-to-Nociceptor Signaling That Requires NGF and TRPV1. J Neurosci 2017; 36:5055-70. [PMID: 27147658 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3249-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The complement cascade is a principal component of innate immunity. Recent studies have underscored the importance of C5a and other components of the complement system in inflammatory and neuropathic pain, although the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. In particular, it is unclear how the complement system communicates with nociceptors and which ion channels and receptors are involved. Here we demonstrate that inflammatory thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia induced by complete Freund's adjuvant was accompanied by C5a upregulation and was markedly reduced by C5a receptor (C5aR1) knock-out or treatment with the C5aR1 antagonist PMX53. Direct administration of C5a into the mouse hindpaw produced strong thermal hyperalgesia, an effect that was absent in TRPV1 knock-out mice, and was blocked by the TRPV1 antagonist AMG9810. Immunohistochemistry of mouse plantar skin showed prominent expression of C5aR1 in macrophages. Additionally, C5a evoked strong Ca(2+) mobilization in macrophages. Macrophage depletion in transgenic macrophage Fas-induced apoptosis mice abolished C5a-dependent thermal hyperalgesia. Examination of inflammatory mediators following C5a injection revealed a rapid upregulation of NGF, a mediator known to sensitize TRPV1. Preinjection of an NGF-neutralizing antibody or Trk inhibitor GNF-5837 prevented C5a-induced thermal hyperalgesia. Notably, NGF-induced thermal hyperalgesia was unaffected by macrophage depletion. Collectively, these results suggest that complement fragment C5a induces thermal hyperalgesia by triggering macrophage-dependent signaling that involves mobilization of NGF and NGF-dependent sensitization of TRPV1. Our findings highlight the importance of macrophage-to-neuron signaling in pain processing and identify C5a, NGF, and TRPV1 as key players in this cross-cellular communication. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This study provides mechanistic insight into how the complement system, a key component of innate immunity, regulates the development of pain hypersensitivity. We demonstrate a crucial role of the C5a receptor, C5aR1, in the development of inflammatory thermal and mechanical sensitization. By focusing on the mechanisms of C5a-induced thermal hyperalgesia, we show that this process requires recruitment of macrophages and initiation of macrophage-to-nociceptor signaling. At the molecular level, we demonstrate that this signaling depends on NGF and is mediated by the heat-sensitive nociceptive channel TRPV1. This deeper understanding of how immune cells and neurons interact to regulate pain processing is expected to facilitate mechanism-based approaches in the development of new analgesics.
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113
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Kim SH, Jang YS. Yersinia enterocolitica Exploits Signal Crosstalk between Complement 5a Receptor and Toll-like Receptor 1/2 and 4 to Avoid the Bacterial Clearance in M cells. Immune Netw 2017; 17:228-236. [PMID: 28860952 PMCID: PMC5577300 DOI: 10.4110/in.2017.17.4.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the intestinal mucosal surface, microfold cells (M cells) are the representative gateway for the uptake of luminal antigens. At the same time, M cells are the primary infection site for pathogens invading mucosal surface for their infection. Although it is well recognized that many mucosal pathogens exploit the M cells for their infection, the mechanism to infect M cells utilized by pathogens is not clearly understood yet. In this study, we found that M cells expressing complement 5a (C5a) receptor (C5aR) also express Toll-like receptor (TLR) 1/2 and TLR4. Infection of Yersinia enterocolitica, an M cell-invading pathogen, synergistically regulated cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase A (cAMP-PKA) signaling which are involved in signal crosstalk between C5aR and TLRs. In addition, Y. enterocolitica infection into M cells was enhanced by C5a treatment and this enhancement was abrogated by C5a antagonist treatment. Finally, Y. enterocolitica infection into M cells was unsuccessful in C5aR knock-out mice. Collectively, we suggest that exploit the crosstalk between C5aR and TLR signaling is one of infection mechanisms utilized by mucosal pathogens to infect M cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sae-Hae Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology and Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea.,Department of Bioactive Material Sciences and Research Center of Bioactive Materials, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Yong-Suk Jang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea.,Department of Bioactive Material Sciences and Research Center of Bioactive Materials, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
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114
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Hajishengallis G, Lambris JD. More than complementing Tolls: complement-Toll-like receptor synergy and crosstalk in innate immunity and inflammation. Immunol Rev 2017; 274:233-244. [PMID: 27782328 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Complement and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play key roles in the host immune response and are swiftly activated by infection or other types of immunological stress. This review focuses on the capacity of complement and TLRs to engage in signaling crosstalk, ostensibly to coordinate immune and inflammatory responses through synergistic or antagonistic (regulatory) interactions. However, overactivation or dysregulation of either system may lead-often synergistically-to exaggerated inflammation and host tissue injury. Intriguingly, moreover, certain pathogens can manipulate complement-TLR crosstalk pathways in ways that undermine host immunity and favor their persistence. In the setting of polymicrobial inflammatory disease, subversion of complement-TLR crosstalk by keystone pathogens can promote dysbiosis. Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying complement-TLR crosstalk pathways can, therefore, be used productively for tailored therapeutic approaches, such as, to enhance host immunity, mitigate destructive inflammation, or counteract microbial subversion of the host response.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Hajishengallis
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - John D Lambris
- Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Abstract
As the largest receptor gene family in the human genome, with >800 members, the signal-transducing G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play critical roles in nearly all conceivable physiological processes, ranging from the sensing of photons and odorants to metabolic homeostasis and migration of leukocytes. Unfortunately, an exhaustive review of the several hundred GPCRs expressed by myeloid cells/macrophages (P.J. Groot-Kormelink, L .Fawcett, P.D. Wright, M. Gosling, and T.C. Kent, BMC Immunol 12:57, 2012, doi:10.1186/1471-2172-13-57) is beyond the scope of this chapter; however, we will endeavor to cover the GPCRs that contribute to the major facets of macrophage biology, i.e., those whose expression is restricted to macrophages and the GPCRs involved in macrophage differentiation/polarization, microbial elimination, inflammation and resolution, and macrophage-mediated pathology. The chemokine receptors, a major group of myeloid GPCRs, will not be extensively covered as they are comprehensively reviewed elsewhere.
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116
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The Controversial C5a Receptor C5aR2: Its Role in Health and Disease. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:8193932. [PMID: 28706957 PMCID: PMC5494583 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8193932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
After the discovery of the C5a receptor C5aR1, C5aR2 is the second receptor found to bind C5a and its des-arginine form. As a heptahelical G protein-coupled receptor but devoid of the intracellular Gα signal, C5aR2 is special and confusing. Ramifications and controversies about C5aR2 are under debate since its identification, from putative ligands and cellular localization to intracellular signals and pathological roles in inflammation and immunity. The ruleless and even conflicting pro- or anti-inflammatory role of C5aR2 in animal models of diverse diseases makes one bewildered. This review summarizes reports on C5aR2, tries to clear up available evidence on these four controversial aspects, and delineates C5aR2 function(s). It also summarizes available toolboxes for C5aR2 study.
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Bergdolt S, Kovtun A, Hägele Y, Liedert A, Schinke T, Amling M, Huber-Lang M, Ignatius A. Osteoblast-specific overexpression of complement receptor C5aR1 impairs fracture healing. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179512. [PMID: 28614388 PMCID: PMC5470759 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The anaphylatoxin receptor C5aR1 plays an important role not only in innate immune responses, but also in bone metabolism and fracture healing, being highly expressed on immune and bone cells, including osteoblasts and osteoclasts. C5aR1 induces osteoblast migration, cytokine generation and osteoclastogenesis, however, the exact role of C5aR1-mediated signaling in osteoblasts is not entirely known. Therefore, we hypothesized that osteoblasts are essential target cells for C5a and that fracture healing should be disturbed in mice with an osteoblast-specific C5aR1 overexpression (Col1a1-C5aR1). Osteoblast activity in vitro, bone phenotype and fracture healing after isolated osteotomy and after combined osteotomy with additional thoracic trauma were analyzed. The systemic and local inflammatory reactions were analyzed by determining C5a and IL-6 concentrations in blood, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and fracture callus and the recruitment of immune cells. In vitro, osteoblast proliferation and differentiation were similar to wildtype cells, and phosphorylation of p38 and expression of IL-6 and RANKL were increased in osteoblasts derived from Col1a1-C5aR1 mice. Bone phenotype and the inflammatory reaction were unaffected in Col1a1-C5aR1 mice. Fracture healing was significantly impaired as demonstrated by significantly reduced bone content, bone mineral density and flexural rigidity, possibly due to significantly increased osteoclast numbers. C5aR1 signaling in osteoblasts might possibly affect RANKL/OPG balance, leading to increased bone resorption. Additional trauma significantly impaired fracture healing, particularly in Col1a1-C5aR1 mice. In conclusion, the data indicate that C5aR1 signaling in osteoblasts plays a detrimental role in bone regeneration after fracture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Bergdolt
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anna Kovtun
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Yvonne Hägele
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Astrid Liedert
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schinke
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Amling
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Huber-Lang
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Traumaimmunology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anita Ignatius
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- * E-mail:
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118
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Novel insights into the expression pattern of anaphylatoxin receptors in mice and men. Mol Immunol 2017; 89:44-58. [PMID: 28600003 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The anaphylatoxins (AT) C3a and C5a play important roles as mediators of inflammation. Further, they regulate and control multiple innate and adaptive immune responses through binding and activation of their cognate G protein-coupled receptors, i.e. C3a receptor (C3aR), C5a receptor 1 (C5aR1) and C5a receptor 2 (C5aR2), although the latter lacks important sequence motifs for G protein-coupling. Based on their pleiotropic functions, they contribute not only to tissue homeostasis but drive, perpetuate and resolve immune responses in many inflammatory diseases including infections, malignancies, autoimmune as well as allergic diseases. During the past few years, transcriptome expression data provided detailed insights into AT receptor tissue mRNA expression. In contrast, our understanding of cellular AT receptor expression in human and mouse tissues under steady and inflammatory conditions is still sketchy. Ligand binding studies, flow cytometric and immunohistochemical analyses convincingly demonstrated tissue-specific C5aR1 expression in various cells of myeloid origin. However, a detailed map for C3aR or C5aR2 expression in human or mouse tissue cells is still lacking. Also, reports about AT expression in lymphoid cells is still controversial. To understand the multiple roles of the ATs in the innate and adaptive immune networks, a detailed understanding of their receptor expression in health and disease is required. Recent findings obtained with novel GFP or tdTomato AT-receptor knock-in mice provide detailed insights into their expression pattern in tissue immune and stroma cells. Here, we will provide an update about our current knowledge of AT receptor expression pattern in humans and mice.
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Dantas de Araujo A, Wu C, Wu KC, Reid RC, Durek T, Lim J, Fairlie DP. Europium-Labeled Synthetic C3a Protein as a Novel Fluorescent Probe for Human Complement C3a Receptor. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 28:1669-1676. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aline Dantas de Araujo
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular
Bioscience, ‡Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular
Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, and §Centre for Inflammation Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Chongyang Wu
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular
Bioscience, ‡Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular
Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, and §Centre for Inflammation Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Kai-Chen Wu
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular
Bioscience, ‡Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular
Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, and §Centre for Inflammation Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Robert C. Reid
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular
Bioscience, ‡Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular
Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, and §Centre for Inflammation Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Thomas Durek
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular
Bioscience, ‡Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular
Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, and §Centre for Inflammation Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Junxian Lim
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular
Bioscience, ‡Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular
Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, and §Centre for Inflammation Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - David P. Fairlie
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular
Bioscience, ‡Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular
Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, and §Centre for Inflammation Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Fella E, Sokratous K, Papacharalambous R, Kyriacou K, Phillips J, Sanderson S, Panayiotou E, Kyriakides T. Pharmacological Stimulation of Phagocytosis Enhances Amyloid Plaque Clearance; Evidence from a Transgenic Mouse Model of ATTR Neuropathy. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:138. [PMID: 28539873 PMCID: PMC5423984 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary ATTR V30M amyloidosis is a lethal autosomal dominant sensorimotor and autonomic neuropathy caused by deposition of aberrant transthyretin (TTR). Immunohistochemical examination of sural nerve biopsies in patients with amyloidotic neuropathy show co-aggregation of TTR with several proteins; including apolipoprotein E, serum amyloid P and components of the complement cascade. Complement activation and macrophages are increasingly recognized to play a crucial role in amyloidogenesis at the tissue bed level. In the current study we test the effect of two C5a receptor agonists and a C5a receptor antagonist (PMX53) on disease phenotype in ATTR V30M mice. Our results indicate that amyloid deposition was significantly reduced following treatment with the C5a receptor agonists, while treatment with the antagonist resulted in a significant increase of amyloid load. Administration of the C5a receptor agonists triggered increased recruitment of phagocytic cells resulting in clearance of amyloid deposits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Fella
- Neurology Clinic A, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and GeneticsNicosia, Cyprus.,Cyprus School of Molecular MedicineNicosia, Cyprus
| | - Kleitos Sokratous
- Electron Microscopy and Molecular Pathology Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and GeneticsNicosia, Cyprus.,Bioinformatics Group, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and GeneticsNicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - Kyriacos Kyriacou
- Cyprus School of Molecular MedicineNicosia, Cyprus.,Electron Microscopy and Molecular Pathology Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and GeneticsNicosia, Cyprus
| | - Joy Phillips
- Donald P. Shiley Bioscience Center, San Diego State UniversitySan Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sam Sanderson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmaha, NE, USA
| | - Elena Panayiotou
- Neurology Clinic A, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and GeneticsNicosia, Cyprus
| | - Theodoros Kyriakides
- Neurology Clinic A, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and GeneticsNicosia, Cyprus.,Cyprus School of Molecular MedicineNicosia, Cyprus
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121
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Nielsen DS, Shepherd NE, Xu W, Lucke AJ, Stoermer MJ, Fairlie DP. Orally Absorbed Cyclic Peptides. Chem Rev 2017; 117:8094-8128. [PMID: 28541045 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Peptides and proteins are not orally bioavailable in mammals, although a few peptides are intestinally absorbed in small amounts. Polypeptides are generally too large and polar to passively diffuse through lipid membranes, while most known active transport mechanisms facilitate cell uptake of only very small peptides. Systematic evaluations of peptides with molecular weights above 500 Da are needed to identify parameters that influence oral bioavailability. Here we describe 125 cyclic peptides containing four to thirty-seven amino acids that are orally absorbed by mammals. Cyclization minimizes degradation in the gut, blood, and tissues by removing cleavable N- and C-termini and by shielding components from metabolic enzymes. Cyclization also folds peptides into bioactive conformations that determine exposure of polar atoms to solvation by water and lipids and therefore can influence oral bioavailability. Key chemical properties thought to influence oral absorption and bioavailability are analyzed, including molecular weight, octanol-water partitioning, hydrogen bond donors/acceptors, rotatable bonds, and polar surface area. The cyclic peptides violated to different degrees all of the limits traditionally considered to be important for oral bioavailability of drug-like small molecules, although fewer hydrogen bond donors and reduced flexibility generally favored oral absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Nielsen
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, and ‡Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Nicholas E Shepherd
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, and ‡Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Weijun Xu
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, and ‡Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Andrew J Lucke
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, and ‡Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Martin J Stoermer
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, and ‡Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, and ‡Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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Panayiotou E, Fella E, Papacharalambous R, Malas S, Saraiva MJ, Kyriakides T. C1q ablation exacerbates amyloid deposition: A study in a transgenic mouse model of ATTRV30M amyloid neuropathy. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175767. [PMID: 28407005 PMCID: PMC5391113 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
ATTRV30M amyloid neuropathy is a lethal autosomal dominant sensorimotor and autonomic neuropathy, caused by deposition of amyloid fibrils composed of aberrant transthyretin (TTR). Ages of onset and penetrance exhibit great variability and genetic factors have been implicated. Complement activation co-localizes with amyloid deposits in amyloidotic neuropathy and is possibly involved in the kinetics of amyloidogenesis. A candidate gene approach has recently identified C1q polymorphisms to correlate with disease onset in a Cypriot cohort of patients with ATTRV30M amyloid neuropathy. In the current study we use a double transgenic mouse model of ATTRV30M amyloid neuropathy in which C1q is ablated to elucidate further a possible modifier role for C1q. Amyloid deposition is found to be increased by 60% in the absence of C1q. Significant up regulation is also recorded in apoptotic and cellular stress markers reflecting extracellular toxicity of pre-fibrillar and fibrillar TTR. Our data further indicate that in the absence of C1q there is marked reduction of macrophages in association with amyloid deposits and thus less effective phagocytosis of TTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Panayiotou
- Clinic A, Neuropathology Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Eleni Fella
- The Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Revekka Papacharalambous
- Clinic A, Neuropathology Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Stavros Malas
- Clinic A, Neuropathology Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Maria Joao Saraiva
- Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde (I3S) and Neurobiologia Molecular-Instituto de Biologia Molecular (IBMC) - Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Theodoros Kyriakides
- Clinic A, Neuropathology Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
- The Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus
- * E-mail:
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123
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Poppelaars F, van Werkhoven MB, Kotimaa J, Veldhuis ZJ, Ausema A, Broeren SGM, Damman J, Hempel JC, Leuvenink HGD, Daha MR, van Son WJ, van Kooten C, van Os RP, Hillebrands JL, Seelen MA. Critical role for complement receptor C5aR2 in the pathogenesis of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. FASEB J 2017; 31:3193-3204. [PMID: 28396344 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601218r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The complement system, and specifically C5a, is involved in renal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. The 2 receptors for complement anaphylatoxin C5a (C5aR1 and C5aR2) are expressed on leukocytes as well as on renal epithelium. Extensive evidence shows that C5aR1 inhibition protects kidneys from IR injury; however, the role of C5aR2 in IR injury is less clear as initial studies proposed the hypothesis that C5aR2 functions as a decoy receptor. By Using wild-type, C5aR1-/-, and C5aR2-/- mice in a model of renal IR injury, we found that a deficiency of either of these receptors protected mice from renal IR injury. Surprisingly, C5aR2-/- mice were most protected and had lower creatinine levels and reduced acute tubular necrosis. Next, an in vivo migration study demonstrated that leukocyte chemotaxis was unaffected in C5aR2-/- mice, whereas neutrophil activation was reduced by C5aR2 deficiency. To further investigate the contribution of renal cell-expressed C5aR2 vs leukocyte-expressed C5aR2 to renal IR injury, bone marrow chimeras were created. Our data show that both renal cell-expressed C5aR2 and leukocyte-expressed C5aR2 mediate IR-induced renal dysfunction. These studies reveal the importance of C5aR2 in renal IR injury. They further show that C5aR2 is a functional receptor, rather than a decoy receptor, and may provide a new target for intervention.-Poppelaars, F., van Werkhoven, M. B., Kotimaa, J., Veldhuis, Z. J., Ausema, A., Broeren, S. G. M., Damman, J., Hempel, J. C., Leuvenink, H. G. D., Daha, M. R., van Son, W. J., van Kooten, C., van Os, R. P., Hillebrands, J.-L., Seelen, M. A. Critical role for complement receptor C5aR2 in the pathogenesis of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Poppelaars
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maaike B van Werkhoven
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Juha Kotimaa
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Zwanida J Veldhuis
- Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Albertina Ausema
- Laboratory of Ageing Biology and Stem Cells, European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan G M Broeren
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey Damman
- Department of Pathology, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Julia C Hempel
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henri G D Leuvenink
- Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mohamed R Daha
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Willem J van Son
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cees van Kooten
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P van Os
- Laboratory of Ageing Biology and Stem Cells, European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan-Luuk Hillebrands
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marc A Seelen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands;
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Markiewski MM, Vadrevu SK, Sharma SK, Chintala NK, Ghouse S, Cho JH, Fairlie DP, Paterson Y, Astrinidis A, Karbowniczek M. The Ribosomal Protein S19 Suppresses Antitumor Immune Responses via the Complement C5a Receptor 1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:2989-2999. [PMID: 28228558 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1602057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Relatively little is known about factors that initiate immunosuppression in tumors and act at the interface between tumor cells and host cells. In this article, we report novel immunosuppressive properties of the ribosomal protein S19 (RPS19), which is upregulated in human breast and ovarian cancer cells and released from apoptotic tumor cells, whereupon it interacts with the complement C5a receptor 1 expressed on tumor infiltrating myeloid-derived suppressor cells. This interaction promotes tumor growth by facilitating recruitment of these cells to tumors. RPS19 also induces the production of immunosuppressive cytokines, including TGF-β, by myeloid-derived suppressor cells in tumor-draining lymph nodes, leading to T cell responses skewed toward Th2 phenotypes. RPS19 promotes generation of regulatory T cells while reducing infiltration of CD8+ T cells into tumors. Reducing RPS19 in tumor cells or blocking the C5a receptor 1-RPS19 interaction decreases RPS19-mediated immunosuppression, impairs tumor growth, and delays the development of tumors in a transgenic model of breast cancer. This work provides initial preclinical evidence for targeting RPS19 for anticancer therapy enhancing antitumor T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej M Markiewski
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Abilene, TX 79601;
| | - Surya Kumari Vadrevu
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Abilene, TX 79601
| | - Sharad K Sharma
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Abilene, TX 79601
| | - Navin Kumar Chintala
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Abilene, TX 79601
| | - Shanawaz Ghouse
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Abilene, TX 79601
| | - Jun-Hung Cho
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Abilene, TX 79601
| | - David P Fairlie
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; and
| | - Yvonne Paterson
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Aristotelis Astrinidis
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Abilene, TX 79601
| | - Magdalena Karbowniczek
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Abilene, TX 79601;
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125
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The roles of a ribosomal protein S19 polymer in a mouse model of carrageenan-induced acute pleurisy. Immunobiology 2017; 222:738-750. [PMID: 28190533 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
C5-deficient mice usually present moderate neutrophil activation during the initiation phase of acute inflammation. Conversely, C5a receptor (C5aR)-deficient mice show unusually excessive activation of neutrophils. We identified the ribosomal protein S19 (RP S19) polymer, which is cross-linked at Lys122 and Gln137 by transglutaminases in apoptotic neutrophils, as a second C5aR ligand during the resolution phase of acute inflammation. The RP S19 polymer promotes apoptosis via the neutrophil C5aR and phagocytosis via the macrophage C5aR. To confirm the roles of the RP S19 polymer, we employed a carrageenan-induced acute pleurisy mouse model using C57BL/6J mice with a knock-in of the Gln137Glu mutant RP S19 gene and replaced the RP S19 polymer with either an S-tagged C5a/RP S19 recombinant protein or the RP S19122-145 peptide monomer and dimer (as functional C5aR agonists/antagonists) and the RP S19122-145 peptide trimer (as a functional C5aR antagonist). Neutrophils and macrophages were still present in the thoracic cavities of the knock-in mice at 24h and 7days after carrageenan injection, respectively. Knock-in mice showed structural organization and severe hemorrhaging from the surrounding small vessels of the alveolar walls in the lung parenchyma. In contrast to the RP S19122-145 peptide monomer and trimer, the simultaneous presence of S-tagged C5a/RP S19 and the RP S19122-145 peptide dimer completely improved the physiological and pathological acute inflammatory cues. The RP S19 polymer, especially the dimer, appears to play a role at the resolution phase of carrageenan-induced acute pleurisy in C57BL/6J model mice.
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126
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Bekker P, Dairaghi D, Seitz L, Leleti M, Wang Y, Ertl L, Baumgart T, Shugarts S, Lohr L, Dang T, Miao S, Zeng Y, Fan P, Zhang P, Johnson D, Powers J, Jaen J, Charo I, Schall TJ. Characterization of Pharmacologic and Pharmacokinetic Properties of CCX168, a Potent and Selective Orally Administered Complement 5a Receptor Inhibitor, Based on Preclinical Evaluation and Randomized Phase 1 Clinical Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164646. [PMID: 27768695 PMCID: PMC5074546 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement 5a receptor has been an attractive therapeutic target for many autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. However, development of a selective and potent C5aR antagonist has been challenging. Here we describe the characterization of CCX168 (avacopan), an orally administered selective and potent C5aR inhibitor. CCX168 blocked the C5a binding, C5a-mediated migration, calcium mobilization, and CD11b upregulation in U937 cells as well as in freshly isolated human neutrophils. CCX168 retains high potency when present in human blood. A transgenic human C5aR knock-in mouse model allowed comparison of the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of the molecule. CCX168 effectively blocked migration in in vitro and ex vivo chemotaxis assays, and it blocked the C5a-mediated neutrophil vascular endothelial margination. CCX168 was effective in migration and neutrophil margination assays in cynomolgus monkeys. This thorough in vitro and preclinical characterization enabled progression of CCX168 into the clinic and testing of its safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic profiles in a Phase 1 clinical trial in 48 healthy volunteers. CCX168 was shown to be well tolerated across a broad dose range (1 to 100 mg) and it showed dose-dependent pharmacokinetics. An oral dose of 30 mg CCX168 given twice daily blocked the C5a-induced upregulation of CD11b in circulating neutrophils by 94% or greater throughout the entire day, demonstrating essentially complete target coverage. This dose regimen is being tested in clinical trials in patients with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis. Trial Registration ISRCTN registry with trial ID ISRCTN13564773.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pirow Bekker
- Department of Medical and Clinical Affairs, ChemoCentryx, Inc., 850 Maude Avenue, Mountain View, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Daniel Dairaghi
- Department of Biology, ChemoCentryx, Inc., 850 Maude Avenue, Mountain View, California, United States of America
| | - Lisa Seitz
- Department of Biology, ChemoCentryx, Inc., 850 Maude Avenue, Mountain View, California, United States of America
| | - Manmohan Leleti
- Department of Chemistry, ChemoCentryx, Inc., 850 Maude Avenue, Mountain View, California, United States of America
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Biology, ChemoCentryx, Inc., 850 Maude Avenue, Mountain View, California, United States of America
| | - Linda Ertl
- Department of Biology, ChemoCentryx, Inc., 850 Maude Avenue, Mountain View, California, United States of America
| | - Trageen Baumgart
- Department of Biology, ChemoCentryx, Inc., 850 Maude Avenue, Mountain View, California, United States of America
| | - Sarah Shugarts
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ChemoCentryx, Inc., 850 Maude Avenue, Mountain View, California, United States of America
| | - Lisa Lohr
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ChemoCentryx, Inc., 850 Maude Avenue, Mountain View, California, United States of America
| | - Ton Dang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ChemoCentryx, Inc., 850 Maude Avenue, Mountain View, California, United States of America
| | - Shichang Miao
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ChemoCentryx, Inc., 850 Maude Avenue, Mountain View, California, United States of America
| | - Yibin Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, ChemoCentryx, Inc., 850 Maude Avenue, Mountain View, California, United States of America
| | - Pingchen Fan
- Department of Chemistry, ChemoCentryx, Inc., 850 Maude Avenue, Mountain View, California, United States of America
| | - Penglie Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, ChemoCentryx, Inc., 850 Maude Avenue, Mountain View, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel Johnson
- Department of Medical and Clinical Affairs, ChemoCentryx, Inc., 850 Maude Avenue, Mountain View, California, United States of America
| | - Jay Powers
- Department of Chemistry, ChemoCentryx, Inc., 850 Maude Avenue, Mountain View, California, United States of America
| | - Juan Jaen
- Department of Discovery and Research, ChemoCentryx, Inc., 850 Maude Avenue, Mountain View, California, United States of America
| | - Israel Charo
- Department of Discovery and Research, ChemoCentryx, Inc., 850 Maude Avenue, Mountain View, California, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Schall
- Department of Discovery and Research, ChemoCentryx, Inc., 850 Maude Avenue, Mountain View, California, United States of America
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127
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C5a and pain development: An old molecule, a new target. Pharmacol Res 2016; 112:58-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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128
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Amber KI, Hadi NR, Muhammad-Baqir BM, Jamil DA, Al-Aubaidy HA. Trimetazidine attenuates the acute inflammatory response induced by Novolimus eluting bioresorbable coronary scaffold implantation. Int J Cardiol 2016; 220:514-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.06.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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129
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An LL, Gorman JV, Stephens G, Swerdlow B, Warrener P, Bonnell J, Mustelin T, Fung M, Kolbeck R. Complement C5a induces PD-L1 expression and acts in synergy with LPS through Erk1/2 and JNK signaling pathways. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33346. [PMID: 27624143 PMCID: PMC5022031 DOI: 10.1038/srep33346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe bacterial infection results in both uncontrolled inflammation and immune suppression in septic patients. Although there is ample evidence that complement activation provokes overwhelming pro-inflammatory responses, whether or not it plays a role in immune suppression in this case is unclear. Here, we identify that complement C5a directly participates in negative regulation of immune responses to bacteria-induced inflammation in an ex vivo model of human whole blood. Challenge of whole blood with heat-killed Pseudomonas aeruginosa induces PD-L1 expression on monocytes and the production of IL-10 and TGF-β, which we show to be inhibited by C5a blockade. The induction of PD-L1 expression by C5a is via C5aR1but not C5aR2. Furthermore, C5a synergises with P. aeruginosa LPS in both PD-L1 expression and the production of IL-10 and TGF-β. Mechanistically, C5a contributes to the synergy in PD-L1 expression by specifically activating Erk1/2 and JNK signaling pathways. Our study reveals a new role for C5a in directly promoting immunosuppressive responses. Therefore, aberrant production of complement C5a during bacterial infection could have broader effect on compromising host defense including the induction of immune suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ling An
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, MedImmune, LLC. One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Jacob V Gorman
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, MedImmune, LLC. One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Geoffrey Stephens
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, MedImmune, LLC. One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Bonnie Swerdlow
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, MedImmune, LLC. One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Paul Warrener
- Department of Infectious Diseases, MedImmune, LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Jessica Bonnell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, MedImmune, LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Tomas Mustelin
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, MedImmune, LLC. One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Michael Fung
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, MedImmune, LLC. One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Roland Kolbeck
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, MedImmune, LLC. One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
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130
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Deng Y, Zhao H, Zhou J, Yan L, Wang G. Complement 5a is an indicator of significant fibrosis and earlier cirrhosis in patients chronically infected with hepatitis B virus. Infection 2016; 45:75-81. [PMID: 27605044 PMCID: PMC5306372 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-016-0942-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the association between serum complement 5a (C5a) concentration and liver fibrosis and cirrhosis in a large cohort of patients chronically infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV). Methods Five hundred and eight patients with chronic HBV infection undergoing liver biopsy were included. Serum concentrations of C5a was measured by Luminex screening system. Ishak histological system was obtained. Results C5a levels were negatively associated with liver fibrosis stages and significantly declined in patients with severe fibrosis and cirrhosis (P < 0.001). Multiple analysis showed C5a, AST, laminin, Co-IV, platelet count, albumin, HBsAg associated with liver fibrosis independently. Based on the markers above, we created two scores, Fib-model for significant fibrosis and Cirrh-model for earlier cirrhosis. Fib-model was performing better to differentiate from significant fibrosis, with an AUROC of 0.82 (95 % CI 0.78, 0.86), in comparison to existed models APRI, FIB-4 and Forns’ index with AUROCs of 0.71 (95 % CI 0.66, 0.76), 0.72 (95 % CI 0.67, 0.77), 0.77 (95 % CI 0.72, 0.81), respectively. Although, Cirrh-model showed AUROC of 0.85 (95 % CI 0.80, 0.91) for evaluation of earlier cirrhosis, superior to APRI, and Forns’ index, C5a + FIB-4 performed best with an AUROC of 0.94 (95 % CI 0.90, 0.97). Conclusion In patients with chronic HBV infection, serum C5a concentration significantly decreased in severe fibrosis stages and earlier cirrhosis. Fib-model and C5a + FIB-4 performed better than existed models for assessment of significant fibrosis and earlier cirrhosis, respectively. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s15010-016-0942-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiong Deng
- Department of Infectious Disease, Center for Liver Disease, Peking University First Hospital, No. 8, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, China.,The Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Department of Infectious Disease, Center for Liver Disease, Peking University First Hospital, No. 8, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Jiyuan Zhou
- Department of Infectious Disease, Center for Liver Disease, Peking University First Hospital, No. 8, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Linlin Yan
- Department of Infectious Disease, Center for Liver Disease, Peking University First Hospital, No. 8, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Guiqiang Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Center for Liver Disease, Peking University First Hospital, No. 8, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, China. .,The Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. .,The Coordination Innovation Center, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.
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131
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Chmilewsky F, Ayaz W, Appiah J, About I, Chung SH. Nerve Growth Factor Secretion From Pulp Fibroblasts is Modulated by Complement C5a Receptor and Implied in Neurite Outgrowth. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31799. [PMID: 27539194 PMCID: PMC4990934 DOI: 10.1038/srep31799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the importance of sensory innervation in tooth vitality, the identification of signals that control nerve regeneration and the cellular events they induce is essential. Previous studies demonstrated that the complement system, a major component of innate immunity and inflammation, is activated at the injured site of human carious teeth and plays an important role in dental-pulp regeneration via interaction of the active Complement C5a fragment with pulp progenitor cells. In this study, we further determined the role of the active fragment complement C5a receptor (C5aR) in dental nerve regeneration in regards to local secretion of nerve growth factor (NGF) upon carious injury. Using ELISA and AXIS co-culture systems, we demonstrate that C5aR is critically implicated in the modulation of NGF secretion by LTA-stimulated pulp fibroblasts. The NGF secretion by LTA-stimulated pulp fibroblasts, which is negatively regulated by C5aR activation, has a role in the control of the neurite outgrowth length in our axon regeneration analysis. Our data provide a scientific step forward that can guide development of future therapeutic tools for innovative and incipient interventions targeting the dentin-pulp regeneration process by linking the neurite outgrowth to human pulp fibroblast through complement system activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Chmilewsky
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
| | - Warda Ayaz
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
| | - James Appiah
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
| | - Imad About
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, ISM UMR 7287, 13288, Marseille cedex 09, France
| | - Seung-Hyuk Chung
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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132
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Kemper C. Targeting the Dark Horse of complement: the first generation of functionally selective C5aR2 ligands. Immunol Cell Biol 2016; 94:717-8. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2016.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Kemper
- Division of Transplant Immunology and Mucosal Biology, MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London London UK
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH) Bethesda MD USA
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133
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Bidirectional Crosstalk between C5a Receptors and the NLRP3 Inflammasome in Macrophages and Monocytes. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:1340156. [PMID: 27382187 PMCID: PMC4921141 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1340156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
C5a is an inflammatory mediator generated by complement activation that positively regulates various arms of immune defense, including Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling. The NOD-like receptor pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is activated by pathogen products and cellular/tissue damage products and is a major contributor of IL-1β. In this study, we investigate whether C5a modulates lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation in myeloid cells. Appearance of plasma IL-1β during endotoxemia was reduced in C5aR1−/− mice when compared to wild-type mice. In vitro, C5a significantly enhanced LPS-induced production of IL-1β in bone marrow Ly6C-high inflammatory monocytes, accompanied by augmented intracellular pro-IL-1β expression. This effect was abolished during p38 blockade by SB 203580 and in the absence of C5aR1. Conversely, C5a suppressed LPS-induced macrophage production of IL-1β, which was accompanied by attenuated levels of pro-IL-1β, NLRP3, and caspase-1 expression. C5a's suppressive effects were negated during phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibition by wortmannin but were largely preserved in the absence of C5aR1. Thus, C5a bidirectionally amplifies TLR4-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation in monocytes while suppressing this pathway in macrophages. However, as C5aR1 deficiency attenuates the IL-1β response to LPS challenge in vivo, our results suggest overall that C5a augments physiologic inflammasome responses.
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134
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Towner LD, Wheat RA, Hughes TR, Morgan BP. Complement Membrane Attack and Tumorigenesis: A SYSTEMS BIOLOGY APPROACH. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:14927-38. [PMID: 27226542 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.708446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor development driven by inflammation is now an established phenomenon, but the role that complement plays remains uncertain. Recent evidence has suggested that various components of the complement (C) cascade may influence tumor development in disparate ways; however, little attention has been paid to that of the membrane attack complex (MAC). This is despite abundant evidence documenting the effects of this complex on cell behavior, including cell activation, protection from/induction of apoptosis, release of inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, and ECM components and regulators, and the triggering of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Here we present a novel approach to this issue by using global gene expression studies in conjunction with a systems biology analysis. Using network analysis of MAC-responsive expression changes, we demonstrate a cluster of co-regulated genes known to have impact in the extracellular space and on the supporting stroma and with well characterized tumor-promoting roles. Network analysis highlighted the central role for EGF receptor activation in mediating the observed responses to MAC exposure. Overall, the study sheds light on the mechanisms by which sublytic MAC causes tumor cell responses and exposes a gene expression signature that implicates MAC as a driver of tumor progression. These findings have implications for understanding of the roles of complement and the MAC in tumor development and progression, which in turn will inform future therapeutic strategies in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence D Towner
- From the Complement Biology Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Richard A Wheat
- From the Complement Biology Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy R Hughes
- From the Complement Biology Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - B Paul Morgan
- From the Complement Biology Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom
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135
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Hajishengallis G, Krauss JL, Jotwani R, Lambris JD. Differential capacity for complement receptor-mediated immune evasion by Porphyromonas gingivalis depending on the type of innate leukocyte. Mol Oral Microbiol 2016; 32:154-165. [PMID: 27081768 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The complement system plays a central role in immunity and inflammation, although certain pathogens can exploit complement to undermine protective immunity. In this context, the periodontal keystone pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis was previously shown by our group to evade killing by neutrophils or macrophages through exploitation of complement C5a receptor 1 (C5aR1) and complement receptor 3 (CR3). Here, we examined whether P. gingivalis uses complement receptors to also subvert killing by dendritic cells. In line with earlier independent studies, intracellular viable P. gingivalis bacteria could be recovered from mouse bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDC) or human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDC) exposed to the pathogen. However, in the presence of C5a, the intracellular survival of P. gingivalis was significantly decreased in a C5aR1-dependent way. Further work using wild-type and receptor-knockout BMDC showed that, in the presence of C3a, the C3a receptor (C3aR) similarly enhanced the intracellular killing of P. gingivalis. In contrast, C5aR2, an alternative receptor for C5a (G protein-coupled receptor 77), was associated with increased intracellular P. gingivalis viable counts, consistent with the notion that C5aR2 functions as a negative regulator of C5aR1 activity. Moreover, P. gingivalis failed to use CR3 as a phagocytic receptor in BMDC, in contrast to our earlier findings in macrophages where CR3-mediated uptake promotes P. gingivalis survival. Collectively, these data show that complement receptors mediate cell-type-specific effects on how innate leukocytes handle P. gingivalis, which appears to exploit complement to preferentially evade those cells (neutrophils and macrophages) that are most often encountered in its predominant niche, the periodontal pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Hajishengallis
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J L Krauss
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - R Jotwani
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - J D Lambris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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136
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Nishiura H, Kawakami T, Kawabe M, Kato-Kogoe N, Yamada N, Nakasho K, Yamanegi K. RP S19 C-terminal peptide trimer acts as a C5a receptor antagonist. Biochem Biophys Rep 2016; 7:70-76. [PMID: 28955891 PMCID: PMC5613253 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We have demonstrated that ribosomal protein S19 (RP S19) polymer, when crosslinked between Lys122 and Gln137 by activated coagulation factor XIII, acts as a C5a receptor (C5aR) antagonist/agonist. Based on experimental data obtained using RP S19 analog peptide and recombinant protein monomer, we suggested that L131DR, I134AGQVAAAN and K143KH moieties in the RP S19 C‐terminus act in, respectively, C5aR binding, penetration of the plasma membrane, and interaction with either an apoptosis-inducing molecule in neutrophils (delta lactoferrin) or a calcium channel-activating molecule (annexin A3) to induce the p38 MAPK pathway in macrophages. Recently, we observed RP S19 trimer in serum. To study the effects of this RP S19 trimer on C5aR, we prepared mutant RP S19 C‐terminal peptide (RP S19122-145) dimer and trimer, and examined their chemotactic activities and signal transduction pathways in human C5aR-overexpressing squamous cell carcinoma HSC-1 (HSC-1C5aR) cells using 24 trans-well chamber and western blotting assays, respectively. HSC-1C5aR cells were attracted by RP S19122-145 dimer and vice versa by RP S19122-145 trimer. The RP S19122-145 dimer-induced attraction was competitively blocked by pre-treatment with RP S19122-145 trimer. Moreover, RP S19122-145 trimer-induced p38 MAPK phosphorylation was stronger than RP S19122-145 dimer-induced p38 MAPK phosphorylation. RP S19122-145 trimer appeared to act as a C5aR antagonist. The agonistic and antagonistic effects of RP S19122-145 dimers and trimers were reflected by monocytic, THP-1-derived macrophage-like cells. Unlike the C5aR agonist C5a, which acts at the inflammation phase of acute inflammation, RP S19 trimer might act as a C5aR antagonist at the resolution phase. RP S19 dimer acted as C5aR antagonist/agonist. RP S19 dimer induced p38MAPK and ERK1/2 signal. RP S19 trimer acted as C5aR antagonist. RP S19 trimer induced p38MAPK signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nishiura
- Department of Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Toru Kawakami
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mutsuki Kawabe
- Department of Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Nahoko Kato-Kogoe
- Department of Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Naoko Yamada
- Department of Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Keiji Nakasho
- Department of Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Koji Yamanegi
- Department of Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
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137
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Londono-Renteria B, Grippin C, Cardenas JC, Troupin A, Colpitts TM. Human C5a Protein Participates in the Mosquito Immune Response Against Dengue Virus. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 53:505-512. [PMID: 26843451 PMCID: PMC4892811 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is transmitted by Aedes spp mosquitoes during a bloodmeal uptake. The bloodmeal consists of host cells, immune factors, and possibly blood-borne pathogens, such as arboviruses. Human cells and immune-related factors, like the complement system, can remain active in the bloodmeal and may be able to interact with pathogens in the mosquito. Previous studies have shown that active complement proteins impact Plasmodium parasite viability in the Anopheles midgut. Thus, we investigated the effects of the human complement on DENV infection in the midgut of Aedes aegypti. Our findings indicate that mosquitoes receiving DENV mixed with normal non-inactivated human serum showed significantly lower viremia than those fed with heat-inactivated serum. This implies that human complement may act to limit DENV infection in the mosquito midgut. In addition, we found that human complement C5a protein was able to directly communicate with mosquito cells, affecting the cell antiviral response against DENV. Our results also show that human C5a protein is able to interact with several membrane-bound mosquito proteins. Together these results suggest an important role of human complement protein in DENV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berlin Londono-Renteria
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, 29209 (; ),
| | - Crystal Grippin
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70130 , and
| | - Jenny C Cardenas
- Microbiology and Clinical Laboratory, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Los Patios - Norte de Santander, Colombia
| | - Andrea Troupin
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, 29209 (; )
| | - Tonya M Colpitts
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, 29209 (; )
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138
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Discovery of functionally selective C5aR2 ligands: novel modulators of C5a signalling. Immunol Cell Biol 2016; 94:787-95. [PMID: 27108698 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2016.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The complement cascade is comprised of a highly sophisticated network of innate immune proteins that are activated in response to invading pathogens or tissue injury. The complement activation peptide, C5a, binds two seven transmembrane receptors, namely the C5a receptor 1 (C5aR1) and C5a receptor 2 (C5aR2, or C5L2). C5aR2 is a non-G-protein-signalling receptor whose biological role remains controversial. Some of this controversy arises owing to the lack of selective ligands for C5aR2. In this study, a library of 61 peptides based on the C-terminus of C5a was assayed for the ability to selectively modulate C5aR2 function. Two ligands (P32 and P59) were identified as functionally selective C5aR2 ligands, exhibiting selective recruitment of β-arrestin 2 via C5aR2, partial inhibition of C5a-induced ERK1/2 activation and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated interleukin-6 release from human monocyte-derived macrophages. Importantly, neither ligand could induce ERK1/2 activation or inhibit C5a-induced ERK1/2 activation via C5aR1 directly. Finally, P32 inhibited C5a-mediated neutrophil mobilisation in wild-type, but not C5aR2(-/-) mice. These functionally selective ligands for C5aR2 are novel tools that can selectively modulate C5a activity in vitro and in vivo, and thus will be valuable tools to interrogate C5aR2 function.
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139
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Receptor residence time trumps drug-likeness and oral bioavailability in determining efficacy of complement C5a antagonists. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24575. [PMID: 27094554 PMCID: PMC4837355 DOI: 10.1038/srep24575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug discovery and translation are normally based on optimizing efficacy by increasing receptor affinity, functional potency, drug-likeness (rule-of-five compliance) and oral bioavailability. Here we demonstrate that residence time of a compound on its receptor has an overriding influence on efficacy, exemplified for antagonists of inflammatory protein complement C5a that activates immune cells and promotes disease. Three equipotent antagonists (3D53, W54011, JJ47) of inflammatory responses to C5a (3 nM) were compared for drug-likeness, receptor affinity and antagonist potency in human macrophages, and anti-inflammatory efficacy in rats. Only the least drug-like antagonist (3D53) maintained potency in cells against higher C5a concentrations and had a much longer duration of action (t1/2 ~ 20 h) than W54011 or JJ47 (t1/2 ~ 1 -3 h) in inhibiting macrophage responses. The unusually long residence time of 3D53 on its receptor was mechanistically probed by molecular dynamics simulations, which revealed long-lasting interactions that trap the antagonist within the receptor. Despite negligible oral bioavailability, 3D53 was much more orally efficacious than W54011 or JJ47 in preventing repeated agonist insults to induce rat paw oedema over 24 h. Thus, residence time on a receptor can trump drug-likeness in determining efficacy, even oral efficacy, of pharmacological agents.
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140
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Chmilewsky F, About I, Chung SH. Pulp Fibroblasts Control Nerve Regeneration through Complement Activation. J Dent Res 2016; 95:913-22. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034516643065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dentin-pulp regeneration is closely linked to the presence of nerve fibers in the pulp and to the healing mechanism by sprouting of the nerve fiber’s terminal branches beneath the carious injury site. However, little is known about the initial mechanisms regulating this process in carious teeth. It has been recently demonstrated that the complement system activation, which is one of the first immune responses, contributes to tissue regeneration through the local production of anaphylatoxins such as C5a. While few pulp fibroblasts in intact teeth and in untreated fibroblast cultures express the C5a receptor (C5aR), here we show that all dental pulp fibroblasts, localized beneath the carious injury site, do express this receptor. This observation is consistent with our in vitro results, which showed expression of C5aR in lipoteichoic acid–stimulated pulp fibroblasts. The interaction of C5a, produced after complement synthesis and activation from pulp fibroblasts, with the C5aR of these cells mediated the local brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) secretion. Overall, this activation guided the neuronal growth toward the lipoteichoic acid–stimulated fibroblasts. Thus, our findings highlight a new mechanism in one of the initial steps of the dentin-pulp regeneration process, linking pulp fibroblasts to the nerve sprouting through the complement system activation. This may provide a useful future therapeutic tool in targeting the fibroblasts in the dentin-pulp regeneration process.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Chmilewsky
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - I. About
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, ISM, UMR 7287, Marseille cedex 09, France
| | - S.-H. Chung
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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141
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Kumagai T, Yamaguchi N, Hirai H, Kojima S, Kodani Y, Hashiguchi A, Haida M, Nakamura M. Loxoprofen sodium induces the production of complement C5a in human serum. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 33:55-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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142
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McConnell JC, O'Connell OV, Brennan K, Weiping L, Howe M, Joseph L, Knight D, O'Cualain R, Lim Y, Leek A, Waddington R, Rogan J, Astley SM, Gandhi A, Kirwan CC, Sherratt MJ, Streuli CH. Increased peri-ductal collagen micro-organization may contribute to raised mammographic density. Breast Cancer Res 2016; 18:5. [PMID: 26747277 PMCID: PMC4706673 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-015-0664-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High mammographic density is a therapeutically modifiable risk factor for breast cancer. Although mammographic density is correlated with the relative abundance of collagen-rich fibroglandular tissue, the causative mechanisms, associated structural remodelling and mechanical consequences remain poorly defined. In this study we have developed a new collaborative bedside-to-bench workflow to determine the relationship between mammographic density, collagen abundance and alignment, tissue stiffness and the expression of extracellular matrix organising proteins. METHODS Mammographic density was assessed in 22 post-menopausal women (aged 54-66 y). A radiologist and a pathologist identified and excised regions of elevated non-cancerous X-ray density prior to laboratory characterization. Collagen abundance was determined by both Masson's trichrome and Picrosirius red staining (which enhances collagen birefringence when viewed under polarised light). The structural specificity of these collagen visualisation methods was determined by comparing the relative birefringence and ultrastructure (visualised by atomic force microscopy) of unaligned collagen I fibrils in reconstituted gels with the highly aligned collagen fibrils in rat tail tendon. Localised collagen fibril organisation and stiffness was also evaluated in tissue sections by atomic force microscopy/spectroscopy and the abundance of key extracellular proteins was assessed using mass spectrometry. RESULTS Mammographic density was positively correlated with the abundance of aligned periductal fibrils rather than with the abundance of amorphous collagen. Compared with matched tissue resected from the breasts of low mammographic density patients, the highly birefringent tissue in mammographically dense breasts was both significantly stiffer and characterised by large (>80 μm long) fibrillar collagen bundles. Subsequent proteomic analyses not only confirmed the absence of collagen fibrosis in high mammographic density tissue, but additionally identified the up-regulation of periostin and collagen XVI (regulators of collagen fibril structure and architecture) as potential mediators of localised mechanical stiffness. CONCLUSIONS These preliminary data suggest that remodelling, and hence stiffening, of the existing stromal collagen microarchitecture promotes high mammographic density within the breast. In turn, this aberrant mechanical environment may trigger neoplasia-associated mechanotransduction pathways within the epithelial cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C McConnell
- Centre for Tissue Injury & Repair, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Oliver V O'Connell
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research and Manchester Breast Centre, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Keith Brennan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research and Manchester Breast Centre, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Lisa Weiping
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research and Manchester Breast Centre, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Miles Howe
- University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Leena Joseph
- University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - David Knight
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research and Manchester Breast Centre, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Ronan O'Cualain
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research and Manchester Breast Centre, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK. ronan.o'
| | - Yit Lim
- University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Angela Leek
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre Tissue Biobank, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Rachael Waddington
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre Tissue Biobank, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Jane Rogan
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre Tissue Biobank, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Susan M Astley
- Centre for Imaging Sciences, Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Ashu Gandhi
- University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Cliona C Kirwan
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Michael J Sherratt
- Centre for Tissue Injury & Repair, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Charles H Streuli
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research and Manchester Breast Centre, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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143
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Khor KH, Moore TA, Shiels IA, Greer RM, Arumugam TV, Mills PC. A Potential Link between the C5a Receptor 1 and the β1-Adrenoreceptor in the Mouse Heart. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146022. [PMID: 26727203 PMCID: PMC4699762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Inflammation may contribute to the pathogenesis of specific cardiovascular diseases, but it is uncertain if mediators released during the inflammatory process will affect the continued efficacy of drugs used to treat clinical signs of the cardiac disease. We investigated the role of the complement 5a receptor 1 (C5aR1/CD88) in the cardiac response to inflammation or atenolol, and the effect of C5aR1 deletion in control of baseline heart rate in an anesthetized mouse model. Methods An initial study showed that PMX53, an antagonist of C5aR1 in normal C57BL6/J (wild type, WT) mice reduced heart rate (HR) and appeared to have a protective effect on the heart following induced sepsis. C5aR1 knockout (CD88-/-) mice had a lower HR than wild type mice, even during sham surgery. A model to assess heart rate variability (HRV) in anesthetized mice was developed to assess the effects of inhibiting the β1-adrenoreceptor (β1-AR) in a randomized crossover study design. Results HR and LF Norm were constitutively lower and SDNN and HF Norm constitutively higher in the CD88-/- compared with WT mice (P< 0.001 for all outcomes). Administration of atenolol (2.5 mg/kg) reduced the HR and increased HRV (P< 0.05, respectively) in the wild type but not in the CD88-/- mice. There was no shift of the sympathovagal balance post-atenolol in either strains of mice (P> 0.05), except for the reduced LF/HF (Lower frequency/High frequency) ratio (P< 0.05) at 60 min post-atenolol, suggesting increased parasympathetic tone of the heart due to the effect of atenolol administration. The HR of the WT mice were lower post atenolol compared to the CD88-/- mice (P = 0.001) but the HRV of CD88-/- mice were significantly increased (P< 0.05), compared with WT mice. Conclusion Knockout of the C5aR1 attenuated the effect of β1-AR in the heart, suggesting an association between the β1-AR and C5aR1, although further investigation is required to determine if this is a direct or causal association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Hua Khor
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Tyson A. Moore
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ian A. Shiels
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ristan M. Greer
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thiruma V. Arumugam
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul C. Mills
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
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144
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Chen W, Dong J, Li S, Liu Y, Wang Y, Yoon L, Wu P, Sharpless KB, Kelly JW. Synthesis of Sulfotyrosine-Containing Peptides by Incorporating Fluorosulfated Tyrosine Using an Fmoc-Based Solid-Phase Strategy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 55:1835-8. [PMID: 26696445 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201509016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine O-sulfation is a common protein post-translational modification that regulates many biological processes, including leukocyte adhesion and chemotaxis. Many peptides with therapeutic potential contain one or more sulfotyrosine residues. We report a one-step synthesis for Fmoc-fluorosulfated tyrosine. An efficient Fmoc-based solid-phase peptide synthetic strategy is then introduced for incorporating the fluorosulfated tyrosine residue into peptides of interest. Standard simultaneous peptide-resin cleavage and removal of the acid-labile side-chain protecting groups affords the crude peptides containing fluorosulfated tyrosine. Basic ethylene glycol, serving both as solvent and reactant, transforms the fluorosulfated tyrosine peptides into sulfotyrosine peptides in high yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.,Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Jiajia Dong
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Suhua Li
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.,The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Yujia Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Leonard Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Peng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - K Barry Sharpless
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA. .,The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - Jeffery W Kelly
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA. .,Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA. .,The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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145
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Chen W, Dong J, Li S, Liu Y, Wang Y, Yoon L, Wu P, Sharpless KB, Kelly JW. Synthesis of Sulfotyrosine-Containing Peptides by Incorporating Fluorosulfated Tyrosine Using an Fmoc-Based Solid-Phase Strategy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201509016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Chen
- Department of Chemistry; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla CA 92037 USA
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Jiajia Dong
- Department of Chemistry; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Suhua Li
- Department of Chemistry; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Chemistry; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla CA 92037 USA
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Yujia Wang
- Department of Chemistry; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Leonard Yoon
- Department of Chemistry; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Peng Wu
- Department of Chemistry; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - K. Barry Sharpless
- Department of Chemistry; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla CA 92037 USA
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Jeffery W. Kelly
- Department of Chemistry; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla CA 92037 USA
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla CA 92037 USA
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla CA 92037 USA
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146
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Differential Contributions of the Complement Anaphylotoxin Receptors C5aR1 and C5aR2 to the Early Innate Immune Response against Staphylococcus aureus Infection. Pathogens 2015; 4:722-38. [PMID: 26512700 PMCID: PMC4693161 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens4040722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement anaphylatoxin C5a contributes to host defense against Staphylococcus aureus. In this study, we investigated the functional role of the two known C5a receptors, C5aR1 and C5aR2, in the host response to S. aureus. We found that C5aR1−/− mice exhibited greater susceptibility to S. aureus bloodstream infection than wild type and C5aR2−/− mice, as demonstrated by the significantly higher bacterial loads in the kidneys and heart at 24 h of infection, and by the higher levels of inflammatory IL-6 in serum. Histological and immunohistochemistry investigation of infected kidneys at 24 h after bacterial inoculation revealed a discrete infiltration of neutrophils in wild type mice but already well-developed abscesses consisting of bacterial clusters surrounded by a large number of neutrophils in both C5aR1−/− and C5aR2−/− mice. Furthermore, blood neutrophils from C5aR1−/− mice were less efficient than those from wild type or C5aR2−/− mice at killing S. aureus. The requirement of C5aR1 for efficient killing of S. aureus was also demonstrated in human blood after disrupting C5a-C5aR1 signaling using specific inhibitors. These results demonstrated a role for C5aR1 in S. aureus clearance as well as a role for both C5aR1 and C5aR2 in the orchestration of the inflammatory response during infection.
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147
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Quadrini KJ, Hegelund AC, Cortes KE, Xue C, Kennelly SM, Ji H, Högerkorp CM, Mc Closkey TW. Validation of a flow cytometry-based assay to assess C5aR receptor occupancy on neutrophils and monocytes for use in drug development. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2015; 90:177-90. [PMID: 26084468 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The C5a/C5a receptor (C5aR) pathway, a key component in the proinflammatory immune response, is an attractive therapeutic target since its dysregulation is implicated in a variety of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. The objective of the present study was to validate a receptor occupancy (RO) assay for a human anti-C5aR monoclonal antibody drug candidate, NNC0215-0384 (NN0384). This flow cytometry-based assay measures the percentage (%), median fluorescence intensity (MFI), and molecules of equivalent soluble fluorochrome (MESF) of NN0384 binding to its target cells, neutrophils and monocytes, in whole blood from normal healthy donors and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients with clinically active disease. The validation parameters assessed included postcollection and postprocessing sample stability, intra- and interassay precision, an analyst-to-analyst comparison, a comparison of normal healthy donor and RA patient sample postcollection stability, and a laboratory-to-laboratory comparison and assay transfer. The cumulative results indicate that the assay was reproducible, met the clearly defined acceptance criteria for the validation parameters tested, and was transferable to another laboratory. In conclusion, this RO assay is suitable for use to accrue pharmacodynamic biomarker data in a multicenter, global clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Quadrini
- Research and Development Department, ICON Laboratory Services, Farmingdale, New York
| | | | - Kasia E Cortes
- Research and Development Department, ICON Laboratory Services, Farmingdale, New York
| | - Chengsen Xue
- Research and Development Department, ICON Laboratory Services, Farmingdale, New York
| | - Susan M Kennelly
- Cellular Immunology, ICON Laboratory Services, Leopardstown, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Hong Ji
- Department of PharmacoDynamics, Novo Nordisk A/S, DK-2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | | | - Thomas W Mc Closkey
- Research and Development Department, ICON Laboratory Services, Farmingdale, New York
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Applying complement therapeutics to rare diseases. Clin Immunol 2015; 161:225-40. [PMID: 26341313 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Around 350 million people worldwide suffer from rare diseases. These may have a genetic, infectious, or autoimmune basis, and several include an inflammatory component. Launching of effective treatments can be very challenging when there is a low disease prevalence and limited scientific insights into the disease mechanisms. As a key trigger of inflammatory processes, complement has been associated with a variety of diseases and has become an attractive therapeutic target for conditions involving inflammation. In view of the clinical experience acquired with drugs licensed for the treatment of rare diseases such as hereditary angioedema and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, growing evidence supports the safety and efficacy of complement therapeutics in restoring immune balance and preventing aggravation of clinical outcomes. This review provides an overview of the candidates currently in the pharmaceutical pipeline with potential to treat orphan diseases and discusses the molecular mechanisms triggered by complement involved with the disease pathogenesis.
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149
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Copy number variations and gene polymorphisms of complement components in ocular Behcet's disease and Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12989. [PMID: 26269006 PMCID: PMC4534762 DOI: 10.1038/srep12989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Complement is involved in many immune-mediated diseases. However, the association of its copy number variations (CNVs) and polymorphisms with Behcet’s disease (BD) and Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome (VKH) is unknown. We examined copy number and mRNA expression by real-time PCR. Cytokine production by stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in genotyped individuals was measured by ELISA. The frequencies of having more than two copies of C3 were significantly increased in BD and VKH, whereas CNV of C5 was only associated with BD. Increased frequencies of the GG genotype of C3 rs408290 and C5 rs2269067 were found in BD. No association was observed between C3 and C5 SNPs and VKH. mRNA expression in the high CNV group and GG cases of C3 and C5 was significantly higher compared to other genotypes. Increased interleukin-17 and IFN-γ was observed in the high CNV group and GG genotype cases of C3. Interleukin-17 but not IFN-γ was increased in the high CNV group and GG genotype cases of C5. No effect of C3 or C5 genetic variants was seen on the production of TNF-α, IL-10, IL-1β, MCP-1, IL-6 and IL-8. Our study thus provides further evidence for a role of complement in the pathogenesis of uveitis.
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150
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Spaan AN, Schiepers A, de Haas CJC, van Hooijdonk DDJJ, Badiou C, Contamin H, Vandenesch F, Lina G, Gerard NP, Gerard C, van Kessel KPM, Henry T, van Strijp JAG. Differential Interaction of the Staphylococcal Toxins Panton-Valentine Leukocidin and γ-Hemolysin CB with Human C5a Receptors. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:1034-43. [PMID: 26091719 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is well adapted to the human host. Evasion of the host phagocyte response is critical for successful infection. The staphylococcal bicomponent pore-forming toxins Panton-Valentine leukocidin LukSF-PV (PVL) and γ-hemolysin CB (HlgCB) target human phagocytes through interaction with the complement receptors C5aR1 and C5aR2. Currently, the apparent redundancy of both toxins cannot be adequately addressed in experimental models of infection because mice are resistant to PVL and HlgCB. The molecular basis for species specificity of the two toxins in animal models is not completely understood. We show that PVL and HlgCB feature distinct activity toward neutrophils of different mammalian species, where activity of PVL is found to be restricted to fewer species than that of HlgCB. Overexpression of various mammalian C5a receptors in HEK cells confirms that cytotoxicity toward neutrophils is driven by species-specific interactions of the toxins with C5aR1. By taking advantage of the species-specific engagement of the toxins with their receptors, we demonstrate that PVL and HlgCB differentially interact with human C5aR1 and C5aR2. In addition, binding studies illustrate that different parts of the receptor are involved in the initial binding of the toxin and the subsequent formation of lytic pores. These findings allow a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of pore formation. Finally, we show that the toxicity of PVL, but not of HlgCB, is neutralized by various C5aR1 antagonists. This study offers directions for the development of improved preclinical models for infection, as well as for the design of drugs antagonizing leukocidin toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- András N Spaan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université Lyon 1 and Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France; Inserm, Unité 1111, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Ariën Schiepers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Carla J C de Haas
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Davy D J J van Hooijdonk
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Cédric Badiou
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université Lyon 1 and Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France; Inserm, Unité 1111, 69007 Lyon, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5308, 69007 Lyon, France
| | | | - François Vandenesch
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université Lyon 1 and Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France; Inserm, Unité 1111, 69007 Lyon, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5308, 69007 Lyon, France; Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Gérard Lina
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université Lyon 1 and Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France; Inserm, Unité 1111, 69007 Lyon, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5308, 69007 Lyon, France; Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Norma P Gerard
- Ina Sue Perlmutter Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Craig Gerard
- Ina Sue Perlmutter Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Kok P M van Kessel
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Henry
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université Lyon 1 and Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France; Inserm, Unité 1111, 69007 Lyon, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5308, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Jos A G van Strijp
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands;
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