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An Overview of Recent Advances and Clinical Applications of Exon Skipping and Splice Modulation for Muscular Dystrophy and Various Genetic Diseases. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1828:31-55. [PMID: 30171533 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8651-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Exon skipping is a therapeutic approach that is feasible for various genetic diseases and has been studied and developed for over two decades. This approach uses antisense oligonucleotides (AON) to modify the splicing of pre-mRNA to correct the mutation responsible for a disease, or to suppress a particular gene expression, as in allergic diseases. Antisense-mediated exon skipping is most extensively studied in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and has developed from in vitro proof-of-concept studies to clinical trials targeting various single exons such as exon 45 (casimersen), exon 53 (NS-065/NCNP-01, golodirsen), and exon 51 (eteplirsen). Eteplirsen (brand name Exondys 51), is the first approved antisense therapy for DMD in the USA, and provides a treatment option for ~14% of all DMD patients, who are amenable to exon 51 skipping. Eteplirsen is granted accelerated approval and marketing authorization by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), on the condition that additional postapproval trials show clinical benefit. Permanent exon skipping achieved at the DNA level using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) technology holds promise in current preclinical trials for DMD. In hopes of achieving clinical success parallel to DMD, exon skipping and splice modulation are also being studied in other muscular dystrophies, such as Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy (FCMD), dysferlinopathy including limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2B (LGMD2B), Miyoshi myopathy (MM), and distal anterior compartment myopathy (DMAT), myotonic dystrophy, and merosin-deficient congenital muscular dystrophy type 1A (MDC1A). This chapter also summarizes the development of antisense-mediated exon skipping therapy in diseases such as Usher syndrome, dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa, fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP), and allergic diseases.
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102
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Preclinical and clinical advances in transposon-based gene therapy. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20160614. [PMID: 29089466 PMCID: PMC5715130 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20160614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Transposons derived from Sleeping Beauty (SB), piggyBac (PB), or Tol2 typically require cotransfection of transposon DNA with a transposase either as an expression plasmid or mRNA. Consequently, this results in genomic integration of the potentially therapeutic gene into chromosomes of the desired target cells, and thus conferring stable expression. Non-viral transfection methods are typically preferred to deliver the transposon components into the target cells. However, these methods do not match the efficacy typically attained with viral vectors and are sometimes associated with cellular toxicity evoked by the DNA itself. In recent years, the overall transposition efficacy has gradually increased by codon optimization of the transposase, generation of hyperactive transposases, and/or introduction of specific mutations in the transposon terminal repeats. Their versatility enabled the stable genetic engineering in many different primary cell types, including stem/progenitor cells and differentiated cell types. This prompted numerous preclinical proof-of-concept studies in disease models that demonstrated the potential of DNA transposons for ex vivo and in vivo gene therapy. One of the merits of transposon systems relates to their ability to deliver relatively large therapeutic transgenes that cannot readily be accommodated in viral vectors such as full-length dystrophin cDNA. These emerging insights paved the way toward the first transposon-based phase I/II clinical trials to treat hematologic cancer and other diseases. Though encouraging results were obtained, controlled pivotal clinical trials are needed to corroborate the efficacy and safety of transposon-based therapies.
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Nunes BG, Loures FV, Bueno HMS, Cangussu EB, Goulart E, Coatti GC, Caldini EG, Condino-Neto A, Zatz M. Immunoglobulin therapy ameliorates the phenotype and increases lifespan in the severely affected dystrophin-utrophin double knockout mice. Eur J Hum Genet 2017; 25:1388-1396. [PMID: 29255177 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-017-0017-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked recessive disorder, caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene, affecting 1:3500-5000 boys worldwide. The lack of dystrophin induces degeneration of muscle cells and elicits an immune response characterized by an intensive secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Immunoglobulins modulate the inflammatory response through several mechanisms and have been widely used as an adjuvant therapy for autoimmune diseases. Here we evaluated the effect of immunoglobulin G (IG) injected intraperitoneally in a severely affected double knockout (dko) mouse model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The IG dko treated mice were compared regarding activity rates, survival and histopathology with a control untreated group. Additionally, dendritic cells and naïve lymphocytes from these two groups and WT mice were obtained to study in vitro the role of the immune system associated to DMD pathophysiology. We show that IG therapy significantly enhances activity rate and lifespan of dko mice. It diminishes muscle tissue inflammation by decreasing the expression of costimulatory molecules MHC, CD86 and CD40 and reducing Th1-related cytokines IFN-γ, IL-1β and TNF-α release. IG therapy dampens the effector immune responses supporting the hypothesis according to which the immune response accelerates DMD progression. As IG therapy is already approved by FDA for treating autoimmune disorders, with less side-effects than currently used glucocorticoids, our results may open a new therapeutic option aiming to improve life quality and lifespan of DMD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Ghirotto Nunes
- Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Flávio Vieira Loures
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Heloisa Maria Siqueira Bueno
- Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Erica Baroni Cangussu
- Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ernesto Goulart
- Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Giuliana Castello Coatti
- Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Elia Garcia Caldini
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio Condino-Neto
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Mayana Zatz
- Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Wilson K, Faelan C, Patterson-Kane JC, Rudmann DG, Moore SA, Frank D, Charleston J, Tinsley J, Young GD, Milici AJ. Duchenne and Becker Muscular Dystrophies: A Review of Animal Models, Clinical End Points, and Biomarker Quantification. Toxicol Pathol 2017; 45:961-976. [PMID: 28974147 DOI: 10.1177/0192623317734823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) are neuromuscular disorders that primarily affect boys due to an X-linked mutation in the DMD gene, resulting in reduced to near absence of dystrophin or expression of truncated forms of dystrophin. Some newer therapeutic interventions aim to increase sarcolemmal dystrophin expression, and accurate dystrophin quantification is critical for demonstrating pharmacodynamic relationships in preclinical studies and clinical trials. Current challenges with measuring dystrophin include the variation in protein expression within individual muscle fibers and across whole muscle samples, the presence of preexisting dystrophin-positive revertant fibers, and trace amounts of residual dystrophin. Immunofluorescence quantification of dystrophin can overcome many of these challenges, but manual quantification of protein expression may be complicated by variations in the collection of images, reproducible scoring of fluorescent intensity, and bias introduced by manual scoring of typically only a few high-power fields. This review highlights the pathology of DMD and BMD, discusses animal models of DMD and BMD, and describes dystrophin biomarker quantitation in DMD and BMD, with several image analysis approaches, including a new automated method that evaluates protein expression of individual muscle fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Wilson
- 1 Flagship Biosciences, Inc., Westminster, Colorado, USA
| | - Crystal Faelan
- 1 Flagship Biosciences, Inc., Westminster, Colorado, USA
| | | | | | - Steven A Moore
- 2 Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Diane Frank
- 3 Sarepta Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jay Charleston
- 3 Sarepta Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jon Tinsley
- 4 Summit Therapeutics, Abingdon, United Kingdom
| | - G David Young
- 1 Flagship Biosciences, Inc., Westminster, Colorado, USA
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105
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Burns DP, Rowland J, Canavan L, Murphy KH, Brannock M, O'Malley D, O'Halloran KD, Edge D. Restoration of pharyngeal dilator muscle force in dystrophin-deficient (mdx) mice following co-treatment with neutralizing interleukin-6 receptor antibodies and urocortin 2. Exp Physiol 2017; 102:1177-1193. [PMID: 28665499 DOI: 10.1113/ep086232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? We previously reported impaired upper airway dilator muscle function in the mdx mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Our aim was to assess the effect of blocking interleukin-6 receptor signalling and stimulating corticotrophin-releasing factor receptor 2 signalling on mdx sternohyoid muscle structure and function. What is the main finding and its importance? The interventional treatment had a positive inotropic effect on sternohyoid muscle force, restoring mechanical work and power to wild-type values, reduced myofibre central nucleation and preserved the myosin heavy chain type IIb fibre complement of mdx sternohyoid muscle. These data might have implications for development of pharmacotherapies for DMD with relevance to respiratory muscle performance. The mdx mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy shows evidence of impaired pharyngeal dilator muscle function. We hypothesized that inflammatory and stress-related factors are implicated in airway dilator muscle dysfunction. Six-week-old mdx (n = 26) and wild-type (WT; n = 26) mice received either saline (0.9% w/v) or a co-administration of neutralizing interleukin-6 receptor antibodies (0.2 mg kg-1 ) and corticotrophin-releasing factor receptor 2 agonist (urocortin 2; 30 μg kg-1 ) over 2 weeks. Sternohyoid muscle isometric and isotonic contractile function was examined ex vivo. Muscle fibre centronucleation and muscle cellular infiltration, collagen content, fibre-type distribution and fibre cross-sectional area were determined by histology and immunofluorescence. Muscle chemokine content was examined by use of a multiplex assay. Sternohyoid peak specific force at 100 Hz was significantly reduced in mdx compared with WT. Drug treatment completely restored force in mdx sternohyoid to WT levels. The percentage of centrally nucleated muscle fibres was significantly increased in mdx, and this was partly ameliorated after drug treatment. The areal density of infiltrates and collagen content were significantly increased in mdx sternohyoid; both indices were unaffected by drug treatment. The abundance of myosin heavy chain type IIb fibres was significantly decreased in mdx sternohyoid; drug treatment preserved myosin heavy chain type IIb complement in mdx muscle. The chemokines macrophage inflammatory protein 2, interferon-γ-induced protein 10 and macrophage inflammatory protein 3α were significantly increased in mdx sternohyoid compared with WT. Drug treatment significantly increased chemokine expression in mdx but not WT sternohyoid. Recovery of contractile function was impressive in our study, with implications for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The precise molecular mechanisms by which the drug treatment exerts an inotropic effect on mdx sternohyoid muscle remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Burns
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jane Rowland
- Department of Physiology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Leonie Canavan
- Department of Physiology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kevin H Murphy
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Molly Brannock
- Department of Physiology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dervla O'Malley
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ken D O'Halloran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Deirdre Edge
- Department of Physiology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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106
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Muscle MRI in pediatrics: clinical, pathological and genetic correlation. Pediatr Radiol 2017; 47:724-735. [PMID: 28102454 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-016-3777-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric myopathies comprise a very heterogeneous group of disorders that may develop at different ages and affect different muscle groups. Its diagnosis is sometimes difficult and must be confirmed by muscle biopsy and/or genetic analysis. In recent years, muscle involvement patterns observed on MRI have become a valuable tool, aiding clinical diagnosis and enriching pathological and genetic assessments. We selected eight myopathy cases from our institutional database in which the pattern of muscle involvement observed on MRI was almost pathognomonic and could therefore contribute to establishing diagnosis. Muscle biopsy, genetic diagnosis or both confirmed all cases.
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107
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Skeletal Muscle Cell Induction from Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:1376151. [PMID: 28529527 PMCID: PMC5424488 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1376151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have the potential to differentiate into various types of cells including skeletal muscle cells. The approach of converting ESCs/iPSCs into skeletal muscle cells offers hope for patients afflicted with the skeletal muscle diseases such as the Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Patient-derived iPSCs are an especially ideal cell source to obtain an unlimited number of myogenic cells that escape immune rejection after engraftment. Currently, there are several approaches to induce differentiation of ESCs and iPSCs to skeletal muscle. A key to the generation of skeletal muscle cells from ESCs/iPSCs is the mimicking of embryonic mesodermal induction followed by myogenic induction. Thus, current approaches of skeletal muscle cell induction of ESCs/iPSCs utilize techniques including overexpression of myogenic transcription factors such as MyoD or Pax3, using small molecules to induce mesodermal cells followed by myogenic progenitor cells, and utilizing epigenetic myogenic memory existing in muscle cell-derived iPSCs. This review summarizes the current methods used in myogenic differentiation and highlights areas of recent improvement.
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108
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Early-onset myopathies: Entering a new age. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 64:158-159. [PMID: 28364966 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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109
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Tichy ED, Mourkioti F. A new method of genotyping MDX 4CV mice by PCR-RFLP analysis. Muscle Nerve 2017; 56:522-524. [PMID: 28063157 DOI: 10.1002/mus.25566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The mdx4cv mouse is a common model to study Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The most used methodology to identify the genotype of these mice is Sanger DNA sequencing. METHODS Here, we provide a simple, cost-effective alternative approach to identify the wild-type, heterozygous, or homozygous/hemizygous genotypes of these mice, using commonly available laboratory equipment and reagents. RESULTS Our technique exploits a restriction fragment length polymorphism that is generated by the point mutation found in exon 53 of mdx4cv mice. CONCLUSIONS This technique can benefit laboratories that require complex breeding strategies involving mdx4cv mice. Muscle Nerve 56: 522-524, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisia D Tichy
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Foteini Mourkioti
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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110
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Abnormal lipid metabolism in skeletal muscle tissue of patients with muscular dystrophy: In vitro, high-resolution NMR spectroscopy based observation in early phase of the disease. Magn Reson Imaging 2017; 38:163-173. [PMID: 28069416 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Qualitative (assignment of lipid components) and quantitative (quantification of lipid components) analysis of lipid components were performed in skeletal muscle tissue of patients with muscular dystrophy in early phase of the disease as compared to control/normal subjects. METHODS Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy based experiment was performed on the lipid extract of skeletal muscle tissue of patients with muscular dystrophy in early phase of the disease and normal individuals for the analysis of lipid components [triglycerides, phospholipids, total cholesterol and unsaturated fatty acids (arachidonic, linolenic and linoleic acid)]. Specimens of muscle tissue were obtained from patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) [n=11; Age, Mean±SD; 9.2±1.4years; all were males], Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) [n=12; Age, Mean±SD; 21.4±5.0years; all were males], facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) [n=11; Age, Mean±SD; 23.7±7.5years; all were males] and limb girdle muscular dystrophy-2B (LGMD-2B) [n=18; Age, Mean±SD; 24.2±4.1years; all were males]. Muscle specimens were also obtained from [n=30; Mean age±SD 23.1±6.0years; all were males] normal/control subjects. RESULTS Assigned lipid components in skeletal muscle tissue were triglycerides (TG), phospholipids (PL), total cholesterol (CHOL) and unsaturated fatty acids (arachidonic, linolenic and linoleic acid)]. Quantity of lipid components was observed in skeletal muscle tissue of DMD, BMD, FSHD and LGMD-2B patients as compared to control/normal subjects. TG was significantly elevated in muscle tissue of DMD, BMD and LGMD-2B patients. Increase level of CHOL was found only in muscle of DMD patients. Level of PL was found insignificant for DMD, BMD and LGMD-2B patients. Quantity of TG, PL and CHOL was unaltered in the muscle of patients with FSHD as compared to control/normal subjects. Linoleic acids were significantly reduced in muscle tissue of DMD, BMD, FSHD and LGMD-2B as compared to normal/control individuals. CONCLUSIONS Results clearly indicate alteration of lipid metabolism in patients with muscular dystrophy in early phase of the disease. Moreover, further evaluation is required to understand whether these changes are primary or secondary to muscular dystrophy. In future, these findings may prove an additional and improved approach for the diagnosis of different forms of muscular dystrophy.
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111
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Pant M, Bal NC, Periasamy M. Sarcolipin: A Key Thermogenic and Metabolic Regulator in Skeletal Muscle. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2016; 27:881-892. [PMID: 27637585 PMCID: PMC5424604 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle constitutes ∼40% of body mass and has the capacity to play a major role as thermogenic, metabolic, and endocrine organ. In addition to shivering, muscle also contributes to nonshivering thermogenesis via futile sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) activity. Sarcolipin (SLN), a regulator of SERCA activity in muscle, plays an important role in regulating muscle thermogenesis and metabolism. Uncoupling of SERCA by SLN increases ATP hydrolysis and heat production, and contributes to temperature homeostasis. SLN also affects whole-body metabolism and weight gain in mice, and is upregulated in various muscle diseases including muscular dystrophy, suggesting a role for SLN during increased metabolic demand. In this review we also highlight the physiological roles of skeletal muscle beyond contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghna Pant
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Naresh C Bal
- Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute at Lake Nona, Orlando, FL, USA; School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Muthu Periasamy
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute at Lake Nona, Orlando, FL, USA.
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112
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Yu HH, Zhao H, Qing YB, Pan WR, Jia BY, Zhao HY, Huang XX, Wei HJ. Porcine Zygote Injection with Cas9/sgRNA Results in DMD-Modified Pig with Muscle Dystrophy. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1668. [PMID: 27735844 PMCID: PMC5085701 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystrophinopathy, including Duchenne muscle dystrophy (DMD) and Becker muscle dystrophy (BMD) is an incurable X-linked hereditary muscle dystrophy caused by a mutation in the DMD gene in coding dystrophin. Advances in further understanding DMD/BMD for therapy are expected. Studies on mdx mice and dogs with muscle dystrophy provide limited insight into DMD disease mechanisms and therapeutic testing because of the different pathological manifestations. Miniature pigs share similar physiology and anatomy with humans and are thus an excellent animal model of human disease. Here, we successfully achieved precise DMD targeting in Chinese Diannan miniature pigs by co-injecting zygotes with Cas9 mRNA and sgRNA targeting DMD. Two piglets were obtained after embryo transfer, one of piglets was identified as DMD-modified individual via traditional cloning, sequencing and T7EN1 cleavage assay. An examination of targeting rates in the DMD-modified piglet revealed that sgRNA:Cas9-mediated on-target mosaic mutations were 70% and 60% of dystrophin alleles in skeletal and smooth muscle, respectively. Meanwhile, no detectable off-target mutations were found, highlighting the high specificity of genetic modification using CRISPR/Cas9. The DMD-modified piglet exhibited degenerative and disordered phenotypes in skeletal and cardiac muscle, and declining thickness of smooth muscle in the stomach and intestine. In conclusion, we successfully generated myopathy animal model by modifying the DMD via CRISPR/Cas9 system in a miniature pig.
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dystrophin/genetics
- Dystrophin/metabolism
- Embryo Transfer
- Genotype
- Immunohistochemistry
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth/metabolism
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/metabolism
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/pathology
- Mutation
- Phenotype
- RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics
- RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Swine
- Swine, Miniature
- Zygote/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Hao Yu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Rd., Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201210, China.
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.
- Research Center of Life Science, Yulin University, Yulin 719000, China.
| | - Heng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.
| | - Yu-Bo Qing
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.
| | - Wei-Rong Pan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.
| | - Bao-Yu Jia
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.
| | - Hong-Ye Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.
| | - Xing-Xu Huang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Rd., Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Hong-Jiang Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.
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Bhadra J, Pattanayak S, Khan PP, Kundu J, Sinha S. Internal Oligoguanidinium-Based Cellular Transporter Enhances Antisense Efficacy of Morpholinos in In Vitro and Zebrafish Model. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:2254-2259. [PMID: 27625020 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
An efficient cellular transporter is highly desirable for the therapeutic applications of antisense phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligonucleotides (PMOs) as Vivo-PMO and PPMO have limitations for in vivo study. We report here a novel internally tetraguanidinium-linked nonpeptidic cellular transporter having a conformationally rigid backbone composed of pharmacologically compatible heterocyclic six-membered rings which internalizes efficiently into cells in full growth medium and ubiquitously distributed into zebrafish embryos. It efficiently transports antisense PMO in vitro and in vivo zebrafish embryos. Comparative study with Gene Tools Vivo-PMO revealed that our cellular-transporter conjugated PMO shows better antisense efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhuma Bhadra
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Sankha Pattanayak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Pragya Paramita Khan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Jayanta Kundu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Surajit Sinha
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, India
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114
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STEPICHEVA NADEZDAA, SONG JIAL. Function and regulation of microRNA-31 in development and disease. Mol Reprod Dev 2016; 83:654-74. [PMID: 27405090 PMCID: PMC6040227 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that orchestrate numerous cellular processes both under normal physiological conditions as well as in diseases. This review summarizes the functional roles and transcriptional regulation of the highly evolutionarily conserved miRNA, microRNA-31 (miR-31). miR-31 is an important regulator of embryonic implantation, development, bone and muscle homeostasis, and immune system function. Its own regulation is disrupted during the onset and progression of cancer and autoimmune disorders such as psoriasis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Limited studies suggest that miR-31 is transcriptionally regulated by epigenetics, such as methylation and acetylation, as well as by a number of transcription factors. Overall, miR-31 regulates diverse cellular and developmental processes by targeting genes involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell differentiation, and cell motility. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 83: 654-674, 2016 © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - JIA L. SONG
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
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115
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Bhattacharya S, Das A, Bagchi A. In-silico structural analysis of E509K mutation in LARGE and T192M mutation in Alpha Dystroglycan in the inhibition of glycosylation of Alpha Dystroglycan by LARGE. Comput Biol Chem 2016; 64:313-321. [PMID: 27565399 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Impaired glycosylation of cellular receptor Alpha Dystroglycan (α-DG) leads to dystroglycanopathy. Glycoprotein α-DG is the receptor protein in the Dystrophin Associated Protein Complex (DAPC), a macromolecular gathering on muscle cell membrane to form a bridge between extracellular matrix (ECM) and cellular actin cytoskeleton. Proper glycosylation of α-DG is mediated by the glycosylating enzyme LARGE. Mutations either in α-DG or in LARGE lead to improper glycosylations of α-DG thereby hampering the formation of final Laminin binding form α-DG resulting in dystroglycanopathy. In our current work, we explored the structural changes associated with the presence of mutations in α-DG as well as in the enzyme LARGE. We further extended our research to understand the effect of the mutations onto protein-enzyme interactions. Moreover, since LARGE transfers the sugar moiety (glucuronic acid; GlcA) onto α-DG, we tried to analyze what effect the mutation in LARGE confers on this enzyme ligand interaction. This work for the first time addressed the molecular changes occurring in the structures α-DG, LARGE and their interactions and shed lights on the as yet poorly understood mechanism behind the dystroglycanopathy onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simanti Bhattacharya
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia 741235, West Bengal, India.
| | - Amit Das
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia 741235, West Bengal, India.
| | - Angshuman Bagchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia 741235, West Bengal, India.
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116
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Mechanistic aspects of the formation of α-dystroglycan and therapeutic research for the treatment of α-dystroglycanopathy: A review. Mol Aspects Med 2016; 51:115-24. [PMID: 27421908 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
α-Dystroglycanopathy, an autosomal recessive disease, is associated with the development of a variety of diseases, including muscular dystrophy. In humans, α-dystroglycanopathy includes various types of congenital muscular dystrophy such as Fukuyama type congenital muscular dystrophy (FCMD), muscle eye brain disease (MEB), and the Walker Warburg syndrome (WWS), and types of limb girdle muscular dystrophy 2I (LGMD2I). α-Dystroglycanopathy share a common etiology, since it is invariably caused by gene mutations that are associated with the O-mannose glycosylation pathway of α-dystroglycan (α-DG). α-DG is a central member of the dystrophin glycoprotein complex (DGC) family in peripheral membranes, and the proper glycosylation of α-DG is essential for it to bind to extracellular matrix proteins, such as laminin, to cell components. The disruption of this ligand-binding is thought to result in damage to cell membrane integration, leading to the development of muscular dystrophy. Clinical manifestations of α-dystroglycanopathy frequently include mild to severe alterations in the central nervous system and optical manifestations in addition to muscular dystrophy. Eighteen causative genes for α-dystroglycanopathy have been identified to date, and it is likely that more will be reported in the near future. These findings have stimulated extensive and energetic investigations in this research field, and novel glycosylation pathways have been implicated in the process. At the same time, the use of gene therapy, antisense therapy, and enzymatic supplementation have been evaluated as therapeutic possibilities for some types of α-dystroglycanopathy. Here we review the molecular and clinical findings associated with α-dystroglycanopathy and the development of therapeutic approaches, by comparing the approaches with the development of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
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117
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Manning J, Buckley MM, O'Halloran KD, O'Malley D. In vivo neutralization of IL-6 receptors ameliorates gastrointestinal dysfunction in dystrophin-deficient mdx mice. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2016; 28:1016-26. [PMID: 26920808 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a fatal disease characterized by progressive deterioration and degeneration of striated muscle. A mutation resulting in the loss of dystrophin, a structural protein which protects cells from contraction-induced damage, underlies DMD pathophysiology. Damage to muscle fibers results in chronic inflammation and elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6). However, loss of cellular dystrophin also affects neurons and smooth muscle in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract with complaints such as hypomotility, pseudo-obstruction, and constipation reported in DMD patients. METHODS Using dystrophin-deficient mdx mice, studies were carried out to examine colonic morphology and function compared with wild-type mice. Treatment with neutralizing IL-6 receptor antibodies (xIL-6R) and/or the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) 2 receptor agonist, urocortin 2 (uro2) was tested to determine if they ameliorated GI dysfunction in mdx mice. KEY RESULTS Mdx mice exhibited thickening of colonic smooth muscle layers and delayed stress-induced defecation. In organ bath studies, neurally mediated IL-6-evoked contractions were larger in mdx colons. In vivo treatment of mdx mice with xIL-6R normalized defecation rates and colon lengths. Uro2 treatment did not affect motility or morphology. The potentiated colonic contractile response to IL-6 was attenuated by treatment with xIL-6R. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES These findings confirm the importance of dystrophin in normal GI function and implicate IL-6 as an important regulator of GI motility in the mdx mouse. Inhibition of IL-6 signaling may offer a potential new therapeutic strategy for treating DMD-associated GI symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Manning
- Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - M M Buckley
- Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - K D O'Halloran
- Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - D O'Malley
- Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Havens MA, Hastings ML. Splice-switching antisense oligonucleotides as therapeutic drugs. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:6549-63. [PMID: 27288447 PMCID: PMC5001604 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Splice-switching oligonucleotides (SSOs) are short, synthetic, antisense, modified nucleic acids that base-pair with a pre-mRNA and disrupt the normal splicing repertoire of the transcript by blocking the RNA–RNA base-pairing or protein–RNA binding interactions that occur between components of the splicing machinery and the pre-mRNA. Splicing of pre-mRNA is required for the proper expression of the vast majority of protein-coding genes, and thus, targeting the process offers a means to manipulate protein production from a gene. Splicing modulation is particularly valuable in cases of disease caused by mutations that lead to disruption of normal splicing or when interfering with the normal splicing process of a gene transcript may be therapeutic. SSOs offer an effective and specific way to target and alter splicing in a therapeutic manner. Here, we discuss the different approaches used to target and alter pre-mRNA splicing with SSOs. We detail the modifications to the nucleic acids that make them promising therapeutics and discuss the challenges to creating effective SSO drugs. We highlight the development of SSOs designed to treat Duchenne muscular dystrophy and spinal muscular atrophy, which are currently being tested in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory A Havens
- Department of Biology, Lewis University, Romeoville, IL 60446, USA
| | - Michelle L Hastings
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
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Dumont NA, Rudnicki MA. Targeting muscle stem cell intrinsic defects to treat Duchenne muscular dystrophy. NPJ Regen Med 2016; 1. [PMID: 29188075 PMCID: PMC5703417 DOI: 10.1038/npjregenmed.2016.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a genetic disease characterised by skeletal muscle degeneration and progressive muscle wasting, which is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the DMD gene that encodes for the protein dystrophin. Dystrophin has critical roles in myofiber stability and integrity by connecting the actin cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix. Absence of dystrophin leads to myofiber fragility and contributes to skeletal muscle degeneration in DMD patients, however, accumulating evidence also indicate that muscle stem cells (also known as satellite cells) are defective in dystrophic muscles, which leads to impaired muscle regeneration. Our recent work demonstrated that dystrophin is expressed in activated satellite cells, where it regulates the establishment of satellite cell polarity and asymmetric cell division. These findings indicate that dystrophin-deficient satellite cells have intrinsic dysfunctions that contribute to muscle wasting and progression of the disease. This discovery suggests that satellite cells could be targeted to treat DMD. Here we discuss how these new findings affect regenerative therapies for muscular dystrophies. Therapies targeting satellite cells hold great potential and could have long-term efficiency owing to the high self-renewal ability of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas A Dumont
- Sprott Center for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Michael A Rudnicki
- Sprott Center for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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120
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Sakurai H. [Modeling muscular diseases by patient-derived iPS cells]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2016; 147:272-6. [PMID: 27181721 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.147.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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121
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Kuleesha Y, Puah WC, Wasser M. Live imaging of muscle histolysis in Drosophila metamorphosis. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2016; 16:12. [PMID: 27141974 PMCID: PMC4855724 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-016-0113-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background The contribution of programmed cell death (PCD) to muscle wasting disorders remains a matter of debate. Drosophila melanogaster metamorphosis offers the opportunity to study muscle cell death in the context of development. Using live cell imaging of the abdomen, two groups of larval muscles can be observed, doomed muscles that undergo histolysis and persistent muscles that are remodelled and survive into adulthood. Method To identify and characterize genes that control the decision between survival and cell death of muscles, we developed a method comprising in vivo imaging, targeted gene perturbation and time-lapse image analysis. Our approach enabled us to study the cytological and temporal aspects of abnormal cell death phenotypes. Results In a previous genetic screen for genes controlling muscle size and cell death in metamorphosis, we identified gene perturbations that induced cell death of persistent or inhibit histolysis of doomed larval muscles. RNA interference (RNAi) of the genes encoding the helicase Rm62 and the lysosomal Cathepsin-L homolog Cysteine proteinase 1 (Cp1) caused premature cell death of persistent muscle in early and mid-pupation, respectively. Silencing of the transcriptional co-repressor Atrophin inhibited histolysis of doomed muscles. Overexpression of dominant-negative Target of Rapamycin (TOR) delayed the histolysis of a subset of doomed and induced ablation of all persistent muscles. RNAi of AMPKα, which encodes a subunit of the AMPK protein complex that senses AMP and promotes ATP formation, led to loss of attachment and a spherical morphology. None of the perturbations affected the survival of newly formed adult muscles, suggesting that the method is useful to find genes that are crucial for the survival of metabolically challenged muscles, like those undergoing atrophy. The ablation of persistent muscles did not affect eclosion of adult flies. Conclusions Live imaging is a versatile approach to uncover gene functions that are required for the survival of muscle undergoing remodelling, yet are dispensable for other adult muscles. Our approach promises to identify molecular mechanisms that can explain the resilience of muscles to PCD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12861-016-0113-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadav Kuleesha
- Imaging Informatics Division, Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix, Singapore, 138671, Republic of Singapore.,School of Computer Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, N4-2A-05, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Republic of Singapore
| | - Wee Choo Puah
- Imaging Informatics Division, Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix, Singapore, 138671, Republic of Singapore
| | - Martin Wasser
- Imaging Informatics Division, Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix, Singapore, 138671, Republic of Singapore. .,Present address: BioImagingMW, Block 28D Dover Crescent, #31-73, Singapore, 134028, Republic of Singapore.
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Annese T, Corsi P, Ruggieri S, Tamma R, Marinaccio C, Picocci S, Errede M, Specchia G, De Luca A, Frassanito MA, Desantis V, Vacca A, Ribatti D, Nico B. Isolation and characterization of neural stem cells from dystrophic mdx mouse. Exp Cell Res 2016; 343:190-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
Resveratrol is a natural polyphenolic compound produced by plants under various stress conditions. Resveratrol has been reported to exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-proliferative properties in mammalian cells and animal models, and might therefore exert pleiotropic beneficial effects in different pathophysiological states. More recently, resveratrol has also been shown to potentially target many mitochondrial metabolic pathways, including fatty acid β-oxidation or oxidative phosphorylation, leading to the up-regulation of the energy metabolism via signaling pathways involving PGC-1α, SIRT1, and/or AMP-kinase, which are not yet fully delineated. Some of resveratrol beneficial effects likely arise from its cellular effects in the skeletal muscle, which, surprisingly, has been given relatively little attention, compared to other target tissues. Here, we review the potential for resveratrol to ameliorate or correct mitochondrial metabolic deficiencies responsible for myopathies, due to inherited fatty acid β-oxidation or to respiratory chain defects, for which no treatment exists to date. We also review recent data supporting therapeutic effects of resveratrol in the Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, a fatal genetic disease affecting the production of muscle dystrophin, associated to a variety of mitochondrial dysfunctions, which likely contribute to disease pathogenesis.
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124
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Viggiano E, Ergoli M, Picillo E, Politano L. Determining the role of skewed X-chromosome inactivation in developing muscle symptoms in carriers of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Hum Genet 2016; 135:685-98. [PMID: 27098336 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-016-1666-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Duchenne and Becker dystrophinopathies (DMD and BMD) are X-linked recessive disorders caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene that lead to absent or reduced expression of dystrophin in both skeletal and heart muscles. DMD/BMD female carriers are usually asymptomatic, although about 8 % may exhibit muscle or cardiac symptoms. Several mechanisms leading to a reduced dystrophin have been hypothesized to explain the clinical manifestations and, in particular, the role of the skewed XCI is questioned. In this review, the mechanism of XCI and its involvement in the phenotype of BMD/DMD carriers with both a normal karyotype or with X;autosome translocations with breakpoints at Xp21 (locus of the DMD gene) will be analyzed. We have previously observed that DMD carriers with moderate/severe muscle involvement, exhibit a moderate or extremely skewed XCI, in particular if presenting with an early onset of symptoms, while DMD carriers with mild muscle involvement present a random XCI. Moreover, we found that among 87.1 % of the carriers with X;autosome translocations involving the locus Xp21 who developed signs and symptoms of dystrophinopathy such as proximal muscle weakness, difficulty to run, jump and climb stairs, 95.2 % had a skewed XCI pattern in lymphocytes. These data support the hypothesis that skewed XCI is involved in the onset of phenotype in DMD carriers, the X chromosome carrying the normal DMD gene being preferentially inactivated and leading to a moderate-severe muscle involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Viggiano
- Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics, Department of Experimental Medicine, I Policlinico, Second University of Naples, Piazza Miraglia, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Manuela Ergoli
- Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics, Department of Experimental Medicine, I Policlinico, Second University of Naples, Piazza Miraglia, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Esther Picillo
- Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics, Department of Experimental Medicine, I Policlinico, Second University of Naples, Piazza Miraglia, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Luisa Politano
- Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics, Department of Experimental Medicine, I Policlinico, Second University of Naples, Piazza Miraglia, 80138, Naples, Italy.
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125
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Hexose enhances oligonucleotide delivery and exon skipping in dystrophin-deficient mdx mice. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10981. [PMID: 26964641 PMCID: PMC4793046 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate-based infusion solutions are widely used in the clinic. Here we show that co-administration of phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (PMOs) with glucose enhances exon-skipping activity in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) mdx mice. We identify a glucose-fructose (GF) formulation that potentiates PMO activity, completely corrects aberrant Dmd transcripts, restores dystrophin levels in skeletal muscles and achieves functional rescue without detectable toxicity. This activity is attributed to enhancement of GF-mediated PMO uptake in the muscle. We demonstrate that PMO cellular uptake is energy dependent, and that ATP from GF metabolism contributes to enhanced cellular uptake of PMO in the muscle. Collectively, we show that GF potentiates PMO activity by replenishing cellular energy stores under energy-deficient conditions in mdx mice. Our findings provide mechanistic insight into hexose-mediated oligonucleotide delivery and have important implications for the development of DMD exon-skipping therapy.
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126
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Jeronimo G, Nozoe KT, Polesel DN, Moreira GA, Tufik S, Andersen ML. Impact of corticotherapy, nutrition, and sleep disorder on quality of life of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Nutrition 2016; 32:391-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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127
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Long C, Amoasii L, Mireault AA, McAnally JR, Li H, Sanchez-Ortiz E, Bhattacharyya S, Shelton JM, Bassel-Duby R, Olson EN. Postnatal genome editing partially restores dystrophin expression in a mouse model of muscular dystrophy. Science 2016; 351:400-3. [PMID: 26721683 PMCID: PMC4760628 DOI: 10.1126/science.aad5725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 681] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing holds clinical potential for treating genetic diseases, such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), which is caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene. To correct DMD by skipping mutant dystrophin exons in postnatal muscle tissue in vivo, we used adeno-associated virus-9 (AAV9) to deliver gene-editing components to postnatal mdx mice, a model of DMD. Different modes of AAV9 delivery were systematically tested, including intraperitoneal at postnatal day 1 (P1), intramuscular at P12, and retro-orbital at P18. Each of these methods restored dystrophin protein expression in cardiac and skeletal muscle to varying degrees, and expression increased from 3 to 12 weeks after injection. Postnatal gene editing also enhanced skeletal muscle function, as measured by grip strength tests 4 weeks after injection. This method provides a potential means of correcting mutations responsible for DMD and other monogenic disorders after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzu Long
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. Sen. Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Leonela Amoasii
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. Sen. Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Alex A Mireault
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. Sen. Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - John R McAnally
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. Sen. Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. Sen. Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Efrain Sanchez-Ortiz
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. Sen. Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Samadrita Bhattacharyya
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. Sen. Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - John M Shelton
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Rhonda Bassel-Duby
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. Sen. Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Eric N Olson
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. Sen. Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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Burns DP, O'Halloran KD. Evidence of hypoxic tolerance in weak upper airway muscle from young mdx mice. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2015; 226:68-75. [PMID: 26691169 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a genetic disease characterised by deficiency in the protein dystrophin. The respiratory system is weakened and patients suffer from sleep disordered breathing and hypoventilation culminating in periods of hypoxaemia. We examined the effects of an acute (6h) hypoxic stress on sternohyoid muscle function (representative pharyngeal dilator). 8 week old male, wild-type (WT; C57BL/10ScSnJ; n=18) and mdx (C57BL/10ScSn-Dmd(mdx)/J; n=16) mice were exposed to sustained hypoxia (FIO2=0.10) or normoxia. Muscle functional properties were examined ex vivo. Additional WT (n=5) and mdx (n=5) sternohyoid muscle was exposed to an anoxic challenge. Sternohyoid dysfunction was observed in mdx mice with significant reductions in force and power. Following exposure to the acute in vivo hypoxic stress, WT sternohyoid muscle showed evidence of functional impairment (reduced force, work and power). Conversely, mdx sternohyoid showed an apparent tolerance to the acute hypoxic stress. This tolerance was not maintained for mdx following a severe hypoxic stress. A dysfunctional upper airway muscle phenotype is present at 8 weeks of age in the mdx mouse, which may have implications for the control of airway patency in DMD. Hypoxic tolerance in mdx respiratory muscle is suggestive of adaptation to chronic hypoxia, which could be present due to respiratory morbidity. We speculate a role for hypoxia in mdx respiratory muscle morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Burns
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Ken D O'Halloran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Pelosi L, Berardinelli MG, Forcina L, Spelta E, Rizzuto E, Nicoletti C, Camilli C, Testa E, Catizone A, De Benedetti F, Musarò A. Increased levels of interleukin-6 exacerbate the dystrophic phenotype in mdx mice. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:6041-53. [PMID: 26251044 PMCID: PMC4599671 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is characterized by progressive lethal muscle degeneration and chronic inflammatory response. The mdx mouse strain has served as the animal model for human DMD. However, while DMD patients undergo extensive necrosis, the affected muscles of adult mdx mice rapidly regenerates and regains structural and functional integrity. The basis for the mild effects observed in mice compared with the lethal consequences in humans remains unknown. In this study, we provide evidence that interleukin-6 (IL-6) is causally linked to the pathogenesis of muscular dystrophy. We report that forced expression of IL-6, in the adult mdx mice, recapitulates the severe phenotypic characteristics of DMD in humans. Increased levels of IL-6 exacerbate the dystrophic muscle phenotype, sustaining inflammatory response and repeated cycles of muscle degeneration and regeneration, leading to exhaustion of satellite cells. The mdx/IL6 mouse closely approximates the human disease and more faithfully recapitulates the disease progression in humans. This study promises to significantly advance our understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms that lead to DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pelosi
- Institute Pasteur Cenci-Bolognetti, DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, IIM and
| | | | - Laura Forcina
- Institute Pasteur Cenci-Bolognetti, DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, IIM and
| | - Elisa Spelta
- Institute Pasteur Cenci-Bolognetti, DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, IIM and
| | - Emanuele Rizzuto
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00184, Italy
| | - Carmine Nicoletti
- Institute Pasteur Cenci-Bolognetti, DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, IIM and
| | - Carlotta Camilli
- Institute Pasteur Cenci-Bolognetti, DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, IIM and
| | - Erika Testa
- Institute Pasteur Cenci-Bolognetti, DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, IIM and
| | - Angela Catizone
- DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00161, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Musarò
- Institute Pasteur Cenci-Bolognetti, DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, IIM and Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome 00161, Italy
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Quantitative Skeletal Muscle MRI: Part 1, Derived T2 Fat Map in Differentiation Between Boys With Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy and Healthy Boys. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2015. [PMID: 26204309 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.14.13754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to validate derived T2 maps as an objective measure of muscular fat for discrimination between boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and healthy boys. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Forty-two boys with DMD (mean age, 9.9 years) and 31 healthy boys (mean age, 11.4 years) were included in the study. Age, body mass index, and clinical function scale grade were evaluated. T1-weighted MR images and T2 maps with and without fat suppression were obtained. Fatty infiltration was graded 0-4 on T1-weighted images, and derived T2 fat values (difference between mean T2 values from T2 maps with and without fat suppression) of the gluteus maximus and vastus lateralis muscles were calculated. Group comparisons were performed. The upper limit of the 95% reference interval of T2 fat values from the control group was applied. RESULTS There was no significant difference in age or body mass index between groups. All healthy boys and 19 boys (45.2%) with DMD had a normal clinical function scale grade. Grade 1 fatty infiltration was seen in 90.3% (gluteus maximus) and 71.0% (vastus lateralis) of healthy boys versus 33.3% (gluteus maximus) and 52.4% (vastus lateralis) of boys with DMD. T2 fat values of boys with DMD were significantly longer than in the control group (p < 0.001). Using a 95% reference interval for healthy boys for the gluteus maximus (28.3 milliseconds) allowed complete separation from boys with DMD (100% sensitivity, 100% specificity), whereas the values for the vastus lateralis (7.28 milliseconds) resulted in 83.3% sensitivity and 100% specificity. CONCLUSION Measurement of muscular fat with T2 maps is accurate for differentiating boys with DMD from healthy boys.
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Early pathogenesis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy modelled in patient-derived human induced pluripotent stem cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12831. [PMID: 26290039 PMCID: PMC4642533 DOI: 10.1038/srep12831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a progressive and fatal muscle degenerating disease caused by a dystrophin deficiency. Effective suppression of the primary pathology observed in DMD is critical for treatment. Patient-derived human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are a promising tool for drug discovery. Here, we report an in vitro evaluation system for a DMD therapy using hiPSCs that recapitulate the primary pathology and can be used for DMD drug screening. Skeletal myotubes generated from hiPSCs are intact, which allows them to be used to model the initial pathology of DMD in vitro. Induced control and DMD myotubes were morphologically and physiologically comparable. However, electric stimulation of these myotubes for in vitro contraction caused pronounced calcium ion (Ca2+) influx only in DMD myocytes. Restoration of dystrophin by the exon-skipping technique suppressed this Ca2+ overflow and reduced the secretion of creatine kinase (CK) in DMD myotubes. These results suggest that the early pathogenesis of DMD can be effectively modelled in skeletal myotubes induced from patient-derived iPSCs, thereby enabling the development and evaluation of novel drugs.
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132
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Mukund K, Subramaniam S. Dysregulated mechanisms underlying Duchenne muscular dystrophy from co-expression network preservation analysis. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:182. [PMID: 25935398 PMCID: PMC4424514 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1141-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked recessive disorder with its primary insult on the skeletal muscle. Severe muscle wasting, chronic inflammation and fibrosis characterize dystrophic muscle. Here we identify dysregulated pathways in DMD utilizing a co-expression network approach as described in Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA). Specifically, we utilize WGCNA’s “preservation” statistics to identify gene modules that exhibit a weak conservation of network topology within healthy and dystrophic networks. Preservation statistics rank modules based on their topological metrics such as node density, connectivity and separability between networks. Methods Raw data for DMD was downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GSE6011) and suitably preprocessed. Co-expression networks for each condition (healthy and dystrophic) were generated using the WGCNA library in R. Preservation of healthy network edges was evaluated with respect to dystrophic muscle and vice versa using WGCNA. Highly exclusive gene pairs for each of the low preserved modules within both networks were also determined using a specificity measure. Results A total of 11 and 10 co-expressed modules were identified in the networks generated from 13 healthy and 23 dystrophic samples respectively. 5 out of the 11, and 4 out of the 10 modules were identified as exhibiting none-to-weak preservation. Functional enrichment analysis identified that these weakly preserved modules were highly relevant to the condition under study. For instance, weakly preserved dystrophic module D2 exhibited the highest fraction of genes exclusive to DMD. The highly specific gene pairs identified within these modules were enriched for genes activated in response to wounding and affect the extracellular matrix including several markers such as SPP1, MMP9 and ITGB2. Conclusion The proposed approach allowed us to identify clusters of genes that are non-randomly associated with the disease. Furthermore, highly specific gene pairs pointed to interactions between known markers of disease and identification of putative markers likely associated with disease. The analysis also helped identify putative novel interactions associated with the progression of DMD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13104-015-1141-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Mukund
- Bioinformatics and System Biology Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC0412, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Shankar Subramaniam
- Bioinformatics and System Biology Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC0412, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA. .,Departments of Bioengineering, Computer Science & Engineering, Cellular & Molecular Medicine and Chemistry & Biochemistry University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC0412, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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Yoshida-Moriguchi T, Campbell KP. Matriglycan: a novel polysaccharide that links dystroglycan to the basement membrane. Glycobiology 2015; 25:702-13. [PMID: 25882296 PMCID: PMC4453867 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwv021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Associations between cells and the basement membrane are critical for a variety of biological events including cell proliferation, cell migration, cell differentiation and the maintenance of tissue integrity. Dystroglycan is a highly glycosylated basement membrane receptor, and is involved in physiological processes that maintain integrity of the skeletal muscle, as well as development and function of the central nervous system. Aberrant O-glycosylation of the α subunit of this protein, and a concomitant loss of dystroglycan's ability to function as a receptor for extracellular matrix (ECM) ligands that bear laminin globular (LG) domains, occurs in several congenital/limb-girdle muscular dystrophies (also referred to as dystroglycanopathies). Recent genetic studies revealed that mutations in DAG1 (which encodes dystroglycan) and at least 17 other genes disrupt the ECM receptor function of dystroglycan and cause disease. Here, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of the enzymatic functions of two of these disease genes: the like-glycosyltransferase (LARGE) and protein O-mannose kinase (POMK, previously referred to as SGK196). In addition, we discuss the structure of the glycan that directly binds the ECM ligands and the mechanisms by which this functional motif is linked to dystroglycan. In light of the fact that dystroglycan functions as a matrix receptor and the polysaccharide synthesized by LARGE is the binding motif for matrix proteins, we propose to name this novel polysaccharide structure matriglycan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Yoshida-Moriguchi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, 4283 Carver Biomedical Research Building, 285 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52242-1101, USA
| | - Kevin P Campbell
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, 4283 Carver Biomedical Research Building, 285 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52242-1101, USA
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Satellite cells: regenerative mechanisms and applicability in muscular dystrophy. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2015:487467. [PMID: 25763072 PMCID: PMC4339711 DOI: 10.1155/2015/487467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The satellite cells are long regarded as heterogeneous cell population, which is intimately linked to the processes of muscular recovery. The heterogeneous cell population may be classified by specific markers. In spite of the significant amount of variation amongst the satellite cell populations, it seems that their activity is tightly bound to the paired box 7 transcription factor expression, which is, therefore, used as a canonical marker for these cells. Muscular dystrophic diseases, such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy, elicit severe tissue injuries leading those patients to display a very specific pattern of muscular recovery abnormalities. There have been works on the application of precursors cells as a therapeutic alternative for Duchenne muscular dystrophy and initial attempts have proven the cells inefficient; however later endeavours have proposed solutions for the experiments improving significantly the results. The presence of a range of satellite cells populations indicates the existence of specific cells with enhanced capability of muscular recovery in afflicted muscles.
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135
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Yang X. Stem cell transplantation for treating Duchenne muscular dystrophy: A Web of Science-based literature analysis. Neural Regen Res 2015; 7:1744-51. [PMID: 25624797 PMCID: PMC4302457 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.22.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To identify global research trends in stem cell transplantation for treating Duchenne muscular dystrophy using a bibliometric analysis of Web of Science. DATA RETRIEVAL: We performed a bibliometric analysis of studies on stem cell transplantation for treating Duchenne muscular dystrophy from 2002 to 2011 retrieved from Web of Science. SELECTION CRITERIA: Inclusion criteria: (a) peer-reviewed published articles on stem cell transplantation for treating Duchenne muscular dystrophy indexed in Web of Science; (b) original research articles, reviews, meeting abstracts, proceedings papers, book chapters, editorial material, and news items; and (c) publication between 2002 and 2011. Exclusion criteria: (a) articles that required manual searching or telephone access; (b) documents that were not published in the public domain; and (c) corrected papers. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: (1) Annual publication output; (2) distribution according to subject areas; (3) distribution according to journals; (4) distribution according to country; (5) distribution according to institution; (6) distribution according to institution in China; (7) distribution according to institution that cooperated with Chinese institutions; (8) top-cited articles from 2002 to 2006; (9) top-cited articles from 2007 to 2011. RESULTS: A total of 318 publications on stem cell transplantation for treating Duchenne muscular dystrophy were retrieved from Web of Science from 2002 to 2011, of which almost half derived from American authors and institutes. The number of publications has gradually increased over the past 10 years. Most papers appeared in journals with a focus on gene and molecular research, such as Molecular Therapy, Neuromuscular Disorders, and PLoS One. The 10 most-cited papers from 2002 to 2006 were mostly about different kinds of stem cell transplantation for muscle regeneration, while the 10 most-cited papers from 2007 to 2011 were mostly about new techniques of stem cell transplantation for treating Duchenne muscular dystrophy. CONCLUSION: The publications on stem cell transplantation for treating Duchenne muscular dystrophy were relatively few. It also needs more research to confirm that stem cell therapy is a reliable treatment for Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Yang
- Cell Therapy Center, Chinese PLA 463 Hospital, Shenyang 110042, Liaoning Province, China
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136
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Respiratory Control in the mdx Mouse Model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 860:239-44. [PMID: 26303487 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-18440-1_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a genetic disease caused by defects in the dystrophin gene resulting in loss of the structural protein dystrophin. Patients have reduced diaphragm functional capacity due to progressive muscle weakness. Respiratory morbidity in DMD is further characterised by hypoxaemic periods due to hypoventilation. DMD patients die prematurely due to respiratory and cardiac failure. In this study, we examined respiratory function in young adult male mdx (dystrophin deficient) mice (C57BL/10ScSn-Dmd(mdx)/J; n = 10) and in wild-type controls (WT; C57BL/10ScSnJ; n = 11). Breathing was assessed in unrestrained, unanaesthetised animals by whole-body plethysmography. Ventilatory parameters were recorded during air breathing and during exposure to acute hypoxia (F(i)O(2) = 0.1, 20 min). Data for the two groups of animals were compared using Student's t tests. During normoxic breathing, mdx mice had reduced breathing frequency (p = 0.011), tidal volume (p = 0.093) and minute ventilation (p = 0.033) compared to WT. Hypoxia increased minute ventilation in WT and mdx animals. Mdx mice had a significantly increased ventilatory response to hypoxia which manifest as an elevated % change from baseline for minute ventilation (p = 0.0015) compared to WT. We conclude that mdx mice have impaired normoxic ventilation suggestive of hypoventilation. Furthermore, mdx mice have an enhanced hypoxic ventilatory response compared to WT animals which we speculate may be secondary to chronic hypoxaemia. Our results indicate that a significant respiratory phenotype is evident as early as 8 weeks in the mdx mouse model of DMD.
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137
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Paul I, Ghosh MK. A CHIPotle in physiology and disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 58:37-52. [PMID: 25448416 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The carboxy-terminus of Hsc70 interacting protein (CHIP) is known to function as a chaperone associated E3 ligase for several proteins and regulates a variety of physiological processes. Being a connecting link between molecular chaperones and 26S proteasomes, it is widely regarded as the central player in the cellular protein quality control system. Recent analyses have provided new insights on the biochemical and functional dynamics of CHIP. In this review article, we give a comprehensive account of our current knowledge on the biology of CHIP, which apart from shedding light on fundamental biological questions promises to provide a potential target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indranil Paul
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Mrinal K Ghosh
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India.
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Larcher T, Lafoux A, Tesson L, Remy S, Thepenier V, François V, Le Guiner C, Goubin H, Dutilleul M, Guigand L, Toumaniantz G, De Cian A, Boix C, Renaud JB, Cherel Y, Giovannangeli C, Concordet JP, Anegon I, Huchet C. Characterization of dystrophin deficient rats: a new model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110371. [PMID: 25310701 PMCID: PMC4195719 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A few animal models of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) are available, large ones such as pigs or dogs being expensive and difficult to handle. Mdx (X-linked muscular dystrophy) mice only partially mimic the human disease, with limited chronic muscular lesions and muscle weakness. Their small size also imposes limitations on analyses. A rat model could represent a useful alternative since rats are small animals but 10 times bigger than mice and could better reflect the lesions and functional abnormalities observed in DMD patients. Two lines of Dmd mutated-rats (Dmdmdx) were generated using TALENs targeting exon 23. Muscles of animals of both lines showed undetectable levels of dystrophin by western blot and less than 5% of dystrophin positive fibers by immunohistochemistry. At 3 months, limb and diaphragm muscles from Dmdmdx rats displayed severe necrosis and regeneration. At 7 months, these muscles also showed severe fibrosis and some adipose tissue infiltration. Dmdmdx rats showed significant reduction in muscle strength and a decrease in spontaneous motor activity. Furthermore, heart morphology was indicative of dilated cardiomyopathy associated histologically with necrotic and fibrotic changes. Echocardiography showed significant concentric remodeling and alteration of diastolic function. In conclusion, Dmdmdx rats represent a new faithful small animal model of DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Larcher
- INRA, UMR703 APEX, Oniris, Atlantic Gene Therapies, Université de Nantes, Oniris, École nationale vétérinaire, agro-alimentaire et de l'alimentation, Nantes, France
| | - Aude Lafoux
- INSERM, UMR 1087/CNRS 6291 Institut du Thorax, Université de Nantes, Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Nantes, France
| | - Laurent Tesson
- INSERM, UMR 1064-Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology, ITUN, CHU Nantes, Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France
| | - Séverine Remy
- INSERM, UMR 1064-Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology, ITUN, CHU Nantes, Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France
| | - Virginie Thepenier
- INSERM, UMR 1064-Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology, ITUN, CHU Nantes, Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France
| | - Virginie François
- INSERM, UMR 1089, Atlantic Gene Therapies, Thérapie génique pour les maladies de la rétine et les maladies neuromusculaires, Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France
| | - Caroline Le Guiner
- INSERM, UMR 1089, Atlantic Gene Therapies, Thérapie génique pour les maladies de la rétine et les maladies neuromusculaires, Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France; Genethon, Evry, France
| | - Helicia Goubin
- INRA, UMR703 APEX, Oniris, Atlantic Gene Therapies, Université de Nantes, Oniris, École nationale vétérinaire, agro-alimentaire et de l'alimentation, Nantes, France
| | - Maéva Dutilleul
- INRA, UMR703 APEX, Oniris, Atlantic Gene Therapies, Université de Nantes, Oniris, École nationale vétérinaire, agro-alimentaire et de l'alimentation, Nantes, France
| | - Lydie Guigand
- INRA, UMR703 APEX, Oniris, Atlantic Gene Therapies, Université de Nantes, Oniris, École nationale vétérinaire, agro-alimentaire et de l'alimentation, Nantes, France
| | - Gilles Toumaniantz
- INSERM, UMR 1087/CNRS 6291 Institut du Thorax, Université de Nantes, Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Nantes, France
| | - Anne De Cian
- INSERM, U1154, CNRS, UMR 7196, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Boix
- INSERM, U1154, CNRS, UMR 7196, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Renaud
- INSERM, U1154, CNRS, UMR 7196, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Yan Cherel
- INRA, UMR703 APEX, Oniris, Atlantic Gene Therapies, Université de Nantes, Oniris, École nationale vétérinaire, agro-alimentaire et de l'alimentation, Nantes, France
| | - Carine Giovannangeli
- INSERM, U1154, CNRS, UMR 7196, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Paul Concordet
- INSERM, U1154, CNRS, UMR 7196, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Ignacio Anegon
- INSERM, UMR 1064-Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology, ITUN, CHU Nantes, Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France
| | - Corinne Huchet
- INSERM, UMR 1087/CNRS 6291 Institut du Thorax, Université de Nantes, Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Nantes, France
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García-Ponce A, Citalán-Madrid AF, Velázquez-Avila M, Vargas-Robles H, Schnoor M. The role of actin-binding proteins in the control of endothelial barrier integrity. Thromb Haemost 2014; 113:20-36. [PMID: 25183310 DOI: 10.1160/th14-04-0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The endothelial barrier of the vasculature is of utmost importance for separating the blood stream from underlying tissues. This barrier is formed by tight and adherens junctions (TJ and AJ) that form intercellular endothelial contacts. TJ and AJ are integral membrane structures that are connected to the actin cytoskeleton via various adaptor molecules. Consequently, the actin cytoskeleton plays a crucial role in regulating the stability of endothelial cell contacts and vascular permeability. While a circumferential cortical actin ring stabilises junctions, the formation of contractile stress fibres, e. g. under inflammatory conditions, can contribute to junction destabilisation. However, the role of actin-binding proteins (ABP) in the control of vascular permeability has long been underestimated. Naturally, ABP regulate permeability via regulation of actin remodelling but some actin-binding molecules can also act independently of actin and control vascular permeability via various signalling mechanisms such as activation of small GTPases. Several studies have recently been published highlighting the importance of actin-binding molecules such as cortactin, ezrin/radixin/moesin, Arp2/3, VASP or WASP for the control of vascular permeability by various mechanisms. These proteins have been described to regulate vascular permeability under various pathophysiological conditions and are thus of clinical relevance as targets for the development of treatment strategies for disorders that are characterised by vascular hyperpermeability such as sepsis. This review highlights recent advances in determining the role of ABP in the control of endothelial cell contacts and vascular permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Michael Schnoor
- Dr. Michael Schnoor, CINVESTAV del IPN, Department for Molecular Biomedicine, Av. IPN 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, GAM, 07360 Mexico City, Mexico, Tel.: +52 55 5747 3321, Fax: +52 55 5747 3938, E-mail:
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Lacourpaille L, Hug F, Guével A, Péréon Y, Magot A, Hogrel JY, Nordez A. New insights on contraction efficiency in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 117:658-62. [PMID: 25103971 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00544.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The decrease in muscle strength in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is mainly explained by a decrease in the number of active contractile elements. Nevertheless, it is possible that other electrochemical and force transmission processes may contribute. The present study aimed to quantify the effect of DMD on the relative contribution of electrochemical and force transmission components of the electromechanical delay (i.e., time lag between the onset of muscle activation and force production) in humans using very high frame rate ultrasound. Fourteen patients with DMD and thirteen control subjects underwent two electrically evoked contractions of the biceps brachii with the ultrasound probe over the muscle belly. The electromechanical delay was significantly longer in DMD patients compared with controls (18.5 ± 3.9 vs. 12.5 ± 1.4 ms, P < 0.0001). More precisely, DMD patients exhibited a longer delay between the onset of muscle fascicles motion and force production (13.6 ± 3.1 vs. 7.9 ± 2.0 ms, P < 0.0001). This delay was correlated to the chronological age of the DMD patients (r = 0.66; P = 0.01), but not of the controls (r = -0.45; P = 0.10). No significant difference was found for the delay between the onset of muscle stimulation and the onset of muscle fascicle motion. These results highlight the role of the alteration of muscle force transmission (delay between the onset of fascicle motion and force production) in the impairments of the contraction efficiency in patients with DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Lacourpaille
- Laboratory Motricité, Interactions, Performance (EA 4334), Unite de Formation et de Recherche Sciences et Techniques des Activités Physiques et Sportives, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - François Hug
- Laboratory Motricité, Interactions, Performance (EA 4334), Unite de Formation et de Recherche Sciences et Techniques des Activités Physiques et Sportives, University of Nantes, Nantes, France; National Health and Medical Research Council, Centre of Clinical Research Excellence in Spinal Pain, Injury and Health, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia;
| | - Arnaud Guével
- Laboratory Motricité, Interactions, Performance (EA 4334), Unite de Formation et de Recherche Sciences et Techniques des Activités Physiques et Sportives, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Yann Péréon
- Centre de Référence Maladies Neuromusculaires Nantes-Angers, University of Nantes, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nantes, France; Atlantic Gene Therapies, Nantes, France; and
| | - Armelle Magot
- Centre de Référence Maladies Neuromusculaires Nantes-Angers, University of Nantes, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nantes, France; Atlantic Gene Therapies, Nantes, France; and
| | | | - Antoine Nordez
- Laboratory Motricité, Interactions, Performance (EA 4334), Unite de Formation et de Recherche Sciences et Techniques des Activités Physiques et Sportives, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
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Gallant JR, Traeger LL, Volkening JD, Moffett H, Chen PH, Novina CD, Phillips GN, Anand R, Wells GB, Pinch M, Güth R, Unguez GA, Albert JS, Zakon HH, Samanta MP, Sussman MR. Nonhuman genetics. Genomic basis for the convergent evolution of electric organs. Science 2014; 344:1522-5. [PMID: 24970089 DOI: 10.1126/science.1254432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the genetic basis of convergent traits that originate repeatedly over broad taxonomic scales. The myogenic electric organ has evolved six times in fishes to produce electric fields used in communication, navigation, predation, or defense. We have examined the genomic basis of the convergent anatomical and physiological origins of these organs by assembling the genome of the electric eel (Electrophorus electricus) and sequencing electric organ and skeletal muscle transcriptomes from three lineages that have independently evolved electric organs. Our results indicate that, despite millions of years of evolution and large differences in the morphology of electric organ cells, independent lineages have leveraged similar transcription factors and developmental and cellular pathways in the evolution of electric organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Gallant
- Department of Zoology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in Action, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Lindsay L Traeger
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA. Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jeremy D Volkening
- Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA. Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Howell Moffett
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Po-Hao Chen
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Carl D Novina
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - George N Phillips
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology and Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Rene Anand
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Gregg B Wells
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77483, USA
| | - Matthew Pinch
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
| | - Robert Güth
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
| | - Graciela A Unguez
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
| | - James S Albert
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana, Lafayette, LA 70503, USA
| | - Harold H Zakon
- BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in Action, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA. The Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, The Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
| | | | - Michael R Sussman
- Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA. Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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142
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Nakamura K, Fujii W, Tsuboi M, Tanihata J, Teramoto N, Takeuchi S, Naito K, Yamanouchi K, Nishihara M. Generation of muscular dystrophy model rats with a CRISPR/Cas system. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5635. [PMID: 25005781 PMCID: PMC4088098 DOI: 10.1038/srep05635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked lethal muscle disorder caused by mutations in the Dmd gene encoding Dystrophin12. DMD model animals, such as mdx mice and canine X-linked muscular dystrophy dogs, have been widely utilized in the development of a treatment for DMD3. Here, we demonstrate the generation of Dmd-mutated rats using a clustered interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas system, an RNA-based genome engineering technique that is also adaptive to rats. We simultaneously targeted two exons in the rat Dmd gene, which resulted in the absence of Dystrophin expression in the F0 generation. Dmd-mutated rats exhibited a decline in muscle strength, and the emergence of degenerative/regenerative phenotypes in the skeletal muscle, heart, and diaphragm. These mutations were heritable by the next generation, and F1 male rats exhibited similar phenotypes in their skeletal muscles. These model rats should prove to be useful for developing therapeutic methods to treat DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuyuki Nakamura
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Wataru Fujii
- Department of Animal Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Masaya Tsuboi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Jun Tanihata
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Naomi Teramoto
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Shiho Takeuchi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Naito
- Department of Animal Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Keitaro Yamanouchi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Masugi Nishihara
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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143
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Hollinger K, Shanely RA, Quindry JC, Selsby JT. Long-term quercetin dietary enrichment decreases muscle injury in mdx mice. Clin Nutr 2014; 34:515-22. [PMID: 24998094 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Duchenne muscular dystrophy results from a mutation in the dystrophin gene, which leads to a dystrophin-deficiency. Dystrophic muscle is marked by progressive muscle injury and loss of muscle fibers. Activation of the PGC-1α pathway has been previously shown to decrease disease-related muscle damage. Oral administration of the flavonol, quercetin, appears to be an effective and safe method to activate the PGC-1α pathway. The aim of this investigation was to determine the extent to which long term dietary quercetin enrichment would decrease muscle injury in dystrophic skeletal muscle. We hypothesized that a quercetin enriched diet would rescue dystrophic muscle from further decline and increase utrophin abundance. METHODS Beginning at three-months of age and continuing to nine-months of age mdx mice (n = 10/group) were assigned to either to mdx-control receiving standard chow or to mdx-quercetin receiving a 0.2% quercetin-enriched diet. At nine-months of age mice were sacrificed and costal diaphragms collected. One hemidiaphragm was used for histological analysis and the second hemidiaphragm was used to determine gene expression via RT-qPCR. RESULTS The diaphragm from the mdx-quercetin group had 24% (p ≤ 0.05) more muscle fibers/area and 34% (p ≤ 0.05) fewer centrally nucleated fibers compared to the mdx-control group. Further, there were 44% (p ≤ 0.05) fewer infiltrating immune cells/area, a corresponding 31% (p ≤ 0.05) reduction in TNF gene expression, and a near 50% reduction in fibrosis. The quercetin-enriched diet increased expression of genes associated with oxidative metabolism but did not increase utrophin protein abundance. CONCLUSIONS Long-term quercetin supplementation decreased disease-related muscle injury in dystrophic skeletal muscle; however the role of PGC-1α pathway activation as a mediator of this response is unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Hollinger
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - R Andrew Shanely
- Human Performance Laboratory, Appalachian State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; Appalachian State University, College of Health Sciences, Boone, NC, USA
| | - John C Quindry
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Joshua T Selsby
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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144
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Zhao C, Farruggio AP, Bjornson CRR, Chavez CL, Geisinger JM, Neal TL, Karow M, Calos MP. Recombinase-mediated reprogramming and dystrophin gene addition in mdx mouse induced pluripotent stem cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96279. [PMID: 24781921 PMCID: PMC4004573 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A cell therapy strategy utilizing genetically-corrected induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) may be an attractive approach for genetic disorders such as muscular dystrophies. Methods for genetic engineering of iPSC that emphasize precision and minimize random integration would be beneficial. We demonstrate here an approach in the mdx mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy that focuses on the use of site-specific recombinases to achieve genetic engineering. We employed non-viral, plasmid-mediated methods to reprogram mdx fibroblasts, using phiC31 integrase to insert a single copy of the reprogramming genes at a safe location in the genome. We next used Bxb1 integrase to add the therapeutic full-length dystrophin cDNA to the iPSC in a site-specific manner. Unwanted DNA sequences, including the reprogramming genes, were then precisely deleted with Cre resolvase. Pluripotency of the iPSC was analyzed before and after gene addition, and ability of the genetically corrected iPSC to differentiate into myogenic precursors was evaluated by morphology, immunohistochemistry, qRT-PCR, FACS analysis, and intramuscular engraftment. These data demonstrate a non-viral, reprogramming-plus-gene addition genetic engineering strategy utilizing site-specific recombinases that can be applied easily to mouse cells. This work introduces a significant level of precision in the genetic engineering of iPSC that can be built upon in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Zhao
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Alfonso P. Farruggio
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher R. R. Bjornson
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher L. Chavez
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Jonathan M. Geisinger
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Tawny L. Neal
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Marisa Karow
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Michele P. Calos
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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145
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Várady G, Cserepes J, Németh A, Szabó E, Sarkadi B. Cell surface membrane proteins as personalized biomarkers: where we stand and where we are headed. Biomark Med 2014; 7:803-19. [PMID: 24044572 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.13.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Personalized medicine requires the development of a wide array of biomarker diagnostic assays, reflecting individual variations and thus allowing tailored therapeutic interventions. Membrane proteins comprise approximately 30% of total human proteins; they play a key role in various physiological functions and pathological conditions, although, currently, only a limited number of membrane proteins are applied as biomarkers. In many normal tissues, cell surface membrane proteins are not easily accessible for diagnostic sampling, and tumor-derived membrane preparations - while serving as potential tumor biomarkers - may not reflect physiological protein expression. In addition to post-translational modifications, which may include glycosylation, phosphorylation and lipid modifications, the trafficking of membrane proteins is also regulated. Moreover, a tight cellular quality control monitors membrane protein maturation, and continuous removal and reinsertion, involving special signaling systems, occurs in many cases. However, cell surface membrane proteins already serve as valuable prognostic and predicative biomarkers, for example, in hematological and immunological diseases, by the determination of the cluster of differentiation markers. In this review, we demonstrate the relevance of cell surface membrane biomarkers in various diseases and call attention to the potential application of red blood cell (erythrocyte) membrane proteins in this regard. Surprisingly, red blood cells express hundreds of membrane proteins, which seem to reflect a general genetic and regulatory background, and may serve as relatively stable and easily accessible personalized membrane biomarkers. Quantitative membrane protein detection in red blood cells by flow cytometry may bring a breakthrough in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- György Várady
- MTA-SE Molecular Biophysics Research Group, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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146
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Shestopalov VI, Slepak VZ. Molecular pathways of pannexin1-mediated neurotoxicity. Front Physiol 2014; 5:23. [PMID: 24575045 PMCID: PMC3920106 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Pannexin1 (Panx1) forms non-selective membrane channels, structurally similar to gap junction hemichannels, and are permeable to ions, nucleotides, and other small molecules below 900 Da. Panx1 activity has been implicated in paracrine signaling and inflammasome regulation. Recent studies in different animal models showed that overactivation of Panx1 correlates with a selective demise of several types of neurons, including retinal ganglion cells, brain pyramidal, and enteric neurons. The list of Panx1 activators includes extracellular ATP, glutamate, high K(+), Zn(2+), fibroblast growth factors (FGFs),pro-inflammatory cytokines, and elevation of intracellular Ca(2+). Most of these molecules are released following mechanical, ischemic, or inflammatory injury of the CNS, and rapidly activate the Panx1 channel. Prolonged opening of Panx1 channel induced by these "danger signals" triggers a cascade of neurotoxic events capable of killing cells. The most vulnerable cell type are neurons that express high levels of Panx1. Experimental evidence suggests that Panx1 channels mediate at least two distinct neurotoxic processes: increased permeability of the plasma membrane and activation of the inflammasome in neurons and glia. Importantly, both pharmacological and genetic inactivation of Panx1 suppresses both these processes, providing a marked protection in several disease and injury models. These findings indicate that external danger signals generated after diverse types of injuries converge to activate Panx1. In this review we discuss molecular mechanisms associated with Panx1 toxicity and the crosstalk between different pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery I Shestopalov
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami, FL, USA ; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami, FL, USA ; Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Moscow, Russian Federation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami, FL, USA
| | - Vladlen Z Slepak
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami, FL, USA ; Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami, FL, USA
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147
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Baroncelli AB, Abellonio F, Pagano TB, Esposito I, Peirone B, Papparella S, Paciello O. Muscular dystrophy in a dog resembling human becker muscular dystrophy. J Comp Pathol 2013; 150:429-33. [PMID: 24529507 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A 3-year-old, male Labrador retriever dog was presented with clinical signs of progressive exercise intolerance, bilateral elbow extension, rigidity of the forelimbs, hindlimb flexion and kyphosis. Microscopical examination of muscle tissue showed marked variability in myofibre size, replacement of muscle with mature adipose tissue and degeneration/regeneration of muscle fibres, consistent with muscular dystrophy. Immunohistochemical examination for dystrophin showed markedly reduced labelling with monoclonal antibodies specific for the rod domain and the carboxy-terminal of dystrophin, while expression of β-sarcoglycan, γ-sarcoglycan and β-dystroglycan was normal. Immunoblotting revealed a truncated dystrophin protein of approximately 135 kDa. These findings supported a diagnosis of congenital canine muscular dystrophy resembling Becker muscular dystrophy in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Baroncelli
- Department of Animal Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Turin, Napoli, Italy; Clinica Albese per Animali da Compagnia, Alba, Napoli, Italy
| | - F Abellonio
- Clinica Albese per Animali da Compagnia, Alba, Napoli, Italy
| | - T B Pagano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Laboratory of Comparative Neuromuscular Diseases, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy.
| | - I Esposito
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Laboratory of Comparative Neuromuscular Diseases, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - B Peirone
- Department of Animal Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Turin, Napoli, Italy
| | - S Papparella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Laboratory of Comparative Neuromuscular Diseases, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - O Paciello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Laboratory of Comparative Neuromuscular Diseases, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
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Meregalli M, Navarro C, Sitzia C, Farini A, Montani E, Wein N, Razini P, Beley C, Cassinelli L, Parolini D, Belicchi M, Parazzoli D, Garcia L, Torrente Y. Full-length dysferlin expression driven by engineered human dystrophic blood derived CD133+ stem cells. FEBS J 2013; 280:6045-60. [PMID: 24028392 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The protein dysferlin is abundantly expressed in skeletal and cardiac muscles, where its main function is membrane repair. Mutations in the dysferlin gene are involved in two autosomal recessive muscular dystrophies: Miyoshi myopathy and limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2B. Development of effective therapies remains a great challenge. Strategies to repair the dysferlin gene by skipping mutated exons, using antisense oligonucleotides (AONs), may be suitable only for a subset of mutations, while cell and gene therapy can be extended to all mutations. AON-treated blood-derived CD133+ stem cells isolated from patients with Miyoshi myopathy led to partial dysferlin reconstitution in vitro but failed to express dysferlin after intramuscular transplantation into scid/blAJ dysferlin null mice. We thus extended these experiments producing the full-length dysferlin mediated by a lentiviral vector in blood-derived CD133+ stem cells isolated from the same patients. Transplantation of engineered blood-derived CD133+ stem cells into scid/blAJ mice resulted in sufficient dysferlin expression to correct functional deficits in skeletal muscle membrane repair. Our data suggest for the first time that lentivirus-mediated delivery of full-length dysferlin in stem cells isolated from Miyoshi myopathy patients could represent an alternative therapeutic approach for treatment of dysferlinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirella Meregalli
- Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Centro Dino Ferrari, Milano, Italy
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Selsby JT, Acosta P, Sleeper MM, Barton ER, Sweeney HL. Long-term wheel running compromises diaphragm function but improves cardiac and plantarflexor function in the mdx mouse. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 115:660-6. [PMID: 23823150 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00252.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dystrophin-deficient muscles suffer from free radical injury, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, and inflammation, among other pathologies that contribute to muscle fiber injury and loss, leading to wheelchair confinement and death in the patient. For some time, it has been appreciated that endurance training has the potential to counter many of these contributing factors. Correspondingly, numerous investigations have shown improvements in limb muscle function following endurance training in mdx mice. However, the effect of long-term volitional wheel running on diaphragm and cardiac function is largely unknown. Our purpose was to determine the extent to which long-term endurance exercise affected dystrophic limb, diaphragm, and cardiac function. Diaphragm specific tension was reduced by 60% (P < 0.05) in mice that performed 1 yr of volitional wheel running compared with sedentary mdx mice. Dorsiflexor mass (extensor digitorum longus and tibialis anterior) and function (extensor digitorum longus) were not altered by endurance training. In mice that performed 1 yr of volitional wheel running, plantarflexor mass (soleus and gastrocnemius) was increased and soleus tetanic force was increased 36%, while specific tension was similar in wheel-running and sedentary groups. Cardiac mass was increased 15%, left ventricle chamber size was increased 20% (diastole) and 18% (systole), and stroke volume was increased twofold in wheel-running compared with sedentary mdx mice. These data suggest that the dystrophic heart may undergo positive exercise-induced remodeling and that limb muscle function is largely unaffected. Most importantly, however, as the diaphragm most closely recapitulates the human disease, these data raise the possibility of exercise-mediated injury in dystrophic skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T Selsby
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
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150
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Akizawa Y, Kanno H, Kawamichi Y, Matsuda Y, Ohta H, Fujii H, Matsui H, Saito K. Enhanced expression of myogenic differentiation factors and skeletal muscle proteins in human amnion-derived cells via the forced expression of MYOD1. Brain Dev 2013; 35:349-55. [PMID: 22727434 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2012.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mesenchymal stem cells are expected to be an ideal cell source for cellular and gene therapy. We previously showed that cells derived from the human placenta can be induced to differentiate into myotubes in vitro and to express dystrophin in mdx/scid mice in vivo. In this study, we examined whether amnion-derived cells can be efficiently transduced and differentiated using lentiviral vectors carrying human MYOD1. METHODS The amnion-derived cells were isolated from human preterm placentas. They were transduced with the MYOD1 vector, and mRNA levels for MYOD1, MYF5, MYOG, MYH2 and DMD were determined by quantitative-reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, and also examined immunocytochemically. RESULTS Approximately 70% of amnion-derived cells were efficiently transduced by the lentiviral vectors. MYOD1 activates MYF5 and MYOG, MYH2 and DMD after a 7-day culture. The concerted upregulations of these myogenic regulatory factors enhanced MYH2 and DMD expressions. PAX7 was below the detectable level. Both myosin heavy chain and dystrophin were demonstrated by immunocytochemistry. CONCLUSIONS MYOD1 activates MYF5 and MYOG, the transcription factor genes essential for myogenic differentiation, and the concerted upregulation of these myogenic regulatory factors enhanced MYH2 and DMD expressions. The amniotic membrane is an immune-privileged tissue, making MYOD1-transduced amnion-derived cells an ideal cell source for cellular and gene therapy for muscle disorders. This is the first report showing that amnion-derived cells can be modified by exogenous genes using lentiviral vectors. Furthermore, MYOD1-transduced amnion-derived cells are capable of the dystrophin expression necessary for myogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshika Akizawa
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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