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Maas P, Barrdahl M, Joshi AD, Auer PL, Gaudet MM, Milne RL, Schumacher FR, Anderson WF, Check D, Chattopadhyay S, Baglietto L, Berg CD, Chanock SJ, Cox DG, Figueroa JD, Gail MH, Graubard BI, Haiman CA, Hankinson SE, Hoover RN, Isaacs C, Kolonel LN, Le Marchand L, Lee IM, Lindström S, Overvad K, Romieu I, Sanchez MJ, Southey MC, Stram DO, Tumino R, VanderWeele TJ, Willett WC, Zhang S, Buring JE, Canzian F, Gapstur SM, Henderson BE, Hunter DJ, Giles GG, Prentice RL, Ziegler RG, Kraft P, Garcia-Closas M, Chatterjee N. Breast Cancer Risk From Modifiable and Nonmodifiable Risk Factors Among White Women in the United States. JAMA Oncol 2016; 2:1295-1302. [PMID: 27228256 PMCID: PMC5719876 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2016.1025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE An improved model for risk stratification can be useful for guiding public health strategies of breast cancer prevention. OBJECTIVE To evaluate combined risk stratification utility of common low penetrant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and epidemiologic risk factors. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Using a total of 17 171 cases and 19 862 controls sampled from the Breast and Prostate Cancer Cohort Consortium (BPC3) and 5879 women participating in the 2010 National Health Interview Survey, a model for predicting absolute risk of breast cancer was developed combining information on individual level data on epidemiologic risk factors and 24 genotyped SNPs from prospective cohort studies, published estimate of odds ratios for 68 additional SNPs, population incidence rate from the National Cancer Institute-Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program cancer registry and data on risk factor distribution from nationally representative health survey. The model is used to project the distribution of absolute risk for the population of white women in the United States after adjustment for competing cause of mortality. EXPOSURES Single nucleotide polymorphisms, family history, anthropometric factors, menstrual and/or reproductive factors, and lifestyle factors. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Degree of stratification of absolute risk owing to nonmodifiable (SNPs, family history, height, and some components of menstrual and/or reproductive history) and modifiable factors (body mass index [BMI; calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared], menopausal hormone therapy [MHT], alcohol, and smoking). RESULTS The average absolute risk for a 30-year-old white woman in the United States developing invasive breast cancer by age 80 years is 11.3%. A model that includes all risk factors provided a range of average absolute risk from 4.4% to 23.5% for women in the bottom and top deciles of the risk distribution, respectively. For women who were at the lowest and highest deciles of nonmodifiable risks, the 5th and 95th percentile range of the risk distribution associated with 4 modifiable factors was 2.9% to 5.0% and 15.5% to 25.0%, respectively. For women in the highest decile of risk owing to nonmodifiable factors, those who had low BMI, did not drink or smoke, and did not use MHT had risks comparable to an average woman in the general population. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This model for absolute risk of breast cancer including SNPs can provide stratification for the population of white women in the United States. The model can also identify subsets of the population at an elevated risk that would benefit most from risk-reduction strategies based on altering modifiable factors. The effectiveness of this model for individual risk communication needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige Maas
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Myrto Barrdahl
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Amit D Joshi
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Paul L Auer
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington5School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee
| | - Mia M Gaudet
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta Georgia
| | - Roger L Milne
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia8Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fredrick R Schumacher
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - William F Anderson
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - David Check
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Subham Chattopadhyay
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Laura Baglietto
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia8Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christine D Berg
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - David G Cox
- INSERM U1052 - Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France12Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, England
| | - Jonine D Figueroa
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mitchell H Gail
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Barry I Graubard
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Christopher A Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Susan E Hankinson
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst14Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Robert N Hoover
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Claudine Isaacs
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Laurence N Kolonel
- Epidemiology Program, Cancer Research Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu
| | | | - I-Min Lee
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sara Lindström
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kim Overvad
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Isabelle Romieu
- Nutrition and Metabolism Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Maria-Jose Sanchez
- Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública. Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA. Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain22CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Melissa C Southey
- Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Daniel O Stram
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Rosario Tumino
- Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, "Civic- M.P.Arezzo" Hospital, ASP Ragusa, Italy
| | - Tyler J VanderWeele
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts26Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Walter C Willett
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shumin Zhang
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Julie E Buring
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Susan M Gapstur
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta Georgia
| | - Brian E Henderson
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - David J Hunter
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Graham G Giles
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia8Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia29Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ross L Prentice
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington30University of Washington, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Seattle
| | - Regina G Ziegler
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Peter Kraft
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Montse Garcia-Closas
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland31Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, England
| | - Nilanjan Chatterjee
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland32Department of Biostatistics, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland33Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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102
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Carere DA, VanderWeele TJ, Vassy JL, van der Wouden CH, Roberts JS, Kraft P, Green RC. Prescription medication changes following direct-to-consumer personal genomic testing: findings from the Impact of Personal Genomics (PGen) Study. Genet Med 2016; 19:537-545. [PMID: 27657683 PMCID: PMC5362351 DOI: 10.1038/gim.2016.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To measure the frequency of prescription medication changes following direct-to-consumer personal genomic testing (DTC-PGT) and their association with the pharmacogenomic results received. Methods New DTC-PGT customers were enrolled in 2012 and completed surveys prior to return of results and 6 months post-results; DTC-PGT results were linked to survey data. ‘Atypical response’ pharmacogenomic results were defined as those indicating an increase or decrease in risk of an adverse drug event or likelihood of therapeutic benefit. At follow-up, participants reported prescription medication changes and health care provider consultation. Results Follow-up data were available from 961 participants, of which 54 (5.6%) reported changing a medication they were taking, or starting a new medication, due to their DTC-PGT results. Of these, 45 (83.3%) reported consulting with a health care provider regarding the change. Pharmacogenomic results were available for 961 participants, of which 875 (91.2%) received ≥1 atypical response result. For each such result received, the odds of reporting a prescription medication change increased 1.57 times (95% confidence interval = 1.17, 2.11). Conclusion Receipt of pharmacogenomic results indicating atypical drug response is common with DTC-PGT, and associated with prescription medication changes; however, fewer than 1% of consumers report unsupervised changes at 6 months post-testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna Alexis Carere
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tyler J VanderWeele
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jason L Vassy
- Division of General Medicine and Primary Care, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - J Scott Roberts
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Peter Kraft
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert C Green
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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103
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Oliveri S, Howard HC, Renzi C, Hansson MG, Pravettoni G. Anxiety delivered direct-to-consumer: are we asking the right questions about the impacts of DTC genetic testing? J Med Genet 2016; 53:798-799. [PMID: 27647845 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2016-104184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Serena Oliveri
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-oncology, Interdisciplinary Research Center on Decision Making Processes IRIDe, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, IEO Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy
| | - Heidi C Howard
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Centre for Research Ethics & Bioethics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Chiara Renzi
- Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, IEO Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy
| | - Mats G Hansson
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Centre for Research Ethics & Bioethics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gabriella Pravettoni
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-oncology, Interdisciplinary Research Center on Decision Making Processes IRIDe, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, IEO Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy
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104
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Li SX, Ye Z, Whelan K, Truby H. The effect of communicating the genetic risk of cardiometabolic disorders on motivation and actual engagement in preventative lifestyle modification and clinical outcome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br J Nutr 2016; 116:924-34. [PMID: 27405704 PMCID: PMC4983776 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114516002488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Genetic risk prediction of chronic conditions including obesity, diabetes and CVD currently has limited predictive power but its potential to engage healthy behaviour change has been of immense research interest. We aimed to understand whether the latter is indeed true by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis investigating whether genetic risk communication affects motivation and actual behaviour change towards preventative lifestyle modification. We included all randomised controlled trials (RCT) since 2003 investigating the impact of genetic risk communication on health behaviour to prevent cardiometabolic disease, without restrictions on age, duration of intervention or language. We conducted random-effects meta-analyses for perceived motivation for behaviour change and clinical changes (weight loss) and a narrative analysis for other outcomes. Within the thirteen studies reviewed, five were vignette studies (hypothetical RCT) and seven were clinical RCT. There was no consistent effect of genetic risk on actual motivation for weight loss, perceived motivation for dietary change (control v. genetic risk group standardised mean difference (smd) -0·15; 95 % CI -1·03, 0·73, P=0·74) or actual change in dietary behaviour. Similar results were observed for actual weight loss (control v. high genetic risk SMD 0·29 kg; 95 % CI -0·74, 1·31, P=0·58). This review found no clear or consistent evidence that genetic risk communication alone either raises motivation or translates into actual change in dietary intake or physical activity to reduce the risk of cardiometabolic disorders in adults. Of thirteen studies, eight were at high or unclear risk of bias. Additional larger-scale, high-quality clinical RCT are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherly X. Li
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ,
UK
| | - Zheng Ye
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ,
UK
| | - Kevin Whelan
- Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, King’s
College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Helen Truby
- Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, Monash
University, Level 1, 264 Ferntree Gully
Road, Notting Hill, VIC 3168,
Australia
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105
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Okayama M, Takeshima T, Harada M, Ae R, Kajii E. Does a medical history of hypertension influence disclosing genetic testing results of the risk for salt-sensitive hypertension, in primary care? Int J Gen Med 2016; 9:257-66. [PMID: 27555795 PMCID: PMC4968993 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s111337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Disclosing genetic testing results may contribute to the prevention and management of many common diseases. However, whether the presence of a disease influences these effects is unclear. This study aimed to clarify the difference in the effects of disclosing genetic testing results of the risk for developing salt-sensitive hypertension on the behavioral modifications with respect to salt intake in hypertensive and nonhypertensive patients. Methods A cross-sectional study using a self-administered questionnaire was conducted for outpatients aged >20 years (N=2,237) at six primary care clinics and hospitals in Japan. The main factors assessed were medical histories of hypertension, salt preferences, reduced salt intakes, and behavior modifications for reducing salt intake. Behavioral modifications of participants were assessed using their behavior stages before and after disclosure of the hypothetical genetic testing results. Results Of the 2,237 participants, 1,644 (73.5%) responded to the survey. Of these respondents, 558 (33.9%) patients were hypertensive and 1,086 (66.1%) were nonhypertensive. After being notified of the result “If with genetic risk”, the nonhypertensive participants were more likely to make positive behavioral modifications compared to the hypertensive patients among all participants and in those aged <65 years (adjusted relative ratio [ad-RR], 1.76; 95% confidence interval, 1.12−2.76 and ad-RR, 1.99; 1.11−3.57, respectively). In contrast, no difference in negative behavioral modifications between hypertensive and nonhypertensive patients was detected after being notified of the result “If without genetic risk” (ad-RR, 1.05; 95% confidence interval, 0.70−1.57). Conclusion The behavior of modifying salt intake after disclosure of the genetic testing results differed between hypertensive and nonhypertensive patients. Disclosing a genetic risk for salt-sensitive hypertension was likely to cause nonhypertensive patients, especially those aged <65 years, to improve their behavior regarding salt intake. We conclude that disclosing genetic testing results could help prevent hypertension, and that the doctor should communicate the genetic testing results to those patients with a medical history of hypertension, or those who are at risk of developing hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanobu Okayama
- Division of Community Medicine and Medical Education, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo; Division of Community and Family Medicine, Center for Community Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi
| | - Taro Takeshima
- Division of Community and Family Medicine, Center for Community Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi
| | - Masanori Harada
- Department of Support of Rural Medicine, Yamaguchi Grand Medical Center, Hofu, Yamaguchi
| | - Ryusuke Ae
- Division of Public Health, Center for Community Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Eiji Kajii
- Division of Community and Family Medicine, Center for Community Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi
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106
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Challenges in Translating GWAS Results to Clinical Care. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17081267. [PMID: 27527156 PMCID: PMC5000665 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17081267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical genetic testing for Mendelian disorders is standard of care in many cases; however, it is less clear to what extent and in which situations clinical genetic testing may improve preventive efforts, diagnosis and/or prognosis of complex disease. One challenge is that much of the reported research relies on tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to act as proxies for assumed underlying functional variants that are not yet known. Here we use coronary artery disease and melanoma as case studies to evaluate how well reported genetic risk variants tag surrounding variants across population samples in the 1000 Genomes Project Phase 3 data. We performed a simulation study where we randomly assigned a "functional" variant and evaluated how often this simulated functional variant was correctly tagged in diverse population samples. Our results indicate a relatively large error rate when generalizing increased genetic risk of complex disease across diverse population samples, even when generalizing within geographic regions. Our results further highlight the importance of including diverse populations in genome-wide association studies. Future work focused on identifying functional variants will eliminate the need for tag SNPs; however, until functional variants are known, caution should be used in the interpretation of genetic risk for complex disease using tag SNPs.
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107
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Sweet K, Sturm AC, Schmidlen T, Hovick S, Peng J, Manickam K, Salikhova A, McElroy J, Scheinfeldt L, Toland AE, Roberts JS, Christman M. EMR documentation of physician-patient communication following genomic counseling for actionable complex disease and pharmacogenomic results. Clin Genet 2016; 91:545-556. [PMID: 27322592 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Genomic risk information for potentially actionable complex diseases and pharmacogenomics communicated through genomic counseling (GC) may motivate physicians and patients to take preventive actions. The Ohio State University-Coriell Personalized Medicine Collaborative is a randomized trial to measure the effects of in-person GC on chronic disease patients provided with multiplex results. Nine personalized genomic risk reports were provided to patients through a web portal, and to physicians via electronic medical record (EMR). Active arm participants (98, 39% female) received GC within 1 month of report viewing; control arm subjects (101, 54% female) could access counseling 3-months post-report viewing. We examined whether GC affected documentation of physician-patient communication by reviewing the first clinical note following the patient's GC visit or report upload to the EMR. Multivariable logistic regression modeling estimated the independent effect of GC on physician-patient communication, as intention to treat (ITT) and per protocol (PP), adjusted for physician educational intervention. Counselees in the active arm had more physician-patient communications than control subjects [ITT, odds ratio (OR): 3.76 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.38-10.22, p < 0.0094); PP, OR: 5.53 (95% CI: 2.20-13.90, p = 0.0017). In conclusion, GC appreciably affected physician-patient communication following receipt of potentially actionable genomic risk information.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sweet
- Division of Human Genetics, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - A C Sturm
- Division of Human Genetics, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - T Schmidlen
- Coriell Personalized Medicine Collaborative, Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - S Hovick
- School of Communication, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - J Peng
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Biostatistics, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - K Manickam
- Division of Human Genetics, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.,Geisinger Health System, Genomic Medicine Institute, Precision Health Center, Forty Fort, PA, USA
| | - A Salikhova
- Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - J McElroy
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Biostatistics, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - L Scheinfeldt
- Coriell Personalized Medicine Collaborative, Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, NJ, USA.,Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - A E Toland
- Division of Human Genetics, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - J S Roberts
- Department of Health Behaviour & Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - M Christman
- Coriell Personalized Medicine Collaborative, Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, NJ, USA
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108
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Bishop C, Strong K, Dimmock D. Choices of incidental findings of individuals undergoing genome wide sequencing, a single center's experience. Clin Genet 2016; 91:137-140. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.12829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C.L Bishop
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics; Medical College of Wisconsin; Milwaukee WI USA
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center; Medical College of Wisconsin; Milwaukee WI USA
| | - K.A Strong
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center; Medical College of Wisconsin; Milwaukee WI USA
- Program in Genomics and Ethics, Bioethics and Medical Humanities; Medical College of Wisconsin; Milwaukee WI USA
| | - D.P Dimmock
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics; Medical College of Wisconsin; Milwaukee WI USA
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center; Medical College of Wisconsin; Milwaukee WI USA
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109
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Olfson E, Hartz S, Carere DA, Green RC, Roberts JS, Bierut LJ. Implications of Personal Genomic Testing for Health Behaviors: The Case of Smoking. Nicotine Tob Res 2016; 18:2273-2277. [PMID: 27613923 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Direct-to-consumer personal genomic testing has the potential to influence health behaviors, including smoking. Critics of this testing highlight limited evidence to support positive behavioral benefits and caution that genomic results may provide false reassurance, leading to unhealthy behaviors. This study investigates interest in genetic risks of smoking-related diseases and changes in smoking behaviors among genomic testing consumers. METHODS From 2012 to 2013, a longitudinal series of web surveys was conducted. A total of 1464 customers of 23andMe and Pathway Genomics completed a survey prior to viewing genomic test results, of which 1002 participants provided data on smoking behaviors 6 months after receiving results. RESULTS At baseline, 64% of participants were never smokers, 29% were former smokers, and 7% were current smokers. Most baseline current smokers were very interested in genetic risk results for lung cancer (65%) and heart disease (72%). For lung cancer, this interest was significantly greater than former (50% very interested) and never smokers (37% very interested) (p < .0001). Even though participants were interested in smoking-related disease genetic risks, 96% reported the same smoking status at baseline and 6-month follow-up. Importantly, only 1% (n = 13/916) of former and never smokers became current smokers at 6 months and 22% (n = 14/64) of current smokers reported quitting. CONCLUSIONS Overall, smokers show a high level of interest in genetic risks of smoking-related illnesses. The experience of receiving direct-to-consumer genomic health risks does not appear to have obvious harms related to smoking behaviors, with some potential benefits. IMPLICATIONS In the setting of ongoing controversy surrounding direct-to-consumer genomic testing, this study provides evidence that consumers are interested in genetic risk results of smoking-related diseases. Receiving genomic testing results does not lead to smoking initiation among never smokers or reinitiation among former smokers and may be associated with a higher quit rate among current smokers at 6-month follow-up than the general population. These findings ease concerns that direct-to-consumer genomic testing could lead to false reassurance and unhealthy behaviors related to smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Olfson
- Child Study Center and Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Sarah Hartz
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Deanna Alexis Carere
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - J Scott Roberts
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Laura J Bierut
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO;
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Scheinfeldt LB, Schmidlen TJ, Gharani N, MacKnight M, Jarvis JP, Delaney SK, Gordon ES, Kronenthal CJ, Gerry NP, Christman MF. Coronary artery disease genetic risk awareness motivates heart health behaviors in the Coriell Personalized Medicine Collaborative. EXPERT REVIEW OF PRECISION MEDICINE AND DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/23808993.2016.1197039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura B. Scheinfeldt
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, NJ, USA
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Neda Gharani
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, NJ, USA
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Leitsalu L, Alavere H, Jacquemont S, Kolk A, Maillard AM, Reigo A, Nõukas M, Reymond A, Männik K, Ng PC, Metspalu A. Reporting incidental findings of genomic disorder-associated copy number variants to unselected biobank participants. Per Med 2016; 13:303-314. [PMID: 29749813 DOI: 10.2217/pme-2016-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Procedural guidelines for disclosure of incidental genomic information are lacking. METHODS We introduce a method and evaluated the impact of returning results to population biobank participants with 16p11.2 copy number variants, which are commonly associated with neurodevelopmental disorders and BMI imbalance. Of the 7877 participants, 11 carriers were detected. Eight participants were informed of their carrier status and surveyed 11-17 months later. RESULTS All participants demonstrated preference for disclosure. Although two participants experienced worry, all five survey respondents rated receiving this information favorably. One participant reported modifications in treatment and three felt that their treatment/condition had since improved. CONCLUSION This approach can be adapted and applied for the return of incidental findings to biobank participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liis Leitsalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu (EGCUT), Tartu, 51010, Estonia.,Institute of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Helene Alavere
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu (EGCUT), Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Sébastien Jacquemont
- Service of Medical Genetics, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, 1011, Switzerland
| | - Anneli Kolk
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu (EGCUT), Tartu, 51010, Estonia.,Department of Neurology, Children's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, 50406, Estonia
| | - Anne M Maillard
- Service of Medical Genetics, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, 1011, Switzerland
| | - Anu Reigo
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu (EGCUT), Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Margit Nõukas
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu (EGCUT), Tartu, 51010, Estonia.,Institute of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Alexandre Reymond
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Katrin Männik
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu (EGCUT), Tartu, 51010, Estonia.,Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Pauline C Ng
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu (EGCUT), Tartu, 51010, Estonia.,Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, 138672, Singapore
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu (EGCUT), Tartu, 51010, Estonia.,Institute of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
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Kohlmeier M, De Caterina R, Ferguson LR, Görman U, Allayee H, Prasad C, Kang JX, Nicoletti CF, Martinez JA. Guide and Position of the International Society of Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics on Personalized Nutrition: Part 2 - Ethics, Challenges and Endeavors of Precision Nutrition. JOURNAL OF NUTRIGENETICS AND NUTRIGENOMICS 2016; 9:28-46. [PMID: 27286972 DOI: 10.1159/000446347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Nutrigenetics considers the influence of individual genetic variation on differences in response to dietary components, nutrient requirements and predisposition to disease. Nutrigenomics involves the study of interactions between the genome and diet, including how nutrients affect the transcription and translation process plus subsequent proteomic and metabolomic changes, and also differences in response to dietary factors based on the individual genetic makeup. Personalized characteristics such as age, gender, physical activity, physiological state and social status, and special conditions such as pregnancy and risk of disease can inform dietary advice that more closely meets individual needs. Precision nutrition has a promising future in treating the individual according to their phenotype and genetic characteristics, aimed at both the treatment and prevention of disease. However, many aspects are still in progress and remain as challenges for the future of nutrition. The integration of the human genotype and microbiome needs to be better understood. Further advances in data interpretation tools are also necessary, so that information obtained through newer tests and technologies can be properly transferred to consumers. Indeed, precision nutrition will integrate genetic data with phenotypical, social, cultural and personal preferences and lifestyles matters to provide a more individual nutrition, but considering public health perspectives, where ethical, legal and policy aspects need to be defined and implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kohlmeier
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, N.C., USA
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Persky S, Ferrer RA, Klein WMP. Genomic Information may Inhibit Weight-Related Behavior Change Inclinations Among Individuals in a Fear State. Ann Behav Med 2016; 50:452-9. [PMID: 26850762 PMCID: PMC4867291 DOI: 10.1007/s12160-016-9771-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As evidence mounts regarding associations between genetics and body weight, it is essential to understand how to communicate this information, and factors like emotion that could moderate the effectiveness of messages. PURPOSE We assessed influences of emotion on reactions to weight-related genomic information in a virtual clinical setting. METHODS An online representative US sample of overweight women was randomized to receive an emotion induction (anger, fear, or neutral) paired with information about genomic or behavioral influences on weight in an interaction with a virtual doctor. RESULTS Receiving genomic information led to reduced attributions of lifestyle causes for weight and behavioral intentions, but only among individuals in a fear state. CONCLUSIONS The current study is among the first to reinforce the concern that discussing genomic underpinnings of overweight could undercut health behavior, and highlights the importance of identifying factors like emotion that influence interpretation of genomic information. Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01888913.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Persky
- Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, 31 Center Drive, B1B36, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Rebecca A Ferrer
- Basic Biobehavioral and Psychological Sciences Branch, Behavioral Research Program, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - William M P Klein
- Behavioral Research Program, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
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Nicholls SG, Etchegary H, Carroll JC, Castle D, Lemyre L, Potter BK, Craigie S, Wilson BJ. Attitudes to incorporating genomic risk assessments into population screening programs: the importance of purpose, context and deliberation. BMC Med Genomics 2016; 9:25. [PMID: 27215612 PMCID: PMC4878078 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-016-0186-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The use of an overall risk assessment based on genomic information is consistent with precision medicine. Despite the enthusiasm, there is a need for public engagement on the appropriate use of such emerging technologies in order to frame meaningful evaluations of utility, including the practical implementation and acceptability issues that might emerge. Doing so requires the involvement of the end users of these services, including patients, and sections of the public who are the target group for population based screening. In the present study we sought to explore public attitudes to the potential integration of personal genomic profiling within existing population screening programs; and to explore the evolution of these attitudes as part of a deliberative process. Methods We conducted a mixed methods study presented in the format of a deliberative workshop. Participants were drawn from communities in Ottawa, Ontario (ON) and St John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador (NL), Canada. Individuals were approached to take part in a workshop on the incorporation of genomic risk profiling for either colorectal cancer screening (CRC), or newborn screening for type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Results A total of N = 148 (N = 65 ON, N = 83 NL) participants provided data for analysis. Participants in both groups were supportive of public funding for genomic risk profiling, although participants in the T1DM groups expressed more guarded positive attitudes than participants in the CRC groups. These views were stable throughout the workshop (CRC, p = 0.15, T1DM, p =0.39). Participants were less positive about individual testing, with a significant decrease in support over the course of the workshop (CRC p = 0.02, T1DM, p = 0.003). Common concerns related to access to test results by third parties. Conclusions The findings of this study suggest that members of the target populations for potential genomic profiling tests (designed for screening or risk prediction purposes) can engage in meaningful deliberation about their general acceptability and personal utility. Evaluations of whether a test would be personally useful may depend on the experience of the participants in personal health decision making, the purpose of the test, and the availability of interventions to reduce disease risk. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12920-016-0186-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart G Nicholls
- School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Holly Etchegary
- Clinical Epidemiology, Memorial University, St John's, NL, Canada
| | - June C Carroll
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Sinai Health System, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Sydney G. Frankfort Chair in Family Medicine, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David Castle
- Vice-President Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Louise Lemyre
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Beth K Potter
- School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Samantha Craigie
- Michael G DeGroote National Pain Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Brenda J Wilson
- School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada.
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Riboflavin status, MTHFR genotype and blood pressure: current evidence and implications for personalised nutrition. Proc Nutr Soc 2016; 75:405-14. [PMID: 27170501 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665116000197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Clinical deficiency of the B-vitamin riboflavin (vitamin B2) is largely confined to developing countries; however accumulating evidence indicates that suboptimal riboflavin status is a widespread problem across the developed world. Few international data are available on riboflavin status as measured by the functional biomarker, erythrocyte glutathione reductase activation coefficient, considered to be the gold standard index. One important role of riboflavin in the form of flavin dinucleotide is as a co-factor for the folate-metabolising enzyme methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR). Homozygosity for the common C677T polymorphism in MTHFR, affecting over 10 % of the UK and Irish populations and up to 32 % of other populations worldwide, has been associated with an increased risk of CVD, and more recently with hypertension. This review will explore available studies reporting riboflavin status worldwide, the interaction of riboflavin with the MTHFR C677T polymorphism and the potential role of riboflavin in personalised nutrition. Evidence is accumulating for a novel role of riboflavin as an important modulator of blood pressure (BP) specifically in individuals with the MTHFR 677TT genotype, with results from a number of recent randomised controlled trials demonstrating that riboflavin supplementation can significantly reduce systolic BP by 5-13 mmHg in these genetically at risk adults. Studies are however required to investigate the BP-lowering effect of riboflavin in different populations and in response to doses higher than 1·6 mg/d. Furthermore, work focusing on the translation of this research to health professionals and patients is also required.
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Kidd BA, Hoffman G, Zimmerman N, Li L, Morgan JW, Glowe PK, Botwin GJ, Parekh S, Babic N, Doust MW, Stock GB, Schadt EE, Dudley JT. Evaluation of direct-to-consumer low-volume lab tests in healthy adults. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:1734-44. [PMID: 27018593 DOI: 10.1172/jci86318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical laboratory tests are now being prescribed and made directly available to consumers through retail outlets in the USA. Concerns with these test have been raised regarding the uncertainty of testing methods used in these venues and a lack of open, scientific validation of the technical accuracy and clinical equivalency of results obtained through these services. METHODS We conducted a cohort study of 60 healthy adults to compare the uncertainty and accuracy in 22 common clinical lab tests between one company offering blood tests obtained from finger prick (Theranos) and 2 major clinical testing services that require standard venipuncture draws (Quest and LabCorp). Samples were collected in Phoenix, Arizona, at an ambulatory clinic and at retail outlets with point-of-care services. RESULTS Theranos flagged tests outside their normal range 1.6× more often than other testing services (P < 0.0001). Of the 22 lab measurements evaluated, 15 (68%) showed significant interservice variability (P < 0.002). We found nonequivalent lipid panel test results between Theranos and other clinical services. Variability in testing services, sample collection times, and subjects markedly influenced lab results. CONCLUSION While laboratory practice standards exist to control this variability, the disparities between testing services we observed could potentially alter clinical interpretation and health care utilization. Greater transparency and evaluation of testing technologies would increase their utility in personalized health management. FUNDING This work was supported by the Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, a gift from the Harris Family Charitable Foundation (to J.T. Dudley), and grants from the NIH (R01 DK098242 and U54 CA189201, to J.T. Dudley, and R01 AG046170 and U01 AI111598, to E.E. Schadt).
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117
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Kullo IJ, Jouni H, Austin EE, Brown SA, Kruisselbrink TM, Isseh IN, Haddad RA, Marroush TS, Shameer K, Olson JE, Broeckel U, Green RC, Schaid DJ, Montori VM, Bailey KR. Incorporating a Genetic Risk Score Into Coronary Heart Disease Risk Estimates: Effect on Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels (the MI-GENES Clinical Trial). Circulation 2016; 133:1181-8. [PMID: 26915630 PMCID: PMC4803581 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.115.020109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether knowledge of genetic risk for coronary heart disease (CHD) affects health-related outcomes is unknown. We investigated whether incorporating a genetic risk score (GRS) in CHD risk estimates lowers low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. METHODS AND RESULTS Participants (n=203, 45-65 years of age, at intermediate risk for CHD, and not on statins) were randomly assigned to receive their 10-year probability of CHD based either on a conventional risk score (CRS) or CRS + GRS ((+)GRS). Participants in the (+)GRS group were stratified as having high or average/low GRS. Risk was disclosed by a genetic counselor followed by shared decision making regarding statin therapy with a physician. We compared the primary end point of LDL-C levels at 6 months and assessed whether any differences were attributable to changes in dietary fat intake, physical activity levels, or statin use. Participants (mean age, 59.4±5 years; 48% men; mean 10-year CHD risk, 8.5±4.1%) were allocated to receive either CRS (n=100) or (+)GRS (n=103). At the end of the study period, the (+)GRS group had a lower LDL-C than the CRS group (96.5±32.7 versus 105.9±33.3 mg/dL; P=0.04). Participants with high GRS had lower LDL-C levels (92.3±32.9 mg/dL) than CRS participants (P=0.02) but not participants with low GRS (100.9±32.2 mg/dL; P=0.18). Statins were initiated more often in the (+)GRS group than in the CRS group (39% versus 22%, P<0.01). No significant differences in dietary fat intake and physical activity levels were noted. CONCLUSIONS Disclosure of CHD risk estimates that incorporated genetic risk information led to lower LDL-C levels than disclosure of CHD risk based on conventional risk factors alone. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01936675.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iftikhar J Kullo
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (I.J.K., H.J., E.E.A., S.-A.B., T.M.K., I.N.I., R.A.H., T.S.M., K.S.); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.E.O., D.J.S., K.R.B.); Department of Pediatrics, Medicine and Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (U.B.); Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.C.G.); and Knowledge and Evaluation Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (V.M.M.).
| | - Hayan Jouni
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (I.J.K., H.J., E.E.A., S.-A.B., T.M.K., I.N.I., R.A.H., T.S.M., K.S.); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.E.O., D.J.S., K.R.B.); Department of Pediatrics, Medicine and Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (U.B.); Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.C.G.); and Knowledge and Evaluation Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (V.M.M.)
| | - Erin E Austin
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (I.J.K., H.J., E.E.A., S.-A.B., T.M.K., I.N.I., R.A.H., T.S.M., K.S.); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.E.O., D.J.S., K.R.B.); Department of Pediatrics, Medicine and Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (U.B.); Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.C.G.); and Knowledge and Evaluation Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (V.M.M.)
| | - Sherry-Ann Brown
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (I.J.K., H.J., E.E.A., S.-A.B., T.M.K., I.N.I., R.A.H., T.S.M., K.S.); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.E.O., D.J.S., K.R.B.); Department of Pediatrics, Medicine and Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (U.B.); Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.C.G.); and Knowledge and Evaluation Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (V.M.M.)
| | - Teresa M Kruisselbrink
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (I.J.K., H.J., E.E.A., S.-A.B., T.M.K., I.N.I., R.A.H., T.S.M., K.S.); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.E.O., D.J.S., K.R.B.); Department of Pediatrics, Medicine and Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (U.B.); Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.C.G.); and Knowledge and Evaluation Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (V.M.M.)
| | - Iyad N Isseh
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (I.J.K., H.J., E.E.A., S.-A.B., T.M.K., I.N.I., R.A.H., T.S.M., K.S.); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.E.O., D.J.S., K.R.B.); Department of Pediatrics, Medicine and Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (U.B.); Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.C.G.); and Knowledge and Evaluation Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (V.M.M.)
| | - Raad A Haddad
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (I.J.K., H.J., E.E.A., S.-A.B., T.M.K., I.N.I., R.A.H., T.S.M., K.S.); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.E.O., D.J.S., K.R.B.); Department of Pediatrics, Medicine and Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (U.B.); Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.C.G.); and Knowledge and Evaluation Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (V.M.M.)
| | - Tariq S Marroush
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (I.J.K., H.J., E.E.A., S.-A.B., T.M.K., I.N.I., R.A.H., T.S.M., K.S.); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.E.O., D.J.S., K.R.B.); Department of Pediatrics, Medicine and Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (U.B.); Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.C.G.); and Knowledge and Evaluation Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (V.M.M.)
| | - Khader Shameer
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (I.J.K., H.J., E.E.A., S.-A.B., T.M.K., I.N.I., R.A.H., T.S.M., K.S.); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.E.O., D.J.S., K.R.B.); Department of Pediatrics, Medicine and Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (U.B.); Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.C.G.); and Knowledge and Evaluation Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (V.M.M.)
| | - Janet E Olson
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (I.J.K., H.J., E.E.A., S.-A.B., T.M.K., I.N.I., R.A.H., T.S.M., K.S.); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.E.O., D.J.S., K.R.B.); Department of Pediatrics, Medicine and Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (U.B.); Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.C.G.); and Knowledge and Evaluation Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (V.M.M.)
| | - Ulrich Broeckel
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (I.J.K., H.J., E.E.A., S.-A.B., T.M.K., I.N.I., R.A.H., T.S.M., K.S.); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.E.O., D.J.S., K.R.B.); Department of Pediatrics, Medicine and Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (U.B.); Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.C.G.); and Knowledge and Evaluation Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (V.M.M.)
| | - Robert C Green
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (I.J.K., H.J., E.E.A., S.-A.B., T.M.K., I.N.I., R.A.H., T.S.M., K.S.); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.E.O., D.J.S., K.R.B.); Department of Pediatrics, Medicine and Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (U.B.); Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.C.G.); and Knowledge and Evaluation Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (V.M.M.)
| | - Daniel J Schaid
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (I.J.K., H.J., E.E.A., S.-A.B., T.M.K., I.N.I., R.A.H., T.S.M., K.S.); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.E.O., D.J.S., K.R.B.); Department of Pediatrics, Medicine and Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (U.B.); Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.C.G.); and Knowledge and Evaluation Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (V.M.M.)
| | - Victor M Montori
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (I.J.K., H.J., E.E.A., S.-A.B., T.M.K., I.N.I., R.A.H., T.S.M., K.S.); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.E.O., D.J.S., K.R.B.); Department of Pediatrics, Medicine and Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (U.B.); Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.C.G.); and Knowledge and Evaluation Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (V.M.M.)
| | - Kent R Bailey
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (I.J.K., H.J., E.E.A., S.-A.B., T.M.K., I.N.I., R.A.H., T.S.M., K.S.); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.E.O., D.J.S., K.R.B.); Department of Pediatrics, Medicine and Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (U.B.); Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.C.G.); and Knowledge and Evaluation Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (V.M.M.)
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Hollands GJ, French DP, Griffin SJ, Prevost AT, Sutton S, King S, Marteau TM. The impact of communicating genetic risks of disease on risk-reducing health behaviour: systematic review with meta-analysis. BMJ 2016; 352:i1102. [PMID: 26979548 PMCID: PMC4793156 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.i1102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the impact of communicating DNA based disease risk estimates on risk-reducing health behaviours and motivation to engage in such behaviours. DESIGN Systematic review with meta-analysis, using Cochrane methods. DATA SOURCES Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials up to 25 February 2015. Backward and forward citation searches were also conducted. STUDY SELECTION Randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials involving adults in which one group received personalised DNA based estimates of disease risk for conditions where risk could be reduced by behaviour change. Eligible studies included a measure of risk-reducing behaviour. RESULTS We examined 10,515 abstracts and included 18 studies that reported on seven behavioural outcomes, including smoking cessation (six studies; n=2663), diet (seven studies; n=1784), and physical activity (six studies; n=1704). Meta-analysis revealed no significant effects of communicating DNA based risk estimates on smoking cessation (odds ratio 0.92, 95% confidence interval 0.63 to 1.35, P=0.67), diet (standardised mean difference 0.12, 95% confidence interval -0.00 to 0.24, P=0.05), or physical activity (standardised mean difference -0.03, 95% confidence interval -0.13 to 0.08, P=0.62). There were also no effects on any other behaviours (alcohol use, medication use, sun protection behaviours, and attendance at screening or behavioural support programmes) or on motivation to change behaviour, and no adverse effects, such as depression and anxiety. Subgroup analyses provided no clear evidence that communication of a risk-conferring genotype affected behaviour more than communication of the absence of such a genotype. However, studies were predominantly at high or unclear risk of bias, and evidence was typically of low quality. CONCLUSIONS Expectations that communicating DNA based risk estimates changes behaviour is not supported by existing evidence. These results do not support use of genetic testing or the search for risk-conferring gene variants for common complex diseases on the basis that they motivate risk-reducing behaviour. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION This is a revised and updated version of a Cochrane review from 2010, adding 11 studies to the seven previously identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth J Hollands
- Behaviour and Health Research Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David P French
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Simon J Griffin
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - A Toby Prevost
- Imperial Clinical Trials Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Stephen Sutton
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sarah King
- Behaviour and Health Research Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Theresa M Marteau
- Behaviour and Health Research Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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119
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao‐Ying Huang
- Illinois Informatics InstituteUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign
| | - Masooda Bashir
- Graduate School of Library and InformationScience, University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign
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Abstract
In this review, we lay out 3 areas currently being evaluated for incorporation of genetic information into clinical practice related to atherosclerosis. The first, familial hypercholesterolemia, is the clearest case for utility of genetic testing in diagnosis and potentially guiding treatment. Already in use for confirmatory testing of familial hypercholesterolemia and for cascade screening of relatives, genetic testing is likely to expand to help establish diagnoses and facilitate research related to most effective therapies, including new agents, such as PCSK9 inhibitors. The second area, adding genetic information to cardiovascular risk prediction for primary prevention, is not currently recommended. Although identification of additional variants may add substantially to prediction in the future, combining known variants has not yet demonstrated sufficient improvement in prediction for incorporation into commonly used risk scores. The third area, pharmacogenetics, has utility for some therapies today. Future utility for pharmacogenetics will wax or wane depending on the nature of available drugs and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina P. Paynter
- From the Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Paul M Ridker
- From the Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Daniel I. Chasman
- From the Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
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121
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Abstract
One point of consensus in the otherwise very controversial discussion about the benefits and dangers of DTC genetics in the health domain is the lack of substantial clinical utility. At the same time, both the empirical and conceptual literature indicate that health-related DTC tests can have value and utility outside of the clinic. We argue that a broader and multi-faceted conceptualization of utility and value would enrich the ethical and social discussion of DTC testing in several ways: First, looking at ways in which DTC testing can have personal and social value for users – in the form of entertainment, learning, or a way to relate to others – can help to explain why people still take DTC tests, and will, further down the line, foster a more nuanced understanding of secondary and tertiary uses of DTC test results (which could very well unearth new ethical and regulatory challenges). Second, considering the economic value and broader utility of DTC testing foregrounds wider social and political aspects than have been dominant in the ethical and regulatory debates surrounding DTC genetics so far. These wider political aspects include the profound power asymmetries that characterize the collection and use of personal genetic data in many contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Turrini
- Centre for the Study of Techniques, Knowledge and Practices, University of Paris 1 "Panthéon Sorbonne", France
| | - Barbara Prainsack
- Department of Social Science, Health & Medicine, King's College London, United Kingdom
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122
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Adopting genetics: motivations and outcomes of personal genomic testing in adult adoptees. Genet Med 2016; 18:924-32. [PMID: 26820063 PMCID: PMC4965328 DOI: 10.1038/gim.2015.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE American adult adoptees may possess limited information about their biological families and turn to direct-to-consumer personal genomic testing (PGT) for genealogical and medical information. We investigated the motivations and outcomes of adoptees undergoing PGT using data from the Impact of Personal Genomics (PGen) Study. METHODS The PGen Study surveyed new 23andMe and Pathway Genomics customers before and 6 months after receiving PGT results. Exploratory analyses compared adoptees' and nonadoptees' PGT attitudes, expectations, and experiences. We evaluated the association of adoption status with motivations for testing and postdisclosure actions using logistic regression models. RESULTS Of 1,607 participants, 80 (5%) were adopted. As compared with nonadoptees, adoptees were more likely to cite limited knowledge of family health history (OR = 10.1; 95% CI = 5.7-19.5) and the opportunity to learn genetic disease risks (OR = 2.7; 95% CI = 1.6-4.8) as strong motivations for PGT. Of 922 participants who completed 6-month follow-up, there was no significant association between adoption status and PGT-motivated health-care utilization or health-behavior change. CONCLUSION PGT allows adoptees to gain otherwise inaccessible information about their genetic disease risks and ancestry, helping them to fill the void of an incomplete family health history.Genet Med 18 9, 924-932.
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123
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Wessel J, Gupta J, de Groot M. Factors Motivating Individuals to Consider Genetic Testing for Type 2 Diabetes Risk Prediction. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147071. [PMID: 26789839 PMCID: PMC4720283 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify attitudes and perceptions of willingness to participate in genetic testing for type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk prediction in the general population. Adults (n = 598) were surveyed on attitudes about utilizing genetic testing to predict future risk of T2D. Participants were recruited from public libraries (53%), online registry (37%) and a safety net hospital emergency department (10%). Respondents were 37 ± 11 years old, primarily White (54%), female (69%), college educated (46%), with an annual income ≥$25,000 (56%). Half of participants were interested in genetic testing for T2D (52%) and 81% agreed/strongly agreed genetic testing should be available to the public. Only 57% of individuals knew T2D is preventable. A multivariate model to predict interest in genetic testing was adjusted for age, gender, recruitment location and BMI; significant predictors were motivation (high perceived personal risk of T2D [OR = 4.38 (1.76, 10.9)]; family history [OR = 2.56 (1.46, 4.48)]; desire to know risk prior to disease onset [OR = 3.25 (1.94, 5.42)]; and knowing T2D is preventable [OR = 2.11 (1.24, 3.60)], intention (if the cost is free [OR = 10.2 (4.27, 24.6)]; and learning T2D is preventable [OR = 5.18 (1.95, 13.7)]) and trust of genetic testing results [OR = 0.03 (0.003, 0.30)]. Individuals are interested in genetic testing for T2D risk which offers unique information that is personalized. Financial accessibility, validity of the test and availability of diabetes prevention programs were identified as predictors of interest in T2D testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Wessel
- Department of Epidemiology, Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jyoti Gupta
- Department of Epidemiology, Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Mary de Groot
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
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124
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Boers SN, van Delden JJM, Knoers NV, Bredenoord AL. Postmortem disclosure of genetic information to family members: active or passive? Trends Mol Med 2016; 21:148-53. [PMID: 25743261 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Advances in next-generation DNA sequencing (NGS) now make it possible, and affordable, to sequence the entire genome of an individual. Routine clinical application is on the horizon. There is a consensus that some subsets of genetic information should be disclosed to patients, but disclosure to their relatives is less consensual. This issue becomes especially salient after a patient's death, when permission can no longer be sought. There has however been little debate on postmortem disclosure. We identify and explain the arguments in favor of and against disclosure of genetic information to the relatives of a deceased patient. We conclude that there are valid reasons to communicate some subsets of genetic information to family members after death, and we propose a passive postmortem disclosure policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N Boers
- Department of Medical Humanities, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Str 6.131, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Johannes J M van Delden
- Department of Medical Humanities, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Str 6.131, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nine V Knoers
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, KC04.084.2, PO Box 85090, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Annelien L Bredenoord
- Department of Medical Humanities, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Str 6.131, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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125
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Abstract
Various stakeholders have issued recommendations regarding the use of genomics in pediatrics. These guidelines are driven in part by concerns about psychosocial risks of disclosing predictive genomic information during childhood. As genomic sequencing becomes more commonly used in pediatric settings, it is important to systematically study the psychosocial impact of genomic sequencing of newborns, including the impact on family dynamics. Through review of the psychological and genetic counseling literature, we identify the following 3 domains of family dynamics that have potential to be impacted by the return of genomic results during the newborn period: perceived child vulnerability, parent-child bonding, and self and partner blame. In this article, we outline the complexity of studying these psychosocial outcomes and our plan to examine them in the BabySeq Project, a randomized controlled trial in both healthy and sick infants, in which the return of genomic information will be compared with standard of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Ann Frankel
- Department of Psychological, Health, and Learning Sciences, The University of Houston, Houston, Texas; and
| | - Stacey Pereira
- Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Amy L. McGuire
- Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas,Address correspondence to Amy L. McGuire, JD, PhD, Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Suite 310D, Houston, TX 77030. E-mail:
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126
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Covolo L, Rubinelli S, Ceretti E, Gelatti U. Internet-Based Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing: A Systematic Review. J Med Internet Res 2015; 17:e279. [PMID: 26677835 PMCID: PMC4704942 DOI: 10.2196/jmir.4378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Direct-to-consumer genetic tests (DTC-GT) are easily purchased through the Internet, independent of a physician referral or approval for testing, allowing the retrieval of genetic information outside the clinical context. There is a broad debate about the testing validity, their impact on individuals, and what people know and perceive about them. Objective The aim of this review was to collect evidence on DTC-GT from a comprehensive perspective that unravels the complexity of the phenomenon. Methods A systematic search was carried out through PubMed, Web of Knowledge, and Embase, in addition to Google Scholar according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist with the key term “Direct-to-consumer genetic test.” Results In the final sample, 118 articles were identified. Articles were summarized in five categories according to their focus on (1) knowledge of, attitude toward use of, and perception of DTC-GT (n=37), (2) the impact of genetic risk information on users (n=37), (3) the opinion of health professionals (n=20), (4) the content of websites selling DTC-GT (n=16), and (5) the scientific evidence and clinical utility of the tests (n=14). Most of the articles analyzed the attitude, knowledge, and perception of DTC-GT, highlighting an interest in using DTC-GT, along with the need for a health care professional to help interpret the results. The articles investigating the content analysis of the websites selling these tests are in agreement that the information provided by the companies about genetic testing is not completely comprehensive for the consumer. Given that risk information can modify consumers’ health behavior, there are surprisingly few studies carried out on actual consumers and they do not confirm the overall concerns on the possible impact of DTC-GT. Data from studies that investigate the quality of the tests offered confirm that they are not informative, have little predictive power, and do not measure genetic risk appropriately. Conclusions The impact of DTC-GT on consumers’ health perceptions and behaviors is an emerging concern. However, negative effects on consumers or health benefits have yet to be observed. Nevertheless, since the online market of DTC-GT is expected to grow, it is important to remain aware of a possible impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Covolo
- Unit of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Italy, Brescia, Italy.
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127
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Howard HC, Knoppers BM, Cornel MC, Wright Clayton E, Sénécal K, Borry P. Whole-genome sequencing in newborn screening? A statement on the continued importance of targeted approaches in newborn screening programmes. Eur J Hum Genet 2015; 23:1593-600. [PMID: 25626707 PMCID: PMC4795188 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2014.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent and refinement of sequencing technologies has resulted in a decrease in both the cost and time needed to generate data on the entire sequence of the human genome. This has increased the accessibility of using whole-genome sequencing and whole-exome sequencing approaches for analysis in both the research and clinical contexts. The expectation is that more services based on these and other high-throughput technologies will become available to patients and the wider population. Some authors predict that sequencing will be performed once in a lifetime, namely, shortly after birth. The Public and Professional Policy Committee of the European Society of Human Genetics, the Human Genome Organisation Committee on Ethics, Law and Society, the PHG Foundation and the P3G International Paediatric Platform address herein the important issues and challenges surrounding the potential use of sequencing technologies in publicly funded newborn screening (NBS) programmes. This statement presents the relevant issues and culminates in a set of recommendations to help inform and guide scientists and clinicians, as well as policy makers regarding the necessary considerations for the use of genome sequencing technologies and approaches in NBS programmes. The primary objective of NBS should be the targeted analysis and identification of gene variants conferring a high risk of preventable or treatable conditions, for which treatment has to start in the newborn period or in early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Carmen Howard
- Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bartha Maria Knoppers
- Department of Human Genetics, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Martina C Cornel
- Department of Clinical Genetics and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen Wright Clayton
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Karine Sénécal
- Department of Human Genetics, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pascal Borry
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - endorsed by the European Society of Human Genetics; the P3G International Paediatric Platform; the Human Genome Organisation; and the PHG Foundation
- Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Human Genetics, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Clinical Genetics and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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128
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Hamilton JG, Shuk E, Arniella G, González CJ, Gold GS, Gany F, Robson ME, Hay JL. Genetic Testing Awareness and Attitudes among Latinos: Exploring Shared Perceptions and Gender-Based Differences. Public Health Genomics 2015; 19:34-46. [PMID: 26555145 DOI: 10.1159/000441552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Latinos, whose views are infrequently examined in genomic research, may be at risk of missing out on the benefits of genomic medicine. AIMS To explore this possibility, we conducted a qualitative study of awareness and attitudes about genetic testing among Latinos with lower acculturation in New York City. METHODS We conducted four focus groups (7 English-speaking men, 5 Spanish-speaking men, 13 English-speaking women and 13 Spanish-speaking women) to explore factors that influence the adoption of new innovations through the discussion of genetic testing in general, and a hypothetical vignette describing a genetic test for skin cancer risk, in particular. RESULTS Through inductive thematic text analysis of focus group transcripts, our multidisciplinary team identified themes within knowledge and attitudes, communication and sources of information, anticipated responses, factors that may increase adoption, and barriers to adoption of genetic testing. Specifically, a majority of participants expressed some degree of uncertainty regarding the purpose of genetic tests and information these tests provide, rarely discussed genetic testing with others in their social networks, and expressed concerns about the misuse of and possible adverse emotional responses to genetic information. However, participants also expressed high levels of interest in receiving a skin cancer genetic test in response to the vignette and believed that receiving actionable health information was a primary reason to consider testing. Gender-based differences in perceived barriers to testing emerged. CONCLUSIONS The results highlight beliefs and barriers that future interventions could target to help ensure that Latinos have adequate understanding of and access to genomic medicine advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jada G Hamilton
- Behavioral Sciences Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, N.Y., USA
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129
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Participant use and communication of findings from exome sequencing: a mixed-methods study. Genet Med 2015; 18:577-83. [PMID: 26540156 PMCID: PMC4860179 DOI: 10.1038/gim.2015.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study investigated how genome sequencing results affect health behaviors, affect, and communication. Methods We report on 29 participants who received a sequence result in the ClinSeq® study, a cohort of well-educated, post-reproductive volunteers. A mixed methods design was used to explore respondents’ use, communication, and perceived utility of results. Results Most participants (72%) shared their result with at least one health care provider, and 31% reported changes to their health care. Participants scored high on the Positive Experiences subscale and low on the Distress subscale of a modified version of the Multidimensional Impact of Cancer Risk Assessment (MICRA). The majority (93%) shared their result with at least one family member. Participant’s described deriving personal utility from their results. Conclusions This paper is the first to describe research participants’ reactions to actionable sequencing results. Our findings suggest clinical and personal benefit from receiving sequencing results, both of which may contribute to improved health for the recipients. Given the participants’ largely positive or neutral affective responses and disclosure of their results to physicians and relatives, health care providers should redirect concern from the potential for distress and attend to motivating patients to follow their medical recommendations.
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130
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Han PKJ, Duarte CW, Daggett S, Siewers A, Killam B, Smith KA, Freedman AN. Effects of personalized colorectal cancer risk information on laypersons' interest in colorectal cancer screening: The importance of individual differences. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2015; 98:1280-1286. [PMID: 26227576 PMCID: PMC4573248 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate how personalized quantitative colorectal cancer (CRC) risk information affects laypersons' interest in CRC screening, and to explore factors influencing these effects. METHODS An online pre-post experiment was conducted in which a convenience sample (N=578) of laypersons, aged >50, were provided quantitative personalized estimates of lifetime CRC risk, calculated by the National Cancer Institute Colorectal Cancer Risk Assessment Tool (CCRAT). Self-reported interest in CRC screening was measured immediately before and after CCRAT use; sociodemographic characteristics and prior CRC screening history were also assessed. Multivariable analyses assessed participants' change in interest in screening, and subgroup differences in this change. RESULTS Personalized CRC risk information had no overall effect on CRC screening interest, but significant subgroup differences were observed. Change in screening interest was greater among individuals with recent screening (p=.015), higher model-estimated cancer risk (p=.0002), and lower baseline interest (p<.0001), with individuals at highest baseline interest demonstrating negative (not neutral) change in interest. CONCLUSION Effects of quantitative personalized CRC risk information on laypersons' interest in CRC screening differ among individuals depending on prior screening history, estimated cancer risk, and baseline screening interest. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Personalized cancer risk information has personalized effects-increasing and decreasing screening interest in different individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul K J Han
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Maine Medical Center, Portland, USA.
| | - Christine W Duarte
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Maine Medical Center, Portland, USA
| | | | - Andrea Siewers
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Maine Medical Center, Portland, USA
| | | | - Kahsi A Smith
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Maine Medical Center, Portland, USA
| | - Andrew N Freedman
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
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131
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Boeldt DL, Wineinger NE, Waalen J, Gollamudi S, Grossberg A, Steinhubl SR, McCollister-Slipp A, Rogers MA, Silvers C, Topol EJ. How Consumers and Physicians View New Medical Technology: Comparative Survey. J Med Internet Res 2015; 17:e215. [PMID: 26369254 PMCID: PMC4642377 DOI: 10.2196/jmir.4456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As a result of the digital revolution coming to medicine, a number of new tools are becoming available and are starting to be introduced in clinical practice. Objective We aim to assess health care professional and consumer attitudes toward new medical technology including smartphones, genetic testing, privacy, and patient-accessible electronic health records. Methods We performed a survey with 1406 health care providers and 1102 consumer responders. Results Consumers who completed the survey were more likely to prefer new technologies for a medical diagnosis (437/1102, 39.66%) compared with providers (194/1406, 13.80%; P<.001), with more providers (393/1406, 27.95%) than consumers (175/1102, 15.88%) reporting feeling uneasy about using technology for a diagnosis. Both providers and consumers supported genetic testing for various purposes, with providers (1234/1406, 87.77%) being significantly more likely than consumers (806/1102, 73.14%) to support genetic testing when planning to have a baby (P<.001). Similarly, 91.68% (1289/1406) of providers and 81.22% (895/1102) of consumers supported diagnosing problems in a fetus (P<.001). Among providers, 90.33% (1270/1406) were concerned that patients would experience anxiety after accessing health records, and 81.95% (1149/1406) felt it would lead to requests for unnecessary medical evaluations, but only 34.30% (378/1102; P<.001) and 24.59% (271/1102; P<.001) of consumers expressed the same concerns, respectively. Physicians (137/827, 16.6%) reported less concern about the use of technology for diagnosis compared to medical students (21/235, 8.9%; P=.03) and also more frequently felt that patients owned their medical record (323/827, 39.1%; and 30/235, 12.8%, respectively; P<.001). Conclusions Consumers and health professionals differ significantly and broadly in their views of emerging medical technology, with more enthusiasm and support expressed by consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra L Boeldt
- Scripps Translational Science Institute, Scripps Health, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
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132
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Gorini A, Pravettoni G. Why do we pay for information that we won't use? A cognitive-based explanation for genetic information seeking. Eur J Hum Genet 2015; 24:625. [PMID: 26350510 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2015.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Gorini
- Department of Health Science, University of Milan and European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriella Pravettoni
- Department of Health Science, University of Milan and European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
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133
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Rollins BL, Ramakrishnan S, Perri M. Direct-to-consumer advertising of predictive genetic tests: a health belief model based examination of consumer response. Health Mark Q 2015; 31:263-78. [PMID: 25120046 DOI: 10.1080/07359683.2014.936295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Direct-to-consumer (DTC) advertising of predictive genetic tests (PGTs) has added a new dimension to health advertising. This study used an online survey based on the health belief model framework to examine and more fully understand consumers' responses and behavioral intentions in response to a PGT DTC advertisement. Overall, consumers reported moderate intentions to talk with their doctor and seek more information about PGTs after advertisement exposure, though consumers did not seem ready to take the advertised test or engage in active information search. Those who perceived greater threat from the disease, however, had significantly greater behavioral intentions and information search behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent L Rollins
- a Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Georgia Campus , Suwanee , Georgia
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134
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Abstract
Over a decade since the completion of the human genome sequence, the promise of personalised nutrition available to all has yet to become a reality. While the definition was originally very gene-focused, in recent years, a model of personalised nutrition has emerged with the incorporation of dietary, phenotypic and genotypic information at various levels. Developing on from the idea of personalised nutrition, the concept of targeted nutrition has evolved which refers to the delivery of tailored dietary advice at a group level rather than at an individual level. Central to this concept is metabotyping or metabolic phenotyping, which is the ability to group similar individuals together based on their metabolic or phenotypic profiles. Applications of the metabotyping concept extend from the nutrition to the medical literature. While there are many examples of the metabotype approach, there is a dearth in the literature with regard to the development of tailored interventions for groups of individuals. This review will first explore the effectiveness of personalised nutrition in motivating behaviour change and secondly, examine potential novel ways for the delivery of personalised advice at a population level through a metabotyping approach. Based on recent findings from our work, we will demonstrate a novel strategy for the delivery of tailored dietary advice at a group level using this concept. In general, there is a strong emerging evidence to support the effectiveness of personalised nutrition; future work should ascertain if targeted nutrition can motivate behaviour change in a similar manner.
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135
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Weber KS, Jensen JL, Johnson SM. Anticipation of Personal Genomics Data Enhances Interest and Learning Environment in Genomics and Molecular Biology Undergraduate Courses. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133486. [PMID: 26241308 PMCID: PMC4524698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An important discussion at colleges is centered on determining more effective models for teaching undergraduates. As personalized genomics has become more common, we hypothesized it could be a valuable tool to make science education more hands on, personal, and engaging for college undergraduates. We hypothesized that providing students with personal genome testing kits would enhance the learning experience of students in two undergraduate courses at Brigham Young University: Advanced Molecular Biology and Genomics. These courses have an emphasis on personal genomics the last two weeks of the semester. Students taking these courses were given the option to receive personal genomics kits in 2014, whereas in 2015 they were not. Students sent their personal genomics samples in on their own and received the data after the course ended. We surveyed students in these courses before and after the two-week emphasis on personal genomics to collect data on whether anticipation of obtaining their own personal genomic data impacted undergraduate student learning. We also tested to see if specific personal genomic assignments improved the learning experience by analyzing the data from the undergraduate students who completed both the pre- and post-course surveys. Anticipation of personal genomic data significantly enhanced student interest and the learning environment based on the time students spent researching personal genomic material and their self-reported attitudes compared to those who did not anticipate getting their own data. Personal genomics homework assignments significantly enhanced the undergraduate student interest and learning based on the same criteria and a personal genomics quiz. We found that for the undergraduate students in both molecular biology and genomics courses, incorporation of personal genomic testing can be an effective educational tool in undergraduate science education.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Scott Weber
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jamie L. Jensen
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Steven M. Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
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136
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Meisel SF, Carere DA, Wardle J, Kalia SS, Moreno TA, Mountain JL, Roberts JS, Green RC. Explaining, not just predicting, drives interest in personal genomics. Genome Med 2015; 7:74. [PMID: 26269719 PMCID: PMC4533947 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-015-0188-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is a widespread assumption that risk prediction is the major driver of customer interest in personal genomic testing (PGT). However, some customers may also be motivated by finding out whether their existing diseases have a genetic etiology. We evaluated the impact of an existing medical diagnosis on customer interest in condition-specific results from PGT. Methods Using a prospective online survey of PGT customers, we measured customer interest prior to receiving PGT results for 11 health conditions, and examined the association between interest and personal medical history of these conditions using logistic regression. Results We analyzed data from 1,538 PGT customers, mean age 48.7 years, 61 % women, 90 % White, and 47 % college educated. The proportion of customers who were ‘very interested’ in condition-specific PGT varied considerably, from 28 % for ulcerative colitis to 68% for heart disease. After adjusting for demographic and personal characteristics including family history, having a diagnosis of the condition itself was significantly associated with interest in genetic testing for risk of that condition, with odds ratios ranging from 2.07 (95 % CI 1.28-3.37) for diabetes to 19.99 (95 % CI 4.57-87.35) for multiple sclerosis. Conclusions PGT customers are particularly interested in genetic markers for their existing medical conditions, suggesting that the value of genetic testing is not only predictive, but also explanatory. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13073-015-0188-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne F Meisel
- Cancer Research UK Health Behaviour Research Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Deanna Alexis Carere
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115 USA ; Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Jane Wardle
- Cancer Research UK Health Behaviour Research Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sarah S Kalia
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | | | | | - J Scott Roberts
- Department of Health Behavior & Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Robert C Green
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115 USA ; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA ; Partners Personalized Medicine, EC Alumnae Building, Suite 301, 41 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115 USA
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Characterizing Participants in the ClinSeq Genome Sequencing Cohort as Early Adopters of a New Health Technology. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132690. [PMID: 26186621 PMCID: PMC4506048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome sequencing is a novel clinical tool that has the potential to identify genetic origins of disease. However, the complexities of this new technology are significant and little is known about its integration into clinical care, and its potential adoption by patients. Expectations of its promise for personalized medicine are high and it is important to properly match expectations to the realities of the test. The NIH ClinSeq cohort study pilots the integration of genome sequencing into clinical research and care to assess the technical, medical and socio-behavioral aspects of implementing this technology. Over 950 adults ages 45-65 have been enrolled and clinically phenotyped. As an initial study, we describe the personality traits of ClinSeq participants, and explore how these traits compare to those that characterize early adopters of other new technologies. Our analysis was conducted on responses from 630 members of the cohort who completed a baseline survey on health cognitions, affect, health-related behaviors and personality traits, prior to receipt of any genome sequencing results. The majority of participants were white (90.5%), had at least a college degree (86.5%), and had at least one biological child (74.6%). Members of this ClinSeq sample were found to be high in dispositional optimism and resilience. Their high SES paralleled that of other early adopters of new technology. These attributes may contribute to participants’ expectations for favorable outcomes and willingness to take higher risks when compared to the general population. These characteristics may distinguish those who are most likely to pursue genome sequencing and be indicative of their psychological resources to manage returned results.
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138
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Sanfilippo PG, Kearns LS, Wright P, Mackey DA, Hewitt AW. Current landscape of direct-to-consumer genetic testing and its role in ophthalmology: a review. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2015; 43:578-90. [PMID: 25676199 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.12508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The sequencing of the human genome has seen the emergence of the direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic-testing market, which allows individuals to obtain information about their genetic profile and its many health and lifestyle implications. Genetics play an important role in the development of many eye diseases, however, little information is available describing the influence of the DTC industry in ophthalmology. In this review, we examined DTC companies providing genetic test products for eye disease. Of all eye conditions, the majority of DTC companies provided susceptibility testing or risk assessment for age-related macular degeneration (AMD). For the 15 companies noted to offer products, we found considerable variation in the cost, scope and clarity of informational content of DTC genetic testing for ophthalmic conditions. The clinical utility of these tests remains in question, and the American Academy of Ophthalmology recommendations against routine testing for many conditions probably still apply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G Sanfilippo
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lisa S Kearns
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Philip Wright
- Lions Eye Institute, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medicine, Queen's Medical Centre, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - David A Mackey
- Lions Eye Institute, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medicine, Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Alex W Hewitt
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Lions Eye Institute, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medicine, Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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139
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Vayena E. Direct-to-consumer genomics on the scales of autonomy. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ETHICS 2015; 41:310-4. [PMID: 24797610 PMCID: PMC4392219 DOI: 10.1136/medethics-2014-102026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic services have generated enormous controversy from their first emergence. A dramatic recent manifestation of this is the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) cease and desist order against 23andMe, the leading provider in the market. Critics have argued for the restrictive regulation of such services, and even their prohibition, on the grounds of the harm they pose to consumers. Their advocates, by contrast, defend them as a means of enhancing the autonomy of those same consumers. Autonomy emerges as a key battle-field in this debate, because many of the 'harm' arguments can be interpreted as identifying threats to autonomy. This paper assesses whether DTC genomic services are a threat to, or instead, an enhancement of, personal autonomy. It deploys Joseph Raz's account of personal autonomy, with its emphasis on choice from a range of valuable options. It then seeks to counter claims that DTC genomics threatens autonomy because it involves manipulation in contravention of consumers' independence or because it does not generate valuable options which can be meaningfully engaged with by consumers. It is stressed that the value of the options generated by DTC genomics should not be judged exclusively from the perspective of medical actionability, but should take into consideration plural utilities. Finally, the paper ends by broaching policy recommendations, suggesting that there is a strong autonomy-based argument for permitting DTC genomic services, and that the key question is the nature of the regulatory conditions under which they should be permitted. The discussion of autonomy in this paper helps illuminate some of these conditions.
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140
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Bunnik EM, Janssens ACJW, Schermer MHN. Personal utility in genomic testing: is there such a thing? JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ETHICS 2015; 41:322-326. [PMID: 24872596 DOI: 10.1136/medethics-2013-101887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In ethical and regulatory discussions on new applications of genomic testing technologies, the notion of 'personal utility' has been mentioned repeatedly. It has been used to justify direct access to commercially offered genomic testing or feedback of individual research results to research or biobank participants. Sometimes research participants or consumers claim a right to genomic information with an appeal to personal utility. As of yet, no systematic account of the umbrella notion of personal utility has been given. This paper offers a definition of personal utility that places it in the middle of the spectrum between clinical utility and personal perceptions of utility, and that acknowledges its normative charge. The paper discusses two perspectives on personal utility, the healthcare perspective and the consumer perspective, and argues that these are too narrow and too wide, respectively. Instead, it proposes a normative definition of personal utility that postulates information and potential use as necessary conditions of utility. This definition entails that perceived utility does not equal personal utility, and that expert judgment may be necessary to help determine whether a genomic test can have personal utility for someone. Two examples of genomic tests are presented to illustrate the discrepancies between perceived utility and our proposed definition of personal utility. The paper concludes that while there is room for the notion of personal utility in the ethical evaluation and regulation of genomic tests, the justificatory role of personal utility is not unlimited. For in the absence of clinical validity and reasonable potential use of information, there is no personal utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline M Bunnik
- Department of Medical Ethics and Philosophy of Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Cecile J W Janssens
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Maartje H N Schermer
- Department of Medical Ethics and Philosophy of Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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142
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Comparison of coronary heart disease genetic assessment with conventional cardiovascular risk assessment in primary care: reflections on a feasibility study. Prim Health Care Res Dev 2015; 16:607-17. [PMID: 25797277 DOI: 10.1017/s1463423615000122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM This study assesses the feasibility of collecting genetic samples and self-reported outcome measures after cardiovascular risk assessment, and presenting the genetic test results to participants. BACKGROUND Coronary heart disease (CHD) genetic tests are increasingly available through direct-to-consumer marketing, but their potential clinical impact on cardiovascular risk assessment is unclear. METHODS Observational study in 10 British general practices in Central England. A total of 320 individuals, who had completed conventional cardiovascular risk assessment, were offered CHD genetic test, with follow-up outcome questionnaire at eight months for lifestyle change and State-Trait Anxiety. FINDINGS A total of 119 (37%) participants returned genetic test specimens, with over a third reporting family history of CHD in a specified relative; 79 (66.4%) were categorized above-average risk on conventional cardiovascular risk assessment, 65 of whom (82.3%) were only average risk on genetic assessment. The dietary fat questionnaire was poorly completed while study participation was not associated with increased anxiety (mean increase in anxiety score=2.1; 95% CI -0.1-4.3; P=0.06). CONCLUSION As a feasibility study, over a third of individuals offered genetic testing in primary care, as part of CVD risk assessment, took up the offer. Although intervention did not appear to increase anxiety, this needs further evaluation. To improve generalizability and effect size, future studies should actively engage individuals from wider socio-economic backgrounds who may not have already contemplated lifestyle change. The current research suggests general practitioners will face the clinical challenge of patients presenting with direct-to-consumer genetic results that are inconsistent with conventional cardiovascular risk assessment.
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143
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Robinson CL, Jouni H, Kruisselbrink TM, Austin EE, Christensen KD, Green RC, Kullo IJ. Disclosing genetic risk for coronary heart disease: effects on perceived personal control and genetic counseling satisfaction. Clin Genet 2015; 89:251-7. [PMID: 25708169 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether disclosure of coronary heart disease (CHD) genetic risk influences perceived personal control (PPC) and genetic counseling satisfaction (GCS). Participants (n = 207, age: 45-65 years) were randomized to receive estimated 10-year risk of CHD based on a conventional risk score (CRS) with or without a genetic risk score (GRS). Risk estimates were disclosed by a genetic counselor who also reviewed how GRS altered risk in those randomized to CRS+GRS. Each participant subsequently met with a physician and then completed surveys to assess PPC and GCS. Participants who received CRS+GRS had higher PPC than those who received CRS alone although the absolute difference was small (25.2 ± 2.7 vs 24.1 ± 3.8, p = 0.04). A greater proportion of CRS+GRS participants had higher GCS scores (17.3 ± 5.3 vs 15.9 ± 6.3, p = 0.06). In the CRS+GRS group, PPC and GCS scores were not correlated with GRS. Within both groups, PPC and GCS scores were similar in patients with or without family history (p = NS). In conclusion, patients who received their genetic risk of CHD had higher PPC and tended to have higher GCS. Our findings suggest that disclosure of genetic risk of CHD together with conventional risk estimates is appreciated by patients. Whether this results in improved outcomes needs additional investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Robinson
- School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - H Jouni
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - T M Kruisselbrink
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - E E Austin
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - K D Christensen
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R C Green
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - I J Kullo
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Allyse M, Sayres LC, Goodspeed T, Michie M, Cho MK. "Don't Want No Risk and Don't Want No Problems": Public Understandings of the Risks and Benefits of Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing in the United States. AJOB Empir Bioeth 2015; 6:5-20. [PMID: 25932463 DOI: 10.1080/23294515.2014.994722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recent availability of new non-invasive prenatal genetic tests for fetal aneuploidy has raised questions concerning whether and how these new tests will be integrated into prenatal medical care. Among the many factors to be considered are public understandings and preferences about prenatal testing mechanisms and the prospect of fetal aneuploidy. METHODS To address these issues, we conducted a nation-wide mixed-method survey of 2,960 adults in the United States to explore justifications for choices among prenatal testing mechanisms. Open responses were qualitatively coded and grouped by theme. RESULTS Respondents cited accuracy, followed by cost, as the most significant aspects of prenatal testing. Acceptance of testing was predicated on differing valuations of knowledge and on personal and religious beliefs. Trust in the medical establishment, attitudes towards risk, and beliefs about health and illness were also considered relevant. CONCLUSIONS Although a significant portion of the sample population valued the additional accuracy provided by the new non-invasive tests, they nevertheless expressed concerns over high costs. Furthermore, participants continued to express reservations about the value of prenatal genetic information per se, regardless of how it was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Allyse
- Institute for Health and Aging, University of California San Francisco
| | | | | | - Marsha Michie
- Institute for Health and Aging, University of California San Francisco
| | - Mildred K Cho
- Stanford Center for Biomedical Ethics and Department of Pediatrics, Stanford Medical School
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145
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Hietaranta-Luoma HL, Luomala HT, Puolijoki H, Hopia A. Using ApoE Genotyping to Promote Healthy Lifestyles in Finland - Psychological Impacts: Randomized Controlled Trial. J Genet Couns 2015; 24:908-21. [PMID: 25735442 DOI: 10.1007/s10897-015-9826-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Common health recommendations often incite very little public response, as people instead require individualized information. The purpose of this study was to assess the psychological effects of personal genetic information, provided by different apoE genotypes, as a tool to promote lifestyle changes. This study was a one-year intervention study using healthy adults, aged 20-67 years (n = 107). Their experiences of state anxiety, threat and stage of change were measured three times over a 12 months period. These psychological experiences were assessed, during the genetic information gathering, for three groups: a high-risk group (Ɛ4+, n = 16); a low-risk group (Ɛ4-, n = 35); and a control group (n = 56). The psychological effects of personal genetic risk information were shown to be short-term, although the levels of state anxiety and threat experiences in the high-risk group both remained at a slightly higher level than in the baseline. Threat experiences differed almost significantly (alpha = 0.017) between the Ɛ4+ and Ɛ4- groups (p = 0.034). Information on the apoE genotype impacted the experience of cardiovascular threat; this effect was most intense immediately after genetic feedback was received. However, fears of threat and anxiety may not be an obstacle for using gene information to motivate healthy, stable adults towards making lifestyle changes. Further studies should thus focus on how to utilize genetic screening in prevention of lifestyle-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-L Hietaranta-Luoma
- Functional Foods Forum, University of Turku, Kampusranta 9 C, 60320, Seinäjoki, Finland.
| | - H T Luomala
- Department of Marketing, University of Vaasa, Vaasa, Finland
| | - H Puolijoki
- Central Hospital of Southern Ostrobothnia, Seinäjoki, Finland
| | - A Hopia
- Functional Foods Forum, University of Turku, Kampusranta 9 C, 60320, Seinäjoki, Finland
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146
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Meisel SF, Beeken RJ, van Jaarsveld CHM, Wardle J. Genetic susceptibility testing and readiness to control weight: Results from a randomized controlled trial. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2015; 23:305-12. [PMID: 25522302 PMCID: PMC4361051 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that adding obesity gene feedback (FTO) to simple weight control advice at a life stage with raised risk of weight gain (university) increases readiness to control weight. METHODS Individually randomized controlled trial comparing the effect of: (i) simple weight control advice plus FTO feedback (FA) and (ii) simple weight control advice only (AO) on readiness to engage with weight control. Differences in stage of change by genotype and differential weight control behaviors were secondary outcomes. RESULTS Of 1,016 participants randomized, only 279 completed follow-up, yielding 90% power to detect a small effect for readiness to control weight. As predicted, FA participants were more likely to be in the contemplation stage than AO participants (P = 0.023). Participants receiving higher-risk genetic results were at a higher stage of change than controls (P = 0.003), with a trend toward a higher stage of change than those getting lower-risk results (P = 0.051). Lower-risk results did not decrease weight control intentions compared with controls (P = 0.55). There were no group differences in adherence to recommended weight control behaviors (P = 0.87). CONCLUSIONS Adding FTO feedback to weight control advice enhanced readiness to control weight, without evidence for genetic determinism, but had no more effect on behavior than weight control advice alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne F Meisel
- Cancer Research UK Health Behavior Research Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College LondonUK
- Correspondence: Susanne Meisel ()
| | - Rebecca J Beeken
- Cancer Research UK Health Behavior Research Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College LondonUK
| | | | - Jane Wardle
- Cancer Research UK Health Behavior Research Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College LondonUK
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147
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred L George
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Center for Pharmacogenomics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL.
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148
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O'Neill SC, Tercyak KP, Baytop C, Alford SH, McBride CM. A new approach to assessing affect and the emotional implications of personal genomic testing for common disease risk. Public Health Genomics 2015; 18:104-12. [PMID: 25612474 PMCID: PMC4348333 DOI: 10.1159/000370101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Personal genomic testing (PGT) for common disease risk is becoming increasingly frequent, but little is known about people's array of emotional reactions to learning their genomic risk profiles and the psychological harms/benefits of PGT. We conducted a study of post-PGT affect, including positive, neutral, and negative states that may arise after testing. METHODS A total of 228 healthy adults received PGT for common disease variants and completed a semistructured research interview within 2 weeks of disclosure. The study participants reported how the PGT results made them feel in their own words. Using an iterative coding process, the responses were organized into three broad affective categories: negative, neutral, and positive affect. RESULTS Neutral affect was the most prevalent response (53.9%), followed by positive affect (26.9%) and negative affect (19.2%). We found no differences by gender, race, or education. CONCLUSIONS While <20% of participants reported negative affect in response to learning their genomic risk profile for common diseases, a majority experienced either neutral or positive emotions. These findings contribute to the growing evidence that PGT does not impose significant psychological harms. Moreover, they point to a need to better link theories and assessments in both emotional and cognitive processing to capitalize on PGT information for healthy behavior change.
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149
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Shiovitz S, Korde LA. Genetics of breast cancer: a topic in evolution. Ann Oncol 2015; 26:1291-9. [PMID: 25605744 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdv022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A hereditary predisposition to breast cancer significantly influences screening and follow-up recommendations for high-risk women. However, in patients with a suggestive personal and/or family history, a specific predisposing gene is identified in <30% of cases. Up to 25% of hereditary cases are due to a mutation in one of the few identified rare, but highly penetrant genes (BRCA1, BRCA2, PTEN, TP53, CDH1, and STK11), which confer up to an 80% lifetime risk of breast cancer. An additional 2%-3% of cases are due to a mutation in a rare, moderate-penetrance gene (e.g. CHEK2, BRIP1, ATM, and PALB2), each associated with a twofold increase in risk. Prediction models suggest that there are unlikely to be additional yet to be identified high-penetrance genes. Investigation of common, low-penetrance alleles contributing to risk in a polygenic fashion has yielded a small number of suggestive single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), but the contributive risk of an individual SNP is quite small. Mutation testing is currently recommended for individual genes in the appropriate clinical setting where there is a high index of suspicion for a specific mutated gene or syndrome. Next-generation sequencing offers a new venue for risk assessment. At the present time, there are clear clinical guidelines for individuals with a mutation in a high-penetrance gene. Otherwise, standard models are used to predict an individual's lifetime risk by clinical and family history rather than genomic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shiovitz
- Divison of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle Divisions of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA
| | - L A Korde
- Divison of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle Divisions of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA
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150
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Design and implementation of a randomized controlled trial of genomic counseling for patients with chronic disease. J Pers Med 2015; 4:1-19. [PMID: 24926413 PMCID: PMC4051230 DOI: 10.3390/jpm4010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the development and implementation of a randomized controlled trial to investigate the impact of genomic counseling on a cohort of patients with heart failure (HF) or hypertension (HTN), managed at a large academic medical center, the Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center (OSUWMC). Our study is built upon the existing Coriell Personalized Medicine Collaborative (CPMC®). OSUWMC patient participants with chronic disease (CD) receive eight actionable complex disease and one pharmacogenomic test report through the CPMC® web portal. Participants are randomized to either the in-person post-test genomic counseling—active arm, versus web-based only return of results—control arm. Study-specific surveys measure: (1) change in risk perception; (2) knowledge retention; (3) perceived personal control; (4) health behavior change; and, for the active arm (5), overall satisfaction with genomic counseling. This ongoing partnership has spurred creation of both infrastructure and procedures necessary for the implementation of genomics and genomic counseling in clinical care and clinical research. This included creation of a comprehensive informed consent document and processes for prospective return of actionable results for multiple complex diseases and pharmacogenomics (PGx) through a web portal, and integration of genomic data files and clinical decision support into an EPIC-based electronic medical record. We present this partnership, the infrastructure, genomic counseling approach, and the challenges that arose in the design and conduct of this ongoing trial to inform subsequent collaborative efforts and best genomic counseling practices.
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