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Kruczynski A, Delsol G, Laurent C, Brousset P, Lamant L. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase as a therapeutic target. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2012; 16:1127-38. [PMID: 22998583 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2012.719498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), a tyrosine kinase receptor, has been initially identified through its involvement in chromosomal translocations associated with anaplastic large cell lymphoma. However, recent evidence that aberrant ALK activity is also involved in an expanding number of tumor types, such as other lymphomas, inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor, neuroblastomas and some carcinomas, including non-small cell lung carcinomas, is boosting research progress in ALK-targeted therapies. AREAS COVERED The first aim of this review is to describe current understandings about the ALK tyrosine kinase and its implication in the oncogenesis of human cancers as a fusion protein or through mutations. The second goal is to discuss its interest as a therapeutic target and to provide a review of the literature regarding ALK inhibitors. Mechanisms of acquired resistance are also reviewed. EXPERT OPINION Several ALK inhibitors have recently been developed, offering new treatment options in tumors driven by abnormal ALK signaling. However, as observed with other tyrosine kinase inhibitors, resistance has emerged in patients treated with these agents. The complexity of mechanisms of acquired resistance recently described suggests that other therapeutic options, including combination of ALK and other kinases targeted drugs, will be required in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kruczynski
- Centre de Recherche en Oncologie Expérimentale, Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Toulouse, Cedex 4, France
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102
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Wu K, House L, Liu W, Cho WC. Personalized targeted therapy for lung cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:11471-11496. [PMID: 23109866 PMCID: PMC3472758 DOI: 10.3390/ijms130911471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer has long been recognized as an extremely heterogeneous disease, since its development is unique in every patient in terms of clinical characterizations, prognosis, response and tolerance to treatment. Personalized medicine refers to the use of markers to predict which patient will most likely benefit from a treatment. In lung cancer, the well-developed epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the newly emerging EML4-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) are important therapeutic targets. This review covers the basic mechanism of EGFR and EML4-ALK activation, the predictive biomarkers, the mechanism of resistance, and the current targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors. The efficacy of EGFR and ALK targeted therapies will be discussed in this review by summarizing the prospective clinical trials, which were performed in biomarker-based selected patients. In addition, the revolutionary sequencing and systems strategies will also be included in this review since these technologies will provide a comprehensive understanding in the molecular characterization of cancer, allow better stratification of patients for the most appropriate targeted therapies, eventually resulting in a more promising personalized treatment. The relatively low incidence of EGFR and ALK in non-Asian patients and the lack of response in mutant patients limit the application of the therapies targeting EGFR or ALK. Nevertheless, it is foreseeable that the sequencing and systems strategies may offer a solution for those patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehua Wu
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; E-Mails: (K.W.); (L.H.)
| | - Larry House
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; E-Mails: (K.W.); (L.H.)
| | - Wanqing Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; E-Mail:
| | - William C.S. Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China
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103
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Morales La Madrid A, Campbell N, Smith S, Cohn SL, Salgia R. Targeting ALK: a promising strategy for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and neuroblastoma. Target Oncol 2012; 7:199-210. [PMID: 22968692 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-012-0227-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is a tyrosine kinase receptor that affects a number of biological and biochemical functions through normal ligand-dependent signaling. It has oncogenic functions in a number of tumors including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), anaplastic large cell lymphoma, and neuroblastoma when altered by translocation or amplification or mutation. On August 2011, a small molecule inhibitor against ALK, crizotinib, was approved for therapy against NSCLC with ALK translocations. As we determine the molecular heterogeneity of tumors, the potential of ALK as a relevant therapeutic target in a number of malignancies has become apparent. This review will discuss some of the tumor types with oncogenic ALK alterations. The activity and unique toxicities of crizotinib are described, along with potential mechanisms of resistance and new therapies beyond crizotinib.
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104
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Epstein LF, Chen H, Emkey R, Whittington DA. The R1275Q neuroblastoma mutant and certain ATP-competitive inhibitors stabilize alternative activation loop conformations of anaplastic lymphoma kinase. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:37447-57. [PMID: 22932897 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.391425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is a receptor tyrosine kinase that, when genetically altered by mutation, amplification, chromosomal translocation or inversion, has been shown to play an oncogenic role in certain cancers. Small molecule inhibitors targeting the kinase activity of ALK have proven to be effective therapies in certain ALK-driven malignancies and one such inhibitor, crizotinib, is now approved for the treatment of EML4-ALK-driven, non-small cell lung cancer. In neuroblastoma, activating point mutations in the ALK kinase domain can drive disease progression, with the two most common mutations being F1174L and R1275Q. We report here crystal structures of the ALK kinase domain containing the F1174L and R1275Q mutations. Also included are crystal structures of ALK in complex with novel small molecule ALK inhibitors, including a classic type II inhibitor, that stabilize previously unobserved conformations of the ALK activation loop. Collectively, these structures illustrate a different series of activation loop conformations than has been observed in previous ALK crystal structures and provide insight into the activating nature of the R1275Q mutation. The novel active site topologies presented here may also aid the structure-based drug design of a new generation of ALK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda F Epstein
- Department of Molecular Structure and Characterization, Amgen Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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105
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Abstract
Despite improvements in cancer therapies in the past 50 years, neuroblastoma remains a devastating clinical problem and a leading cause of childhood cancer deaths. Advances in treatments for children with high-risk neuroblastoma have, until recently, involved addition of cytotoxic therapy to dose-intensive regimens. In this era of targeted therapies, substantial efforts have been made to identify optimal targets for different types of cancer. The discovery of hereditary and somatic activating mutations in the oncogene ALK has now placed neuroblastoma among other cancers, such as melanoma and non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which benefit from therapies with oncogene-specific small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Crizotinib, a small-molecule inhibitor of ALK, has transformed the landscape for the treatment of NSCLC harbouring ALK translocations and has demonstrated activity in preclinical models of ALK-driven neuroblastomas. However, inhibition of mutated ALK is complex when compared with translocated ALK and remains a therapeutic challenge. This Review discusses the biology of ALK in the development of neuroblastoma, preclinical and clinical progress with the use of ALK inhibitors and immunotherapy, challenges associated with resistance to such therapies and the steps being taken to overcome some of these hurdles.
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106
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Cabezón-Gutiérrez L, Khosravi-Shahi P, Diaz-Muñoz-de-la-Espada VM, Carrión-Galindo JR, Eraña-Tomás I, Castro-Otero M. ALK-Mutated Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: A New Strategy for Cancer Treatment. Lung 2012; 190:381-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00408-012-9391-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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107
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Gingrich DE, Lisko JG, Curry MA, Cheng M, Quail M, Lu L, Wan W, Albom MS, Angeles TS, Aimone LD, Haltiwanger RC, Wells-Knecht K, Ott GR, Ghose AK, Ator MA, Ruggeri B, Dorsey BD. Discovery of an Orally Efficacious Inhibitor of Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase. J Med Chem 2012; 55:4580-93. [PMID: 22564207 DOI: 10.1021/jm201550q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Diane E. Gingrich
- Worldwide
Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145
Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Joseph G. Lisko
- Worldwide
Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145
Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Matthew A. Curry
- Worldwide
Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145
Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Mangeng Cheng
- Worldwide
Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145
Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Matthew Quail
- Worldwide
Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145
Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Lihui Lu
- Worldwide
Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145
Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Weihua Wan
- Worldwide
Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145
Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Mark S. Albom
- Worldwide
Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145
Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Thelma S. Angeles
- Worldwide
Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145
Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Lisa D. Aimone
- Worldwide
Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145
Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - R. Curtis Haltiwanger
- Worldwide
Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145
Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Kevin Wells-Knecht
- Worldwide
Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145
Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Gregory R. Ott
- Worldwide
Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145
Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Arup K. Ghose
- Worldwide
Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145
Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Mark A. Ator
- Worldwide
Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145
Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Bruce Ruggeri
- Worldwide
Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145
Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Bruce D. Dorsey
- Worldwide
Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145
Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
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108
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Bresler SC, Wood AC, Haglund EA, Courtright J, Belcastro LT, Plegaria JS, Cole K, Toporovskaya Y, Zhao H, Carpenter EL, Christensen JG, Maris JM, Lemmon MA, Mossé YP. Differential inhibitor sensitivity of anaplastic lymphoma kinase variants found in neuroblastoma. Sci Transl Med 2012; 3:108ra114. [PMID: 22072639 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3002950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Activating mutations in the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene were recently discovered in neuroblastoma, a cancer of the developing autonomic nervous system that is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy in the first year of life. The most frequent ALK mutations in neuroblastoma cause amino acid substitutions (F1174L and R1275Q) in the intracellular tyrosine kinase domain of the intact ALK receptor. Identification of ALK as an oncogenic driver in neuroblastoma suggests that crizotinib (PF-02341066), a dual-specific inhibitor of the ALK and Met tyrosine kinases, will be useful in treating this malignancy. Here, we assessed the ability of crizotinib to inhibit proliferation of neuroblastoma cell lines and xenografts expressing mutated or wild-type ALK. Crizotinib inhibited proliferation of cell lines expressing either R1275Q-mutated ALK or amplified wild-type ALK. In contrast, cell lines harboring F1174L-mutated ALK were relatively resistant to crizotinib. Biochemical analyses revealed that this reduced susceptibility of F1174L-mutated ALK to crizotinib inhibition resulted from an increased adenosine triphosphate-binding affinity (as also seen in acquired resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors). Thus, this effect should be surmountable with higher doses of crizotinib and/or with higher-affinity inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C Bresler
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6059, USA
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109
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de Pontual L, Kettaneh D, Gordon CT, Oufadem M, Boddaert N, Lees M, Balu L, Lachassinne E, Petros A, Mollet J, Wilson LC, Munnich A, Brugière L, Delattre O, Vekemans M, Etchevers H, Lyonnet S, Janoueix-Lerosey I, Amiel J. Germline gain-of-function mutations of ALK disrupt central nervous system development. Hum Mutat 2012; 32:272-6. [PMID: 21972109 DOI: 10.1002/humu.21442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is a frequent embryonal tumor of sympathetic ganglia and adrenals with extremely variable outcome. Recently, somatic amplification and gain-of-function mutations of the anaplastic lymphoma receptor tyrosine kinase (ALK) gene, either somatic or germline, were identified in a significant proportion of NB cases. Here we report a novel syndromic presentation associating congenital NB with severe encephalopathy and abnormal shape of the brainstem on brain MRI in two unrelated sporadic cases harboring de novo, germline, heterozygous ALK gene mutations. Both mutations are gain-of-function mutations that have been reported in NB and NB cell lines. These observations further illustrate the role of oncogenes in both tumour predisposition and normal development, and shed light on the pleiotropic and activity-dependent role of ALK in humans. More generally, missing germline mutations relative to the spectrum of somatic mutations reported for a given oncogene may be a reflection of severe effects during embryonic development, and may prompt mutation screening in patients with extreme phenotypes.
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110
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Bryan MC, Whittington DA, Doherty EM, Falsey JR, Cheng AC, Emkey R, Brake RL, Lewis RT. Rapid Development of Piperidine Carboxamides as Potent and Selective Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2012; 55:1698-705. [DOI: 10.1021/jm201565s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marian C. Bryan
- Medicinal
Chemistry Research
Technologies, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center
Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | | | - Elizabeth M. Doherty
- Medicinal
Chemistry Research
Technologies, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center
Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - James R. Falsey
- Medicinal
Chemistry Research
Technologies, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center
Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Alan C. Cheng
- Amgen Inc., 360
Binney Street, Cambridge Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Renee Emkey
- Amgen Inc., 360
Binney Street, Cambridge Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Rachael L. Brake
- Amgen Inc., 360
Binney Street, Cambridge Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Richard T. Lewis
- Amgen Inc., 360
Binney Street, Cambridge Massachusetts 02142, United States
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111
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Katayama R, Shaw AT, Khan TM, Mino-Kenudson M, Solomon BJ, Halmos B, Jessop NA, Wain JC, Yeo AT, Benes C, Drew L, Saeh JC, Crosby K, Sequist LV, Iafrate AJ, Engelman JA. Mechanisms of acquired crizotinib resistance in ALK-rearranged lung Cancers. Sci Transl Med 2012; 4:120ra17. [PMID: 22277784 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3003316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 996] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Most anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) are highly responsive to treatment with ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). However, patients with these cancers invariably relapse, typically within 1 year, because of the development of drug resistance. Herein, we report findings from a series of lung cancer patients (n = 18) with acquired resistance to the ALK TKI crizotinib. In about one-fourth of patients, we identified a diverse array of secondary mutations distributed throughout the ALK TK domain, including new resistance mutations located in the solvent-exposed region of the adenosine triphosphate-binding pocket, as well as amplification of the ALK fusion gene. Next-generation ALK inhibitors, developed to overcome crizotinib resistance, had differing potencies against specific resistance mutations. In addition to secondary ALK mutations and ALK gene amplification, we also identified aberrant activation of other kinases including marked amplification of KIT and increased autophosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor in drug-resistant tumors from patients. In a subset of patients, we found evidence of multiple resistance mechanisms developing simultaneously. These results highlight the unique features of TKI resistance in ALK-positive NSCLCs and provide the rationale for pursuing combinatorial therapeutics that are tailored to the precise resistance mechanisms identified in patients who relapse on crizotinib treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Katayama
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02129, USA
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112
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Doebele RC, Pilling AB, Aisner DL, Kutateladze TG, Le AT, Weickhardt AJ, Kondo KL, Linderman DJ, Heasley LE, Franklin WA, Varella-Garcia M, Camidge DR. Mechanisms of resistance to crizotinib in patients with ALK gene rearranged non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:1472-82. [PMID: 22235099 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-2906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 866] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Patients with anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene rearrangements often manifest dramatic responses to crizotinib, a small-molecule ALK inhibitor. Unfortunately, not every patient responds and acquired drug resistance inevitably develops in those who do respond. This study aimed to define molecular mechanisms of resistance to crizotinib in patients with ALK(+) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We analyzed tissue obtained from 14 patients with ALK(+) NSCLC showing evidence of radiologic progression while on crizotinib to define mechanisms of intrinsic and acquired resistance to crizotinib. RESULTS Eleven patients had material evaluable for molecular analysis. Four patients (36%) developed secondary mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain of ALK. A novel mutation in the ALK domain, encoding a G1269A amino acid substitution that confers resistance to crizotinib in vitro, was identified in two of these cases. Two patients, one with a resistance mutation, exhibited new onset ALK copy number gain (CNG). One patient showed outgrowth of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutant NSCLC without evidence of a persistent ALK gene rearrangement. Two patients exhibited a KRAS mutation, one of which occurred without evidence of a persisting ALK gene rearrangement. One patient showed the emergence of an ALK gene fusion-negative tumor compared with the baseline sample but with no identifiable alternate driver. Two patients retained ALK positivity with no identifiable resistance mechanism. CONCLUSIONS Crizotinib resistance in ALK(+) NSCLC occurs through somatic kinase domain mutations, ALK gene fusion CNG, and emergence of separate oncogenic drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Doebele
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80209, USA.
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113
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Breslin HJ, Lane BM, Ott GR, Ghose AK, Angeles TS, Albom MS, Cheng M, Wan W, Haltiwanger RC, Wells-Knecht KJ, Dorsey BD. Design, Synthesis, and Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK) Inhibitory Activity for a Novel Series of 2,4,8,22-Tetraazatetracyclo[14.3.1.13,7.19,13]docosa-1(20),3(22),4,6,9(21),10,12,16,18-nonaene Macrocycles. J Med Chem 2011; 55:449-64. [PMID: 22172029 DOI: 10.1021/jm201333e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Henry J. Breslin
- Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine
Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380-4245, United States
| | - Brandon M. Lane
- Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine
Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380-4245, United States
| | - Gregory R. Ott
- Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine
Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380-4245, United States
| | - Arup K. Ghose
- Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine
Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380-4245, United States
| | - Thelma S. Angeles
- Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine
Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380-4245, United States
| | - Mark S. Albom
- Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine
Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380-4245, United States
| | - Mangeng Cheng
- Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine
Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380-4245, United States
| | - Weihua Wan
- Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine
Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380-4245, United States
| | - R. Curtis Haltiwanger
- Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine
Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380-4245, United States
| | - Kevin J. Wells-Knecht
- Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine
Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380-4245, United States
| | - Bruce D. Dorsey
- Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine
Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380-4245, United States
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114
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Treatment for ALK-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer: a new miracle in the research race. Clin Transl Oncol 2011; 13:774-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12094-011-0732-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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115
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McDuff FKE, Lim SV, Dalbay M, Turner SD. Assessment of the transforming potential of novel anaplastic lymphoma kinase point mutants. Mol Carcinog 2011; 52:79-83. [PMID: 22086496 DOI: 10.1002/mc.21836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) has emerged as an important oncogene in a number of human malignancies ranging from non-Hodgkin lymphoma to neuroblastoma. In the former case, ALK is activated as a consequence of a chromosomal translocation and in the latter due to point mutations. In both cases the transforming potential of these oncogenic forms of ALK have been shown in vitro employing traditional cellular transformation assays including 3T3 foci formation. We reasoned that other ALK mutants which have been identified by the Cancer Genome Project may likewise possess transformation potential. We have selected seven ALK mutants identified in cell lines representative of a variety of human cancers based on position within the ALK protein, zygosity and frequency of detection including R1192Q, K1525E, C1021Y, R412C, A1252V, D1311A, K1518N and have compared their transformation capability in comparison to the published neuroblastoma-associated F1174L ALK mutant when expressed in immortalized p53(-/-) murine embryonic fibroblasts. Whilst the F1174L mutant reproducibly drives foci formation in vitro, the other ALK mutants fail in this task. Furthermore, apart from the F1174L ALK mutant, the ALK protein is not phosphorylated on tyrosine residue 1604 suggesting that they are kinase-inactive in this cellular context. We conclude that not all ALK mutants have transformation potential and may represent "passenger" mutations in the evolution of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona K E McDuff
- Division of Molecular Histopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Lab Block Level 3, Box 231, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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116
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Hallberg B, Palmer RH. ALK and NSCLC: Targeted therapy with ALK inhibitors. F1000 MEDICINE REPORTS 2011; 3:21. [PMID: 22076124 PMCID: PMC3206708 DOI: 10.3410/m3-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
For many years treatment for advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has employed chemotherapy regimens for patient care, with limited effect. Five-year survival rates for these patients are not encouraging. However, for a subgroup of these patients, there have been radical changes over recent years. Our understanding of the basic pathology behind NSCLC at the molecular level has offered up a host of new molecularly targeted therapies, which are revolutionizing this area of cancer care. Results from recent clinical trials provide hope for NSCLC patients harboring oncogenic translocations involving the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) receptor tyrosine kinase. Just as inhibition of the breakpoint cluster region-ABL complex has changed the face of chronic myeloid leukemia diagnosis, oncogenic ALK fusions offer a step forward in the diagnosis and treatment of ALK-positive NSCLC. This article discusses the current knowledge and potential implications concerning ALK inhibitors and NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bengt Hallberg
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, UmeåS-901 87Sweden
| | - Ruth H. Palmer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, UmeåS-901 87Sweden
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117
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Kwon MJ, Choi YL, Sung KW, Kang SY, Park SM, Choi SY, Kim JS, Suh YL. Oncogenic anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) mutation in neuroblastomas and other pediatric tumors. Pathol Res Pract 2011; 207:634-9. [PMID: 21940108 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2011.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is one of the most common malignant pediatric tumors that show aggressive behavior. Most advanced-stage NBs have proven refractory to many treatment modalities, and a fundamental alternative therapy, such as inhibition of biological pathways, is now being explored. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) has recently been identified as an activation mutation in familial or high-risk sporadic NBs. We examined the prevalence of the ALK mutation in 54 NB cases (23 pre-treatment cases and 31 cases for which specimens were available before and after treatment) and the presence of the ALK mutation in various pediatric tumors. We detected the ALK mutation (F1174C and R1275Q) in 2 (3.7%) of the 54 NB specimens. Both cases showed poorly differentiated and advanced-stage NBs. No ALK mutations were detected in other pediatric tumors. The frequency of the ALK mutation was somewhat lower than that expected in Korean patients with NBs. The mutation detected in the present study was one of the hotspot mutations, including positions of F1174 and R1275 reported previously. The results of the present study suggest the possibility of potential roles of ALK inhibitors in the therapeutics of a small population of neuroblastoma carrying mutated ALK kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Jung Kwon
- Department of Pathology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Republic of Korea
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118
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Azarova AM, Gautam G, George RE. Emerging importance of ALK in neuroblastoma. Semin Cancer Biol 2011; 21:267-75. [PMID: 21945349 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Since the original descriptions of gain-of function mutations in anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), interest in the role of this receptor tyrosine kinase in neuroblastoma development and as a potential therapeutic target has escalated. As a group, the activating point mutations in full-length ALK, found in approximately 8% of all neuroblastoma tumors, are distributed evenly across different clinical stages. However, the most frequent somatic mutation, F1174L, is associated with amplification of the MYCN oncogene. This combination of features appears to confer a worse prognosis than MYCN amplification alone, suggesting a cooperative effect on neuroblastoma formation by these two proteins. Indeed, F1174L has shown more potent transforming activity in vivo than the second most common activating mutation, R1275Q, and is responsible for innate and acquired resistance to crizotinib, a clinically relevant ALK inhibitor that will soon be commercially available. These advances cast ALK as a bona fide oncoprotein in neuroblastoma and emphasize the need to understand ALK-mediated signaling in this tumor. This review addresses many of the current issues surrounding the role of ALK in normal development and neuroblastoma pathogenesis, and discusses the prospects for clinically effective targeted treatments based on ALK inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Azarova
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute and Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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119
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Ott GR, Wells GJ, Thieu TV, Quail MR, Lisko JG, Mesaros EF, Gingrich DE, Ghose AK, Wan W, Lu L, Cheng M, Albom MS, Angeles TS, Huang Z, Aimone LD, Ator MA, Ruggeri BA, Dorsey BD. 2,7-Disubstituted-pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazines: New Variant of an Old Template and Application to the Discovery of Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK) Inhibitors with in Vivo Antitumor Activity. J Med Chem 2011; 54:6328-41. [PMID: 21859094 DOI: 10.1021/jm200758k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R. Ott
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Gregory J. Wells
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Tho V. Thieu
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Matthew R. Quail
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Joseph G. Lisko
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Eugen F. Mesaros
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Diane E. Gingrich
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Arup K. Ghose
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Weihua Wan
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Lihui Lu
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Mangeng Cheng
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Mark S. Albom
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Thelma S. Angeles
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Zeqi Huang
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Lisa D. Aimone
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Mark A. Ator
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Bruce A. Ruggeri
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Bruce D. Dorsey
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
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120
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Grande E, Bolós MV, Arriola E. Targeting oncogenic ALK: a promising strategy for cancer treatment. Mol Cancer Ther 2011; 10:569-79. [PMID: 21474455 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-10-0615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) has been found to be altered in several solid and hematologic tumors. Novel drugs targeting this tyrosine kinase receptor are under development, and early clinical trials are showing promising activity in non-small cell lung cancer patients with ALK+ tumors. Here, we review the structure and function of the ALK receptor, the mechanisms associated with its deregulation in cancer, methods for ALK detection in tumor samples, its potential as a new marker for candidate patient selection for tailored therapy, and novel drugs under development that target ALK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Grande
- Gastrointestinal and Early Drug Development Unit, Servicio de Oncología Médica, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Carretera de Colmenar Viejo Km. 9.100, 28034, Madrid, Spain.
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121
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The neuroblastoma ALK(I1250T) mutation is a kinase-dead RTK in vitro and in vivo. Transl Oncol 2011; 4:258-65. [PMID: 21804922 DOI: 10.1593/tlo.11139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Activating mutations in the kinase domain of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) have recently been shown to be an important determinant in the genetics of the childhood tumor neuroblastoma. Here we discuss an in-depth analysis of one of the reported gain-of-function ALK mutations-ALK(I1250T)-identified in the germ line DNA of one patient. Our analyses were performed in cell culture-based systems and subsequently confirmed in a Drosophila model. The results presented here indicate that the germ line ALK(I1250T) mutation is most probably not a determinant for tumor initiation or progression and, in contrast, seems to generate a kinase-dead mutation in the ALK receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK). Consistent with this, stimulation with agonist ALK antibodies fails to lead to stimulation of ALK(I1250T) and we were unable to detect tyrosine phosphorylation under any circumstances. In agreement, ALK(I1250T) is unable to activate downstream signaling pathways or to mediate neurite outgrowth, in contrast to the activated wild-type ALK receptor or the activating ALK(F1174S) mutant. Identical results were obtained when the ALK(I1250T) mutant was expressed in a Drosophila model, confirming the lack of activity of this mutant ALK RTK. We suggest that the ALK(I1250T) mutation leads to a kinase-dead ALK RTK, in stark contrast to assumed gain-of-function status, with significant implications for patients reported to carry this particular ALK mutation.
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af Gennäs GB, Mologni L, Ahmed S, Rajaratnam M, Marin O, Lindholm N, Viltadi M, Gambacorti-Passerini C, Scapozza L, Yli-Kauhaluoma J. Design, synthesis, and biological activity of urea derivatives as anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:1680-92. [PMID: 21721129 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 05/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In anaplastic large-cell lymphomas, chromosomal translocations involving the kinase domain of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), generally fused to the 5' part of the nucleophosmin gene, produce highly oncogenic ALK fusion proteins that deregulate cell cycle, apoptosis, and differentiation in these cells. Other fusion oncoproteins involving ALK, such as echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4-ALK, were recently found in patients with non-small-cell lung, breast, and colorectal cancers. Recent research has focused on the development of inhibitors for targeted therapy of these ALK-positive tumors. Because kinase inhibitors that target the inactive conformation are thought to be more specific than ATP-targeted inhibitors, we investigated the possibility of using two known inhibitors, doramapimod and sorafenib, which target inactive kinases, to design new urea derivatives as ALK inhibitors. We generated a homology model of ALK in its inactive conformation complexed with doramapimod or sorafenib in its active site. The results elucidated why doramapimod is a weak inhibitor and why sorafenib does not inhibit ALK. Virtual screening of commercially available compounds using the homology model of ALK yielded candidate inhibitors, which were tested using biochemical assays. Herein we present the design, synthesis, biological activity, and structure-activity relationships of a novel series of urea compounds as potent ALK inhibitors. Some compounds showed inhibition of purified ALK in the high nanomolar range and selective antiproliferative activity on ALK-positive cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustav Boije af Gennäs
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56 Viikinkaari 5 E, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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123
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Murugan AK, Xing M. Anaplastic thyroid cancers harbor novel oncogenic mutations of the ALK gene. Cancer Res 2011; 71:4403-11. [PMID: 21596819 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-4041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine cancer, and targeted approaches to treat it pose considerable interest. In this study, we report the discovery of ALK gene mutations in thyroid cancer that may rationalize clinical evaluation of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitors in this setting. In undifferentiated anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC), we identified two novel point mutations, C3592T and G3602A, in exon 23 of the ALK gene, with a prevalence of 11.11%, but found no mutations in the matched normal tissues or in well-differentiated thyroid cancers. These two mutations, resulting in L1198F and G1201E amino acid changes, respectively, both reside within the ALK tyrosine kinase domain where they dramatically increased tyrosine kinase activities. Similarly, these mutations heightened the ability of ALK to activate the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways in established mouse cells. Further investigations showed that these two ALK mutants strongly promoted cell focus formation, anchorage-independent growth, and cell invasion. Similar oncogenic properties were observed in the neuroblastoma-associated ALK mutants K1062M and F1174L but not in wild-type ALK. Overall, our results reveal two novel gain-of-function mutations of ALK in certain ATCs, and they suggest efforts to clinically evaluate the use of ALK kinase inhibitors to treat patients who harbor ATCs with these mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avaniyapuram Kannan Murugan
- Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Thyroid Research, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
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124
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Sakamoto H, Tsukaguchi T, Hiroshima S, Kodama T, Kobayashi T, Fukami TA, Oikawa N, Tsukuda T, Ishii N, Aoki Y. CH5424802, a selective ALK inhibitor capable of blocking the resistant gatekeeper mutant. Cancer Cell 2011; 19:679-90. [PMID: 21575866 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 485] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is a tyrosine kinase that is constitutively activated in certain cancers, following gene alterations such as chromosomal translocation, amplification, or point mutation. Here, we identified CH5424802, a potent, selective, and orally available ALK inhibitor with a unique chemical scaffold, showing preferential antitumor activity against cancers with gene alterations of ALK, such as nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells expressing EML4-ALK fusion and anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL) cells expressing NPM-ALK fusion in vitro and in vivo. CH5424802 inhibited ALK L1196M, which corresponds to the gatekeeper mutation conferring common resistance to kinase inhibitors, and blocked EML4-ALK L1196M-driven cell growth. Our results support the potential for clinical evaluation of CH5424802 for the treatment of patients with ALK-driven tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Sakamoto
- Kamakura Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 200 Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan.
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125
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Wu D, Yu H. [The EML4-ALK fusion gene in NSCLC and the clinical progress]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2011; 14:435-40. [PMID: 21569650 PMCID: PMC6000320 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2011.05.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jilin Province Tumor Hospital, Changchun 130012, China
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126
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127
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Deng X, Wang J, Zhang J, Sim T, Kim ND, Sasaki T, Luther W, George RE, Jänne PA, Gray NS. Discovery of 3,5-Diamino-1,2,4-triazole Ureas as Potent Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2011; 2:379-384. [PMID: 21572589 PMCID: PMC3093683 DOI: 10.1021/ml200002a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of novel 3,5-diamino-1,2,4-triazole benzyl ureas was identified as having potent anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibition exemplified by 15a, 20a, and 23a, which exhibited antiproliferative IC(50) values of 70, 40, and 20 nM in Tel-ALK transformed Ba/F3 cells, respectively. Moreover, 15a and 23a potently inhibited the growth and survival of NPM-ALK positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma cell (SU-DHL-1) and neuroblastoma cell lines (KELLY, SH-SY5Y) containing the F1174L ALK mutation. These compounds provide novel leads for the development of small-molecule ALK inhibitors for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianming Deng
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 250 Longwood Avenue, SGM 628, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jinhua Wang
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 250 Longwood Avenue, SGM 628, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jianming Zhang
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 250 Longwood Avenue, SGM 628, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Taebo Sim
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 250 Longwood Avenue, SGM 628, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Nam Doo Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 262 Soengsanno, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
| | - Takaaki Sasaki
- Department of Medical Oncology and Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - William Luther
- Department of Medical Oncology and Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Rani E. George
- Department of Medical Oncology and Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Pasi A. Jänne
- Department of Medical Oncology and Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Nathanael S. Gray
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 250 Longwood Avenue, SGM 628, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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128
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Okamoto M, Kojima H, Saito N, Okabe T, Masuda Y, Furuya T, Nagano T. Virtual screening and further development of novel ALK inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:3086-95. [PMID: 21515061 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Revised: 04/02/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) has been in the spotlight in recent years as a promising new target for therapy of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Since the identification of the echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4)-ALK fusion gene in some NSCLC patients was reported in 2007, various research groups have been seeking ALK inhibitors. Above all, crizotinib (PF-02341066) has been under clinical trial, and its therapeutic efficacy of inhibiting ALK in NSCLC has been reported. Among anticancer drugs, drug resistance appears frequently necessitating various kinds of inhibitors. We identified novel ALK inhibitors by virtual screening from the public chemical library collected by the Chemical Biology Research Initiative (CBRI) at the University of Tokyo, and inhibitors that are more potent were developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Okamoto
- Drug Discovery Department, Research & Development Division, PharmaDesign, Inc., Hatchobori, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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129
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Sasaki T, Okuda K, Zheng W, Butrynski J, Capelletti M, Wang L, Gray NS, Wilner K, Christensen JG, Demetri G, Shapiro GI, Rodig SJ, Eck MJ, Jänne PA. The neuroblastoma-associated F1174L ALK mutation causes resistance to an ALK kinase inhibitor in ALK-translocated cancers. Cancer Res 2010; 70:10038-43. [PMID: 21030459 PMCID: PMC3045808 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-2956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The ALK kinase inhibitor crizotinib (PF-02341066) is clinically effective in patients with ALK-translocated cancers, but its efficacy will ultimately be limited by acquired drug resistance. Here we report the identification of a secondary mutation in ALK, F1174L, as one cause of crizotinib resistance in a patient with an inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) harboring a RANBP2-ALK translocation who progressed while on crizotinib therapy. When present in cis with an ALK translocation, this mutation (also detected in neuroblastomas) causes an increase in ALK phosphorylation, cell growth, and downstream signaling. Furthermore, the F1174L mutation inhibits crizotinib-mediated downregulation of ALK signaling and blocks apoptosis in RANBP2-ALK Ba/F3 cells. A chemically distinct ALK inhibitor, TAE684, and the HSP90 inhibitor 17-AAG are both effective in models harboring the F1174L ALK mutation. Our findings highlight the importance of studying drug resistance mechanisms in order to develop effective clinical treatments for patients with ALK-translocated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Sasaki
- Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Katsuhiro Okuda
- Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Wei Zheng
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - James Butrynski
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Center for Sarcoma and Bone Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Marzia Capelletti
- Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Liping Wang
- Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Nathanael S. Gray
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Keith Wilner
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Department of Research Pharmacology, La Jolla, CA
| | - James G. Christensen
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Department of Research Pharmacology, La Jolla, CA
| | - George Demetri
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Center for Sarcoma and Bone Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Geoffrey I. Shapiro
- Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
- Early Drug Development Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Scott J. Rodig
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Michael J. Eck
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Pasi A. Jänne
- Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
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130
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Ott GR, Tripathy R, Cheng M, McHugh R, Anzalone AV, Underiner TL, Curry MA, Quail MR, Lu L, Wan W, Angeles TS, Albom MS, Aimone LD, Ator MA, Ruggeri BA, Dorsey BD. Discovery of a potent inhibitor of anaplastic lymphoma kinase with in vivo antitumor activity. ACS Med Chem Lett 2010; 1:493-8. [PMID: 24900237 DOI: 10.1021/ml100158s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of novel 7-amino-1,3,4,5-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azepin-2-one derivatives within the diaminopyrimidine class of kinase inhibitors were identified that target anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK). These inhibitors are potent against ALK in an isolated enzyme assay and inhibit autophosphorylation of the oncogenic fusion protein NPM-ALK in anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) cell lines. The lead inhibitor 15, which incorporates a bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene ring system in place of an aryl moiety, activates the pro-apoptotic caspases (3 and 7) and displays selective cytotoxicity against ALK-positive ALCL cells. Furthermore, 15 provides more than 40-fold selectivity against the structurally related insulin receptor, is orally bioavailable in multiple species, and displays in vivo antitumor efficacy when dosed orally in ALK-positive ALCL tumor xenografts in Scid mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R. Ott
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380
| | - Rabindranath Tripathy
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380
| | - Mangeng Cheng
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380
| | - Robert McHugh
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380
| | - Andrew V. Anzalone
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380
| | - Ted L. Underiner
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380
| | - Matthew A. Curry
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380
| | - Matthew R. Quail
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380
| | - Lihui Lu
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380
| | - Weihua Wan
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380
| | - Thelma S. Angeles
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380
| | - Mark S. Albom
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380
| | - Lisa D. Aimone
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380
| | - Mark A. Ator
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380
| | - Bruce A. Ruggeri
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380
| | - Bruce D. Dorsey
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380
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132
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Milkiewicz KL, Ott GR. Inhibitors of anaplastic lymphoma kinase: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2010; 20:1653-81. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2010.527332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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