101
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SIMAIAKIS STYLIANOSMICHAIL, TJØRVE EVEN, GENTILE GABRIELE, MINELLI ALESSANDRO, MYLONAS MOISIS. The species-area relationship in centipedes (Myriapoda: Chilopoda): a comparison between Mediterranean island groups. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01784.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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102
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Vögeli M, Lemus JA, Serrano D, Blanco G, Tella JL. An island paradigm on the mainland: host population fragmentation impairs the community of avian pathogens. Proc Biol Sci 2011; 278:2668-76. [PMID: 21270030 PMCID: PMC3136819 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2010.1227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Emergent infectious diseases represent a major threat for biodiversity in fragmented habitat networks, but their dynamics in host metapopulations remain largely unexplored. We studied a large community of pathogens (including 26 haematozoans, bacteria and viruses as determined through polymerase chain reaction assays) in a highly fragmented mainland bird metapopulation. Contrary to recent studies, which have established that the prevalence of pathogens increase with habitat fragmentation owing to crowding and habitat-edge effects, the analysed pathogen parameters were neither dependent on host densities nor related to the spatial structure of the metapopulation. We provide, to our knowledge, the first empirical evidence for a positive effect of host population size on pathogen prevalence, richness and diversity. These new insights into the interplay between habitat fragmentation and pathogens reveal properties of a host-pathogen system resembling island environments, suggesting that severe habitat loss and fragmentation could lower pathogen pressure in small populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Vögeli
- Department of Conservation Biology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (CSIC), c/Américo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Sevilla, Spain.
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103
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Triantis KA, Sfenthourakis S. Island biogeography is not a single-variable discipline: the small island effect debate. DIVERS DISTRIB 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2011.00812.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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104
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Sly ND, Townsend AK, Rimmer CC, Townsend JM, Latta SC, Lovette IJ. Ancient islands and modern invasions: disparate phylogeographic histories among Hispaniola's endemic birds. Mol Ecol 2011; 20:5012-24. [PMID: 21449896 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2011.05073.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
With its large size, complex topography and high number of avian endemics, Hispaniola appears to be a likely candidate for the in situ speciation of its avifauna, despite the worldwide rarity of avian speciation within single islands. We used multilocus comparative phylogeography techniques to examine the pattern and history of divergence in 11 endemic birds representing potential within-island speciation events. Haplotype and allele networks from mitochondrial ND2 and nuclear intron loci reveal a consistent pattern: phylogeographic divergence within or between closely related species is correlated with the likely distribution of ancient sea barriers that once divided Hispaniola into several smaller paleo-islands. Coalescent and mitochondrial clock dating of divergences indicate species-specific response to different geological events over the wide span of the island's history. We found no evidence that ecological or topographical complexity generated diversity, either by creating open niches or by restricting long-term gene flow. Thus, no true within-island speciation appears to have occurred among the species sampled on Hispaniola. Divergence events predating the merging of Hispaniola's paleo-island blocks cannot be considered in situ divergence, and postmerging divergence in response to episodic island segmentation by marine flooding probably represents in situ vicariance or interarchipelago speciation by dispersal. Our work highlights the necessity of considering island geologic history while investigating the speciation-area relationship in birds and other taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D Sly
- Fuller Evolutionary Biology Program, Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Cornell University, 159 Sapsucker Woods Road, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA.
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105
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Svensson-Coelho M, Ricklefs RE. Host phylogeography and beta diversity in avian haemosporidian (Plasmodiidae) assemblages of the Lesser Antilles. J Anim Ecol 2011; 80:938-46. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2011.01837.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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106
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Mormul RP, Thomaz SM, Takeda AM, Behrend RD. Structural Complexity and Distance from Source Habitat Determine Invertebrate Abundance and Diversity. Biotropica 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2011.00762.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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107
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Examining the relationship between total species richness and single island palaeo- and neo-endemics. ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2010.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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108
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Equilibrium speciation dynamics in a model adaptive radiation of island lizards. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:22178-83. [PMID: 21135239 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1007606107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The relative importance of equilibrium and nonequilibrium processes in shaping patterns of species richness is one of the most fundamental questions in biodiversity studies. If equilibrium processes predominate, then ecological interactions presumably limit species diversity, potentially through diversity dependence of immigration, speciation, and extinction rates. Alternatively, species richness may be limited by the rate at which diversity arises or by the amount of time available for diversification. These latter explanations constitute nonequilibrium processes and can apply only to biotas that are unsaturated or far from diversity equilibria. Recent studies have challenged whether equilibrium models apply to biotas assembled through in situ speciation, as this process may be too slow to achieve steady-state diversities. Here we demonstrate that speciation rates in replicate Caribbean lizard radiations have undergone parallel declines to equilibrium conditions on three of four major islands. Our results suggest that feedback between total island diversity and per-capita speciation rates scales inversely with island area, with proportionately greater declines occurring on smaller islands. These results are consistent with strong ecological controls on species richness and suggest that the iconic adaptive radiation of Caribbean anoles may have reached an endpoint.
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109
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CREWS SARAHC, GILLESPIE ROSEMARYG. Molecular systematics of Selenops spiders (Araneae: Selenopidae) from North and Central America: implications for Caribbean biogeography. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2010.01494.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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110
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Rocha WAD, Prudente ALDC. The Snake Assemblage of Parque Nacional de Sete Cidades State of Piauí, Brazil. J HERPETOL 2010. [DOI: 10.2994/057.005.0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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111
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Matias MG, Underwood AJ, Hochuli DF, Coleman RA. Independent effects of patch size and structural complexity on diversity of benthic macroinvertebrates. Ecology 2010; 91:1908-15. [PMID: 20715609 DOI: 10.1890/09-1083.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel G Matias
- Centre for Research on Ecological Impacts of Coastal Cities, Marine Ecology Laboratories A11, School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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112
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de León LF, Bermingham E, Podos J, Hendry AP. Divergence with gene flow as facilitated by ecological differences: within-island variation in Darwin's finches. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2010; 365:1041-52. [PMID: 20194167 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2009.0314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Divergence and speciation can sometimes proceed in the face of, and even be enhanced by, ongoing gene flow. We here study divergence with gene flow in Darwin's finches, focusing on the role of ecological/adaptive differences in maintaining/promoting divergence and reproductive isolation. To this end, we survey allelic variation at 10 microsatellite loci for 989 medium ground finches (Geospiza fortis) on Santa Cruz Island, Galápagos. We find only small genetic differences among G. fortis from different sites. We instead find noteworthy genetic differences associated with beak. Moreover, G. fortis at the site with the greatest divergence in beak size also showed the greatest divergence at neutral markers; i.e. the lowest gene flow. Finally, morphological and genetic differentiation between the G. fortis beak-size morphs was intermediate to that between G. fortis and its smaller (Geospiza fuliginosa) and larger (Geospiza magnirostris) congeners. We conclude that ecological differences associated with beak size (i.e. foraging) influence patterns of gene flow within G. fortis on a single island, providing additional support for ecological speciation in the face of gene flow. Patterns of genetic similarity within and between species also suggest that interspecific hybridization might contribute to the formation of beak-size morphs within G. fortis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Fernando de León
- Redpath Museum and Department of Biology, McGill University, 859 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, QC, Canada , H3A 2K6.
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113
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114
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Hortal J, Triantis KA, Meiri S, Thébault E, Sfenthourakis S. Island species richness increases with habitat diversity. Am Nat 2010; 174:E205-17. [PMID: 19857159 DOI: 10.1086/645085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Species richness is commonly thought to increase with habitat diversity. However, a recent theoretical model aiming to unify niche and island biogeography theories predicted a hump-shaped relationship between richness and habitat diversity. Given the contradiction between model results and previous knowledge, we examine whether the relationship between species richness and habitat diversity is consistently monotonically increasing and under which circumstances, if at all, such relationships could be hump shaped. We review the empirical evidence about the shape of such relationships and show that species richness on islands usually increases with habitat diversity and that it never decreases. We also critically examine the assumptions of the theoretical model and modify them to incorporate a less restrictive definition of niche width. The modified assumptions lead to simulations that better capture real patterns, using either simple parameters or observed distributions of niche breadth. Further work is needed to incorporate ecological interactions and metacommunity dynamics if the aim is to merge niche and island biogeography theories in a realistic modeling framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Hortal
- NERC Centre for Population Biology, Imperial College at Silwood Park, Ascot SL57PY, United Kingdom.
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115
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BORTHAGARAY ANAINÉS, BRAZEIRO ALEJANDRO, GIMÉNEZ LUIS. Connectivity and patch area in a coastal marine landscape: Disentangling their influence on local species richness and composition. AUSTRAL ECOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9993.2009.01969.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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116
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Vasconcelos TS, Santos TG, Rossa-Feres DC, Haddad C. Influence of the environmental heterogeneity of breeding ponds on anuran assemblages from southeastern Brazil. CAN J ZOOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1139/z09-058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that the environmental heterogeneity of breeding ponds influences the species composition and species richness of anuran assemblages from southeastern Brazil, because it provides humidity, shelter, and breeding microhabitats for anuran species, which can result in an increasing number of species in a given habitat. To begin, we tested whether the occurrence of anuran species in each breeding pond is different from a null model of random placement of species in those ponds. We then performed two tests to evaluate which of the five environmental descriptors of breeding ponds influence (1) the species composition and (2) species richness. Species composition of the 38 breeding ponds was correlated with number of edge types, number of plant types along the edges of the breeding ponds, and the hydroperiod. Neither the percentage of vegetation cover on the water’s surface nor the size of the breeding ponds were correlated with species composition. Only the number of edge types was correlated with species richness of breeding ponds. The correlation of three environmental descriptors with species composition and one environmental descriptor with species richness, as well as the high beta diversity among breeding ponds, suggest that the analyses of environmental heterogeneity on species composition was more informative than was the analysis for species richness, because breeding ponds with similar species richness can have distinct species composition among them (high beta diversity).
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Affiliation(s)
- T. S. Vasconcelos
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Zoologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Caixa Postal 199, 13506-900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Caixa Postal 199, 13506-900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Zoologia e Botânica, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - T. G. Santos
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Zoologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Caixa Postal 199, 13506-900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Caixa Postal 199, 13506-900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Zoologia e Botânica, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - D. C. Rossa-Feres
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Zoologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Caixa Postal 199, 13506-900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Caixa Postal 199, 13506-900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Zoologia e Botânica, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C.F.B Haddad
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Zoologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Caixa Postal 199, 13506-900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Caixa Postal 199, 13506-900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Zoologia e Botânica, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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117
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Guadagnin DL, Maltchik L, Fonseca CR. Species-area relationship of Neotropical waterbird assemblages in remnant wetlands: looking at the mechanisms. DIVERS DISTRIB 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2008.00533.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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118
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Savilaakso S, Koivisto J, Veteli TO, Roininen H. Microclimate and tree community linked to differences in lepidopteran larval communities between forest fragments and continuous forest. DIVERS DISTRIB 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2008.00542.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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119
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Denslow JS, Space JC, Thomas PA. Invasive Exotic Plants in the Tropical Pacific Islands: Patterns of Diversity. Biotropica 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2008.00469.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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120
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Krauss J, Alfert T, Steffan-Dewenter I. Habitat area but not habitat age determines wild bee richness in limestone quarries. J Appl Ecol 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01582.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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121
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Sfenthourakis S, Triantis KA. Habitat diversity, ecological requirements of species and the Small Island Effect. DIVERS DISTRIB 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2008.00526.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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122
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Would species richness estimators change the observed species area relationship? ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2008.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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123
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Ricklefs R, Bermingham E. The West Indies as a laboratory of biogeography and evolution. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2008; 363:2393-413. [PMID: 17446164 PMCID: PMC2606802 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2007.2068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Islands have long provided material and inspiration for the study of evolution and ecology. The West Indies are complex historically and geographically, providing a rich backdrop for the analysis of colonization, diversification and extinction of species. They are sufficiently isolated to sustain endemic forms and close enough to sources of colonists to develop a dynamic interaction with surrounding continental regions. The Greater Antilles comprise old fragments of continental crust, some very large; the Lesser Antilles are a more recent volcanic island arc, and the low-lying Bahama Islands are scattered on a shallow oceanic platform. Dating of island lineages using molecular methods indicates over-water dispersal of most inhabitants of the West Indies, although direct connections with what is now southern Mexico in the Early Tertiary, and subsequent land bridges or stepping stone islands linking to Central and South America might also have facilitated colonization. Species-area relationships within the West Indies suggest a strong role for endemic radiations and extinction in shaping patterns of diversity. Diversification is promoted by opportunities for allopatric divergence between islands, or within the large islands of the Greater Antilles, with a classic example provided by the Anolis lizards. The timing of colonization events using molecular clocks permits analysis of colonization-extinction dynamics by means of species accumulation curves. These indicate low rates of colonization and extinction for reptiles and amphibians in the Greater Antilles, with estimated average persistence times of lineages in the West Indies exceeding 30Myr. Even though individual island populations of birds might persist an average of 2Myr on larger islands in the Lesser Antilles, recolonization from within the archipelago appears to maintain avian lineages within the island chain indefinitely. Birds of the Lesser Antilles also provide evidence of a mass extinction event within the past million years, emphasizing the time-heterogeneity of historical processes. Geographical dynamics are matched by ecological changes in the distribution of species within islands over time resulting from adaptive radiation and shifts in habitat, often following repeatable patterns. Although extinction is relatively infrequent under natural conditions, changes in island environments as a result of human activities have exterminated many populations and others--especially old, endemic species--remain vulnerable. Conservation efforts are strengthened by recognition of aesthetic, cultural and scientific values of the unique flora and fauna of the West Indies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Ricklefs
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St Louis, 8001 Natural Bridge Road, St Louis, MO 63121-4499, USA.
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124
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Frick WF, Hayes JP, Heady PA. Nestedness of desert bat assemblages: species composition patterns in insular and terrestrial landscapes. Oecologia 2008; 158:687-97. [PMID: 18941795 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-008-1168-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2007] [Accepted: 09/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Winifred F Frick
- Department of Forest Science, Oregon State University, 321 Richardson Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
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125
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Relationship between urbanization and bat community structure in national parks of the southeastern U.S. Urban Ecosyst 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-008-0075-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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126
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127
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Ricklefs RE. The relationship between local and regional species richness in birds of the Caribbean Basin. J Anim Ecol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2000.00456.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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128
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Morand S. Geographic distance and the role of island area and habitat diversity in the species-area relationships of four Lesser Antillean faunal groups: a complementary note to Ricklefs & Lovette. J Anim Ecol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2000.00461.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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129
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Bolger DT, Beard KH, Suarez AV, Case TJ. Increased abundance of native and non-native spiders with habitat fragmentation. DIVERS DISTRIB 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2008.00470.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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130
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SEEHAUSEN OLE, TAKIMOTO GAKU, ROY DENIS, JOKELA JUKKA. Speciation reversal and biodiversity dynamics with hybridization in changing environments. Mol Ecol 2008; 17:30-44. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03529.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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131
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Davy CM, Russo D, Fenton MB. Use of native woodlands and traditional olive groves by foraging bats on a Mediterranean island: consequences for conservation. J Zool (1987) 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2007.00343.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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132
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133
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Ricklefs RE. History and Diversity: Explorations at the Intersection of Ecology and Evolution. Am Nat 2007; 170 Suppl 2:S56-70. [PMID: 17874385 DOI: 10.1086/519402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Phylogenetic analysis provides an important tool for assessing the influence of historical and evolutionary processes on the structure of contemporary ecological systems. Patterns of diversity, for example, represent the regional buildup of species through immigration and diversification, their loss through extinction, and the sorting of species ecologically within the region. Colonization-extinction dynamics on islands can be inferred from lineage accumulation through time. Lineage branching within clades can be used to estimate rates of speciation and extinction. However, simulations of these processes show potential ambiguities in the interpretation of data. Clade size is unrelated to age in many studies, suggesting that speciation and extinction might be in long-term equilibrium and raising questions about unobserved past diversity. Among passerine birds and other groups, the size of similar-aged clades is positively related to the size of the region within which they have diversified, and it is greater in tropical than in temperate regions. There is no consensus on the causes of these patterns. Finally, the ecological interactions between populations within regions brings the timescale of species sorting and species production close to each other and emphasizes the important interaction of ecological and evolutionary processes in shaping ecological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Ricklefs
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, USA.
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134
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Yeo DCJ, Shih HT, Meier R, Ng PKL. Phylogeny and biogeography of the freshwater crab genus Johora (Crustacea: Brachyura: Potamidae) from the Malay Peninsula, and the origins of its insular fauna. ZOOL SCR 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6409.2007.00276.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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135
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Trevino HS, Skibiel AL, Karels TJ, Dobson FS. Threats to avifauna on oceanic islands. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2007; 21:125-32. [PMID: 17298518 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00581.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Results of the study by Blackburn et al. (2004a) of avifauna on oceanic islands suggest that distance from the mainland and time since European colonization have major influences on species extinctions and that island area is a significant but secondary contributing factor. After augmenting the data of the study on geographical properties for some of the islands they examined, we used a causal analysis approach with structural equation modeling to reexamine their conclusions. In our model geographical properties of islands, such as island area and isolation, were considered constraints on biological factors, such as the number of introduced mammalian predators and existing number of avifauna, that can directly or indirectly influence extinction. Of the variables we tested, island area had the greatest total influence on the threat of extinction due to its direct and indirect effects on the size of island avifauna. Larger islands had both a greater number of threatened bird species and more avifauna, increasing the number of species that could become threatened with extinction. Island isolation also had a significant, positive, and direct effect on threats to island avifauna because islands farther from the mainland had fewer current extant avifauna. Time since European colonization had a significant negative, but relatively weaker, influence on threats compared with the traditional biogeographic factors of island area and distance to the mainland. We also tested the hypothesis that the amount of threat is proportionally lower on islands that have had more extinctions (i.e., there is a "filter effect"). Because the proportion of bird extinctions potentially explained only 2.3% of the variation in the proportion of threatened species on islands, our results did not support this hypothesis. Causal modeling provided a powerful tool for examining threat of extinction patterns of known and hypothesized pathways of influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather S Trevino
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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Sampling design and the shape of species–area curves on the regional scale. ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2006.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Parent CE, Crespi BJ. SEQUENTIAL COLONIZATION AND DIVERSIFICATION OF GALAPAGOS ENDEMIC LAND SNAIL GENUS BULIMULUS (GASTROPODA, STYLOMMATOPHORA). Evolution 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2006.tb01867.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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138
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BENEDICK S, HILL JK, MUSTAFFA N, CHEY VK, MARYATI M, SEARLE JB, SCHILTHUIZEN M, HAMER KC. Impacts of rain forest fragmentation on butterflies in northern Borneo: species richness, turnover and the value of small fragments. J Appl Ecol 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2006.01209.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Fattorini S. Detecting biodiversity hotspots by species-area relationships: a case study of Mediterranean beetles. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2006; 20:1169-80. [PMID: 16922233 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00418.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Any method of identifying hotspots should take into account the effect of area on species richness. I examined the importance of the species-area relationship in determining tenebrionid (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) hotspots on the Aegean Islands (Greece). Thirty-two islands and 170 taxa (species and subspecies) were included in this study. I tested several species-area relationship models with linear and nonlinear regressions, including power exponential, negative exponential, logistic, Gompertz, Weibull, Lomolino, and He-Legendre functions. Islands with positive residuals were identified as hotspots. I also analyzed the values of the C parameter of the power function and the simple species-area ratios. Species richness was significantly correlated with island area for all models. The power function model was the most convenient one. Most functions, however identified certain islands as hotspots. The importance of endemics in insular biotas should be evaluated carefully because they are of high conservation concern. The simple use of the species-area relationship can be problematic when areas with no endemics are included. Therefore the importance of endemics should be evaluated according to different methods, such as percentages, to take into account different levels of endemism and different kinds of "endemics" (e.g., endemic to single islands vs. endemic to the archipelago). Because the species-area relationship is a key pattern in ecology, my findings can be applied at broader scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Fattorini
- Dipartimento di Biologia Animale e dell'Uomo (Zoologia), Università di Roma La Sapienza, Viale dell'Università 32, 1-00185 Roma, Italy.
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ARAUJO ANAPAULAALBANO, DE PAULA JOANAD, CARNEIRO MARCOANTONIOALVES, SCHOEREDER JOSEHENRIQUE. Effects of host plant architecture on colonization by galling insects. AUSTRAL ECOL 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9993.2006.01563.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Parent CE, Crespi BJ. SEQUENTIAL COLONIZATION AND DIVERSIFICATION OF GALÁPAGOS ENDEMIC LAND SNAIL GENUS BULIMULUS (GASTROPODA, STYLOMMATOPHORA). Evolution 2006. [DOI: 10.1554/06-366.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Barnosky AD, Carrasco MA, Davis EB. The impact of the species-area relationship on estimates of paleodiversity. PLoS Biol 2005; 3:e266. [PMID: 16004509 PMCID: PMC1175821 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2005] [Accepted: 06/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Estimates of paleodiversity patterns through time have relied on datasets that lump taxonomic occurrences from geographic areas of varying size per interval of time. In essence, such estimates assume that the species-area effect, whereby more species are recorded from larger geographic areas, is negligible for fossil data. We tested this assumption by using the newly developed Miocene Mammal Mapping Project database of western North American fossil mammals and its associated analysis tools to empirically determine the geographic area that contributed to species diversity counts in successive temporal bins. The results indicate that a species-area effect markedly influences counts of fossil species, just as variable spatial sampling influences diversity counts on the modern landscape. Removing this bias suggests some traditionally recognized peaks in paleodiversity are just artifacts of the species-area effect while others stand out as meriting further attention. This discovery means that there is great potential for refining existing time-series estimates of paleodiversity, and for using species-area relationships to more reliably understand the magnitude and timing of such biotically important events as extinction, lineage diversification, and long-term trends in ecological structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D Barnosky
- Department of Integrative Biology and Museum of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA.
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Ribas C, Sobrinho T, Schoereder J, Sperber C, Lopes-Andrade C, Soares S. How large is large enough for insects? Forest fragmentation effects at three spatial scales. ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2004.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Ricklefs RE, Bermingham E. Application of Johnson et al.'s speciation threshold model to apparent colonization times of island biotas. Evolution 2004; 58:1664-73. [PMID: 15446421 DOI: 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2004.tb00452.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Understanding patterns of diversity can be furthered by analysis of the dynamics of colonization, speciation, and extinction on islands using historical information provided by molecular phylogeography. The land birds of the Lesser Antilles are one of the most thoroughly described regional faunas in this context. In an analysis of colonization times, Ricklefs and Bermingham (2001) found that the cumulative distribution of lineages with respect to increasing time since colonization exhibits a striking change in slope at a genetic distance of about 2% mitochondrial DNA sequence divergence (about one million years). They further showed how this heterogeneity could be explained by either an abrupt increase in colonization rates or a mass extinction event. Cherry et al. (2002), referring to a model developed by Johnson et al. (2000), argued instead that the pattern resulted from a speciation threshold for reproductive isolation of island populations from their continental source populations. Prior to this threshold, genetic divergence is slowed by migration from the source, and species of varying age accumulate at a low genetic distance. After the threshold is reached, source and island populations diverge more rapidly, creating heterogeneity in the distribution of apparent ages of island taxa. We simulated of Johnson et al.'s speciation-threshold model, incorporating genetic divergence at rate k and fixation at rate M of genes that have migrated between the source and the island population. Fixation resets the divergence clock to zero. The speciation-threshold model fits the distribution of divergence times of Lesser Antillean birds well with biologically plausible parameter estimates. Application of the model to the Hawaiian avifauna, which does not exhibit marked heterogeneity of genetic divergence, and the West Indian herpetofauna, which does, required unreasonably high migration-fixation rates, several orders of magnitude greater than the colonization rate. However, the plausibility of the speciation-divergence model for Lesser Antillean birds emphasizes the importance of further investigation of historical biogeography on a regional scale for whole biotas, as well as the migration of genes between populations on long time scales and the achievement of reproductive isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Ricklefs
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St Louis, St Louis, Missouri 63121-4499, USA.
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SCHOEREDER JOSEH, SOBRINHO TATHIANAG, RIBAS CARLAR, CAMPOS RENATABF. Colonization and extinction of ant communities in a fragmented landscape. AUSTRAL ECOL 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9993.2004.01378.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Nordstrom M, Korpimaki E. Effects of island isolation and feral mink removal on bird communities on small islands in the Baltic Sea. J Anim Ecol 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0021-8790.2004.00816.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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