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Shimony A, Eisenberg MJ, Rudski LG, Schlesinger R, Afilalo J, Joyal D, Dragatakis L, Hirsch A, Boutet K, Fox BD, Langleben D. Prevalence and impact of coronary artery disease in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Am J Cardiol 2011; 108:460-4. [PMID: 21600533 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2011.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Revised: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence and impact of coronary artery disease (CAD) among patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) are unknown. We aimed to determine the prevalence, clinical correlates, and effect of CAD in patients with PAH. We reviewed the medical records of consecutive patients diagnosed with PAH at a university-based referral center for pulmonary vascular disease from January 1990 to May 2010. The patients systematically underwent right heart catheterization and coronary angiography as a part of their evaluation. The patients with PAH with CAD (defined as ≥50% stenosis in ≥1 major epicardial coronary artery) were compared to patients without CAD. Among the 162 patients with PAH, the prevalence of CAD was 28.4%. The presence of CAD was associated with older age (66.6 ± 11.5 vs 49.2 ± 14.0 years, p <0.001), systemic hypertension, and dyslipidemia. The patients with PAH and CAD had a lower mean pulmonary arterial pressure (44.6 ± 11.1 vs 49.2 ± 14.0 mm Hg; p = 0.02) than patients without CAD. During a median follow-up of 36 months, 73 patients died. The presence of CAD was a predictor of all-cause mortality on univariate analysis (hazard ratio 1.97, 95% confidence interval 1.21 to 3.20) but not on multivariate analysis, which identified older age (hazard ratio 1.03, 95% confidence interval 1.01 to 1.05) and right atrial pressure (hazard ratio 1.08, 95% confidence interval 1.03 to 1.14) as the only independent predictors. In conclusion, our study has demonstrated that CAD is common among patients with PAH. CAD prevalence increases with age, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, but we did not detect an independent prognostic effect of CAD on mortality.
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103
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Endothelin-1 (ET-1) and vein graft failure and the therapeutic potential of ET-1 receptor antagonists. Pharmacol Res 2011; 63:483-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2010.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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104
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Rodríguez-Pascual F, Busnadiego O, Lagares D, Lamas S. Role of endothelin in the cardiovascular system. Pharmacol Res 2011; 63:463-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2011.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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105
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Mechanisms involved in the adenosine-induced vasorelaxation to the pig prostatic small arteries. Purinergic Signal 2011; 7:413-25. [PMID: 21567127 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-011-9238-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Benign prostatic hypertrophy has been related with glandular ischemia processes and adenosine is a potent vasodilator agent. This study investigates the mechanisms underlying the adenosine-induced vasorelaxation in pig prostatic small arteries. Adenosine receptors expression was determined by Western blot and immunohistochemistry, and rings were mounted in myographs for isometric force recording. A(2A) and A(3) receptor expression was observed in the arterial wall and A(2A)-immunoreactivity was identified in the adventitia-media junction and endothelium. A(1) and A(2B) receptor expression was not obtained. On noradrenaline-precontracted rings, P1 receptor agonists produced concentration-dependent relaxations with the following order of potency: 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA) = CGS21680 > 2-Cl-IB-MECA = 2-Cl-cyclopentyladenosine = adenosine. Adenosine reuptake inhibition potentiated both NECA and adenosine relaxations. Endothelium removal and ZM241385, an A(2A) antagonist, reduced NECA relaxations that were not modified by A(1), A(2B), and A(3) receptor antagonists. Neuronal voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels and nitric oxide (NO) synthase blockade, and adenylyl cyclase activation enhanced these responses, which were reduced by protein kinase A inhibition and by blockade of the intermediate (IK(Ca))- and small (SK(Ca))-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX), large-conductance Ca(2+)-activated-, ATP-dependent-, and voltage-gated-K(+) channel failed to modify these responses. These results suggest that adenosine induces endothelium-dependent relaxations in the pig prostatic arteries via A(2A) purinoceptors. The adenosine vasorelaxation, which is prejunctionally modulated, is produced via NO- and COX-independent mechanisms that involve activation of IK(Ca) and SK(Ca) channels and stimulation of adenylyl cyclase. Endothelium-derived NO playing a regulatory role under conditions in which EDHF is non-functional is also suggested. Adenosine-induced vasodilatation could be useful to prevent prostatic ischemia.
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106
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Sangiorgi G, Mauriello A, Trimarchi S, Bonanno E, Spagnoli LG. Atherogenesis and Inflammation. Interv Cardiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/9781444319446.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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107
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Endothelin-1 in peripheral arterial disease: a potential role in muscle damage. Pharmacol Res 2011; 63:473-6. [PMID: 21382494 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2011.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2011] [Revised: 02/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The evidence for the role of endothelin-1 (ET-1) in endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis has been growing since its discovery. However most studies have focussed on cardiac disease and its role in peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is less clear. In addition to its role in the development and progression of atherosclerotic lesions in lower limb arteries, there is evidence that ET-1 adversely affects microvessels within the muscle and the viability of the ischemic muscle itself. This review summarises some of these findings which underscore the potential use of ET antagonists as an adjunct in the treatment of PAD.
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108
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Ergul A. Endothelin-1 and diabetic complications: focus on the vasculature. Pharmacol Res 2011; 63:477-82. [PMID: 21292003 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2011.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is not only an endocrine but also a vascular disease. Cardiovascular complications are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality associated with diabetes. Diabetes affects both large and small vessels and hence diabetic complications are broadly classified as microvascular (retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy) and macrovascular (heart disease, stroke and peripheral arterial disease) complications. Endothelial dysfunction, defined as an imbalance of endothelium-derived vasoconstrictor and vasodilator substances, is a common denominator in the pathogenesis and progression of both macro and microvascular complications. While the pathophysiology of diabetic complications is complex, endothelin-1 (ET-1), a potent vasoconstrictor with proliferative, profibrotic, and proinflammatory properties, may contribute to many facets of diabetic vascular disease. This review will focus on the effects of ET-1 on function and structure of microvessels (retina, skin and mesenteric arteries) and macrovessels (coronary and cerebral arteries) and also discuss the relative role(s) of endothelin A (ET(A)) and ET(B) receptors in mediating ET-1 actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adviye Ergul
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy and Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1120 15th St. CA2094, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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109
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Burg MM, Soufer A, Lampert R, Collins D, Soufer R. Autonomic contribution to endothelin-1 increase during laboratory anger-recall stress in patients with coronary artery disease. Mol Med 2011; 17:495-501. [PMID: 21267513 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2010.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In coronary artery disease (CAD), endothelin-1 (ET-1) is released by activated macrophages and thereby contributes to coronary plaque rupture and triggered cardiac events. The multifactorial regulation of ET-1 includes stimulated release by cytokines and autonomic factors. Laboratory stress provokes alteration in autonomic tone and prolonged ET-1 mediated endothelial dysfunction. The objective of the study is to determine the autonomic contribution to an increase in ET-1 in response to laboratory stress in patients with CAD. Patients (n = 88) with chronic stable CAD instrumented with hemodynamic monitor, digital electrocardiogram (ECG) monitor and indwelling catheter for blood sampling completed a laboratory protocol that included initial rest (30 min), baseline (BL: 10 min), and anger recall stress (AR: 8 min). Change from BL to AR was determined for (a) parasympathetic activity (by spectral analysis of ECG); (b) sympathetic activity (by circulating catecholamines); and (c) ET-1. AR provoked increases from BL in catecholamines, and a decrease in parasympathetic activity. Multivariate analysis with change in parasympathetic activity and catecholamines, while controlling for age and use of β-blockers, revealed a significant odds ratio (OR = 3.27, 95% CI 1.03, 10.41 P = 0.04) for an increase in ET-1 associated with parasympathetic withdrawal; no other variables were significant. The predominant influence of parasympathetic activity on anger/stress-provoked increase in ET-1 is consistent with the cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway. Future examination of autonomic influences on atherosclerotic leukocytes, endothelial cell function and the dynamics of ET-1 are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Burg
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship of depression severity to circulating endothelin-1 (ET-1), which has previously been linked to plaque rupture and postacute coronary syndrome (ACS) survival. Depression carries an independent two- to four-fold increased risk of early morbidity and mortality after ACS. The pathway(s) linking depression to event-free survival remains to be determined. METHODS Patients with documented history of coronary artery disease (n = 101) provided a resting morning blood sample that was assayed for ET-1, and they completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). ET-1 was treated as a log-transformed continuous variable (logET-1), and as a dichotomous variable using a post-ACS risk threshold previously reported (≥1.16 fmol/mL). RESULTS BDI score was related to logET-1 in both unadjusted and adjusted models. In addition, unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression models with dichotomous ET-1 revealed that, for each point increase in BDI score, there was approximately a 14% increased likelihood of being at or above ET-1 risk threshold. Secondary logistic regression models demonstrated a >3.5-fold likelihood of being at or above this risk threshold in association with a BDI score of ≥10. CONCLUSIONS Depression symptom severity predicts ET-1 elevation that has previously been linked to post-ACS survival, with the greatest risk of elevation among those patients with worse depression symptoms. This link may identify a vulnerability to triggered ACS and poorer survival associated with depression. Future research should establish whether the observed relationship of depressive symptoms to ET-1 level mediates the link between depression and survival.
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111
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Dashwood MR, Tsui JCS. Further evidence for a role of endothelin-1 (ET-1) in critical limb ischaemia. J Cell Commun Signal 2010; 5:45-9. [PMID: 21484588 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-010-0109-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Critical limb ischaemia (CLI), due to atherosclerotic arterial occlusion, affects over 20,000 people per year in the United Kingdom with many facing lower limb amputation and early death. A role for endothelin-1 (ET-1) in atherosclerosis is well-established and increased circulating and tissue levels of this peptide have been detected in patients with CLI. ET-1 and its receptors were identified in atherosclerotic popliteal arteries obtained from CLI patients undergoing lower limb amputation. In addition, plasma ET-1 levels were compared with those of non-ischaemic controls. ET-1 was associated with regions of atherosclerotic plaque, particularly in regions with high macrophage content. This peptide was also associated with endothelial cells lining the main vessel lumen as well as adventitial microvessels. ET(A) and ET(B) receptors were located within regions of plaque, adventitial microvessels and perivascular nerves. There was a statistically significant increase (P < 0.001) in plasma ET-1 in CLI patients when compared with controls. These results reveal sources of ET-1 in atherosclerotic popliteal arteries that potentially contribute to increased circulating levels of this peptide. Identification of variable receptor distributions in ischaemic tissue suggests a therapeutic potential of selective receptor targeting in patients with CLI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Richard Dashwood
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Pond Street, London, NW3 2QG, UK,
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112
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Simeone SMC, Li MW, Paradis P, Schiffrin EL. Vascular gene expression in mice overexpressing human endothelin-1 targeted to the endothelium. Physiol Genomics 2010; 43:148-60. [PMID: 21045115 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00218.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelin (ET)-1 plays an important pathophysiological role in several vascular diseases including hypertension and atherosclerosis. Transgenic mice overexpressing human preproET-1 selectively in the endothelium (eET-1) exhibit vascular injury in the absence of blood pressure elevation. ET-1 overexpression may induce vascular injury by inducing changes in gene expression. To understand mechanisms whereby ET-1 induces vascular damage, vascular gene expression profiling was performed using DNA microarrays. RNA from mesenteric arteries of male and female young (6-7 wk) and mature (6-8 mo) eET-1 and wild-type (WT) mice was isolated, and changes in gene expression were determined by genome-wide expression profiling using Illumina microarray and FlexArray software. Data were analyzed using a relaxed and a stringent statistical approach. The gene lists were compared and analyzed as well with Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. The most common change was an increase in the expression of lipid metabolism genes. Four of these genes were validated by qPCR, cyp51, dgat2, and scd1 genes in young and elovl6 in both young and mature male mice, supporting a role of ET-1 in atherosclerosis. To test the hypothesis that ET-1 participates in mechanisms leading to atherosclerosis, we crossed eET-1 with atherosclerosis-prone apoE(-/-) mice to determine whether ET-1 overexpression exacerbates high-fat diet (HFD)-induced atherosclerosis using oil red O staining of descending thoracic aorta. HFD increased lipid plaques by 3-, 27-, and 86-fold in eET-1, apoE(-/-), and crossed mice, respectively, vs. WT. This suggests that increased endothelial ET-1 expression results in early changes in gene expression in the vascular wall that enhance lipid biosynthesis and accelerate progression of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania M C Simeone
- Vascular and Hypertension Research Unit, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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113
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Plasma C-terminal pro-endothelin-1 is associated with target-organ damage in African Americans with hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2010; 23:1204-8. [PMID: 20634796 DOI: 10.1038/ajh.2010.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a vasoactive peptide with vasoconstrictor and mitogenic properties. We investigated whether plasma levels of C-terminal pro-ET-1 (CT-proET-1), a newly described stable fragment of the ET-1 precursor, are associated with target-organ damage in hypertension. METHODS Participants included 981 African Americans (65 ± 9 years, 71% women) and 812 non-Hispanic whites (61 ± 9 years, 54% women) ascertained from sibships with hypertension. We measured plasma CT-proET-1 by an immunoluminometric assay. Measures of target-organ damage included the ankle-brachial index (ABI) and urinary albumin:creatinine ratio (UACR). Multivariable regressions analyses were employed to assess whether plasma CT-proET-1 levels were independently associated with ABI and UACR. RESULTS In hypertensive African Americans, higher plasma levels of CT-proET-1 were significantly associated with lower ABI (P < 0.01) and higher UACR (P < 0.01). After adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (BP), diabetes, serum glucose, insulin use, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), history of smoking, total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, medication use, and previous history of myocardial infarction (MI) or stroke, higher plasma levels of CT-proET-1 remained significantly associated with lower ABI (P < 0.01) and higher UACR (P = 0.02). In non-Hispanic white hypertensives, higher plasma levels of CT-proET-1 were weakly associated with higher UACR (P = 0.02) and with lower ABI (P = 0.07). After adjustment for the relevant covariates, no statistically significant associations between CT-proET-1 and ABI or UACR were present in whites. CONCLUSIONS Plasma levels of CT-proET-1 were independently associated with lower ABI and greater UACR in African American but not non-Hispanic white adults with hypertension.
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114
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Reriani MK, Lerman LO, Lerman A. Endothelial function as a functional expression of cardiovascular risk factors. Biomark Med 2010; 4:351-60. [PMID: 20550469 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.10.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional cardiovascular risk (CV) factors based on the Framingham study have been used to estimate the risk of CV events and determine target cholesterol levels for primary prevention. Recently published systematic reviews have, however, demonstrated that the Framingham risk score is limited in certain cohorts and requires adjustment. Indeed, traditional CV risk factors fail to predict the development of coronary heart disease in 25-50% of cases. This underscores the complex interplay between traditional CV risk factors, genetic predisposition and other atheroprotective factors present in individuals of different populations in predicting CV events. Endothelial dysfunction, a functional expression of the inherent atherosclerotic risk representing an integrated index of both the overall CV risk-factor burden and the sum of all vasculoprotective factors in an individual, may serve as the missing link between CV risk factors and atherosclerotic disease. Endothelial function measurements may aid in future prediction of CV events and help identify high-risk patients for targeted therapy as well as provide a primary therapeutic end point for clinical follow-up of these patients. Recently introduced reactive hyperemia peripheral arterial tonometry is emerging as a promising tool in endothelial function measurement and CV risk stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin K Reriani
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street, SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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115
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Diet-supported aerobic exercise reduces blood endothelin-1 and nitric oxide levels in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance. J Clin Lipidol 2010; 4:427-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2010.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Revised: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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116
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Reriani M, Raichlin E, Prasad A, Mathew V, Pumper GM, Nelson RE, Lennon R, Rihal C, Lerman LO, Lerman A. Long-term administration of endothelin receptor antagonist improves coronary endothelial function in patients with early atherosclerosis. Circulation 2010; 122:958-66. [PMID: 20733096 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.110.967406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelin (ET-1) is one of the most potent vasoconstrictors and plays a seminal role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that long-term treatment with an endothelin-A (ET(A)) receptor antagonist improves coronary endothelial function in patients with early coronary atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Forty-seven patients with multiple cardiovascular risk factors, nonobstructive coronary artery disease, and coronary endothelial dysfunction were randomized in a double-blind manner to either the ET(A) receptor antagonist atrasentan (10 mg) or placebo for 6 months. Coronary endothelium-dependent vasodilation was examined by infusing acetylcholine (10(-6) to 10(-4) mol/L) in the left anterior descending coronary artery. N(G)-monomethyl-l-arginine was administered to a subgroup of patients. Endothelium-independent coronary flow reserve was examined by use of intracoronary adenosine and nitroglycerin. Baseline characteristics and incidence of adverse effects were similar between the 2 groups. There was a significant improvement in percent change of coronary blood flow in response to acetylcholine at 6 months from baseline in the atrasentan group compared with the placebo group (39.67%, 95% confidence interval 23.23% to 68.21%, versus -2.22%, 95% confidence interval -27.37% to 15.28%; P<0.001). No significant difference in the percent change of coronary artery diameter or change in coronary flow reserve was demonstrated. Coronary blood flow, coronary artery diameter, and the effect of N(G)-monomethyl-l-arginine were similar between the groups at baseline and at 6 months. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that 6-month treatment with atrasentan improves coronary microvascular endothelial function and supports the role of the endogenous endothelin system in the regulation of endothelial function in early atherosclerosis in humans. Clinical Trial Registration Information- URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00271492.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Reriani
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic Rochester, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Yamashiro K, Milsom AB, Duchene J, Panayiotou C, Urabe T, Hattori N, Ahluwalia A. Alterations in nitric oxide and endothelin-1 bioactivity underlie cerebrovascular dysfunction in ApoE-deficient mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2010; 30:1494-503. [PMID: 20234380 PMCID: PMC2949246 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2010.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is associated with decreased nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and endothelial dysfunction, a phenomenon thought to have a major role in the altered cerebral blood flow evident in stroke. Therefore, strategies that increase endothelial NO production have potential utility. Vascular reactivity of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) from C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) mice, apolipoprotein-E knockout (ApoE(-/-)) mice, and mice treated with the phosphodiesterase inhibitor cilostazol (100 mg/kg) was analyzed using the tension myograph. Contractile responses to endothelin-1 were significantly enhanced in MCA from ApoE(-/-) mice compared with WT mice (P<0.01), an effect absent in cilostazol-treated ApoE(-/-) mice. Acetylcholine-induced relaxation (which is entirely NO-dependent) was significantly impaired in MCA of ApoE(-/-) mice compared with WT mice (P<0.05), again an effect prevented by cilostazol treatment. Endothelial NOS phosphorylation at Ser(1179) was decreased in the aorta of ApoE(-/-) mice compared with WT mice (P<0.05), an effect normalized by cilostazol. Taken together, our data suggest that the endothelial dysfunction observed in MCA associated with hypercholesterolemia is prevented by cilostazol, an effect likely due to the increase in eNOS phosphorylation and, therefore, activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Yamashiro
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
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Fraenkl SA, Mozaffarieh M, Flammer J. Retinal vein occlusions: The potential impact of a dysregulation of the retinal veins. EPMA J 2010; 1:253-261. [PMID: 21258633 PMCID: PMC3003793 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-010-0025-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is a sight threatening disease. It can be divided into central vein occlusion and branch retinal vein occlusion. The pathogenesis of the condition remains to be solved. Mechanical compression of the vessel wall or thrombotic occlusion of the vessel lumen, sometimes combined with rheological disorders, are often assumed pathomechanisms. Accordingly, the therapy relies either on mechanical decompression, lyses of thrombi or improvement of rheology. A number of observations however, such as the relationship of RVO to atherosclerotic risk factors, spontaneous reversibility particularly in young patients, rest flow observed in angiography, occlusion despite anticoagulation or thrombocytopenia and finally the positive effect of anti-VEGF therapy are not explained by the present pathogenetic concept. As a new concept we propose a local venous constriction induced by vasoconstrictive molecules diffusing from neighbouring diseased arteries and/or from other neighbouring (hypoxic) tissues. Recognizing these postulated conditions might lead to an earlier identification of impending vein occlusions as well as to a treatment more tailored to the risk factor constellation of the particular patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan A Fraenkl
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Mittlere Strasse 91, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
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119
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Cellini M, Strobbe E, Gizzi C, Campos EC. ET-1 plasma levels and ocular blood flow in retinitis pigmentosaThis article is one of a selection of papers published in the two-part special issue entitled 20 Years of Endothelin Research. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2010; 88:630-5. [DOI: 10.1139/y10-036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is an inherited retinal disorder clinically characterized by a pale, waxy optic nerve head, attenuated retinal blood vessels, and bone spicule pigment in the retina. Hemodynamic studies have demonstrated that RP is associated with a reduction in the retinal and choroidal blood flow. Retinal hemodynamic impairment is also present in early stages of RP, and various hypotheses have been advanced as to the cause. The authors studied 20 patients, 12 males and 8 females, aged 26–42 years (mean 35.1 years) and affected by simplex RP. The patients had a visual acuity of 0.9 ± 0.1, visual field mean defect of –6.52 ± 3.58 dB, and b-wave electroretinogram amplitude of 260.08 ± 8.24 µV. An increase in plasma levels of endothelin-1 (ET-1) was found: 1.910 ± 0.317 pg/mL versus 1.180 ± 0.210 pg/mL in non-RP controls (p < 0.02). Moreover both an ocular and systemic vascular impairment was detected by means of color Doppler imaging and laser Doppler flowmetry performed during a cold pressor test. We found a correlation between the increase of ET-1 plasma levels in RP and the decrease of peak systolic velocity in the ophthalmic artery (p < 0.03) and in the posterior ciliary arteries (p < 0.006). It is thought that an increase of ET-1 and retinal oxygen levels in RP could lead to vasoconstriction and a decrease of the retinal blood flow, worsening the abiotrophic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Cellini
- Department of Surgery and Anesthesiology Science, Ophthalmology Service, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ernesto Strobbe
- Department of Surgery and Anesthesiology Science, Ophthalmology Service, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Corrado Gizzi
- Department of Surgery and Anesthesiology Science, Ophthalmology Service, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Emilio C. Campos
- Department of Surgery and Anesthesiology Science, Ophthalmology Service, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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120
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Does endothelial dysfunction contribute to the clinical status of patients with peripheral arterial disease? Can J Cardiol 2010; 26 Suppl A:45A-50A. [PMID: 20386761 DOI: 10.1016/s0828-282x(10)71062-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral arterial disease leads to lower extremity ischemia and limb loss, and is linked to cardiovascular events. The anatomical extent of lower extremity atherosclerosis fails to fully explain ischemic symptoms or predict the development of critical limb ischemia. Endothelial dysfunction is known to contributed to the pathogenesis and clinical expression of coronary artery disease, but the importance of endothelial dysfunction in peripheral arterial disease remains incompletely understood. Endothelial dysfunction could contribute to lower extremity ischemia by impairing blood flow responses to ischemia, collateral formation and arterial remodelling, and by promoting vasospasm, thrombosis, plaque rupture and lesion progression. There is a need for additional studies examining the contribution of endothelial dysfunction to the pathogenesis of peripheral arterial disease, and the potential role of endothelial dysfunction as a surrogate marker with utility in the management of patients.
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121
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Sánchez A, Recio P, Orensanz LM, Bustamante S, Navarro-Dorado J, Climent B, Benedito S, García-Sacristán A, Prieto D, Hernández M. Mechanisms involved in the effects of endothelin-1 in pig prostatic small arteries. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 640:190-6. [PMID: 20493185 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Since endothelin-1 (ET-1) is involved in prostatic disorders, the current study investigated the mechanisms underlying the ET-1-induced effects in pig prostatic small arteries. The experiments were performed in rings mounted in microvascular myographs containing physiological saline solution at 37oC for isometric force recordings. On basal tension, ET-1 (0.1-30 nM) evoked concentration-dependent contractions, which were enhanced by endothelium removal. ET-1 contractions were inhibited by blockade of endothelin ETA and ETB receptors, extracellular Ca2+ removal and blockade of voltage-dependent (L-type)- and non-voltage-dependent-Ca2+ channels. On endothelium intact rings precontracted with noradrenaline, the ETB endothelin receptor agonist BQ3020 promoted a concentration-dependent relaxation which was reduced by blockade of ETB receptors, nitric oxide synthase, guanylyl cyclase and prostanoids synthesis. Endothelium removal abolished its relaxant response and unmasked a BQ3020-induced contraction. Tetraethylammonium and 4-aminopyridine, blockers of non-selective K+ channels and voltage-dependent K+ (Kv) channels, respectively, inhibited the relaxations to BQ3020. Iberiotoxin, apamin and glibenclamide, blockers of large and small Ca2+-activated- and ATP-dependent- K+ channels, respectively, failed to modify these responses. These data suggest that ET-1 promotes contraction of pig prostatic small arteries by activating vascular smooth muscle contractile endothelin ETA and ETB receptors coupled to extracellular Ca2+ entry, via voltage-dependent (L-type)- and non-voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, also being due to intracellular Ca2+ mobilization. In addition, a population of endothelial ETB receptors mediates vasorelaxation via NO-cGMP pathway, vasodilator cyclooxygenase product(s) and Kv channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sánchez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, and Departamento de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal 28040-Madrid, Spain
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122
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Tendency to angry rumination predicts stress-provoked endothelin-1 increase in patients with coronary artery disease. Psychosom Med 2010; 72:348-53. [PMID: 20368479 PMCID: PMC2872076 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0b013e3181d71982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether a tendency to angry rumination predicts anger recall (AR) stress-provoked increase in endothelin (ET)-1 among patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). METHODS Patients with chronic stable CHD (n = 105) completed a five-item measure of tendency to angry rumination (DAB-VR) and underwent a laboratory AR stress protocol (15-minute resting baseline [BL], 8-minute AR). Blood samples drawn at end of BL and AR were assayed for ET-1. Change in ET-1 from BL to AR (increase versus decrease/no change) was treated dichotomously in multivariate logistic regression models, including DAB-VR score and potential confounders, to evaluate the contribution of DAB-VR to the prediction of change in ET-1. RESULTS In the multivariate model, DAB-VR score significantly predicted ET-1 increase (odds ratio, 1.34; 95% confidence interval, 1.10-1.1.63; p = .004), controlling for age, history of diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, rate pressure product, use of beta blockers, and statins. CONCLUSIONS A tendency to angry rumination independently predicted AR stress-provoked ET-1 increase among patients with CHD. Given the involvement of ET-1 in plaque rupture, anger rumination tendency may identify vulnerability to anger-triggered acute coronary syndrome through prolongation of initial anger mobilization. The contribution of ruminative thinking to sustained poststress ET-1 elevation and the synergistic relationship of ET-1 during emotional stress with norepinephrine and nitric oxide remain to be explored.
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123
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de Haro Miralles J, Gónzalez AF, Varela Casariego C, García FA. Onset of peripheral arterial disease: role of endothelin in endothelial dysfunction. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2010; 10:760-5. [PMID: 20154344 DOI: 10.1510/icvts.2009.227967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Endothelial dysfunction and inflammation are understood to contribute to the onset of peripheral arterial disease (PAD), and endothelin (ET) may play an important role in this process. This study investigated the role of ET in PAD, and its relationships with symptoms, endothelial dysfunction and inflammation. METHODS AND RESULTS This cross-sectional study enrolled 141 participants: 66 patients with PAD and intermittent claudication, 37 patients with PAD and critical ischemia, and 38 healthy controls aged under 35 years. There were no gender distribution differences between control and diseased groups. Moreover, no differences were observed in age or cardiovascular risk factors distribution between patients with critical ischemia and patients with claudication. Plasma ET concentrations were significantly higher in patients vs. controls (8.76+/-77.1 vs. 6.45+/-0.89 pmol/l, respectively; P=0.002). Nevertheless, patients with claudication exhibited significantly higher plasma ET concentrations vs. patients with critical ischemia (10.97+/-7.9 vs. 4.82+/-2.57 pmol/l, respectively; P<0.001). Otherwise, significantly greater serum concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP) were observed in patients with critical ischemia vs. patients with claudication (16.94 vs. 4.73 mg/l, respectively; P=0.001) and controls (0.96 mg/l; P=0.001). Plasma concentrations of ET had a modest negative correlation with serum concentrations of CRP (-0.165; P=0.095). CONCLUSION Plasma concentrations of ET in patients with PAD are greatest in early disease; ET concentrations decrease substantially and inflammation arises as disease advances. Serum CRP concentrations exhibit a modest negative correlation with those of ET.
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124
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Nguyen A, Thorin-Trescases N, Thorin E. Working under pressure: coronary arteries and the endothelin system. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010; 298:R1188-94. [PMID: 20237301 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00653.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous endothelin-1-dependent (ET-1) tone in coronary arteries depends on the balance between ET(A) and ET(B) receptor-mediated effects and on parameters such as receptor distribution and endothelial integrity. Numerous studies highlight the striking functional interactions that exist between nitric oxide (NO) and ET-1 in the regulation of vascular tone. Many of the cardiovascular complications associated with cardiovascular risk factors and aging are initially attributable, at least in part, to endothelial dysfunction characterized by a dysregulation between NO and ET-1. The contribution of the imbalance between smooth muscle ET(A/B) and endothelial ET(B) receptors to this process is poorly understood. An increased contribution of ET-1 that is associated with a proportional decrease in that of NO accompanies the development of coronary endothelial dysfunction, coronary vasospasm, and atherosclerosis. These data form the basis for the rationale of testing therapeutic approaches counteracting ET-1-induced cardiovascular dysfunction. It remains to be determined whether the beneficial role of endothelial ET(B) receptors declines with age and risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, revealing smooth muscle ET(B) receptors with proconstricting and proinflammatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Nguyen
- Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal, centre de recherche, 5000 rue Bélanger, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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125
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Rullman E, Gustafsson T, Ahlborg G. The impact of the endothelin type A receptor on regional endothelin-1 turnover, in particular renal endothelin-1 release, in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2010; 108:1625-30. [PMID: 20150570 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00881.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelin type A (ETA) receptor was studied in six healthy subjects on two occasions with or without an ETA receptor (BQ-123) blockade. At 40 min of either BQ-123 or NaCl infusion, a concomitant infusion of the endothelin-1 (ET-1) precursor, big ET-1, was initiated to augment ET-1 formation. Blood samples were taken from catheters in a peripheral artery, the renal and femoral veins, and the pulmonary artery. Forty minutes of infusion with BQ-123 alone increased heart rate (P<0.001) and cardiac output (CO; P<0.01) and depressed mean arterial blood pressure (P<0.001) and systemic vascular resistance (SVR; P<0.01). During infusion of big ET-1 alone, CO, stroke volume, and renal blood flow decreased (P<0.01), whereas SVR and pulmonary and renal vascular resistance increased (P<0.05). These responses to big ET-1 were abolished or diminished by BQ-123. Renal ET-1 release was threefold higher when big ET-1 infusion was preceded by BQ-123 infusion (P<0.001). Arterial ET-1 concentrations rose to similar levels after big ET-1 infusion (P<0.01) in both trials because of elevated concomitant pulmonary uptake (P<0.05) after ETA blockade. Although there was no net ET-1 leg exchange, leg ET-1 turnover was higher after big ET-1 was preceded by BQ-123. Gene expression of endothelin-converting enzyme 1 and ET-1 in skeletal muscle remained unaltered on both occasions. Our data demonstrate that the level of circulating ET-1 is regulated by ETA receptor-mediated negative feedback. This mechanism seems to be coupled to increased conversion of big ET-1 and is most potent in the kidneys. This emphasizes the important physiological role of ETA receptors in the kidneys, and the lung seems to be mainly a clearing organ for ET-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Rullman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
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126
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Thorin E, Clozel M. The cardiovascular physiology and pharmacology of endothelin-1. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2010; 60:1-26. [PMID: 21081213 PMCID: PMC3693982 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385061-4.00001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
One year after the discovery in 1980 that the endothelium was obligatory for acetylcholine to relax isolated arteries, it was clearly shown that the endothelium could also promote contraction. In 1988, Dr Yanagisawa's group identified endothelin-1 (ET-1) as the first endothelium-derived contracting factor. The circulating levels of this short (21 amino acids) peptide were quickly determined in humans and it was reported that in most cardiovascular diseases, circulating levels of ET-1 were increased and ET-1 was then recognized as a likely mediator of pathological vasoconstriction in human. The discovery of two receptor subtypes in 1990, ET(A) and ET(B), permitted optimization of bosentan, which entered clinical development in 1993, and was offered to patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension in 2001. In this report, we discuss the physiological and pathophysiological role of endothelium-derived ET-1, the pharmacology of its two receptors, focusing on the regulation of the vascular tone and as much as possible in humans. The coronary bed will be used as a running example, but references to the pulmonary, cerebral, and renal circulation will also be made. Many of the cardiovascular complications associated with aging and cardiovascular risk factors are initially attributable, at least in part, to endothelial dysfunction, particularly dysregulation of the vascular function associated with an imbalance in the close interdependence of NO and ET-1, in which the implication of the ET(B) receptor may be central.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Thorin
- Department of Surgery, Montreal Heart Institute, Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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127
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Leitner GC, Schmetterer L, Kapiotis S, Jilma B. Effects of endothelin-1 and phenylephrine on plasma levels of von Willebrand factor and protein S. Thromb Res 2010; 125:e5-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2009.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2009] [Revised: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 08/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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128
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Thorin E, Webb DJ. Endothelium-derived endothelin-1. Pflugers Arch 2009; 459:951-8. [PMID: 19967386 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-009-0763-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Revised: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 11/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
One year after the revelation by Dr. Furchgott in 1980 that the endothelium was obligatory for acetylcholine to relax isolated arteries, it was clearly shown that the endothelium could also promote contraction. In 1988, Dr. Yanagisawa's group identified endothelin-1 (ET-1) as the first endothelium-derived contracting factor. The circulating levels of this short (21-amino acid) peptide were quickly determined in humans, and it was reported that, in most cardiovascular diseases, circulating levels of ET-1 were increased, and ET-1 was then tagged as "a bad guy." The discovery of two receptor subtypes in 1990, ET(A) and ET(B), permitted optimization of the first dual ET-1 receptor antagonist in 1993 by Dr. Clozel's team, who entered clinical development with bosentan, which was offered to patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension in 2001. The revelation of Dr. Furchgott opened a Pandora's box with ET-1 as one of the actors. In this brief review, we will discuss the physiological and pathophysiological role of endothelium-derived ET-1 focusing on the regulation of the vascular tone, and as much as possible in humans. The coronary bed will be used as a running example in this review because it is the most susceptible to endothelial dysfunction, but references to the cerebral and renal circulation will also be made. Many of the cardiovascular complications associated with aging and cardiovascular risk factors are initially attributable, at least in part, to endothelial dysfunction, particularly dysregulation of the vascular function associated with an imbalance in the close interdependence of nitric oxide and ET-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Thorin
- Department of Surgery and Research Center, Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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129
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Stauffer BL, Westby CM, Greiner JJ, Van Guilder GP, Desouza CA. Sex differences in endothelin-1-mediated vasoconstrictor tone in middle-aged and older adults. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009; 298:R261-5. [PMID: 19939973 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00626.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of cardiovascular disease is lower in middle-aged and older women than men. Increased endothelin-1-mediated vasoconstriction has been linked to the etiology of a number of cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, heart failure, and hypertension. It is unknown whether a sex difference in endothelin-1-mediated vasoconstrictor tone exists in middle-aged and older adults. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that middle-aged and older men would demonstrate greater ET-1-mediated vasoconstrictor tone than age-matched women. Forearm blood flow in response to intra-arterial infusions of endothelin (ET)-1, BQ-123 (a selective ET(A) receptor antagonist), and BQ-788 (a selective ET(B) receptor antagonist) was assessed by venous occlusion plethysmography in 21 women (age: 58 + or - 1 yr; body mass index: 26.0 + or - 1.0 kg/m(2)) and 25 men (age: 57 + or - 2 yr; body mass index: 26.8 + or - 0.7 kg/m(2)). In response to BQ-123, the increase in forearm blood flow from baseline was significantly higher in the men than the women (24 + or - 5% vs. 9 + or - 5%; P < 0.05). In contrast, the increase in forearm blood flow in response to BQ-123 coinfused with BQ-788 was greater in the women than the men, such that the maximum vasodilation to dual endothelin receptor blockade was similar between men and women (approximately 25%). There was no difference in the vasoconstrictor response to ET-1 between the sexes. These results indicate that middle-aged and older men are under greater ET(A) receptor-mediated vasoconstrictor tone than age-matched women. Since the ET(A) receptor is the predominant receptor subtype in the coronary vasculature, this sex difference in vasoconstrictor tone may be a mechanism contributing to the sex difference in the prevalence of coronary heart disease in middle-aged and older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian L Stauffer
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, Dept. of Integrative Physiology, Univ. of Colorado, 354 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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130
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Sud N, Black SM. Endothelin-1 impairs nitric oxide signaling in endothelial cells through a protein kinase Cdelta-dependent activation of STAT3 and decreased endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression. DNA Cell Biol 2009; 28:543-53. [PMID: 19754268 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2009.0865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In an ovine model of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN), endothelin-1 (ET-1) expression is increased, while endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression is decreased. However, the molecular mechanisms by which ET-1 attenuates eNOS expression in endothelial cells are not completely understood. Thus, the goal of this study was to determine if the overexpression of ET-1 decreases eNOS expression in pulmonary arterial endothelial cells isolated from fetal lambs. To increase the ET-1 expression, cells were transfected with a plasmid coding for Prepro-ET-1, a precursor of ET-1. After overexpression of Prepro-ET-1, ET-1 levels in the culture medium were significantly increased (control = 805.3 +/- 69.8; Prepro-ET-1 overexpression = 1351 +/- 127.9). eNOS promoter activity, protein levels, and NO generation were all significantly decreased by the overexpression of Prepro-ET-1. The decrease in transcription correlated with increased activity of protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta) and STAT3. Further, DNA binding activity of STAT3 was also increased by Prepro-ET-1 overexpression. The increase in STAT3 activity and decrease in eNOS promoter activity were inhibited by the overexpression of dominant negative mutants of PKCdelta or STAT3. Further, a 2 bp mutation in the STAT3 binding site in the eNOS promoter inhibited STAT3 binding and led to enhanced promoter activity in the presence of Prepro-ET-1 overexpression. In conclusion, ET-1 secretion is increased by Prepro-ET-1 overexpression. This results in activation of PKCdelta, which phosphorylates STAT3, increasing its binding to the eNOS promoter. This in turn decreases eNOS promoter activity, protein levels, and NO production. Thus, ET-1 can reduce eNOS expression and NO generation in fetal pulmonary artery endothelial cells through PKCdelta-mediated activation of STAT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetu Sud
- Program in Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
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131
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Atheromatous plaque from human carotid artery: Potential involvement of the endothelin-1 and their receptors. Process Biochem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2009.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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132
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Wang C, Liu J, Guo F, Ji Y, Liu N. Endothelin-1 induces the expression of C-reactive protein in rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 389:537-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2009] [Accepted: 09/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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133
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Reel B, Oktay G, Ozkal S, Islekel H, Ozer E, Ozsarlak-Sozer G, Cavdar Z, Akhisaroglu ST, Kerry Z. MMP-2 and MMP-9 Alteration in Response to Collaring in Rabbits: The Effects of Endothelin Receptor Antagonism. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2009; 14:292-301. [DOI: 10.1177/1074248409343690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and, in particular, gelatinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9), have been implicated in vascular cell proliferation and/or migration, contributing to intimal thickening, an essential stage in the development of atherosclerosis and restenosis following balloon angioplasty. Endothelin, a strong chemoatractant and mitogen, has been shown to promote smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration by activating MMPs via endothelin-A (ETA) receptors. The positioning of a soft silicon collar around the left carotid artery in rabbits results in intimal thickening. In this study, we investigate the possible role of gelatinases and the effect of a nonselective ETA/ETB receptor antagonist, TAK-044 (5 mg/kg body weight/day, subcutaneously [sc]), on these enzymes. Our results demonstrated that both MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities increased in response to collaring in placebo group, while treatment with TAK-044 significantly suppressed both gelatinase activities and proMMP-2 levels, and inhibited intimal thickening in collared arteries. These results suggest that either enhanced MMP expression or endothelin receptor antagonism may be involved in the formation of intimal thickening in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buket Reel
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gulgun Oktay
- Department of Biochemistry, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sermin Ozkal
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Inciralti, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Huray Islekel
- Department of Biochemistry, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Erdener Ozer
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Inciralti, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gonen Ozsarlak-Sozer
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Zahide Cavdar
- Department of Biochemistry, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Zeliha Kerry
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey,
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Larose E, Behrendt D, Kinlay S, Selwyn AP, Ganz P, Fang JC. Endothelin-1 Is a Key Mediator of Coronary Vasoconstriction in Patients With Transplant Coronary Arteriosclerosis. Circ Heart Fail 2009; 2:409-16. [DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.108.836759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background—
Transplant coronary arteriosclerosis (TCA) is the principal long-term complication in cardiac transplant recipients. The mediators responsible for vascular proliferation and vasoconstriction typical of TCA remain largely unknown. We tested whether endothelin-1 (ET-1), a potent vasoconstrictor and mitogen, contributes to the pathogenesis and manifestations of TCA.
Methods and Results—
BQ-123, an ET-1 receptor-A antagonist, was infused into a coronary artery (40 nmol/min for 60 minutes) of 18 subjects, 6�4 years after transplantation. Vasomotor responses were measured in the infused artery and in a noninfused control artery in patients with (n=10) and without (n=8) advanced TCA (108 total coronary segments). Changes in diameters were compared at 15-minute intervals up to 60 minutes. Contribution of ET-1 to coronary constrictor tone was assessed by comparing vasodilation from BQ-123 with that of the maximal vasodilator nitroglycerin (200-μg intracoronary bolus).
BQ-123 dilated coronary arteries of transplanted patients (8.4% at 60 minutes versus −0.4% in noninfused arteries,
P
<0.001). Dilation was greater for arteries with advanced TCA defined as diameter stenosis ≥15% (dilation 15.2% with versus 0.6% without advanced TCA,
P
=0.004). Judged against the response to nitroglycerin, ET-1 accounted for 53.2% of coronary tone in advanced TCA but only 12.9% without advanced TCA.
Conclusions—
This study shows for the first time in humans that ET-1 is an important mediator of coronary vasoconstriction in TCA and accounts for >50% of the increased vasomotor tone. Therapeutic targeting of ET-1 may retard the development of TCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Larose
- From the Multidisciplinary Department of Cardiology (E.L.), Quebec Heart and Lung Institute at Laval Hospital and Laval University, Quebec, Canada; the Klinik fur Kardiologie (D.B.), Pneumologie und Angiologie, Universitaetsklinikum, Duesseldorf, Germany; the Cardiovascular Division (S.K., A.P.S.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; the Division of Cardiology (P.G.), San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco,
| | - Dominik Behrendt
- From the Multidisciplinary Department of Cardiology (E.L.), Quebec Heart and Lung Institute at Laval Hospital and Laval University, Quebec, Canada; the Klinik fur Kardiologie (D.B.), Pneumologie und Angiologie, Universitaetsklinikum, Duesseldorf, Germany; the Cardiovascular Division (S.K., A.P.S.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; the Division of Cardiology (P.G.), San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco,
| | - Scott Kinlay
- From the Multidisciplinary Department of Cardiology (E.L.), Quebec Heart and Lung Institute at Laval Hospital and Laval University, Quebec, Canada; the Klinik fur Kardiologie (D.B.), Pneumologie und Angiologie, Universitaetsklinikum, Duesseldorf, Germany; the Cardiovascular Division (S.K., A.P.S.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; the Division of Cardiology (P.G.), San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco,
| | - Andrew P. Selwyn
- From the Multidisciplinary Department of Cardiology (E.L.), Quebec Heart and Lung Institute at Laval Hospital and Laval University, Quebec, Canada; the Klinik fur Kardiologie (D.B.), Pneumologie und Angiologie, Universitaetsklinikum, Duesseldorf, Germany; the Cardiovascular Division (S.K., A.P.S.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; the Division of Cardiology (P.G.), San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco,
| | - Peter Ganz
- From the Multidisciplinary Department of Cardiology (E.L.), Quebec Heart and Lung Institute at Laval Hospital and Laval University, Quebec, Canada; the Klinik fur Kardiologie (D.B.), Pneumologie und Angiologie, Universitaetsklinikum, Duesseldorf, Germany; the Cardiovascular Division (S.K., A.P.S.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; the Division of Cardiology (P.G.), San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco,
| | - James C. Fang
- From the Multidisciplinary Department of Cardiology (E.L.), Quebec Heart and Lung Institute at Laval Hospital and Laval University, Quebec, Canada; the Klinik fur Kardiologie (D.B.), Pneumologie und Angiologie, Universitaetsklinikum, Duesseldorf, Germany; the Cardiovascular Division (S.K., A.P.S.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; the Division of Cardiology (P.G.), San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco,
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Epstein BJ, Anderson S. Endothelin receptor antagonists as antihypertensives: the next frontier. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2009; 7:675-87. [PMID: 19505283 DOI: 10.1586/erc.09.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The endothelin system is a pivotal player along the continuum of cardiovascular disease. There is convincing evidence that the system not only exerts a potent pressor effect but also promotes end-organ damage independent from blood pressure changes. The role of endothelin receptor antagonists (ERAs) in the treatment of hypertension is rapidly evolving. Recent studies demonstrate a formidable antihypertensive effect. Utility of ERAs is likely to be greatest in patients with resistant hypertension. Beyond blood pressure lowering, ERAs exert several properties that may confer additional protection, including effects on endothelial function, atherosclerosis, arterial stiffening, renal function and proteinuria. The full potential of this class will only be realized when the results of ongoing and future studies in hypertension, heart failure and other forms of cardiovascular disease are completed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Epstein
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, 101 S. Newell Drive, HPNP Building. 212, Room 3315, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0486, USA.
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Miller MJS, Munshi UK, Zhang XJ, Sadowska-Krowicka H, Savage P, Kakkis JL, Eloby-Childress S, Clark DA, Bustamante SA, Jeng AY. Chronic Administration of the Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitor, L-NAME, Increases Circulating Endothelin Levels in Guinea Pigs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/10623329509024659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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137
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Sqalli-Houssaini H, Martin-Nizard F, Walters-Laporte E, Boullier A, Mackereel R, Fruchart JC, Duriez P. Oxidised LDL Modulates Endothelin Secretion by Adult Bovine Aortic Endothelial Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/10623329509024658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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138
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Abstract
Increased oxidative stress impairs endothelial function and is thought to mediate vascular disease. Several pathological conditions increase the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the vascular wall, including hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, and hypertension. These conditions are associated with endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease. Thus, overall vascular function is dependent upon the balance of oxidant and antioxidant mechanisms, which determines endothelial function. Endothelial function is usually defined as nitric oxide (NO) production and/or bioavailability. Because ROS can interact and inactivate NO, vascular oxidative stress can lead to decrease NO bioavailability. This results in endothelial dysfunction and increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. Several pharmacological approaches have been used to improve endothelial function and decrease oxidative stress. These include treatment modalities that augment the antioxidant defense mechanisms, increase NO production, and inhibit ROS-generating enzymes. This review provides an overview of the relationship between endothelial function and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisakazu Ogita
- Vascular Medicine Research, Department of Medicine, Brigham, & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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139
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Affiliation(s)
- John Pernow
- Department of Cardiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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140
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Pouta AM, Vuolteenaho OJ, Laatikainen TJ. The Association of Plasma Endothelin with Clinical Parameters in Preeclampsia. Hypertens Pregnancy 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/10641959809006070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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141
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Liakopoulos V, Wurth P, Mertens PR, Eleftheriadis T, Kourti P, Voliotis G, Heintz B, Koukoulis GN, Stefanidis I. Endothelin-1 Plasma Levels in Hemodialysis Treatment—The Influence of Type 2 Diabetes. Ren Fail 2009; 27:515-22. [PMID: 16152988 DOI: 10.1080/08860220500198250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In patients on chronic hemodialysis the prevalence of atherosclerosis is increased and is by far the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Endothelin-1, an endothelium-derived peptide with vasoconstrictive and mitogenic effects on vascular smooth muscles, is involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the time course of plasma endothelin-1 levels during a hemodialysis session and to explore the influence of preexisting type 2 diabetes mellitus. Forty-five clinically stable hemodialysis patients (21 females, 24 males; mean age 62 +/- 12 years) were evaluated. Patients with type 2 diabetes (n= 11) were compared with the group of patients without diabetes (n=34). Relative blood volume (BV) changes (hemoglobinometry) and blood pressure (BP) was measured. Samples were taken before, every hour during, and after hemodialysis. Plasma endothelin-1 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) and results were corrected according to hemoconcentration. Hemodialysis with an ultrafiltration of 2215 +/- 952 mL was performed. Total BV at the end of hemodialysis was 89.3% +/- 8.3% of the pretreatment volume. Plasma endothelin-1 was enhanced in hemodialysis patients compared to normal subjects and increased from 1.28 +/- 0.47 before to 1.44 +/- 0.54 pg/mL (ref. 0.3-0.9) at the end of hemodialysis (p<0.05). The BV change (r=0.41) and the BP (mean BP: r=0.34) correlated with plasma endothelin-1 at the end of hemodialysis (p<0.05). The levels of endothelin-1 were significantly higher in the group of dialysis patients with type 2 diabetes compared to nondiabetics in all measurements (p<0.05). These findings suggest a potential role of endothelin-1 in the pathogenesis of vascular dysfunction in diabetes mellitus. The dialysis procedure per se, through vasoconstriction due to BV decrease, local endothelial injury (a.v. fistula), or bioincompatibility reactions (foreign surface contact) may additionally alter endothelial cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilios Liakopoulos
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessalia, Larissa, Greece
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143
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de Haro Miralles J, Martínez-Aguilar E, Florez A, Varela C, Bleda S, Acin F. Nitric oxide: link between endothelial dysfunction and inflammation in patients with peripheral arterial disease of the lower limbs. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2009; 9:107-12. [PMID: 19376804 DOI: 10.1510/icvts.2008.196428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To analyse the role of nitric oxide (NO) in peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and its association with inflammation and brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (BAFMD) as an estimation of endothelial dysfunction. MATERIAL AND METHODS Cross-sectional study of 82 patients with ischaemia (50 with Fontaine stage II and 32 with Fontaine stage III-IV) in whom BAFMD, hsCRP and nitrite levels in plasma were determined by colorimetric assay using the Griess reaction. They were compared with a control group of healthy subjects (n=41) with ABI >0.9, under 30 years of age. RESULTS No significant differences were found between the different stages of ischaemia in relation to risk factors or concomitant treatments. The patients with PAD had significantly higher NO levels in plasma than the control group (23.92+/-23.27 microM vs. 12.77+/-11.12 microM, P=0.001). However, no statistically significant differences were observed in the NO levels between the two groups of patients with PAD (25.24+/-24.47 microM vs. 21.86+/-19.86 microM, P=0.38). Neither were differences found between the two in BAFMD (4.7+/-4.2 vs. 4.3+/-2.8, P=0.1). The hsCRP values were statistically higher in PAD stage III-IV (8.2+/-13.5 vs. 29.2+/-33.2, P=0.0001). CONCLUSIONS The presence of elevated NO values in PAD, in conjunction with elevated CRP levels, reinforces the theory that atherosclerosis has an inflammatory nature. Its lack of correlation with the clinical severity, also occurring in BAFMD, lends weight to the hypothesis that endothelial dysfunction is an event which takes place in the first stages of the disease.
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144
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Goch A, Banach M, Mikhailidis DP, Rysz J, Goch JH. Endothelial dysfunction in patients with noncomplicated and complicated hypertension. Clin Exp Hypertens 2009; 31:20-30. [PMID: 19172456 DOI: 10.1080/10641960802409846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction plays an important role in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Other risk factors of atherosclerosis also affect its development. The aim of the study was to assess nitric oxide metabolites concentration (nitrites and nitrates No(x)) and endothelin (ET-1) in plasma and cyclic 3,5-guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) in 24 h-urine collection in patients with noncomplicated hypertension without risk factors of atherosclerosis and in hypertensive patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Sixty-eight subjects were included in the study (44 men, 24 women), aged 47 +/- 76 years, allotted into four groups: I - controls (18 clinically healthy subjects); II - 12 subjects with hypertension without risk factors of atherosclerosis; III - 16 subjects with hypertension and risk factors of atherosclerosis; and IV - 22 subjects with hypertension and CAD. Plasma NO(x) concentration was determined using the Greiss method, plasma ET-1 by ELISA, and urine cGMP using the immunoenzymatic method. Plasma NO(x) concentration was 14.00 +/- 6.88 micromol/L in group I, in group II - 18.62 +/- 5.84 micromol, in group III - 9.96 +/- 4.72 micromol/L, and in group IV - 8.78 +/- 3.72 micromol/L. Statistically significant differences were between groups I and III (p < 0.05) and I and IV (p < 0.04) and groups II and III (p < 0.01) and II and IV (p < 0.01). The concentration of cGMP in 24 h urine collection was in group I - 40 +/- 24 pmol/L; in group II - 54 +/- 41 pmol/L; in group III - 38 +/- 32 pmol/L; and in group IV - 42 +/- 36 pmol/L. There were no significant differences between the groups. Plasma ET-1 concentration was 3.86 +/- 0.52 pg/mL in group I, in group II - 4.05 +/- 0.71 pg/mL, in group III - 4.22 +/- 0.79 pg/mL and in group IV - 4.38 +/- 0.75 pg/mL. Statistically significant differences were between group I and III (p < 0.05), I and IV (p < 0.03), and between group II and IV (p < 0.04). Endothelial dysfunction was not found in hypertensive patients without a family history of cardiovascular diseases and without other risk factors of atherosclerosis. Deterioration of endothelial function was observed in patients with hypertension with risk factors of atherosclerosis. It was most pronounced in those with CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander Goch
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Ellahham SH, Charlon V, Abassi Z, Calis KA, Choucair WK. Bosentan and the endothelin system in congestive heart failure. Clin Cardiol 2009; 23:803-7. [PMID: 11097125 PMCID: PMC6655168 DOI: 10.1002/clc.4960231128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelin system appears to play an important role in the pathophysiology of congestive heart failure (CHF). Endothelin receptor antagonists represent a novel class of agents that are being evaluated for their potential benefits in treating various cardiovascular disorders. Bosentan is an orally active endothelin receptor antagonist that has been studied for the treatment of CHF. Early clinical experience with bosentan has confirmed some benefits on hemodynamic parameters in patients with CHF. Its role in slowing the progression of the disease and improving survival remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Ellahham
- Division of Cardiology, Washington Hospital Center, DC 20010, USA
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146
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Impact of endothelin-1 Lys198Asn polymorphism on coronary artery disease and endorgan damage in hypertensives. Coron Artery Dis 2009; 19:429-34. [PMID: 18923236 DOI: 10.1097/mca.0b013e32830936e5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endothelin is the most potent endogenous vasoconstrictor and is involved in several vascular disorders such as arterial hypertension. Its intense interaction with other vasoactive hormone systems revealed the consideration about the endothelin gene as an interesting candidate for influencing the development of essential hypertension and hypertensive endorgan damage. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of endothelin-1 Lys198Asn polymorphism in patients with severe arterial hypertension as well as associated endorgan damages. METHODS In 400 hypertensive patients and 150 normotensive controls we examined the endothelin-1 Lys198Asn polymorphism by DNA sequencing and patients were divided according to their genotype (GG, GT, and TT). Moreover, the frequency of endothelin-1 Lys198Asn polymorphism was investigated with respect to the prevalence of several actual or historical endorgan damages (renal disorder, coronary artery disease, vascular events, vascular damage, and congestive heart failure) in hypertensive patients. RESULTS Genotype distribution for endothelin-1 Lys198Asn polymorphism was 57.3% (GG), 41.3% (GT), and 1.43% (TT) in normotensive individuals; and in hypertensive individuals was 54.75% (GG), 43% (GT) and 2.25% (TT). Genotype distribution was unaffected in patients with severe hypertension, renal disorder, vascular events, vascular damage, and congestive heart failure. We, however, found a significant difference in hypertensive individuals with coronary artery disease and TT genotype (P=0.004). CONCLUSION Homozygous TT carrier contributes to a higher prevalence of coronary artery disease, especially for three-vessel disease in hypertensive individuals. Thus, the polymorphism at position 198 could serve as a possibility to differentiate high-risk subgroups in the heterogeneous population of hypertensive patients.
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147
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Barton M, Yanagisawa M. Endothelin: 20 years from discovery to therapy. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2008; 86:485-98. [PMID: 18758495 DOI: 10.1139/y08-059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since its identification as an endothelial cell-derived vasoconstrictor peptide in 1988, endothelin-1, the predominant member of the endothelin peptide family, has received considerable interest in basic medical science and in clinical medicine, which is reflected by more than 20 000 scientific publications on endothelin research in the past 20 years. The story of endothelin is unique as the gene sequences of endothelin receptors and the first receptor antagonists became available within only 4 years of the identification of the peptide sequence. The first clinical study in patients with congestive heart failure was published only 3 years thereafter. Yet, despite convincing experimental evidence of a pathogenetic role for endothelin in development, cell function, and disease, many initial clinical studies on endothelin antagonism were negative. In many of these studies, study designs or patient selection were inadequate. Today, for diseases such as pulmonary hypertension, endothelin antagonist treatment has become reality in clinical medicine, and ongoing clinical studies are evaluating additional indications, such as renal disease and cancer. Twenty years after the discovery of endothelin, its inhibitors have finally arrived in the clinical arena and are now providing us with new options to treat disease and prolong the lives of patients. Possible future indications include resistant arterial hypertension, proteinuric renal disease, cancer, and connective tissue diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Barton
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin, Departement für Innere Medizin, Universitätsspital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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148
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Böhm F, Jensen J, Svane B, Settergren M, Pernow J. Intracoronary endothelin receptor blockade improves endothelial function in patients with coronary artery disease. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2008; 86:745-51. [DOI: 10.1139/y08-081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Endothelin (ET)-1 receptor blockade improves endothelial function in the forearm of patients with atherosclerosis. The aim was to investigate whether intracoronary ET receptor blockade improves coronary endothelial function and increases blood flow in patients with coronary artery disease. Ten patients received a 60-minute infusion of either the selective ETA receptor antagonist BQ123 (40 nmol/min, n = 6) or BQ123 + the ETB receptor antagonist BQ788 (40 nmol/min, n = 4). In all patients, substance P, an endothelium-dependent vasodilator, did not increase baseline coronary flow reserve with thermodilution (CFRThermo) (0.71 ± 0.14 s during NaCl versus 0.59 ± 0.14 s during substance P) or baseline quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) (2.74 ± 0.16 mm versus 2.83 ± 0.20 mm). After ET receptor blockade, however, the response to substance P was significantly improved as determined both by CFRThermo (0.62 ± 0.14 s during NaCl versus 0.48 ± 0.10 s during substance P, p < 0.05) and by QCA (2.70 ± 0.18 mm versus 2.85 ± 0.19 mm, p < 0.05). In addition, ET blockade increased blood flow in all patients by 16% ± 10% (n = 10, p < 0.05) and in the BQ123 group by 22% ± 16% (n = 6, p < 0.05). Furthermore, ETA blockade increased blood flow significantly more than did dual ETA/ETB blockade (p < 0.05). These findings indicate that ET receptor blockade may be a new therapeutic strategy to improve coronary vascular function in patients with coronary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Böhm
- Department of Cardiology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jens Jensen
- Department of Cardiology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bertil Svane
- Department of Cardiology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Settergren
- Department of Cardiology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John Pernow
- Department of Cardiology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
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Expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and endothelin-1 in skin tissue from amputated limbs of patients with complex regional pain syndrome. Mediators Inflamm 2008; 2008:680981. [PMID: 18663383 PMCID: PMC2475604 DOI: 10.1155/2008/680981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2008] [Accepted: 07/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Impaired microcirculation during the chronic stage of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is related to increased vasoconstriction, tissue hypoxia, and metabolic tissue acidosis in the affected limb. Endothelial dysfunction is suggested to be the main cause of diminished blood flow. The aim of this study was to examine the distribution of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and endothelin-1(ET-1) relative to vascular density represented by the endothelial marker CD31-immunoreactivity in the skin tissue of patients with chronic CRPS. METHODS We performed immunohistochemical staining on sections of skin specimens obtained from the amputated limbs (one arm and one leg) of two patients with CRPS. RESULTS In comparison to proximal specimens we found an increased number of migrated endothelial cells as well as an increase of eNOS activity in distal dermis specimens. CONCLUSIONS We found indications that endothelial dysfunction plays a role in chronic CRPS.
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150
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Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase regulates endothelin-1 expression by a novel, redox-sensitive mechanism involving mRNA stability. Mol Cell Biol 2008; 28:7139-55. [PMID: 18809573 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01145-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of the synthesis of the endothelial-derived vasoconstrictor endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a complex process encompassing transcriptional as well as mRNA stability mechanisms. We have described recently the existence of a mechanism for the control of ET-1 expression based on the mRNA-destabilizing capacity of specific cytosolic proteins through interaction with AU-rich elements (AREs) present in the 3' untranslated region of the gene. We now identify glyceraldehyde-3'-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) as a protein which binds to the AREs and is responsible for the destabilization of the mRNA. Oxidant stress alters the binding of GAPDH to the mRNA and its capacity to modulate ET-1 expression, a phenomenon occurring through specific S glutathionylation of the catalytically active residue Cys 152. Finally, we provide data consistent with a role for GAPDH in mRNA unwinding, yielding this molecule more prone to degradation. In contrast, S-thiolated GAPDH appears unable to modify mRNA unwinding, thus facilitating enhanced stability. Taken together, these results describe a novel, redox-based mechanism regulating mRNA stability and add a new facet to the panoply of GAPDH cellular homeostatic actions.
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