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Chen T, Liu C, Lu H, Yin M, Shao C, Hu X, Wu J, Wang Y. The expression of APE1 in triple-negative breast cancer and its effect on drug sensitivity of olaparib. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317713390. [PMID: 29064327 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317713390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer is a kind of breast cancer with poor prognosis and special biological behavior, which lacked endocrine therapy and targeted therapy. We investigate the effect of human APE1 (apurinic/apyrimidyl endonuclease 1), a rate-limiting enzyme of base excision repair, on the prognosis in triple-negative breast cancer and drug sensitivity of olaparib. The expression of APE1 was detected by immunohistochemistry in the triple-negative breast cancer tissues and its effect on survival of triple-negative breast cancer patients was followed. To find whether APE1 effect the drug sensitivity in triple-negative breast cancer cells, the APE1-knockout HCC1937 cell line (triple-negative breast cancer cell line) was established by CRISPR/Cas9 system. Then, we use the wild-type and knockout one to test the drug sensitivity of olaparib. The expression of APE1 in triple-negative breast cancer tissues was significantly higher than that in the adjacent tissues (85.6% vs 14.4%) and its expression was related to tumor size (p < 0.05). We also found that it is an independent prognostic factor in patients with triple-negative breast cancer (overall survival, p = 0.01). In vitro assay, the half maximal inhibitory concentration of olaparib in HCC1937-APE1-KO was significantly increased (17.22 vs 91.85 μM) compared to the wild type. The growth curve showed that olaparib had a stronger lethality on HCC1937 compared to HCC1937- APE1-KO (p < 0.05 on day 3). HCC1937 resulted in more mitotic G2/M arrest and increased apoptosis rate after treatment with 40 μM of olaparib, while HCC1937-APE1-KO did not change significantly. When HCC1937 was treated with different concentrations of olaparib, it was found that APE1 expression decreased more significantly at 15 μM of olaparib was. In HCC1937-APE1-KO, the expression of endogenous poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 was also less than that of HCC1937. These results suggested that the expression of APE1 was an important basis for the maintenance of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1, and the deletion of APE1 may be related to the resistance of olaparib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianran Chen
- 1 Department of Oncology, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuan Liu
- 2 Department of Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Heng Lu
- 1 Department of Oncology, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingzhen Yin
- 1 Department of Oncology, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Changjuan Shao
- 3 State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoding Hu
- 3 State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaxue Wu
- 3 State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yajie Wang
- 1 Department of Oncology, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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102
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Ohmoto A, Yachida S. Current status of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors and future directions. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:5195-5208. [PMID: 29138572 PMCID: PMC5667784 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s139336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs), which play a key role in DNA damage/repair pathways, have been developed as antitumor agents based on the concept of synthetic lethality. Synthetic lethality is the idea that cell death would be efficiently induced by simultaneous loss of function of plural key molecules, for example, by exposing tumor cells with inactivating gene mutation of BRCA-mediated DNA repair to chemically induced inhibition of PARPs. Indeed, three PARP inhibitors, olaparib, rucaparib and niraparib have already been approved in the US or Europe, mainly for the treatment of BRCA-mutant ovarian cancer. Clinical trials of various combinations of PARP inhibitors with cytotoxic or molecular-targeted agents are also underway. In particular, expanded applications of PARP inhibitors are anticipated following recent reports that defects in homologous recombination repair (HRR) are associated with mutations in repair genes other than BRCA1/BRCA2, such as ATM, ATR, PALB2, RAD51, CHEK1 and CHEK2, as well as with epigenetic loss of BRCA1 function through promoter methylation or overexpression of the BRCA2-interacting transcriptional repressor EMSY. Current topics of interest include selection of the best agent in each clinical context, identification of new treatment targets for HRR-proficient cases, and development of PARP inhibitor-based regimens that are less toxic and that prolong overall survival as well as progression-free survival. In addition, potential long-term side effects and suitable biomarkers for predicting efficacy and mechanisms of clinical resistance are in discussion. This review summarizes representative preclinical and clinical data for PARP inhibitors and discusses their potential for future applications to treat various malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Ohmoto
- Laboratory of Clinical Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo
| | - Shinichi Yachida
- Laboratory of Clinical Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo.,Department of Cancer Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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103
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Lawrence YR, Moughan J, Magliocco AM, Klimowicz AC, Regine WF, Mowat RB, DiPetrillo TA, Small W, Simko JP, Golan T, Winter KA, Guha C, Crane CH, Dicker AP. Expression of the DNA repair gene MLH1 correlates with survival in patients who have resected pancreatic cancer and have received adjuvant chemoradiation: NRG Oncology RTOG Study 9704. Cancer 2017; 124:491-498. [PMID: 29053185 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.31058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of patients with pancreatic cancer who undergo curative resection experience rapid disease recurrence. In previous small studies, high expression of the mismatch-repair protein mutL protein homolog 1 (MLH1) in pancreatic cancers was associated with better outcomes. The objective of this study was to validate the association between MLH1 expression and survival in patients who underwent resection of pancreatic cancer and received adjuvant chemoradiation. METHODS Samples were obtained from the NRG Oncology Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 9704 prospective, randomized trial (clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT00003216), which compared 2 adjuvant protocols in patients with pancreatic cancer who underwent resection. Tissue microarrays were prepared from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded, resected tumor tissues. MLH1 expression was quantified using fluorescence immunohistochemistry and automated quantitative analysis, and expression was dichotomized above and below the median value. RESULTS Immunohistochemical staining was successfully performed on 117 patients for MLH1 (60 and 57 patients from the 2 arms). The characteristics of the participants who had tissue samples available were similar to those of the trial population as a whole. At the time of analysis, 84% of participants had died, with a median survival of 17 months. Elevated MLH1 expression levels in tumor nuclei were significantly correlated with longer disease-free and overall survival in each arm individually and in both arms combined. Two-year overall survival was 16% in patients who had low MLH1 expression levels and 53% in those who had high MLH1 expression levels (P < .0001 for both arms combined). This association remained true on a multivariate analysis that allowed for lymph node status (hazard ratio, 0.41; 95% confidence interval, 0.27-0.63; P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS In the current sample, MLH1 expression was correlated with long-term survival. Further studies should assess whether MLH1 expression predicts which patients with localized pancreatic cancer may benefit most from aggressive, multimodality treatment. Cancer 2018;124:491-8. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaacov R Lawrence
- Department of Oncology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel HaShomer, Israel.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jennifer Moughan
- Statistics and Data Management Center, NRG Oncology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Anthony M Magliocco
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | | | | | | | - Thomas A DiPetrillo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital/The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode, Island
| | - William Small
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Loyola University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jeffry P Simko
- Department of Pathology, University of California-San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Talia Golan
- Department of Oncology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel HaShomer, Israel
| | - Kathryn A Winter
- Statistics and Data Management Center, NRG Oncology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Chandan Guha
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | | | - Adam P Dicker
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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104
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Falchi F, Giacomini E, Masini T, Boutard N, Di Ianni L, Manerba M, Farabegoli F, Rossini L, Robertson J, Minucci S, Pallavicini I, Di Stefano G, Roberti M, Pellicciari R, Cavalli A. Synthetic Lethality Triggered by Combining Olaparib with BRCA2-Rad51 Disruptors. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:2491-2497. [PMID: 28841282 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In BRCA2-defective cells, poly(adenosine diphosphate [ADP]-ribose) polymerase inhibitors can trigger synthetic lethality, as two independent DNA-repairing mechanisms are simultaneously impaired. Here, we have pharmacologically induced synthetic lethality, which was triggered by combining two different small organic molecules. When administered with a BRCA2-Rad51 disruptor in nonmutant cells, Olaparib showed anticancer activity comparable to that shown when administered alone in BRCA2-defective cells. This strategy could represent an innovative approach to anticancer drug discovery and could be extended to other synthetic lethality pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Falchi
- CompuNet, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Elisa Giacomini
- CompuNet, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Tiziana Masini
- CompuNet, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Nicolas Boutard
- CompuNet, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Lorenza Di Ianni
- Department
of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 14, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marcella Manerba
- Department
of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 14, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Fulvia Farabegoli
- Department
of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro
6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Lara Rossini
- TES Pharma S.r.l., Via Palmiro Togliatti 22bis, I-06073 Loc. Terrioli, Corciano, Perugia, Italy
| | - Janet Robertson
- TES Pharma S.r.l., Via Palmiro Togliatti 22bis, I-06073 Loc. Terrioli, Corciano, Perugia, Italy
| | - Saverio Minucci
- Department
of Experimental Oncology at the European Institute of Oncology, IFOM-IEO Campus, Via Adamello 16, I-20100 Milan, Italy
- Department
of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, I-20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Isabella Pallavicini
- Department
of Experimental Oncology at the European Institute of Oncology, IFOM-IEO Campus, Via Adamello 16, I-20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Di Stefano
- Department
of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 14, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marinella Roberti
- Department
of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro
6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto Pellicciari
- TES Pharma S.r.l., Via Palmiro Togliatti 22bis, I-06073 Loc. Terrioli, Corciano, Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Cavalli
- CompuNet, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
- Department
of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro
6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
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105
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The roles and applications of autoantibodies in progression, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of human malignant tumours. Autoimmun Rev 2017; 16:1270-1281. [PMID: 29042252 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The existence of autoantibodies towards an individual's own proteins or nucleic acids has been established for more than 100years, and for a long period, these autoantibodies have been believed to be closely associated with autoimmune diseases. However, in recent years, researchers have become more interested in the role and application of autoantibodies in progression, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of human malignant tumours. Over the past few decades, numerous epidemiological studies have shown that the risk of certain cancers is significantly altered (increased or decreased) in patients with autoimmune diseases, which suggests that autoantibodies may play either promoting or suppressing roles in cancer progression. The idea that autoantibodies are directly involved in tumour progression gains special support by the findings that some antibodies secreted by a variety of cancer cells can promote their proliferation and metastasis. Because the cancer cells generate cell antigenic changes (neoantigens), which trigger the immune system to produce autoantibodies, serum autoantibodies against tumour-associated antigens have been established as a novel type of cancer biomarkers and have been extensively studied in different types of cancer. The autoantibodies as biomarkers in cancer diagnosis are not only more sensitive and specific than antigens, but also could appear before clinical evidences of the tumours, thus disclosing them. The observations that cancer risk is lower in patients with some autoimmune diseases suggest that certain autoantibodies may be protective from certain cancers. Moreover, the presence of autoantibodies in healthy individuals implies that it could be safe to employ autoantibodies to treat cancer. Of note, an autoantibodies derived from lupus murine model received much attention due to their selective cytotoxicity for malignant tumour cell without harming normal ones. These studies showed the therapeutic value of autoantibodies in cancer. In this review, we revisited the pathological or protective role of autoantibodies in cancer progression, summarize the application of autoantibodies in cancer diagnosis and prognosis, and discuss the value of autoantibodies in cancer therapy. The studies established to date suggest that autoantibodies not only regulate cancer progression but also promise to be valuable instruments in oncological diagnosis and therapy.
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106
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Benstead-Hume G, Wooller SK, Pearl FM. Computational Approaches to Identify Genetic Interactions for Cancer Therapeutics. J Integr Bioinform 2017; 14:/j/jib.2017.14.issue-3/jib-2017-0027/jib-2017-0027.xml. [PMID: 28941356 PMCID: PMC6042820 DOI: 10.1515/jib-2017-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of improved cancer therapies is frequently cited as an urgent unmet medical need. Here we describe how genetic interactions are being therapeutically exploited to identify novel targeted treatments for cancer. We discuss the current methodologies that use 'omics data to identify genetic interactions, in particular focusing on synthetic sickness lethality (SSL) and synthetic dosage lethality (SDL). We describe the experimental and computational approaches undertaken both in humans and model organisms to identify these interactions. Finally we discuss some of the identified targets with licensed drugs, inhibitors in clinical trials or with compounds under development.
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107
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Vanderstichele A, Busschaert P, Olbrecht S, Lambrechts D, Vergote I. Genomic signatures as predictive biomarkers of homologous recombination deficiency in ovarian cancer. Eur J Cancer 2017; 86:5-14. [PMID: 28950147 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2017.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
DNA repair deficiency is a common hallmark of many cancers and is increasingly recognised as a target for cancer therapeutics. Selecting patients for these treatments requires a functional assessment of multiple redundant DNA repair pathways. With the advent of whole-genome sequencing of cancer genomes, it is increasingly recognised that multiple signatures of mutational and chromosomal alterations can be correlated with specific DNA repair defects. The clinical relevance of this approach is underlined by the use of poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) in homologous recombination (HR) deficient high-grade serous ovarian cancers. Beyond deleterious mutations in HR-related genes such as BRCA1/2, it is recognised that HR deficiency endows ovarian cancers with specific signatures of base substitutions and structural chromosomal variation. Multiple metrics quantifying loss-of-heterozygosity (LOH) events were proposed and implemented in trials with PARPi. However, it was shown that some of the HR-deficient cases, i.e. CDK12-mutated tumours, were not associated with high LOH-based scores, but with distinct patterns of genomic alterations such as tandem duplication. Therefore, more complex signatures of structural genomic variation were identified and quantified. Ultimately, optimal prediction models for treatments targeting DNA repair will need to integrate multiples of these genomic signatures and will also need to assess multiple resistance mechanisms such as genomic reversion events that partially or fully re-activate DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriaan Vanderstichele
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Division of Gynaecological Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Pieter Busschaert
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Division of Gynaecological Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Siel Olbrecht
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Division of Gynaecological Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Diether Lambrechts
- Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ignace Vergote
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Division of Gynaecological Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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108
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D. Vincent
- The University of Western Ontario − Oncology; Ontario; Canada
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109
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Langhammer S, Scheerer J. Breaking the crosstalk of the cellular tumorigenic network: Hypothesis for addressing resistances to targeted therapies in advanced NSCLC. Oncotarget 2017; 8:43555-43570. [PMID: 28402937 PMCID: PMC5522169 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In the light of current treatment developments for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the idea of a plastic cellular tumorigenic network bound by key paracrine signaling pathways mediating resistances to targeted therapies is brought forward. Based on a review of available preclinical and clinical data in NSCLC combinational approaches to address drivers of this network with marketed drugs are discussed. Five criteria for selecting drug combination regimens aiming at its disruption and thereby overcoming resistances are postulated.
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110
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Abstract
Approximately half of high-grade serous epithelial ovarian cancers incur alterations in genes of homologous recombination (BRCA1, BRCA2, RAD51C, Fanconi anemia genes), and the rest incur alterations in other DNA repair pathways at high frequencies. Such cancer-specific gene alterations can confer selective sensitivity to DNA damaging agents such as cisplatin and carboplatin, topotecan, etoposide, doxorubicin, and gemcitabine. Originally presumed to inhibit DNA repair, PARP inhibitors that have recently been approved by the FDA for the treatment of advanced ovarian cancer also act as DNA damaging agents by inducing PARP-DNA complexes. These DNA damaging agents induce different types of DNA lesions that require various DNA repair genes for the repair, but commonly induce replication fork slowing or stalling, also referred to as replication stress. Replication stress activates DNA repair checkpoint proteins (ATR, CHK1), which prevent further DNA damage. Hence, targeting DNA repair genes or DNA repair checkpoint genes augments the anti-tumor activity of DNA damaging agents. This review describes the rational basis for using DNA repair and DNA repair checkpoint inhibitors as single agents. The review also presents the strategies combining these inhibitors with DNA damaging agents for ovarian cancer therapy based on specific gene alterations.
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111
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112
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Abstract
Reduction-oxidation factor 1-apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease (Ref-1/APE1) is a critical node in tumor cells, both as a redox regulator of transcription factor activation and as part of the DNA damage response. As a redox signaling protein, Ref-1/APE1 enhances the transcriptional activity of STAT3, HIF-1α, nuclear factor kappa B, and other transcription factors to promote growth, migration, and survival in tumor cells as well as inflammation and angiogenesis in the tumor microenvironment. Ref-1/APE1 is activated in a variety of cancers, including prostate, colon, pancreatic, ovarian, lung and leukemias, leading to increased aggressiveness. Transcription factors downstream of Ref-1/APE1 are key contributors to many cancers, and Ref-1/APE1 redox signaling inhibition slows growth and progression in a number of tumor types. Ref-1/APE1 inhibition is also highly effective when paired with other drugs, including standard-of-care therapies and therapies targeting pathways affected by Ref-1/APE1 redox signaling. Additionally, Ref-1/APE1 plays a role in a variety of other indications, such as retinopathy, inflammation, and neuropathy. In this review, we discuss the functional consequences of activation of the Ref-1/APE1 node in cancer and other diseases, as well as potential therapies targeting Ref-1/APE1 and related pathways in relevant diseases. APX3330, a novel oral anticancer agent and the first drug to target Ref-1/APE1 for cancer is entering clinical trials and will be explored in various cancers and other diseases bringing bench discoveries to the clinic.
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113
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Benedetti L, Cereda M, Monteverde L, Desai N, Ciccarelli FD. Synthetic lethal interaction between the tumour suppressor STAG2 and its paralog STAG1. Oncotarget 2017; 8:37619-37632. [PMID: 28430577 PMCID: PMC5514935 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cohesin is a multi-protein complex that tethers sister chromatids during mitosis and mediates DNA repair, genome compartmentalisation and regulation of gene expression. Cohesin subunits frequently acquire cancer loss-of-function alterations and act as tumour suppressors in several tumour types. This has led to increased interest in cohesin as potential target in anti-cancer therapy. Here we show that the loss-of-function of STAG2, a core component of cohesin and an emerging tumour suppressor, leads to synthetic dependency of mutated cancer cells on its paralog STAG1. STAG1 and STAG2 share high sequence identity, encode mutually exclusive cohesin subunits and retain partially overlapping functions. We inhibited STAG1 and STAG2 in several cancer cell lines where the two genes have variable mutation and copy number status. In all cases, we observed that the simultaneous blocking of STAG1 and STAG2 significantly reduces cell proliferation. We further confirmed the synthetic lethal interaction developing a vector-free CRISPR system to induce STAG1/STAG2 double gene knockout. We provide strong evidence that STAG1 is a promising therapeutic target in cancers with inactivating alterations of STAG2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Benedetti
- Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
- Cancer Systems Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Matteo Cereda
- Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
- Cancer Systems Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - LeeAnn Monteverde
- Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
- Cancer Systems Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Nikita Desai
- Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
- Cancer Systems Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Francesca D. Ciccarelli
- Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
- Cancer Systems Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
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114
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Tan WL, Jain A, Takano A, Newell EW, Iyer NG, Lim WT, Tan EH, Zhai W, Hillmer AM, Tam WL, Tan DSW. Novel therapeutic targets on the horizon for lung cancer. Lancet Oncol 2017; 17:e347-e362. [PMID: 27511159 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(16)30123-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, and is classically divided into two major histological subtypes: non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). Although NSCLC and SCLC are considered distinct entities with different genomic landscapes, emerging evidence highlights a convergence in therapeutically relevant targets for both histologies. In adenocarcinomas with defined alterations such as EGFR mutations and ALK translocations, targeted therapies are now first-line standard of care. By contrast, many experimental and targeted agents remain largely unsuccessful for SCLC. Intense preclinical research and clinical trials are underway to exploit unique traits of lung cancer, such as oncogene dependency, DNA damage response, angiogenesis, and cellular plasticity arising from presence of cancer stem cell lineages. In addition, the promising clinical activity observed in NSCLC in response to immune checkpoint blockade has spurred great interest in the field of immunooncology, with the scope to develop a diverse repertoire of synergistic and personalised immunotherapeutics. In this Review, we discuss novel therapeutic agents for lung cancer that are in early-stage development, and how prospective clinical trials and drug development may be shaped by a deeper understanding of this heterogeneous disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ling Tan
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore; Cancer Therapeutics Research Laboratory, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Amit Jain
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Angela Takano
- Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | | | - N Gopalakrishna Iyer
- Cancer Therapeutics Research Laboratory, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wan-Teck Lim
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore; Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore
| | - Eng-Huat Tan
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Weiwei Zhai
- Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore
| | | | - Wai-Leong Tam
- Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore; Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daniel S W Tan
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore; Cancer Therapeutics Research Laboratory, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore; Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore.
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115
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El Bairi K, Amrani M, Kandhro AH, Afqir S. Prediction of therapy response in ovarian cancer: Where are we now? Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2017; 54:233-266. [PMID: 28443762 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2017.1313190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Therapy resistance is a major challenge in the management of ovarian cancer (OC). Advances in detection and new technology validation have led to the emergence of biomarkers that can predict responses to available therapies. It is important to identify predictive biomarkers to select resistant and sensitive patients in order to reduce important toxicities, to reduce costs and to increase survival. The discovery of predictive and prognostic biomarkers for monitoring therapy is a developing field and provides promising perspectives in the era of personalized medicine. This review article will discuss the biology of OC with a focus on targetable pathways; current therapies; mechanisms of resistance; predictive biomarkers for chemotherapy, antiangiogenic and DNA-targeted therapies, and optimal cytoreductive surgery; and the emergence of liquid biopsy using recent studies from the Medline database and ClinicalTrials.gov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid El Bairi
- a Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy , Mohamed Ist University , Oujda , Morocco
| | - Mariam Amrani
- b Equipe de Recherche ONCOGYMA, Faculty of Medicine, Pathology Department , National Institute of Oncology, Université Mohamed V , Rabat , Morocco
| | - Abdul Hafeez Kandhro
- c Department of Biochemistry , Healthcare Molecular and Diagnostic Laboratory , Hyderabad , Pakistan
| | - Said Afqir
- d Department of Medical Oncology , Mohamed VI University Hospital , Oujda , Morocco
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Shimada Y, Kohno T, Ueno H, Ino Y, Hayashi H, Nakaoku T, Sakamoto Y, Kondo S, Morizane C, Shimada K, Okusaka T, Hiraoka N. An Oncogenic ALK Fusion and an RRAS Mutation in KRAS Mutation-Negative Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Oncologist 2017; 22:158-164. [PMID: 28167572 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2016-0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Oncogenic mutations in the KRAS gene are a well-known driver event, occurring in >95% of pancreatic cancers. The objective of this study was to identify driver oncogene aberrations in pancreatic cancers without the KRAS mutation. METHODS Whole-exome and transcriptome sequencing was performed on four cases of KRAS mutation-negative pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, which were identified in a cohort of 100 cases. RESULTS One case harbored an oncogenic DCTN1-ALK fusion. The fusion gene enabled interleukin-3-independent growth of Ba/F3 cells and rendered them susceptible to the anaplastic lymphoma kinase tyrosine kinase inhibitors crizotinib and alectinib. The structure of the breakpoint junction indicated that the fusion was generated by nonhomologous end joining between a segment of DCTN1 exon DNA and a segment of ALK intron DNA, resulting in the generation of a cryptic splicing site. Another case harbored an oncogenic RRAS mutation that activated the GTPase of the RRAS protein. CONCLUSION Rare oncogenic aberrations, such as the ALK fusion and RRAS mutation, may drive pancreatic carcinogenesis independent of the KRAS mutation. The Oncologist 2017;22:158-164Implications for Practice: The oncogenic DCTN1-ALK fusion and the RRAS mutation were associated with the development of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) in the absence of the KRAS mutation. Constitutional activation of DCTN1-ALK fusion protein was suppressed by the anaplastic lymphoma kinase tyrosine kinase inhibitors crizotinib and alectinib. Thus, a small subset of PDAC patients might benefit from therapy using these inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Shimada
- Division of Genome Biology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Kohno
- Division of Genome Biology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Ueno
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Ino
- Division of Analytical Pathology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Hayashi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakaoku
- Division of Genome Biology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasunari Sakamoto
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kondo
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chigusa Morizane
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Shimada
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuji Okusaka
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Hiraoka
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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Fraile JM, Manchado E, Lujambio A, Quesada V, Campos-Iglesias D, Webb TR, Lowe SW, López-Otín C, Freije JMP. USP39 Deubiquitinase Is Essential for KRAS Oncogene-driven Cancer. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:4164-4175. [PMID: 28154181 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.762757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
KRAS is the most frequently mutated oncogene in human cancer, but its therapeutic targeting remains challenging. Here, we report a synthetic lethal screen with a library of deubiquitinases and identify USP39, which encodes an essential splicing factor, as a critical gene for the viability of KRAS-dependent cells. We show that splicing fidelity inhibitors decrease preferentially the proliferation rate of KRAS-active cells. Moreover, depletion of DHX38, encoding an USP39-interacting splicing factor, also reduces the viability of these cells. In agreement with these results, USP39 depletion caused a significant reduction in pre-mRNA splicing efficiency, as demonstrated through RNA-seq experiments. Furthermore, we show that USP39 is up-regulated in lung and colon carcinomas and its expression correlates with KRAS levels and poor clinical outcome. Accordingly, our work provides critical information for the development of splicing-directed antitumor treatments and supports the potential of USP39-targeting strategies as the basis of new anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Fraile
- From the Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain.,the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Spain
| | - Eusebio Manchado
- the Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, and
| | - Amaia Lujambio
- the Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, and
| | - Víctor Quesada
- From the Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain.,the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Spain
| | - Diana Campos-Iglesias
- From the Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Thomas R Webb
- the Division of Biosciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, California 94025
| | - Scott W Lowe
- the Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, and
| | - Carlos López-Otín
- From the Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain.,the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Spain
| | - José M P Freije
- From the Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain, .,the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Spain
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A Chabner
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Dulaney C, Marcrom S, Stanley J, Yang ES. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity and inhibition in cancer. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 63:144-153. [PMID: 28087320 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Genomic instability resultant from defective DNA repair mechanisms is a fundamental hallmark of cancer. The poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) proteins 1, 2 and 3 catalyze the polymerization of poly(ADP-ribose) and covalent attachment to proteins in a phylogenetically ancient form of protein modification. PARPs play a role in base excision repair, homologous recombination, and non-homologous end joining. The discovery that loss of PARP activity had cytotoxic effects in cells deficient in homologous recombination has sparked a decade of translational research efforts that culminated in the FDA approval of an oral PARP inhibitor for clinical use in patients with ovarian cancer and defective homologous recombination. Five PARP inhibitors are now in late-stage development in clinical trials that are seeking to expand the understanding of targeted therapies and DNA repair defects in human cancer. This review examines the cell biology of PARP, the discovery of synthetic lethality with HR deficiency, the clinical development of PARP inhibitors, and the role of PARP inhibitors in ongoing clinical trials and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb Dulaney
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1700 6th Avenue South, 176F Hazelrig-Salter Radiation Oncology Center, Room 2232-N, Birmingham, AL 35249-6832, United States
| | - Samuel Marcrom
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1700 6th Avenue South, 176F Hazelrig-Salter Radiation Oncology Center, Room 2232-N, Birmingham, AL 35249-6832, United States
| | - Jennifer Stanley
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1700 6th Avenue South, 176F Hazelrig-Salter Radiation Oncology Center, Room 2232-N, Birmingham, AL 35249-6832, United States
| | - Eddy S Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1700 6th Avenue South, 176F Hazelrig-Salter Radiation Oncology Center, Room 2232-N, Birmingham, AL 35249-6832, United States.
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Cardillo TM, Sharkey RM, Rossi DL, Arrojo R, Mostafa AA, Goldenberg DM. Synthetic Lethality Exploitation by an Anti-Trop-2-SN-38 Antibody-Drug Conjugate, IMMU-132, Plus PARP Inhibitors in BRCA1/2-wild-type Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:3405-3415. [PMID: 28069724 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-2401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Both PARP inhibitors (PARPi) and sacituzumab govitecan (IMMU-132) are currently under clinical evaluation in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). We sought to investigate the combined DNA-damaging effects of the topoisomerase I (Topo I)-inhibitory activity of IMMU-132 with PARPi disruption of DNA repair in TNBC.Experimental Design:In vitro, human TNBC cell lines were incubated with IMMU-132 and various PARPi (olaparib, rucaparib, or talazoparib) to determine the effect on growth, double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) breaks, and cell-cycle arrest. Mice bearing BRCA1/2-mutated or -wild-type human TNBC tumor xenografts were treated with the combination of IMMU-132 and PARPi (olaparib or talazoparib). Study survival endpoint was tumor progression to >1.0 cm3 and tolerability assessed by hematologic changes.Results: Combining IMMU-132 in TNBC with all three different PARPi results in synergistic growth inhibition, increased dsDNA breaks, and accumulation of cells in the S-phase of the cell cycle, regardless of BRCA1/2 status. A combination of IMMU-132 plus olaparib or talazoparib produces significantly improved antitumor effects and delay in time-to-tumor progression compared with monotherapy in mice bearing BRCA1/2-mutated HCC1806 TNBC tumors. Furthermore, in mice bearing BRCA1/2-wild-type tumors (MDA-MB-468 or MDA-MB-231), the combination of IMMU-132 plus olaparib imparts a significant antitumor effect and survival benefit above that achieved with monotherapy. Most importantly, this combination was well tolerated, with no substantial changes in hematologic parameters.Conclusions: These data demonstrate the added benefit of combining Topo I inhibition mediated by IMMU-132 with synthetic lethality provided by PARPi in TNBC, regardless of BRCA1/2 status, thus supporting the rationale for such a combination clinically. Clin Cancer Res; 23(13); 3405-15. ©2017 AACR.
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Abstract
Our understanding of epithelial ovarian cancer has blossomed, and we now recognize that it is a collection of varied histologic and molecularly different malignancies, many of which may not derive from a true ovarian anatomic precursor. High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) is a unique type of epithelial cancer. It is characterized by nearly universal mutation in and dysfunction of p53, genomic instability rather than driver mutations, advanced stage at onset, and probable fallopian tube epithelium origin, with a serous tubal in situ carcinoma precursor. Germline deleterious mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2, as well as other less prevalent genes involved in DNA repair, such as PALB2 and RAD51c, are associated with its carcinogenesis and may predict susceptibility to classes of treatment agents, including DNA-damaging agents and DNA repair inhibitors. Loss of function of these genes is associated with homologous recombination dysfunction (HRD). It is now recognized that there may be HGSOC with wild-type BRCA1 and BRCA2 with an identifiable HRD phenotype. Such HRD tumors also may be more susceptible to certain classes of treatments and may be phenotypically detectable with a composite molecular biomarker that has been shown to be predictive for response to PARP inhibitors. Use of this new knowledge of the anatomic and molecular background of HGSOC has led to the rational design of novel combinations of treatment classes to create an HRD-like cellular environment and thus drive treatment benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise C Kohn
- From the Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - S Percy Ivy
- From the Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
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Dalamaga M, Christodoulatos GS. Visfatin, Obesity, and Cancer. ADIPOCYTOKINES, ENERGY BALANCE, AND CANCER 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41677-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Lopez JS, Banerji U. Combine and conquer: challenges for targeted therapy combinations in early phase trials. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2017; 14:57-66. [PMID: 27377132 PMCID: PMC6135233 DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2016.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Our increasing understanding of cancer biology has led to the development of molecularly targeted anticancer drugs. The full potential of these agents has not, however, been realised, owing to the presence of de novo (intrinsic) resistance, often resulting from compensatory signalling pathways, or the development of acquired resistance in cancer cells via clonal evolution under the selective pressures of treatment. Combinations of targeted treatments can circumvent some mechanisms of resistance to yield a clinical benefit. We explore the challenges in identifying the best drug combinations and the best combination strategies, as well as the complexities of delivering these treatments to patients. Recognizing treatment-induced toxicity and the inability to use continuous pharmacodynamically effective doses of many targeted treatments necessitates creative intermittent scheduling. Serial tumour profiling and the use of parallel co-clinical trials can contribute to understanding mechanisms of resistance, and will guide the development of adaptive clinical trial designs that can accommodate hypothesis testing, in order to realize the full potential of combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanita S Lopez
- Drug Development Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sycamore House, Downs Road, London SM2 5PT, UK
| | - Udai Banerji
- Drug Development Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sycamore House, Downs Road, London SM2 5PT, UK
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Yuan Z, Chen J, Li W, Li D, Chen C, Gao C, Jiang Y. PARP inhibitors as antitumor agents: a patent update (2013-2015). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 27:363-382. [PMID: 27841036 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2017.1259413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION PARP inhibitors have been extensively explored as antitumor agents and have shown potent efficacy both in vitro and in vivo. They can be used in monotherapy under the synthetic lethality concept or in combination with radiotherapy or chemotherapy, inducing a synergistic effect. Areas covered: This review covers relevant efforts in the development of PARP inhibitors with a particular focus on recently patented PARP inhibitors, combination therapy involving PARP inhibitors, tumor responsiveness to PARP inhibitors as detailed in reports made from 2013 - 2015, and PARP drugs in clinical trials and other novel inhibitors that emerged in 2013 - 2015. Expert opinion: Clinical studies and applications of PARP inhibitors as antitumor agents have gained considerable recognition in the last few years. In addition to FDA-approved olaparib, an increasing number of new inhibitors have been designed and synthesized, some of which are under preclinical or clinical evaluation. Novel inhibitors are still required, especially new scaffold compounds or drugs with improved properties, such as higher selectivity, higher potency and lower toxicity. The development of combination therapies involving PARP inhibitors and the exploration of biomarkers to predict outcomes with PARP inhibitors would expand the applications of these inhibitors, allowing more patients to benefit from this promising class of drugs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zigao Yuan
- a Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing , P. R. China.,b The Ministry-Province Jointly Constructed Base for State Key Lab-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, the Graduate School at Shenzhen , Tsinghua University , Shenzhen , P. R. China
| | - Jiwei Chen
- a Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing , P. R. China.,b The Ministry-Province Jointly Constructed Base for State Key Lab-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, the Graduate School at Shenzhen , Tsinghua University , Shenzhen , P. R. China
| | - Wenlu Li
- a Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing , P. R. China.,b The Ministry-Province Jointly Constructed Base for State Key Lab-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, the Graduate School at Shenzhen , Tsinghua University , Shenzhen , P. R. China
| | - Dan Li
- a Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing , P. R. China.,b The Ministry-Province Jointly Constructed Base for State Key Lab-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, the Graduate School at Shenzhen , Tsinghua University , Shenzhen , P. R. China
| | - Changjun Chen
- a Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing , P. R. China.,b The Ministry-Province Jointly Constructed Base for State Key Lab-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, the Graduate School at Shenzhen , Tsinghua University , Shenzhen , P. R. China
| | - Chunmei Gao
- b The Ministry-Province Jointly Constructed Base for State Key Lab-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, the Graduate School at Shenzhen , Tsinghua University , Shenzhen , P. R. China.,c National & Local United Engineering Lab for Personalized anti-tumor drugs, the Graduate School at Shenzhen , Tsinghua University , Shenzhen , P. R. China
| | - Yuyang Jiang
- b The Ministry-Province Jointly Constructed Base for State Key Lab-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, the Graduate School at Shenzhen , Tsinghua University , Shenzhen , P. R. China.,c National & Local United Engineering Lab for Personalized anti-tumor drugs, the Graduate School at Shenzhen , Tsinghua University , Shenzhen , P. R. China.,d School of Medicine , Tsinghua University , Beijing , P. R. China
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Ivy SP, de Bono J, Kohn EC. The 'Pushmi-Pullyu' of DNA REPAIR: Clinical Synthetic Lethality. Trends Cancer 2016; 2:646-656. [PMID: 28741503 PMCID: PMC5527674 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2016.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of genomic integrity is critical for adaptive survival in the face of endogenous and exogenous environmental stress. The loss of stability and fidelity in the genome caused by cancer and cancer treatment provides therapeutic opportunities to leverage the critical balance between DNA injury and repair. Blocking repair and pushing damaged DNA through the cell cycle using therapeutic inhibitors exemplify the 'pushmi-pullyu' effect of disrupted DNA repair. DNA repair inhibitors (DNARi) can be separated into five biofunctional categories: sensors, mediators, transducers, effectors, and collaborators that recognize DNA damage, propagate injury DNA messages, regulate cell cycle checkpoints, and alter the microenvironment. The result is cancer therapeutics that takes advantage of clinical synthetic lethality, resulting in selective tumor cell kill. Here, we review recent considerations related to DNA repair and new DNARi agents and organize those findings to address future directions and clinical opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Percy Ivy
- Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Room 5W458, MSC 9739, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA.
| | - Johann de Bono
- ICR, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sycamore House, Downs Road, Sutton, SM2 5PT, UK
| | - Elise C Kohn
- Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Room 5W458, MSC 9739, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
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Nagel R, Semenova EA, Berns A. Drugging the addict: non-oncogene addiction as a target for cancer therapy. EMBO Rep 2016; 17:1516-1531. [PMID: 27702988 PMCID: PMC5090709 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201643030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, cancers have been treated with chemotherapeutics aimed to have profound effects on tumor cells with only limited effects on normal tissue. This approach was followed by the development of small‐molecule inhibitors that can target oncogenic pathways critical for the survival of tumor cells. The clinical targeting of these so‐called oncogene addictions, however, is in many instances hampered by the outgrowth of resistant clones. More recently, the proper functioning of non‐mutated genes has been shown to enhance the survival of many cancers, a phenomenon called non‐oncogene addiction. In the current review, we will focus on the distinct non‐oncogenic addictions found in cancer cells, including synthetic lethal interactions, the underlying stress phenotypes, and arising therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remco Nagel
- Division of Molecular Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ekaterina A Semenova
- Division of Molecular Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anton Berns
- Division of Molecular Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Barnes JC, Bruno PM, Nguyen HVT, Liao L, Liu J, Hemann MT, Johnson JA. Using an RNAi Signature Assay To Guide the Design of Three-Drug-Conjugated Nanoparticles with Validated Mechanisms, In Vivo Efficacy, and Low Toxicity. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:12494-501. [PMID: 27626288 PMCID: PMC5597434 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b06321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Single-nanoparticle (NP) combination chemotherapeutics are quickly emerging as attractive alternatives to traditional chemotherapy due to their ability to increase drug solubility, reduce off-target toxicity, enhance blood circulation lifetime, and increase the amount of drug delivered to tumors. In the case of NP-bound drugs, that is, NP-prodrugs, the current standard of practice is to assume that the subcellular mechanism of action for each drug released from the NP mirrors that of the unbound, free-drug. Here, we use an RNAi signature assay for the first time to examine the mechanism of action of multidrug-conjugated NP prodrugs relative to their small molecule prodrugs and native drug mechanisms of action. Additionally, the effective additive contribution of three different drugs in a single-NP platform is characterized. The results indicate that some platinum(IV) cisplatin prodrugs, although cytotoxic, may not have the expected mechanism of action for cisplatin. This insight was utilized to develop a novel platinum(IV) oxaliplatin prodrug and incorporate it into a three-drug-conjugated NP, where each drug's mechanism of action is preserved, to treat tumor-bearing mice with otherwise lethal levels of chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C. Barnes
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Peter M. Bruno
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hung V.-T. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Longyan Liao
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jenny Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael T. Hemann
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jeremiah A. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Stover EH, Konstantinopoulos PA, Matulonis UA, Swisher EM. Biomarkers of Response and Resistance to DNA Repair Targeted Therapies. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:5651-5660. [PMID: 27678458 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-0247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Drugs targeting DNA damage repair (DDR) pathways are exciting new agents in cancer therapy. Many of these drugs exhibit synthetic lethality with defects in DNA repair in cancer cells. For example, ovarian cancers with impaired homologous recombination DNA repair show increased sensitivity to poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. Understanding the activity of different DNA repair pathways in individual tumors, and the correlations between DNA repair function and drug response, will be critical to patient selection for DNA repair targeted agents. Genomic and functional assays of DNA repair pathway activity are being investigated as potential biomarkers of response to targeted therapies. Furthermore, alterations in DNA repair function generate resistance to DNA repair targeted agents, and DNA repair states may predict intrinsic or acquired drug resistance. In this review, we provide an overview of DNA repair targeted agents currently in clinical trials and the emerging biomarkers of response and resistance to these agents: genetic and genomic analysis of DDR pathways, genomic signatures of mutational processes, expression of DNA repair proteins, and functional assays for DNA repair capacity. We review biomarkers that may predict response to selected DNA repair targeted agents, including PARP inhibitors, inhibitors of the DNA damage sensors ATM and ATR, and inhibitors of nonhomologous end joining. Finally, we introduce emerging categories of drugs targeting DDR and new strategies for integrating DNA repair targeted therapies into clinical practice, including combination regimens. Generating and validating robust biomarkers will optimize the efficacy of DNA repair targeted therapies and maximize their impact on cancer treatment. Clin Cancer Res; 22(23); 5651-60. ©2016 AACR.
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Targeting metabolic flexibility by simultaneously inhibiting respiratory complex I and lactate generation retards melanoma progression. Oncotarget 2016; 6:37281-99. [PMID: 26484566 PMCID: PMC4741930 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is a largely incurable skin malignancy owing to the underlying molecular and metabolic heterogeneity confounded by the development of resistance. Cancer cells have metabolic flexibility in choosing either oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) or glycolysis for ATP generation depending upon the nutrient availability in tumor microenvironment. In this study, we investigated the involvement of respiratory complex I and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in melanoma progression. We show that inhibition of complex I by metformin promotes melanoma growth in mice via elevating lactate and VEGF levels. In contrast, it leads to the growth arrest in vitro because of enhanced extracellular acidification as a result of increased glycolysis. Inhibition of LDH or lactate generation causes decrease in glycolysis with concomitant growth arrest both in vitro and in vivo. Blocking lactate generation in metformin-treated melanoma cells results in diminished cell proliferation and tumor progression in mice. Interestingly, inhibition of either LDH or complex I alone does not induce apoptosis, whereas inhibiting both together causes depletion in cellular ATP pool resulting in metabolic catastrophe induced apoptosis. Overall, our study suggests that LDH and complex I play distinct roles in regulating glycolysis and cell proliferation. Inhibition of these two augments synthetic lethality in melanoma.
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131
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Duffy S, Fam HK, Wang YK, Styles EB, Kim JH, Ang JS, Singh T, Larionov V, Shah SP, Andrews B, Boerkoel CF, Hieter P. Overexpression screens identify conserved dosage chromosome instability genes in yeast and human cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:9967-76. [PMID: 27551064 PMCID: PMC5018746 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1611839113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic copy number amplification and gene overexpression are common features of many cancers. To determine the role of gene overexpression on chromosome instability (CIN), we performed genome-wide screens in the budding yeast for yeast genes that cause CIN when overexpressed, a phenotype we refer to as dosage CIN (dCIN), and identified 245 dCIN genes. This catalog of genes reveals human orthologs known to be recurrently overexpressed and/or amplified in tumors. We show that two genes, TDP1, a tyrosyl-DNA-phosphdiesterase, and TAF12, an RNA polymerase II TATA-box binding factor, cause CIN when overexpressed in human cells. Rhabdomyosarcoma lines with elevated human Tdp1 levels also exhibit CIN that can be partially rescued by siRNA-mediated knockdown of TDP1 Overexpression of dCIN genes represents a genetic vulnerability that could be leveraged for selective killing of cancer cells through targeting of an unlinked synthetic dosage lethal (SDL) partner. Using SDL screens in yeast, we identified a set of genes that when deleted specifically kill cells with high levels of Tdp1. One gene was the histone deacetylase RPD3, for which there are known inhibitors. Both HT1080 cells overexpressing hTDP1 and rhabdomyosarcoma cells with elevated levels of hTdp1 were more sensitive to histone deacetylase inhibitors valproic acid (VPA) and trichostatin A (TSA), recapitulating the SDL interaction in human cells and suggesting VPA and TSA as potential therapeutic agents for tumors with elevated levels of hTdp1. The catalog of dCIN genes presented here provides a candidate list to identify genes that cause CIN when overexpressed in cancer, which can then be leveraged through SDL to selectively target tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supipi Duffy
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Hok Khim Fam
- Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 4H4; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Yi Kan Wang
- BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 4E6
| | - Erin B Styles
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A8; The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E1
| | - Jung-Hyun Kim
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - J Sidney Ang
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Tejomayee Singh
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Vladimir Larionov
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | | | - Brenda Andrews
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A8; The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E1
| | - Cornelius F Boerkoel
- Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 4H4; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Philip Hieter
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3;
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132
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SGO1 is involved in the DNA damage response in MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31615. [PMID: 27539729 PMCID: PMC4990925 DOI: 10.1038/srep31615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Shugoshin 1 (SGO1) is required for accurate chromosome segregation during mitosis and meiosis; however, its other functions, especially at interphase, are not clearly understood. Here, we found that downregulation of SGO1 caused a synergistic phenotype in cells overexpressing MYCN. Downregulation of SGO1 impaired proliferation and induced DNA damage followed by a senescence-like phenotype only in MYCN-overexpressing neuroblastoma cells. In these cells, SGO1 knockdown induced DNA damage, even during interphase, and this effect was independent of cohesin. Furthermore, MYCN-promoted SGO1 transcription and SGO1 expression tended to be higher in MYCN- or MYC-overexpressing cancers. Together, these findings indicate that SGO1 plays a role in the DNA damage response in interphase. Therefore, we propose that SGO1 represents a potential molecular target for treatment of MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma.
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133
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Abstract
Ras proteins are considered as the founding members of a large superfamily of small GTPases that control fundamental cellular functions. Mutationally activated RAS genes were discovered in human cancer cells more than 3 decades ago, but intensive efforts on Ras structure, biochemistry, function and signaling continue even now. Because mutant Ras proteins are inherently difficult to inhibit and have yet been therapeutically conquered, it was designated as “the Everest of oncogenes” in the cancer genome landscape, further promoting a “renaissance” in RAS research. Different paths to directly or indirectly targeting mutant Ras signaling are currently under investigation in the hope of finding an efficacious regimen. Inhibitors directly binding to KRASG12C to block its downstream signaling have been revealed, supporting the notion of Ras' druggability. An alternative indirect approach by targeting synthetic lethal interactors of mutant RAS is underway. We recently employed a synthetic lethal drug screen plus a combinatorial strategy using a panel of clinical agents and discovered that KRAS-mutant cancers were fragile to the combined inhibition of polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) and RhoA/Rho kinase (ROCK). The combined regimen of BI-2536 (a Plk1 inhibitor) and fasudil (a ROCK inhibitor) promoted a significant inhibition of patient-derived lung cancer xenografts and prolonged the survival of LSL-KRASG12D mice. In this commentary, we will summarize the state-of-the art for the direction of synthetic lethality, and also speculate on the future development of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufeng Pang
- a Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University , Shanghai , China
| | - Mingyao Liu
- a Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University , Shanghai , China.,b Institute of Biosciences and Technology , Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center , Houston , TX , USA
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134
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Li Y, Zhu Y, Prochownik EV. MicroRNA-based screens for synthetic lethal interactions with c-Myc. RNA & DISEASE 2016; 3:e1330. [PMID: 27975083 PMCID: PMC5152767 DOI: 10.14800/rd.1330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
microRNAs (miRs) are small, non-coding RNAs, which play crucial roles in the development and progression of human cancer. Given that miRs are stable, easy to synthetize and readily introduced into cells, they have been viewed as having potential therapeutic benefit in cancer. c-Myc (Myc) is one of the most commonly deregulated oncogenic transcription factors and has important roles in the pathogenesis of cancer, thus making it an important, albeit elusive therapeutic target. Here we review the miRs that have been identified as being both positive and negative targets for Myc and how these participate in the complex phenotypes that arise as a result of Myc-driven transformation. We also discussseveral recent reports of Myc-synthetic lethal interactions with miRs.These highlight the importance and complexity of miRs in Myc-mediated biological functions and the opportunities for Myc-driven human cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjun Li
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yahui Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Edward V. Prochownik
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC and The Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224, USA
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135
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Collignon J, Lousberg L, Schroeder H, Jerusalem G. Triple-negative breast cancer: treatment challenges and solutions. BREAST CANCER (DOVE MEDICAL PRESS) 2016; 8:93-107. [PMID: 27284266 PMCID: PMC4881925 DOI: 10.2147/bctt.s69488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) are defined by the absence of estrogen and progesterone receptors and the absence of HER2 overexpression. These cancers represent a heterogeneous breast cancer subtype with a poor prognosis. Few systemic treatment options exist besides the use of chemotherapy (CT). The heterogeneity of the disease has limited the successful development of targeted therapy in unselected patient populations. Currently, there are no approved targeted therapies for TNBC. However, intense research is ongoing to identify specific targets and develop additional and better systemic treatment options. Standard adjuvant and neoadjuvant regimens include anthracyclines, cyclophosphamide, and taxanes. Platinum-based CT has been proposed as another CT option of interest in TNBC. We review the role of this therapy in general, and particularly in patients carrying BRCA germ-line mutations. Available data concerning the role of platinum-based CT in TNBC were acquired primarily in the neoadjuvant setting. The routine use of platinum-based CT is not yet recommended by available guidelines. Many studies have reported the molecular characterization of TNBCs. Several actionable targets have been identified. Novel therapeutic strategies are currently being tested in clinical trials based on promising results observed in preclinical studies. These targets include androgen receptor, EGFR, PARP, FGFR, and the angiogenic pathway. We review the recent data on experimental drugs in this field. We also discuss the recent data concerning immunologic checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle Collignon
- Medical Oncology Department, CHU Sart Tilman Liege, Domaine Universitaire du Sart Tilman, Liege, Belgium
| | - Laurence Lousberg
- Medical Oncology Department, CHU Sart Tilman Liege, Domaine Universitaire du Sart Tilman, Liege, Belgium
| | - Hélène Schroeder
- Medical Oncology Department, CHU Sart Tilman Liege, Domaine Universitaire du Sart Tilman, Liege, Belgium
| | - Guy Jerusalem
- Medical Oncology Department, CHU Sart Tilman Liege, Domaine Universitaire du Sart Tilman, Liege, Belgium
- University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
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136
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Wolff NC, Pavía-Jiménez A, Tcheuyap VT, Alexander S, Vishwanath M, Christie A, Xie XJ, Williams NS, Kapur P, Posner B, McKay RM, Brugarolas J. High-throughput simultaneous screen and counterscreen identifies homoharringtonine as synthetic lethal with von Hippel-Lindau loss in renal cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2016. [PMID: 26219258 PMCID: PMC4627284 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for 85% of primary renal neoplasms, and is rarely curable when metastatic. Approximately 70% of RCCs are clear-cell type (ccRCC), and in >80% the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene is mutated or silenced. We developed a novel, high-content, screening strategy for the identification of small molecules that are synthetic lethal with genes mutated in cancer. In this strategy, the screen and counterscreen are conducted simultaneously by differentially labeling mutant and reconstituted isogenic tumor cell line pairs with different fluorochromes and using a highly sensitive high-throughput imaging-based platform. This approach minimizes confounding factors from sequential screening, and more accurately replicates the in vivo cancer setting where cancer cells are adjacent to normal cells. A screen of ~12,800 small molecules identified homoharringtonine (HHT), an FDA-approved drug for treating chronic myeloid leukemia, as a VHL-synthetic lethal agent in ccRCC. HHT induced apoptosis in VHL-mutant, but not VHL-reconstituted, ccRCC cells, and inhibited tumor growth in 30% of VHL-mutant patient-derived ccRCC tumorgraft lines tested. Building on a novel screening strategy and utilizing a validated RCC tumorgraft model recapitulating the genetics and drug responsiveness of human RCC, these studies identify HHT as a potential therapeutic agent for a subset of VHL-deficient ccRCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C Wolff
- Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology-Oncology Division, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Andrea Pavía-Jiménez
- Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology-Oncology Division, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Vanina T Tcheuyap
- Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology-Oncology Division, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Shane Alexander
- Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology-Oncology Division, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Mridula Vishwanath
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,BioTek Instruments, Winooski, VT, USA
| | - Alana Christie
- Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Xian-Jin Xie
- Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Noelle S Williams
- Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Payal Kapur
- Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Bruce Posner
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Renée M McKay
- Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - James Brugarolas
- Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology-Oncology Division, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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137
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Jiang C, Starr S, Chen F, Wu J. Low-fidelity alternative DNA repair carcinogenesis theory may interpret many cancer features and anticancer strategies. Future Oncol 2016; 12:1897-910. [PMID: 27166654 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2016-0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We have proposed that the low-fidelity compensatory backup alternative DNA repair pathways drive multistep carcinogenesis. Here, we apply it to interpret the clinical features of cancer, such as mutator phenotype, tissue specificity, age specificity, diverse types of cancers originated from the same type of tissue, cancer susceptibility of patients with DNA repair-defective syndromes, development of cancer only for a selected number of individuals among those that share the same genetic defect, invasion and metastasis. Clinically, the theory predicts that to improve the efficacy of molecular targeted or synthetic lethal therapy, it may be crucial to inhibit the low-fidelity compensatory alternative DNA repair either directly or by blocking the signal transducers of the sustained microenvironmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuo Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China.,Central Laboratories, Xuhui Central Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 966 Middle Huaihai Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Shane Starr
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, 600 Moye Boulevard, Greenville, North Carolina 27834, USA and currently Flint Medical Laboratory, 3490 Calkins Road, Flint, MI 48532, USA
| | - Fuxue Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jiaxi Wu
- Central Laboratories, Xuhui Central Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 966 Middle Huaihai Road, Shanghai 200031, China.,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, 600 Moye Boulevard, Greenville, North Carolina 27834, USA and currently Flint Medical Laboratory, 3490 Calkins Road, Flint, MI 48532, USA
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138
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García-Cano J, Ambroise G, Pascual-Serra R, Carrión MC, Serrano-Oviedo L, Ortega-Muelas M, Cimas FJ, Sabater S, Ruiz-Hidalgo MJ, Sanchez Perez I, Mas A, Jalón FA, Vazquez A, Sánchez-Prieto R. Exploiting the potential of autophagy in cisplatin therapy: A new strategy to overcome resistance. Oncotarget 2016; 6:15551-65. [PMID: 26036632 PMCID: PMC4558170 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to cisplatin is a major challenge in the current cancer therapy. In order to explore new therapeutic strategies to cisplatin resistance, we evaluated, in a model of lung cancer (H1299 and H460 cell lines), the nature of the pathways leading to cell death. We observed that H1299 displayed a natural resistance to cisplatin due to an inability to trigger an apoptotic response that correlates with the induction of autophagy. However, pharmacological and genetic approaches showed how autophagy was a mechanism associated to cell death rather than to resistance. Indeed, pro-autophagic stimuli such as mTOR or Akt inhibition mediate cell death in both cell lines to a similar extent. We next evaluated the response to a novel platinum compound, monoplatin, able to promote cell death in an exclusive autophagy-dependent manner. In this case, no differences were observed between both cell lines. Furthermore, in response to monoplatin, two molecular hallmarks of cisplatin response (p53 and MAPKs) were not implicated, indicating the ability of this pro-autophagic compound to overcome cisplatin resistance. In summary, our data highlight how induction of autophagy could be used in cisplatin resistant tumours and an alternative treatment for p53 mutated patient in a synthetic lethally approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús García-Cano
- Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas. Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Gorbatchev Ambroise
- INSERM U.1197/Université Paris-Sud/Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France
| | - Raquel Pascual-Serra
- Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas. Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Maria Carmen Carrión
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, UCLM. Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas-IRICA, Ciudad Real, Spain.,Fundación Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Leticia Serrano-Oviedo
- Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas. Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Marta Ortega-Muelas
- Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas. Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Francisco J Cimas
- Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas. Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Sebastià Sabater
- Radiation Oncology Department, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Albacete (CHUA), Spain
| | - María José Ruiz-Hidalgo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Inorgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Albacete, Spain.,Unidad asociada de Biomedicina, UCLM-CSIC, Albacete, Spain
| | - Isabel Sanchez Perez
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, UAM/Biomedical Research Institute of Madrid, Madrid CSIC/UAM, Madrid, Spain.,Unidad asociada de Biomedicina, UCLM-CSIC, Albacete, Spain
| | - Antonio Mas
- Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas. Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain.,Unidad asociada de Biomedicina, UCLM-CSIC, Albacete, Spain.,Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Félix A Jalón
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, UCLM. Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas-IRICA, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Aimé Vazquez
- INSERM U.1197/Université Paris-Sud/Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France
| | - Ricardo Sánchez-Prieto
- Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas. Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain.,Fundación Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain.,Unidad asociada de Biomedicina, UCLM-CSIC, Albacete, Spain
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139
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Bernard V, Fleming J, Maitra A. Molecular and Genetic Basis of Pancreatic Carcinogenesis. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2016; 25:227-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.soc.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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140
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Cereda M, Mourikis TP, Ciccarelli FD. Genetic Redundancy, Functional Compensation, and Cancer Vulnerability. Trends Cancer 2016; 2:160-162. [PMID: 28741568 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cancer genomes acquire somatic alterations that largely differ between and within cancer types. Several of these alterations inactivate genes that are normally functional with no deleterious consequences on cancer cells due to genetic redundancy. Here we discuss how this leads to cancer synthetic dependencies that can be exploited in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Cereda
- Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Thanos P Mourikis
- Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
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141
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Abstract
Autoantibodies reactive against host DNA are detectable in the circulation of most people with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The long-held view that antibodies cannot penetrate live cells has been disproved. A subset of lupus autoantibodies penetrate cells, translocate to nuclei, and inhibit DNA repair or directly damages DNA. The result of these effects depends on the microenvironment and genetic traits of the cell. Some DNA-damaging antibodies alone have little impact on normal cells, but in the presence of other conditions, such as pre-existing DNA-repair defects, can become highly toxic. These findings raise new questions about autoimmunity and DNA damage, and reveal opportunities for new targeted therapies against malignancies particularly vulnerable to DNA damage. In this Perspectives article, we review the known associations between SLE, DNA damage and cancer, and propose a theory for the effects of DNA-damaging autoantibodies on SLE pathophysiology and cancer risk.
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142
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Ivy SP, Liu JF, Lee JM, Matulonis UA, Kohn EC. Cediranib, a pan-VEGFR inhibitor, and olaparib, a PARP inhibitor, in combination therapy for high grade serous ovarian cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2016; 25:597-611. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2016.1156857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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143
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Zheng D, Wang R, Zhang Y, Pan Y, Cheng X, Cheng C, Zheng S, Li H, Gong R, Li Y, Shen X, Sun Y, Chen H. The prevalence and prognostic significance of KRAS mutation subtypes in lung adenocarcinomas from Chinese populations. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:833-43. [PMID: 26955281 PMCID: PMC4768896 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s96834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We performed this retrospective study to identify the prevalence of KRAS mutation in Chinese populations and make a comprehensive investigation of the clinicopathological features of KRAS mutation in these patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients from 2007 to 2013 diagnosed with primary lung adeno-carcinoma who received a radical resection were examined for KRAS, EGFR, HER2, BRAF mutations, and ALK, RET, and ROS1 fusions. Clinicopathological features, including sex, age, tumor-lymph node-metastasis stage, tumor differentiation, smoking status, histological subtypes, and survival information were analyzed. RESULT KRAS mutation was detected in 113 of 1,368 patients. Nine different subtypes of KRAS mutation were identified in codon 12, codon 13, and codon 61. KRAS mutation was more frequently found in male patients and former/current smoker patients. Tumors with KRAS mutation had poorer differentiation. Invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma predominant and solid predominant subtypes were more frequent in KRAS mutant patients. No statistical significance was found in relapse-free survival or overall survival between patients with KRAS mutation and patients with other mutations. CONCLUSION In Chinese populations, we identified KRAS mutation in 8.3% (113/1,368) of the patients with lung adenocarcinoma. KRAS mutation defines a molecular subset of lung adenocarcinoma with unique clinicopathological features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Difan Zheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunjian Pan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinghua Cheng
- Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Cheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanbo Zheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ranxia Gong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuxia Shen
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yihua Sun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiquan Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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144
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Samadder P, Aithal R, Belan O, Krejci L. Cancer TARGETases: DSB repair as a pharmacological target. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 161:111-131. [PMID: 26899499 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a disease attributed to the accumulation of DNA damages due to incapacitation of DNA repair pathways resulting in genomic instability and a mutator phenotype. Among the DNA lesions, double stranded breaks (DSBs) are the most toxic forms of DNA damage which may arise as a result of extrinsic DNA damaging agents or intrinsic replication stress in fast proliferating cancer cells. Accurate repair of DSBs is therefore paramount to the cell survival, and several classes of proteins such as kinases, nucleases, helicases or core recombinational proteins have pre-defined jobs in precise execution of DSB repair pathways. On one hand, the proper functioning of these proteins ensures maintenance of genomic stability in normal cells, and on the other hand results in resistance to various drugs employed in cancer therapy and therefore presents a suitable opportunity for therapeutic targeting. Higher relapse and resistance in cancer patients due to non-specific, cytotoxic therapies is an alarming situation and it is becoming more evident to employ personalized treatment based on the genetic landscape of the cancer cells. For the success of personalized treatment, it is of immense importance to identify more suitable targetable proteins in DSB repair pathways and also to explore new synthetic lethal interactions with these pathways. Here we review the various alternative approaches to target the various protein classes termed as cancer TARGETases in DSB repair pathway to obtain more beneficial and selective therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pounami Samadder
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, Center for Biomolecular and Cellular Engineering, St. Anne's University Hospital in Brno, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Rakesh Aithal
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Biology, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Belan
- Department of Biology, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lumir Krejci
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, Center for Biomolecular and Cellular Engineering, St. Anne's University Hospital in Brno, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Biology, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic.
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145
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Wang X, Zhang Y, Han ZG, He KY. Malignancy of Cancers and Synthetic Lethal Interactions Associated With Mutations of Cancer Driver Genes. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e2697. [PMID: 26937901 PMCID: PMC4778998 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000002697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The mutation status of cancer driver genes may correlate with different degrees of malignancy of cancers. The doubling time and multidrug resistance are 2 phenotypes that reflect the degree of malignancy of cancer cells. Because most of cancer driver genes are hard to target, identification of their synthetic lethal partners might be a viable approach to treatment of the cancers with the relevant mutations.The genome-wide screening for synthetic lethal partners is costly and labor intensive. Thus, a computational approach facilitating identification of candidate genes for a focus synthetic lethal RNAi screening will accelerate novel anticancer drug discovery.We used several publicly available cancer cell lines and tumor tissue genomic data in this study.We compared the doubling time and multidrug resistance between the NCI-60 cell lines with mutations in some cancer driver genes and those without the mutations. We identified some candidate synthetic lethal genes to the cancer driver genes APC, KRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA, and TP53 by comparison of their gene phenotype values in cancer cell lines with the relevant mutations and wild-type background. Further, we experimentally validated some of the synthetic lethal relationships we predicted.We reported that mutations in some cancer driver genes mutations in some cancer driver genes such as APC, KRAS, or PIK3CA might correlate with cancer proliferation or drug resistance. We identified 40, 21, 5, 43, and 18 potential synthetic lethal genes to APC, KRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA, and TP53, respectively. We found that some of the potential synthetic lethal genes show significantly higher expression in the cancers with mutations of their synthetic lethal partners and the wild-type counterparts. Further, our experiments confirmed several synthetic lethal relationships that are novel findings by our methods.We experimentally validated a part of the synthetic lethal relationships we predicted. We plan to perform further experiments to validate the other synthetic lethal relationships predicted by this study.Our computational methods achieve to identify candidate synthetic lethal partners to cancer driver genes for further experimental screening with multiple lines of evidences, and therefore contribute to development of anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosheng Wang
- From the School of Basic Medicine and Clinic Pharmacy (XW), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing; The First Clinical College of Harbin Medical University (YZ), Harbin, China; Division of Genetics and Development (YZ), The Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education) (Z-GH, K-YH), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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146
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Abstract
MYC is a transcription factor, which not only directly modulates multiple aspects of transcription and co‐transcriptional processing (e.g. RNA‐Polymerase II initiation, elongation, and mRNA capping), but also indirectly influences several steps of RNA metabolism, including both constitutive and alternative splicing, mRNA stability, and translation efficiency. As MYC is an oncoprotein whose expression is deregulated in multiple human cancers, identifying its critical downstream activities in tumors is of key importance for designing effective therapeutic strategies. With this knowledge and recent technological advances, we now have multiple angles to reach the goal of targeting MYC in tumors, ranging from the direct reduction of MYC levels, to the dampening of selected house‐keeping functions in MYC‐overexpressing cells, to more targeted approaches based on MYC‐induced secondary effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl M Koh
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Arianna Sabò
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Milan, Italy
| | - Ernesto Guccione
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
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147
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Pasquina L, Maria JPS, Wood BM, Moussa SH, Matano L, Santiago M, Martin SES, Lee W, Meredith TC, Walker S. A synthetic lethal approach for compound and target identification in Staphylococcus aureus. Nat Chem Biol 2016; 12:40-5. [PMID: 26619249 PMCID: PMC4684722 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The majority of bacterial proteins are dispensable for growth in the laboratory but nevertheless have important physiological roles. There are no systematic approaches to identify cell-permeable small-molecule inhibitors of these proteins. We demonstrate a strategy to identify such inhibitors that exploits synthetic lethal relationships both for small-molecule discovery and for target identification. Applying this strategy in Staphylococcus aureus, we have identified a compound that inhibits DltB, a component of the teichoic acid D-alanylation machinery that has been implicated in virulence. This D-alanylation inhibitor sensitizes S. aureus to aminoglycosides and cationic peptides and is lethal in combination with a wall teichoic acid inhibitor. We conclude that DltB is a druggable target in the D-alanylation pathway. More broadly, the work described demonstrates a systematic method to identify biologically active inhibitors of major bacterial processes that can be adapted to numerous organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lincoln Pasquina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John P. Santa Maria
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - B. McKay Wood
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Samir H. Moussa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Leigh Matano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marina Santiago
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sara E. S. Martin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wonsik Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Timothy C. Meredith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Suzanne Walker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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148
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Kacsinta AD, Dowdy SF. Current views on inducing synthetic lethal RNAi responses in the treatment of cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2015; 16:161-72. [PMID: 26630128 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2016.1110141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cancer cells arise from normal cells that have incurred mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. The mutations are often unique and not readily found in normal cells, giving rise to the opportunity of exploiting these mutations to induce synthetic lethality. Synthetic lethality occurs when inhibition or mutation in two or more separate genes leads to cell death while inhibition or mutations of either gene alone has no lethal effect on the cell. Using RNA interference (RNAi) to identify synthetic lethality has become a growingly popular screening approach. AREAS COVERED In this review, we cover the use of RNAi therapeutics to induce synthetic lethality in cancer. Additionally, we discuss several select small molecule inhibitors that were identified or verified by RNAi that induce synthetic lethality in specific cancers. We also discuss the identification of novel synthetic lethal combinations and the cancer model that the combination was validated in. Lastly, we discuss RNAi delivery vehicles. EXPERT OPINION While RNAi therapeutics have great potential to treat cancer, due to the siRNA delivery problem, RNAi remains more commonly used as a tool, rather than a therapeutic. However, with emerging technological advances in the field of RNAi therapeutics, it is only a matter of time before RNAi-induced synthetic lethal clinical studies are initiated in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apollo D Kacsinta
- a Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine , UCSD School of Medicine , La Jolla , CA , USA
| | - Steven F Dowdy
- a Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine , UCSD School of Medicine , La Jolla , CA , USA
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149
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Abstract
Cancer drugs are broadly classified into two categories: cytotoxic chemotherapies and targeted therapies that specifically modulate the activity of one or more proteins involved in cancer. Major advances have been achieved in targeted cancer therapies in the past few decades, which is ascribed to the increasing understanding of molecular mechanisms for cancer initiation and progression. Consequently, monoclonal antibodies and small molecules have been developed to interfere with a specific molecular oncogenic target. Targeting gain-of-function mutations, in general, has been productive. However, it has been a major challenge to use standard pharmacologic approaches to target loss-of-function mutations of tumor suppressor genes. Novel approaches, including synthetic lethality and collateral vulnerability screens, are now being developed to target gene defects in p53, PTEN, and BRCA1/2. Here, we review and summarize the recent findings in cancer genomics, drug development, and molecular cancer biology, which show promise in targeting tumor suppressors in cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhua Liu
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiaoxiao Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Cecil Han
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Liana Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xinna Zhang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiaoming He
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Xiongbin Lu
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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150
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Esposito MT, Zhao L, Fung TK, Rane JK, Wilson A, Martin N, Gil J, Leung AY, Ashworth A, So CWE. Synthetic lethal targeting of oncogenic transcription factors in acute leukemia by PARP inhibitors. Nat Med 2015; 21:1481-90. [PMID: 26594843 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is mostly driven by oncogenic transcription factors, which have been classically viewed as intractable targets using small-molecule inhibitor approaches. Here we demonstrate that AML driven by repressive transcription factors, including AML1-ETO (encoded by the fusion oncogene RUNX1-RUNX1T1) and PML-RARα fusion oncoproteins (encoded by PML-RARA) are extremely sensitive to poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibition, in part owing to their suppressed expression of key homologous recombination (HR)-associated genes and their compromised DNA-damage response (DDR). In contrast, leukemia driven by mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL, encoded by KMT2A) fusions with dominant transactivation ability is proficient in DDR and insensitive to PARP inhibition. Intriguingly, genetic or pharmacological inhibition of an MLL downstream target, HOXA9, which activates expression of various HR-associated genes, impairs DDR and sensitizes MLL leukemia to PARP inhibitors (PARPis). Conversely, HOXA9 overexpression confers PARPi resistance to AML1-ETO and PML-RARα transformed cells. Together, these studies describe a potential utility of PARPi-induced synthetic lethality for leukemia treatment and reveal a novel molecular mechanism governing PARPi sensitivity in AML.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cellular Senescence/drug effects
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit/metabolism
- DNA Damage
- DNA Repair/drug effects
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Mice
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/metabolism
- Oncogenes
- Phthalazines/pharmacology
- Phthalazines/therapeutic use
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Piperazines/therapeutic use
- Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases/metabolism
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- RUNX1 Translocation Partner 1 Protein
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Esposito
- Leukemia and Stem Cell Biology Group, Department of Haematological Medicine, Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Lu Zhao
- Leukemia and Stem Cell Biology Group, Department of Haematological Medicine, Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Tsz Kan Fung
- Leukemia and Stem Cell Biology Group, Department of Haematological Medicine, Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jayant K Rane
- Leukemia and Stem Cell Biology Group, Department of Haematological Medicine, Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Amanda Wilson
- Leukemia and Stem Cell Biology Group, Department of Haematological Medicine, Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Nadine Martin
- Cell Proliferation Group, Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jesus Gil
- Cell Proliferation Group, Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Anskar Y Leung
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alan Ashworth
- University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Chi Wai Eric So
- Leukemia and Stem Cell Biology Group, Department of Haematological Medicine, Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London, UK
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