101
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Sato S, Tang YJ, Wei Q, Hirata M, Weng A, Han I, Okawa A, Takeda S, Whetstone H, Nadesan P, Kirsch DG, Wunder JS, Alman BA. Mesenchymal Tumors Can Derive from Ng2/Cspg4-Expressing Pericytes with β-Catenin Modulating the Neoplastic Phenotype. Cell Rep 2016; 16:917-927. [PMID: 27425618 PMCID: PMC4963269 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell of origin for most mesenchymal tumors is unclear. One cell type that contributes to this lineages is the pericyte, a cell expressing Ng2/Cspg4. Using lineage tracing, we demonstrated that bone and soft tissue sarcomas driven by the deletion of the Trp53 tumor suppressor, or desmoid tumors driven by a mutation in Apc, can derive from cells expressing Ng2/Cspg4. Deletion of the Trp53 tumor suppressor gene in these cells resulted in the bone and soft tissue sarcomas that closely resemble human sarcomas, while stabilizing β-catenin in this same cell type caused desmoid tumors. Comparing expression between Ng2/Cspg4-expressing pericytes lacking Trp53 and sarcomas that arose from deletion of Trp53 showed inhibition of β-catenin signaling in the sarcomas. Activation of β-catenin inhibited the formation and growth of sarcomas. Thus, pericytes can be a cell of origin for mesenchymal tumors, and β-catenin dysregulation plays an important role in the neoplastic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Sato
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G1X8, Canada; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental, University Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Yuning J Tang
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G1X8, Canada; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Qingxia Wei
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G1X8, Canada
| | - Makoto Hirata
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G1X8, Canada
| | - Angela Weng
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G1X8, Canada
| | - Ilkyu Han
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Atsushi Okawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental, University Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Shu Takeda
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Heather Whetstone
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G1X8, Canada
| | - Puvindran Nadesan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - David G Kirsch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jay S Wunder
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Benjamin A Alman
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G1X8, Canada; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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102
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Martin TJ. Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein, Its Regulation of Cartilage and Bone Development, and Role in Treating Bone Diseases. Physiol Rev 2016; 96:831-71. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00031.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) was discovered as a cancer-derived hormone, it has been revealed as an important paracrine/autocrine regulator in many tissues, where its effects are context dependent. Thus its location and action in the vasculature explained decades-long observations that injection of PTH into animals rapidly lowered blood pressure by producing vasodilatation. Its roles have been specified in development and maturity in cartilage and bone as a crucial regulator of endochondral bone formation and bone remodeling, respectively. Although it shares actions with parathyroid hormone (PTH) through the use of their common receptor, PTHR1, PTHrP has other actions mediated by regions within the molecule beyond the amino-terminal sequence that resembles PTH, including the ability to promote placental transfer of calcium from mother to fetus. A striking feature of the physiology of PTHrP is that it possesses structural features that equip it to be transported in and out of the nucleus, and makes use of a specific nuclear import mechanism to do so. Evidence from mouse genetic experiments shows that PTHrP generated locally in bone is essential for normal bone remodeling. Whereas the main physiological function of PTH is the hormonal regulation of calcium metabolism, locally generated PTHrP is the important physiological mediator of bone remodeling postnatally. Thus the use of intermittent injection of PTH as an anabolic therapy for bone appears to be a pharmacological application of the physiological function of PTHrP. There is much current interest in the possibility of developing PTHrP analogs that might enhance the therapeutic anabolic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. John Martin
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
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103
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Osteosarcoma: Cells-of-Origin, Cancer Stem Cells, and Targeted Therapies. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:3631764. [PMID: 27366153 PMCID: PMC4913005 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3631764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common type of primary solid tumor that develops in bone. Although standard chemotherapy has significantly improved long-term survival over the past few decades, the outcome for those patients with metastatic or recurrent OS remains dismally poor and, therefore, novel agents and treatment regimens are urgently required. A hypothesis to explain the resistance of OS to chemotherapy is the existence of drug resistant CSCs with progenitor properties that are responsible of tumor relapses and metastasis. These subpopulations of CSCs commonly emerge during tumor evolution from the cell-of-origin, which are the normal cells that acquire the first cancer-promoting mutations to initiate tumor formation. In OS, several cell types along the osteogenic lineage have been proposed as cell-of-origin. Both the cell-of-origin and their derived CSC subpopulations are highly influenced by environmental and epigenetic factors and, therefore, targeting the OS-CSC environment and niche is the rationale for many recently postulated therapies. Likewise, some strategies for targeting CSC-associated signaling pathways have already been tested in both preclinical and clinical settings. This review recapitulates current OS cell-of-origin models, the properties of the OS-CSC and its niche, and potential new therapies able to target OS-CSCs.
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104
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Walia MK, Ho PM, Taylor S, Ng AJ, Gupte A, Chalk AM, Zannettino AC, Martin TJ, Walkley CR. Activation of PTHrP-cAMP-CREB1 signaling following p53 loss is essential for osteosarcoma initiation and maintenance. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27070462 PMCID: PMC4854515 DOI: 10.7554/elife.13446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the P53 pathway are a hallmark of human cancer. The identification of pathways upon which p53-deficient cells depend could reveal therapeutic targets that may spare normal cells with intact p53. In contrast to P53 point mutations in other cancer, complete loss of P53 is a frequent event in osteosarcoma (OS), the most common cancer of bone. The consequences of p53 loss for osteoblastic cells and OS development are poorly understood. Here we use murine OS models to demonstrate that elevated Pthlh (Pthrp), cAMP levels and signalling via CREB1 are characteristic of both p53-deficient osteoblasts and OS. Normal osteoblasts survive depletion of both PTHrP and CREB1. In contrast, p53-deficient osteoblasts and OS depend upon continuous activation of this pathway and undergo proliferation arrest and apoptosis in the absence of PTHrP or CREB1. Our results identify the PTHrP-cAMP-CREB1 axis as an attractive pathway for therapeutic inhibition in OS. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.13446.001 Bone cancer (osteosarcoma) is caused by mutations in certain genes, which results in cells growing and dividing uncontrollably. In particular, a gene that produces a protein called P53 in humans is lost in all bone cancers. However, we don’t understand what happens to the bone cells when they lose P53. Although a number of studies have identified several molecular pathways that are changed in bone cancers – such as the cyclic AMP (cAMP) pathway – how these interact to cause a cancer is not well understood. Walia et al. compared bone-forming cells from normal mice with cells from mutant mice from which the gene that produces the mouse p53 protein could be removed. This revealed that the loss of p53 causes these cells to grow faster. The activity of the cAMP pathway also increases in p53-deficient cells. Further investigation revealed that the cells grow faster only if they are able to activate the cAMP pathway, and that this pathway needs to stay active for bone cancer cells to grow and survive. This suggests that inhibiting this pathway could present a new way to treat bone cancer. Walia et al. confirmed several of their findings in human cells. Future studies will now investigate how the loss of the P53 protein in humans activates the cAMP pathway, which will be important for understanding how this cancer forms. It will also be worthwhile to begin testing ways to block this pathway to determine whether it is a useful target for therapies. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.13446.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Mannu K Walia
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Patricia Mw Ho
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Scott Taylor
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Alvin Jm Ng
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Australia.,Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Ankita Gupte
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Alistair M Chalk
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Australia.,Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Andrew Cw Zannettino
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Cancer Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - T John Martin
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Australia.,Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Carl R Walkley
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Australia.,Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia.,ACRF Rational Drug Discovery Centre, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Australia
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105
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Osteosarcoma: prognosis plateau warrants retinoblastoma pathway targeted therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2016; 1:16001. [PMID: 29263893 PMCID: PMC5657420 DOI: 10.1038/sigtrans.2016.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary bone cancer in children and adolescents, affecting ~560 young patients in the United States annually. The term OS describes a diverse array of subtypes with varying prognoses, but the majority of tumors are high grade and aggressive. Perhaps because the true etiology of these aggressive tumors remains unknown, advances in OS treatment have reached a discouraging plateau, with only incremental improvements over the past 40 years. Thus, research surrounding the pathogenesis of OS is essential, as it promises to unveil novel therapeutic targets that can attack tumor cells with greater specificity and lower toxicity. Among the candidate molecular targets in OS, the retinoblastoma (RB) pathway demonstrates the highest frequency of inactivation and thus represents a particularly promising avenue for molecular targeted therapy. This review examines the present thinking and practices in OS treatment and specifically highlights the relevance of the RB pathway in osteosarcomagenesis. Through further investigation into RB pathway-related novel therapeutic targets, we believe that a near-term breakthrough in improved OS prognosis is possible.
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106
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Abstract
Metastasis is often modeled by xenotransplantation of cell lines in immunodeficient mice. A wealth of information about tumor cell behavior in the new environment is obtained from these efforts. Yet by design, this approach is "tumor-centric," as it focuses on cell-autonomous determinants of human tumor dissemination in mouse tissues, in effect using the animal body as a sophisticated "Petri dish" providing nutrients and support for tumor growth. Transgenic or gene knockout mouse models of cancer allow the study of tumor spread as a systemic disease and offer a complimentary approach for studying the natural history of cancer. This introduction is aimed at describing the overall methodological approach to studying metastasis in genetically modified mice, with a particular focus on using animals with regulated expression of potent human oncogenes in the breast.
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107
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He Y, de Castro LF, Shin MH, Dubois W, Yang HH, Jiang S, Mishra PJ, Ren L, Gou H, Lal A, Khanna C, Merlino G, Lee M, Robey PG, Huang J. p53 loss increases the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells. Stem Cells 2016; 33:1304-19. [PMID: 25524638 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor, p53, plays a critical role in suppressing osteosarcoma. Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs, also known as bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells) have been suggested to give rise to osteosarcomas. However, the role of p53 in BMSCs has not been extensively explored. Here, we report that p53 regulates the lineage choice of mouse BMSCs (mBMSCs). Compared to mBMSCs with wild-type p53, mBMSCs deficient in p53 have enhanced osteogenic differentiation, but with similar adipogenic and chondrogenic differentiation. The role of p53 in inhibiting osteogenic lineage differentiation is mainly through the action of Runx2, a master transcription factor required for the osteogenic differentiation of mBMSCs. We find that p53 indirectly represses the expression of Runx2 by activating the microRNA-34 family, which suppresses the translation of Runx2. Since osteosarcoma may derive from BMSCs, we examined whether p53 has a role in the osteogenic differentiation of osteosarcoma cells and found that osteosarcoma cells with p53 deletion have higher levels of Runx2 and faster osteogenic differentiation than those with wild-type p53. A systems biology approach reveals that p53-deficient mBMSCs are more closely related to human osteosarcoma while mBMSCs with wild-type p53 are similar to normal human BMSCs. In summary, our results indicate that p53 activity can influence cell fate specification of mBMSCs, and provide molecular and cellular insights into the observation that p53 loss is associated with increased osteosarcoma incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong He
- Cancer and Stem Cell Epigenetics Section, Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics
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108
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Transcriptional Profiling Identifies the Signaling Axes of IGF and Transforming Growth Factor-b as Involved in the Pathogenesis of Osteosarcoma. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2016; 474:178-89. [PMID: 26463566 PMCID: PMC4686509 DOI: 10.1007/s11999-015-4578-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone tumor in adolescents associated with skeletal development. The molecular pathogenesis of osteosarcoma has not been completely determined, although many molecular alterations have been found in human osteosarcomas and cell lines. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES We questioned whether (1) we could identify gene expression in osteosarcoma specimens that differs from normal osteoblasts and mesenchymal stem cells and (2) this would provide clues to the molecular pathogenesis of osteosarcoma? METHODS The whole-genome transcriptional profiles of osteosarcomas, including two primary biopsy specimens, two cell lines, two xenografts derived from patient specimens, and one from normal osteoblasts and from mesenchymal stem cells, respectively, were quantitatively measured using serial analysis of gene expression. A statistical enrichment was performed, which selects the common genes altered in each of the osteosarcomas compared with each of the normal counterparts independently. RESULTS Sixty (92%) of 65 total genes that were at least twofold downregulated in osteosarcoma compared with osteoblasts and mesenchymal stem cells, could be classified in four categories: (1) seven genes in the insulin–like growth factor (IGF) signaling axis, including three of the IGF-binding proteins (IGFBP) and three of the IGFBPrelated proteins (IGFBPrP); (2) eight genes in the transforming growth factor-b (TGF-b)/bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling cascade; (3) 39 genes encoding cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix proteins that are regulated by TGF-b/BMPs; and (4) six genes involved in cell cycle regulation, including tumor suppressors TP63 and p21. CONCLUSIONS Based on these transcriptional profiles, a coordinated theme of clustered gene deregulation in osteosarcoma has emerged. Cell proliferation driven by the IGF axes during bone growth is unrestrained owing to downregulation of IGFBPs and cell cycle regulators. Tumor cells may be maintained in an undifferentiated state secondary to impaired TGF-b/BMP signaling. This wellpreserved pattern suggests that the alterations in the signaling axes of IGF-1 and TGF-b, in concert with cell cycle regulators, may be an important pathogenic basis of osteosarcoma. CLINIC RELEVANCE: This study provides a possible molecular basis of pathogenesis of osteosarcoma. This may help to develop new therapeutic targets and strategy for this disease. Preclinical and subsequently clinical testing of inhibitors of the IGF-1 and TGF pathways would be warranted.
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109
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Laschi M, Bernardini G, Geminiani M, Ghezzi L, Amato L, Braconi D, Millucci L, Frediani B, Spreafico A, Franchi A, Campanacci D, Capanna R, Santucci A. Establishment of Four New Human Primary Cell Cultures from Chemo-Naïve Italian Osteosarcoma Patients. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:2718-27. [PMID: 25809010 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a primary highly malignant tumor of bone, affecting predominately adolescents and young adults between 10 and 20 years of age. OS is characterized by an extremely aggressive clinical course, with a rapid development of metastasis to the lung and distant bones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Laschi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Giulia Bernardini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Michela Geminiani
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Ghezzi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Loredana Amato
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Daniela Braconi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Lia Millucci
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Bruno Frediani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Chirurgiche e Neuroscienze, Università degli Studi di Siena, Policlinico Le Scotte, Siena, Italy
| | - Adriano Spreafico
- Immunoematologia Trasfusionale, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Policlinico Le Scotte, Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandro Franchi
- Dipartimento di Chirurgia e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Domenico Campanacci
- Dipartimento di Ortopedia, Oncologica e Chirurgia Ricostruttiva, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Capanna
- Dipartimento di Ortopedia, Oncologica e Chirurgia Ricostruttiva, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Annalisa Santucci
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
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110
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Scott MC, Sarver AL, Tomiyasu H, Cornax I, Van Etten J, Varshney J, O'Sullivan MG, Subramanian S, Modiano JF. Aberrant Retinoblastoma (RB)-E2F Transcriptional Regulation Defines Molecular Phenotypes of Osteosarcoma. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:28070-28083. [PMID: 26378234 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.679696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously identified two distinct molecular subtypes of osteosarcoma through gene expression profiling. These subtypes are associated with distinct tumor behavior and clinical outcomes. Here, we describe mechanisms that give rise to these molecular subtypes. Using bioinformatic analyses, we identified a significant association between deregulation of the retinoblastoma (RB)-E2F pathway and the molecular subtype with worse clinical outcomes. Xenotransplantation models recapitulated the corresponding behavior for each osteosarcoma subtype; thus, we used cell lines to validate the role of the RB-E2F pathway in regulating the prognostic gene signature. Ectopic RB resets the patterns of E2F regulated gene expression in cells derived from tumors with worse clinical outcomes (molecular phenotype 2) to those comparable with those observed in cells derived from tumors with less aggressive outcomes (molecular phenotype 1), providing a functional association between RB-E2F dysfunction and altered gene expression in osteosarcoma. DNA methyltransferase and histone deacetylase inhibitors similarly reset the transcriptional state of the molecular phenotype 2 cells from a state associated with RB deficiency to one seen with RB sufficiency. Our data indicate that deregulation of RB-E2F pathway alters the epigenetic landscape and biological behavior of osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milcah C Scott
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Program; Departments of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Masonic Cancer Center
| | - Aaron L Sarver
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Program; Departments of Veterinary Clinical Sciences
| | - Hirotaka Tomiyasu
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Program; Departments of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Masonic Cancer Center
| | - Ingrid Cornax
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Program; Masonic Cancer Center; Veterinary Population Medicine
| | - Jamie Van Etten
- Masonic Cancer Center; Department of Surgery, School of Medicine
| | - Jyotika Varshney
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Program; Department of Surgery, School of Medicine; Veterinary Medicine Graduate Program, College of Veterinary Medicine
| | - M Gerard O'Sullivan
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Program; Masonic Cancer Center; Veterinary Population Medicine
| | - Subbaya Subramanian
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Program; Masonic Cancer Center; Department of Surgery, School of Medicine
| | - Jaime F Modiano
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Program; Departments of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Masonic Cancer Center; Stem Cell Institute; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455.
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111
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Baldauf C, Jeschke A, Kanbach V, Catala-Lehnen P, Baumhoer D, Gerull H, Buhs S, Amling M, Nollau P, Harroch S, Schinke T. The Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Rptpζ Suppresses Osteosarcoma Development in Trp53-Heterozygous Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137745. [PMID: 26360410 PMCID: PMC4567063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS), a highly aggressive primary bone tumor, belongs to the most common solid tumors in growing children. Since specific molecular targets for OS treatment remain to be identified, surgical resection combined with multimodal (neo-)adjuvant chemotherapy is still the only way to help respective individuals. We have previously identified the protein tyrosine phosphatase Rptpζ as a marker of terminally differentiated osteoblasts, which negatively regulates their proliferation in vitro. Here we have addressed the question if Rptpζ can function as a tumor suppressor protein inhibiting OS development in vivo. We therefore analyzed the skeletal phenotype of mice lacking Ptprz1, the gene encoding Rptpζ on a tumor-prone genetic background, i.e. Trp53-heterozygosity. By screening a large number of 52 week old Trp53-heterozygous mice by contact radiography we found that Ptprz1-deficiency significantly enhanced OS development with 19% of the mice being affected. The tumors in Ptprz1-deficient Trp53-heterozygous mice were present in different locations (spine, long bones, ribs), and their OS nature was confirmed by undecalcified histology. Likewise, cell lines derived from the tumors were able to undergo osteogenic differentiation ex vivo. A comparison between Ptprz1-heterozygous and Ptprz1-deficient cultures further revealed that the latter ones displayed increased proliferation, a higher abundance of tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins and resistance towards the influence of the growth factor Midkine. Our findings underscore the relevance of Rptpζ as an attenuator of proliferation in differentiated osteoblasts and raise the possibility that activating Rptpζ-dependent signaling could specifically target osteoblastic tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Baldauf
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Anke Jeschke
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Vincent Kanbach
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Philip Catala-Lehnen
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Daniel Baumhoer
- Bone Tumor Reference Center at the Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel 4031, Switzerland
| | - Helwe Gerull
- Research Institute Children’s Cancer Center and Clinic of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Sophia Buhs
- Research Institute Children’s Cancer Center and Clinic of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Michael Amling
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Peter Nollau
- Research Institute Children’s Cancer Center and Clinic of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Sheila Harroch
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute Pasteur, Paris 75624, France
| | - Thorsten Schinke
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Asencio-López L, Torres-Ojeda AA, Isaac-Otero G, Leal-Leal CA. Treating retinoblastoma in the first year of life in a national tertiary paediatric hospital in Mexico. Acta Paediatr 2015; 104:e384-7. [PMID: 25913113 DOI: 10.1111/apa.13033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM Retinoblastoma is the most common primary ocular malignancy in childhood, but little has been documented on the clinical and biological differences in children diagnosed before one year of age. We observed patients in this age group and followed them for up to 19 years. METHODS This retrospective, descriptive, observational study reviewed the medical records of Mexican patients, who were diagnosed with retinoblastoma before one year of age at a national paediatric hospital from 1995 to 2014. The variables analysed were age at diagnosis, weight, presenting signs, the time from first symptoms to diagnosis, family history, laterality, ocular rescue and survival rate. RESULTS The 108 patients had a mean age of 7.65 months and 15.7% had a family history of retinoblastoma. The majority (55.5%) had bilateral retinoblastoma, the most common presenting sign was leukocoria (86.1%), and the most common stage of diagnosis was Group V (84.1%). More than half were underweight for their age. The overall survival rate was 92% and the disease-free survival rate was 84%. CONCLUSION Retinoblastoma is a malignancy that can be present at birth, especially if it is a bilateral hereditary form of the disease. Leukocoria was the main presenting sign. Early diagnosis dramatically improved the prognosis for ocular rescue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Asencio-López
- Departament of Oncology; Instituto Nacional de Pediatría SS; Mexico City Mexico
| | | | | | - Carlos A. Leal-Leal
- Departament of Oncology; Instituto Nacional de Pediatría SS; Mexico City Mexico
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Filtz EA, Emery A, Lu H, Forster CL, Karasch C, Hallstrom TC. Rb1 and Pten Co-Deletion in Osteoblast Precursor Cells Causes Rapid Lipoma Formation in Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136729. [PMID: 26317218 PMCID: PMC4552947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rb and Pten tumor suppressor genes are important regulators of bone development and both are frequently mutated in the bone cancer osteosarcoma (OS). To determine if Rb1 and Pten synergize as tumor suppressor genes for osteosarcoma, we co-deleted them in osteoprogenitor cells. Surprisingly, we observed rapid development of adipogenic but not osteosarcoma tumors in the ΔRb1/Pten mice. ΔPten solo deleted mice also developed lipoma tumors but at a much reduced frequency and later onset than those co-deleted for Rb1. Pten deletion also led to a marked increase in adipocytes in the bone marrow. To better understand the function of Pten in bone development in vivo, we conditionally deleted Pten in OSX+ osteoprogenitor cells using OSX-Cre mice. μCT analysis revealed a significant thickening of the calvaria and an increase in trabeculae volume and number in the femur, consistent with increased bone formation in these mice. To determine if Pten and Rb1 deletion actively promotes adipogenic differentiation, we isolated calvarial cells from Ptenfl/fl and Ptenfl/fl; Rb1fl/fl mice, infected them with CRE or GFP expressing adenovirus, treated with differentiation media. We observed slightly increased adipogenic, and osteogenic differentiation in the ΔPten cells. Both phenotypes were greatly increased upon Rb1/Pten co-deletion. This was accompanied by an increase in expression of genes required for adipogenesis. These data indicate that Pten deletion in osteoblast precursors is sufficient to promote frequent adipogenic, but only rare osteogenic tumors. Rb1 hetero- or homo-zygous co-deletion greatly increases the incidence and the rapidity of onset of adipogenic tumors, again, with only rare osteosarcoma tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma A. Filtz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Ann Emery
- Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Huarui Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Colleen L. Forster
- BioNet, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Chris Karasch
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Timothy C. Hallstrom
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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114
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Bonuccelli G, Avnet S, Grisendi G, Salerno M, Granchi D, Dominici M, Kusuzaki K, Baldini N. Role of mesenchymal stem cells in osteosarcoma and metabolic reprogramming of tumor cells. Oncotarget 2015; 5:7575-88. [PMID: 25277190 PMCID: PMC4202145 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment plays an important role in cancer progression. Here, we focused on the role of reactive mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) in osteosarcoma (OS), and used human adipose MSC and a panel of OS cell lines (Saos-2, HOS, and 143B) to investigate the mutual effect of normal-cancer cell metabolic programming. Our results showed that MSC are driven by oxidative stress induced by OS cells to undergo Warburg metabolism, with increased lactate production. Therefore, we analyzed the expression of lactate monocarboxylate transporters. By real time PCR and immunofluorescence, in MSC we detected the expression of MCT-4, the transporter for lactate efflux, whereas MCT-1, responsible for lactate uptake, was expressed in OS cells. In agreement, silencing of MCT-1 by siRNA significantly affected the ATP production in OS cancer cells. Thus, cancer cells directly increase their mitochondrial biogenesis using this energy-rich metabolite that is abundantly provided by MSC as an effect of the altered microenvironmental conditions induced by OS cells. We also showed that lactate produced by MSC promotes the migratory ability of OS cells. These data provide novel information to be exploited for cancer therapies targeting the mutual metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells and their stroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Bonuccelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotion Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sofia Avnet
- Laboratory for Orthopedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Grisendi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Manuela Salerno
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotion Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Donatella Granchi
- Laboratory for Orthopedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimo Dominici
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Katsuyuki Kusuzaki
- Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nicola Baldini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotion Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. Laboratory for Orthopedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
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115
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Yi XJ, Zhao YH, Qiao LX, Jin CL, Tian J, Li QS. Aberrant Wnt/β-catenin signaling and elevated expression of stem cell proteins are associated with osteosarcoma side population cells of high tumorigenicity. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:5042-8. [PMID: 26134785 PMCID: PMC4581745 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the cancer stem cell theory, the presence of a small sub-population of cancer cells, termed cancer stem cells (CSCs), have a significant implication on cancer treatment and are responsible for tumor recurrence. Previous studies have reported that alterations in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling are crucial in the maintenance of CSCs. In the present study, the characteristic features and activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in CSCs from osteosarcoma, an aggressive human bone tumor, were investigated. In total, ~2.1% of the cancer stem-like side population (SP) cells were identified in the osteosarcoma samples. The results of subsequent western blot and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses revealed that the protein levels of β-catenin and cyclin D1 were markedly upregulated in the fluorescence-activated cell sorted osteosarcoma SP cells. In addition, the elevated expression levels of stem cell proteins, including CD133, nestin Oct-4, Sox-2 and Nanog were significantly higher in the SP cells, which contributed to self-renewal and enhanced the proliferation rate of the SP cells. Furthermore, the SP cells were found to be highly invasive and able to form tumors in vivo. Taken together, these data suggested that the identification of novel anticancer drugs, which suppress the Wnt/β-catenin signaling and its downstream pathway may assist in eradicating osteosarcoma stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Jun Yi
- Department of Traumatology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276000, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Hua Zhao
- Department of Traumatology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276000, P.R. China
| | - Li-Xiang Qiao
- Department of Traumatology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276000, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Lei Jin
- Department of Traumatology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276000, P.R. China
| | - Jing Tian
- Operating Room, Linyi Cancer Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276000, P.R. China
| | - Qiu-Shi Li
- Department of Traumatology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276000, P.R. China
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116
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Zhao S, Niu F, Xu CY, Ye L, Bi GB, Chen L, Gong P, Tian G, Nie TH. Microarray and ChIP-seq data analysis revealed changes in p53-mediated transcriptional regulation in Nutlin-3-treated U2OS cells. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:4284-4290. [PMID: 26080812 PMCID: PMC4526040 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrative analysis of chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing (ChIP-seq) data and microarray data was performed to illustrate the effect of Nutlin‑3 on promoter selectivity and transcriptional regulation by the tumor suppressor p53 in U2OS human osteosarcoma cells. Raw data (accession number, GSE46642) were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus. Differential analyses were performed using package limma of R software. Gene ontology enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analyses were performed for the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integration Discovery. Integrative analysis of ChIP‑seq data and microarray data were confirmed with ChIP‑Array. A total of 565 DEGs were identified, including 373 upregulated genes and 192 downregulated genes. Genes involved in the p53 signaling pathway, cell cycle, DNA replication, cytokine‑cytokine receptor interaction and melanoma were markedly over‑represented in the DEGs. A total of 39 DEGs were directly regulated by p53 and two were the transcription factors (TFs), E2F2 and HOXA1. E2F2 regulated 25 DEGs, while HOXA1 regulated one DEG. The cell cycle, p53 signaling pathway, melanoma and pathways involved in cancer were enriched in the direct and indirect target genes. Changes in the p53‑binding pattern induced by Nutlin‑3 were described in the present study, which may advance the understanding of the regulatory network of p53 in osteosarcoma and aid in the development of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Zhao
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Feng Niu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Chang-Yan Xu
- Department of Medical Records, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Long Ye
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Gui-Bin Bi
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Ping Gong
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Gang Tian
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Tian-Hong Nie
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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117
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Quartuccio SM, Karthikeyan S, Eddie SL, Lantvit DD, Ó hAinmhire E, Modi DA, Wei JJ, Burdette JE. Mutant p53 expression in fallopian tube epithelium drives cell migration. Int J Cancer 2015; 137:1528-38. [PMID: 25810107 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer death among US women. Evidence supports the hypothesis that high-grade serous ovarian cancers (HGSC) may originate in the distal end of the fallopian tube. Although a heterogeneous disease, 96% of HGSC contain mutations in p53. In addition, the "p53 signature," or overexpression of p53 protein (usually associated with mutation), is a potential precursor lesion of fallopian tube derived HGSC suggesting an essential role for p53 mutation in early serous tumorigenesis. To further clarify p53-mutation dependent effects on cells, murine oviductal epithelial cells (MOE) were stably transfected with a construct encoding for the R273H DNA binding domain mutation in p53, the most common mutation in HGSC. Mutation in p53 was not sufficient to transform MOE cells but did significantly increase cell migration. A similar p53 mutation in murine ovarian surface epithelium (MOSE), another potential progenitor cell for serous cancer, was not sufficient to transform the cells nor change migration suggesting tissue specific effects of p53 mutation. Microarray data confirmed expression changes of pro-migratory genes in p53(R273H) MOE compared to parental cells, which could be reversed by suppressing Slug expression. Combining p53(R273H) with KRAS(G12V) activation caused transformation of MOE into high-grade sarcomatoid carcinoma when xenografted into nude mice. Elucidating the specific role of p53(R273H) in the fallopian tube will improve understanding of changes at the earliest stage of transformation. This information can help develop chemopreventative strategies to prevent the accumulation of additional mutations and reverse progression of the "p53 signature" thereby, improving survival rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M Quartuccio
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Subbulakshmi Karthikeyan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Sharon L Eddie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Daniel D Lantvit
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Eoghainín Ó hAinmhire
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Dimple A Modi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Jian-Jun Wei
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Joanna E Burdette
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
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118
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Ng AJM, Walia MK, Smeets MF, Mutsaers AJ, Sims NA, Purton LE, Walsh NC, Martin TJ, Walkley CR. The DNA helicase recql4 is required for normal osteoblast expansion and osteosarcoma formation. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005160. [PMID: 25859855 PMCID: PMC4393104 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
RECQL4 mutations are associated with Rothmund Thomson Syndrome (RTS), RAPADILINO Syndrome and Baller-Gerold Syndrome. These patients display a range of benign skeletal abnormalities such as low bone mass. In addition, RTS patients have a highly increased incidence of osteosarcoma (OS). The role of RECQL4 in normal adult bone development and homeostasis is largely uncharacterized and how mutation of RECQL4 contributes to OS susceptibility is not known. We hypothesised that Recql4 was required for normal skeletal development and both benign and malignant osteoblast function, which we have tested in the mouse. Recql4 deletion in vivo at the osteoblastic progenitor stage of differentiation resulted in mice with shorter bones and reduced bone volume, assessed at 9 weeks of age. This was associated with an osteoblast intrinsic decrease in mineral apposition rate and bone formation rate in the Recql4-deficient cohorts. Deletion of Recql4 in mature osteoblasts/osteocytes in vivo, however, did not cause a detectable phenotype. Acute deletion of Recql4 in primary osteoblasts or shRNA knockdown in an osteoblastic cell line caused failed proliferation, accompanied by cell cycle arrest, induction of apoptosis and impaired differentiation. When cohorts of animals were aged long term, the loss of Recql4 alone was not sufficient to initiate OS. We then crossed the Recql4fl/fl allele to a fully penetrant OS model (Osx-Cre p53fl/fl). Unexpectedly, the Osx-Cre p53fl/flRecql4fl/fl (dKO) animals had a significantly increased OS-free survival compared to Osx-Cre p53fl/fl or Osx-Cre p53fl/flRecql4fl/+ (het) animals. The extended survival was explained when the Recql4 status in the tumors that arose was assessed, and in no case was there complete deletion of Recql4 in the dKO OS. These data provide a mechanism for the benign skeletal phenotypes of RECQL4 mutation syndromes. We propose that tumor suppression and osteosarcoma susceptibility are most likely a function of mutant, not null, alleles of RECQL4. Rothmund Thomson Syndrome (RTS), RAPADILINO Syndrome and Baller-Gerold Syndrome are very rare human syndromes associated with mutations in RECQL4. RECQL4 is important for controlling how cells divide and for preventing genome damage. Patients with RECQL4 mutations have problems with bone formation and a low bone mass, similar to osteoporosis. RTS patients have a highly increased risk of developing bone cancer (osteosarcoma). The role of RECQL4 in normal bone development and osteosarcoma formation is largely unknown. We have used mouse models to understand the specific role of Recql4 in bone development. Mice with Recql4 removed specifically from their bone cells have shortened bones and a reduced rate of bone formation. Therefore, RECQL4 is essential for normal bone development. Interestingly, the animals with no Recql4 in bone cells did not develop osteosarcoma. Using mouse models of osteosarcoma, we observed delayed cancer formation when Recql4 was also deleted. Further analysis demonstrated that bone cancer could not arise from Recql4 null cells even with concurrent p53 deletion. These studies clarify the role of RECQL4 in both normal and malignant bone biology and suggest that RECQL4 mutations that cause osteosarcoma most likely result in proteins with reduced, but not absent, function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin J. M. Ng
- St. Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent’s Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mannu K. Walia
- St. Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Monique F. Smeets
- St. Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Natalie A. Sims
- St. Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent’s Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louise E. Purton
- St. Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent’s Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- ACRF Rational Drug Discovery Centre, St. Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicole C. Walsh
- St. Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent’s Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - T. John Martin
- St. Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent’s Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carl R. Walkley
- St. Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent’s Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- ACRF Rational Drug Discovery Centre, St. Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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119
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Gupte A, Baker EK, Wan SS, Stewart E, Loh A, Shelat AA, Gould CM, Chalk AM, Taylor S, Lackovic K, Karlström Å, Mutsaers AJ, Desai J, Madhamshettiwar PB, Zannettino ACW, Burns C, Huang DCS, Dyer MA, Simpson KJ, Walkley CR. Systematic Screening Identifies Dual PI3K and mTOR Inhibition as a Conserved Therapeutic Vulnerability in Osteosarcoma. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:3216-29. [PMID: 25862761 PMCID: PMC4506243 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-3026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Osteosarcoma is the most common cancer of bone occurring mostly in teenagers. Despite rapid advances in our knowledge of the genetics and cell biology of osteosarcoma, significant improvements in patient survival have not been observed. The identification of effective therapeutics has been largely empirically based. The identification of new therapies and therapeutic targets are urgently needed to enable improved outcomes for osteosarcoma patients. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We have used genetically engineered murine models of human osteosarcoma in a systematic, genome-wide screen to identify new candidate therapeutic targets. We performed a genome-wide siRNA screen, with or without doxorubicin. In parallel, a screen of therapeutically relevant small molecules was conducted on primary murine- and primary human osteosarcoma-derived cell cultures. All results were validated across independent cell cultures and across human and mouse osteosarcoma. RESULTS The results from the genetic and chemical screens significantly overlapped, with a profound enrichment of pathways regulated by PI3K and mTOR pathways. Drugs that concurrently target both PI3K and mTOR were effective at inducing apoptosis in primary osteosarcoma cell cultures in vitro in both human and mouse osteosarcoma, whereas specific PI3K or mTOR inhibitors were not effective. The results were confirmed with siRNA and small molecule approaches. Rationale combinations of specific PI3K and mTOR inhibitors could recapitulate the effect on osteosarcoma cell cultures. CONCLUSIONS The approaches described here have identified dual inhibition of the PI3K-mTOR pathway as a sensitive, druggable target in osteosarcoma, and provide rationale for translational studies with these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Gupte
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia. Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emma K Baker
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia. Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Soo-San Wan
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Stewart
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Amos Loh
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Anang A Shelat
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Cathryn M Gould
- Victorian Centre for Functional Genomics, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alistair M Chalk
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia. Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Scott Taylor
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia. Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kurt Lackovic
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Åsa Karlström
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Anthony J Mutsaers
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia. Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia. Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jayesh Desai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Piyush B Madhamshettiwar
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Andrew C W Zannettino
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. Cancer Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Chris Burns
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - David C S Huang
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael A Dyer
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland.
| | - Kaylene J Simpson
- Victorian Centre for Functional Genomics, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carl R Walkley
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia. Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia. ACRF Rational Drug Discovery Centre, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.
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120
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mTORC1 maintains the tumorigenicity of SSEA-4(+) high-grade osteosarcoma. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9604. [PMID: 25853231 PMCID: PMC4389812 DOI: 10.1038/srep09604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactivation of p53 and/or Rb pathways restrains osteoblasts from cell-cycle exit and terminal differentiation, which underpins osteosarcoma formation coupled with dedifferentiation. Recently, the level of p-S6K was shown to independently predict the prognosis for osteosarcomas, while the reason behind this is not understood. Here we show that in certain high-grade osteosarcomas, immature SSEA-4+ tumor cells represent a subset of tumor-initiating cells (TICs) whose pool size is maintained by mTORC1 activity. mTORC1 supports not only SSEA-4+ cell self-renewal through S6K but also the regeneration of SSEA-4+ TICs by SSEA-4− osteosarcoma cell dedifferentiation. Mechanistically, active mTORC1 is required to prevent a likely upregulation of the cell-cycle inhibitor p27 independently of p53 or Rb activation, which otherwise effectively drives the terminal differentiation of SSEA-4− osteosarcoma cells at the expense of dedifferentiation. Thus, mTORC1 is shown to critically regulate the retention of tumorigenicity versus differentiation in discrete differentiation phases in SSEA-4+ TICs and their progeny.
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121
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Sox2 antagonizes the Hippo pathway to maintain stemness in cancer cells. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6411. [PMID: 25832504 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The repressive Hippo pathway has a profound tumour suppressive role in cancer by restraining the growth-promoting function of the transcriptional coactivator, YAP. We previously showed that the stem cell transcription factor Sox2 maintains cancer stem cells (CSCs) in osteosarcomas. We now report that in these tumours, Sox2 antagonizes the Hippo pathway by direct repression of two Hippo activators, Nf2 (Merlin) and WWC1 (Kibra), leading to exaggerated YAP function. Repression of Nf2, WWC1 and high YAP expression marks the CSC fraction of the tumor population, while the more differentiated fraction has high Nf2, high WWC1 and reduced YAP expression. YAP depletion sharply reduces CSCs and tumorigenicity of osteosarcomas. Thus, Sox2 interferes with the tumour-suppressive Hippo pathway to maintain CSCs in osteosarcomas. This Sox2-Hippo axis is conserved in other Sox2-dependent cancers such as glioblastomas. Disruption of YAP transcriptional activity could be a therapeutic strategy for Sox2-dependent tumours.
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122
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Sottnik JL, Campbell B, Mehra R, Behbahani-Nejad O, Hall CL, Keller ET. Osteocytes serve as a progenitor cell of osteosarcoma. J Cell Biochem 2015; 115:1420-9. [PMID: 24700678 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OSA) is the most common primary bone tumor in humans. However, the cell of origin of OSA is not clearly defined although there is evidence that osteoblasts may serve as OSA progenitors. The role of osteocytes, terminally differentiated osteoblasts, as OSA progenitors has yet to be described. Analysis of patient cDNA from publicly available microarray data revealed that patients with OSA have increased expression of dentin matrix phosphoprotein 1 (DMP1), a marker of osteocytes. Analysis of multiple murine, human, and canine OSA cell lines revealed DMP1 expression. To test the tumorigenic potential of osteocytes, MLO-Y4, a SV-40 immortalized murine osteocyte cell line, was injected into subcutaneous and orthotopic (intratibial) sites of mice. Tumor growth occurred in both locations. Orthotopic MLO-Y4 tumors produced mixed osteoblastic/osteolytic radiographic lesions; a hallmark of OSA. Together, these data demonstrate for the first time that osteocytes can serve as OSA progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Sottnik
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
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123
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Characterization of mouse model-derived osteosarcoma (OS) cells in vitro and in vivo. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1267:297-305. [PMID: 25636475 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2297-0_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary tumor of bone with a high incidence in children. Treatment options for OS are limited, and once metastasized, the prognosis is very poor. Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) are valuable tools to understand the mechanisms of tumorigenesis and to test possible therapies. In this chapter, we summarize the methods related to the isolation, characterization, and transplantation of OS cells obtained from GEMMs.
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124
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Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignancy of bone, typically presenting in the first or second decade of life. Unfortunately, clinical outcomes for osteosarcoma patients have not substantially improved in over 30 years. This stagnation in therapeutic advances is perhaps explained by the genetic, epigenetic, and biological complexities of this rare tumor. In this review we provide a general background on the biology of osteosarcoma and the clinical status quo. We go on to enumerate the genetic and epigenetic defects identified in osteosarcoma. Finally, we discuss ongoing large-scale studies in the field and potential new therapies that are currently under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J. Morrow
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Chand Khanna
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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125
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Engel BE, Cress WD, Santiago-Cardona PG. THE RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN: A MASTER TUMOR SUPPRESSOR ACTS AS A LINK BETWEEN CELL CYCLE AND CELL ADHESION. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 7:1-10. [PMID: 28090172 DOI: 10.2147/chc.s28079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
RB1 was the first tumor suppressor gene discovered. Over four decades of work have revealed that the Rb protein (pRb) is a master regulator of biological pathways influencing virtually every aspect of intrinsic cell fate including cell growth, cell-cycle checkpoints, differentiation, senescence, self-renewal, replication, genomic stability and apoptosis. While these many processes may account for a significant portion of RB1's potency as a tumor suppressor, a small, but growing stream of evidence suggests that RB1 also significantly influences how a cell interacts with its environment, including cell-to-cell and cell-to-extracellular matrix interactions. This review will highlight pRb's role in the control of cell adhesion and how alterations in the adhesive properties of tumor cells may drive the deadly process of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Engel
- Molecular Oncology Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - W D Cress
- Molecular Oncology Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
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126
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Rubio R, Abarrategi A, Garcia-Castro J, Martinez-Cruzado L, Suarez C, Tornin J, Santos L, Astudillo A, Colmenero I, Mulero F, Rosu-Myles M, Menendez P, Rodriguez R. Bone environment is essential for osteosarcoma development from transformed mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells 2014; 32:1136-48. [PMID: 24446210 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The cellular microenvironment plays a relevant role in cancer development. We have reported that mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) deficient for p53 alone or together with RB (p53(-/-)RB(-/-)) originate leiomyosarcoma after subcutaneous (s.c.) inoculation. Here, we show that intrabone or periosteal inoculation of p53(-/-) or p53(-/-)RB(-/-) bone marrow- or adipose tissue-derived MSCs originated metastatic osteoblastic osteosarcoma (OS). To assess the contribution of bone environment factors to OS development, we analyzed the effect of the osteoinductive factor bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and calcified substrates on p53(-/-)RB(-/-) MSCs. We show that BMP-2 upregulates the expression of osteogenic markers in a WNT signaling-dependent manner. In addition, the s.c. coinfusion of p53(-/-)RB(-/-) MSCs together with BMP-2 resulted in appearance of tumoral osteoid areas. Likewise, when p53(-/-)RB(-/-) MSCs were inoculated embedded in a calcified ceramic scaffold composed of hydroxyapatite and tricalciumphosphate (HA/TCP), tumoral bone formation was observed in the surroundings of the HA/TCP scaffold. Moreover, the addition of BMP-2 to the ceramic/MSC implants further increased the tumoral osteoid matrix. Together, these data indicate that bone microenvironment signals are essential to drive OS development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Rubio
- GENyO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Government, Granada, Spain
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127
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Quist T, Jin H, Zhu JF, Smith-Fry K, Capecchi MR, Jones KB. The impact of osteoblastic differentiation on osteosarcomagenesis in the mouse. Oncogene 2014; 34:4278-84. [PMID: 25347737 PMCID: PMC4411188 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcomas remain an enigmatic group of malignancies that share in common the presence of transformed cells producing osteoid matrix, even if these cells comprise a minority of the tumor volume. The differentiation state of osteosarcomas has therefore become a topic of interest and challenge to those who study this disease. In order to test how the cell of origin contributes to the final state of differentiation in the transformed cells, we compared the relative tumorigenicity of Cre-LoxP conditional disruption of the cell cycle checkpoint tumor-suppressor genes Trp53 and Rb1 using Prx1-Cre, Collagen-1α1-Cre and Osteocalcin-Cre to transform undifferentiated mesenchyme, preosteoblasts and mature osteoblasts, respectively. The Prx1 and Col1α1 lineages developed tumors with nearly complete penetrance, as anticipated. Osteosarcomas also developed in 44% of Oc-Cre;Rb1(fl/fl);Trp53(fl/fl) mice. We confirmed using 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine click chemistry that the Oc-Cre lineage includes very few actively cycling cells. By assessing radiographic mineralization and histological osteoid production, the differentiation state of tumors did not correlate with the differentiation state of the lineage of origin. Some of the osteocalcin-lineage-derived osteosarcomas were among the least osteoblastic. Osteocalcin immunohistochemistry in tumors correlated well with the expression of DNA methyl transferases, suggesting that silencing of these epigenetic regulators may influence the final differentiation state of an osteosarcoma. Transformation of differentiated, minimally proliferative osteoblasts is possible but may require such an epigenetic reprogramming that the tumors no longer resemble their differentiated origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Quist
- 1] Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA [2] Center for Children's Cancer Research at the Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - H Jin
- 1] Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA [2] Center for Children's Cancer Research at the Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - J-F Zhu
- 1] Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA [2] Center for Children's Cancer Research at the Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - K Smith-Fry
- 1] Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA [2] Center for Children's Cancer Research at the Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - M R Capecchi
- 1] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA [2] Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - K B Jones
- 1] Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA [2] Center for Children's Cancer Research at the Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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128
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Developmental pathways hijacked by osteosarcoma. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 804:93-118. [PMID: 24924170 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-04843-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer of any type often can be described by an arrest, alteration or disruption in the normal development of a tissue or organ, and understanding of the normal counterpart's development can aid in understanding the malignant state. This is certainly true for osteosarcoma and the normal developmental pathways that guide osteoblast development that are changed in the genesis of osteogenic sarcoma. A carefully regulated crescendo-decrescendo expression of RUNX2 accompanies the transition from mesenchymal stem cell to immature osteoblast to mature osteoblast. This pivotal role is controlled by several pathways, including bone morphogenic protein (BMP), Wnt/β-catenin, fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and protein kinase C (PKC). The HIPPO pathway and its downstream target YAP help to regulate proliferation of immature osteoblasts and their maturation into non-proliferating mature osteoblasts. This pathway also helps regulate expression of the mature osteoblast protein osteocalcin. YAP also regulates expression of MT1-MMP, a membrane-bound matrix metalloprotease responsible for remodeling the extracellular matrix surrounding the osteoblasts. YAP, in turn, can be regulated by the ERBB family protein Her-4. Osteosarcoma may be thought of as a cell held at the immature osteoblast stage, retaining some of the characteristics of that developmental stage. Disruptions of several of these pathways have been described in osteosarcoma, including BMP, Wnt/b-catenin, RUNX2, HIPPO/YAP, and Her-4. Further, PKC can be activated by several receptor tyrosine kinases implicated in osteosarcoma, including the ERBB family (EGFR, Her-2 and Her-4 in osteosarcoma), IGF1R, FGF, and others. Understanding these functions may aid in the understanding the mechanisms underpinning clinical observations in osteosarcoma, including both the lytic and blastic phenotypes of tumors, the invasiveness of the disease, and the tendency for treated tumors to ossify rather than shrink. Through a better understanding of the relationship between normal osteoblast development and osteosarcoma, we may gain insights into novel therapeutic avenues and improved outcomes.
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129
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Tao J, Jiang MM, Jiang L, Salvo JS, Zeng HC, Dawson B, Bertin TK, Rao PH, Chen R, Donehower LA, Gannon F, Lee BH. Notch activation as a driver of osteogenic sarcoma. Cancer Cell 2014; 26:390-401. [PMID: 25203324 PMCID: PMC4159617 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Osteogenic sarcoma (OS) is a deadly skeletal malignancy whose cause is unknown. We report here a mouse model of OS based on conditional expression of the intracellular domain of Notch1 (NICD). Expression of the NICD in immature osteoblasts was sufficient to drive the formation of bone tumors, including OS, with complete penetrance. These tumors display features of human OS; namely, histopathology, cytogenetic complexity, and metastatic potential. We show that Notch activation combined with loss of p53 synergistically accelerates OS development in mice, although p53-driven OS is not Rbpj dependent, which demonstrates a dual dominance of the Notch oncogene and p53 mutation in the development of OS. Using this model, we also reveal the osteoblasts as the potential sources of OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianning Tao
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, R815, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ming-Ming Jiang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, R815, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lichun Jiang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, R815, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, R815, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jason S Salvo
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, R815, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, R815, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Huan-Chang Zeng
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, R815, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Brian Dawson
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, R815, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Terry K Bertin
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, R815, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Pulivarthi H Rao
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, R815, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, R815, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, R815, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lawrence A Donehower
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, R815, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, R815, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Francis Gannon
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, R815, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Brendan H Lee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, R815, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, R815, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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130
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Guijarro MV, Ghivizzani SC, Gibbs CP. Animal models in osteosarcoma. Front Oncol 2014; 4:189. [PMID: 25101245 PMCID: PMC4102850 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common non-hematologic primary tumor of bone in children and adults. High-dose cytotoxic chemotherapy and surgical resection have improved prognosis, with long-term survival for non-metastatic disease approaching 70%. However, most OS tumors are high grade and tend to rapidly develop pulmonary metastases. Despite clinical advances, patients with metastatic disease or relapse have a poor prognosis. Toward a better understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of human OS, several genetically modified OS mouse models have been developed and will be reviewed here. However, better animal models that more accurately recapitulate the natural progression of the disease are needed for the development of improved prognostic and diagnostic markers as well as targeted therapies for both primary and metastatic OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V Guijarro
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL , USA
| | - Steven C Ghivizzani
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL , USA
| | - C Parker Gibbs
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL , USA
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131
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Eid JE, Garcia CB. Reprogramming of mesenchymal stem cells by oncogenes. Semin Cancer Biol 2014; 32:18-31. [PMID: 24938913 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) originate from embryonic mesoderm and give rise to the multiple lineages of connective tissues. Transformed MSCs develop into aggressive sarcomas, some of which are initiated by specific chromosomal translocations that generate fusion proteins with potent oncogenic properties. The sarcoma oncogenes typically prime MSCs through aberrant reprogramming. They dictate commitment to a specific lineage but prevent mature differentiation, thus locking the cells in a state of proliferative precursors. Deregulated expression of lineage-specific transcription factors and controllers of chromatin structure play a central role in MSC reprogramming and sarcoma pathogenesis. This suggests that reversing the epigenetic aberrancies created by the sarcoma oncogenes with differentiation-related reagents holds great promise as a beneficial addition to sarcoma therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiane E Eid
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 771 Preston, Research Building, 2220 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Christina B Garcia
- Department of Pediatrics-Nutrition, Baylor College of Medicine, BCM320, Huston, TX 77030, USA
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132
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Lu Y, Gitelis S, Lei G, Ding M, Maki C, Mira RR, Zheng Q. Research findings working with the p53 and Rb1 targeted osteosarcoma mouse model. Am J Cancer Res 2014; 4:234-244. [PMID: 24959378 PMCID: PMC4065404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common bone cancer in children and young adults. The etiology of osteosarcoma is currently unknown. Besides the predominant osteoblasts, the presence of cartilage forming chondrocytes within its tumor tissues suggests a role of chondrogenesis in osteosarcoma development. Runx2 is a master transcription factor both for osteoblast differentiation and for chondrocyte maturation. Interestingly, RUNX2 has been shown to directly interact with p53 and Rb1, two genes essential for osteosarcoma development in mice. However the in vivo relevance of Runx2 during osteosarcoma progression has not been elucidated. We have recently shown that targeting Runx2 expression in hypertrophic chondrocytes delays chondrocyte maturation. It has also been shown that osteoblast-specific deletion of p53 and Rb1 genes developed osteosarcoma in mice. Here, we report our recent research findings using these osteosarcoma mouse models as well as human osteosarcoma tissues. We have detected high-level RUNX2 expression in human osteoblastic osteosarcoma, while chondroblastic osteosarcoma is predominant with chondroid matrix. To minimize the effect of strain difference, we have backcrossed osterix-Cre mice onto congenic FVB/N genetic background. We also detected low-GC content (36%) in sequence around the floxed Rb1 gene and demonstrated that addition of BSA into the reaction system increases the efficiency of PCR genotyping of floxed Rb1 gene. Finally, we successfully generated multiple osteosarcoma mouse models with or without Runx2 transgenic background. These mice showed heterogeneous osteosarcoma phenotypes and marker gene expression. Characterization of these mice will facilitate understanding the role of Runx2 in osteosarcoma pathogenesis and possibly, for osteosarcoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaojuan Lu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University Medical CenterChicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Steven Gitelis
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical CenterChicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Guanghua Lei
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University Medical CenterChicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410008, China
| | - Ming Ding
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University Medical CenterChicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Carl Maki
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University Medical CenterChicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Ranim R Mira
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University Medical CenterChicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Qiping Zheng
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University Medical CenterChicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Hematology and Hematological Laboratory Science, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu UniversityZhenjiang 212013, China
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133
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Rb1 family mutation is sufficient for sarcoma initiation. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2650. [PMID: 24150016 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is thought that genomic instability precipitated by Rb1 pathway loss rapidly triggers additional cancer gene mutations, accounting for rapid tumour onset following Rb1 mutation. However, recent whole-genome sequencing of retinoblastomas demonstrated little genomic instability, but instead suggested rapid epigenetic activation of cancer genes. These results raise the possibility that loss of the Rb1 pathway, which is a hallmark of cancers, might be sufficient for cancer initiation. Yet, mutation of the Rb1 family or inactivation of the Rb1 pathway in primary cells has proven insufficient for tumour initiation. Here we demonstrate that traditional nude mouse assays impose an artificial anoikis and proliferation barrier that prevents Rb1 family mutant fibroblasts from initiating tumours. By circumventing this barrier, we show that primary fibroblasts with only an Rb1 family mutation efficiently form sarcomas in nude mice, and a Ras-ZEB1-Akt pathway then causes transition of these tumours to an invasive phenotype.
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134
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Mutsaers AJ, Walkley CR. Cells of origin in osteosarcoma: mesenchymal stem cells or osteoblast committed cells? Bone 2014; 62:56-63. [PMID: 24530473 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is a disease with many complex genetic abnormalities but few well defined genetic drivers of tumor initiation and evolution. The disease is diagnosed and defined through the observation of malignant osteoblastic cells that produce osteoid, however the exact cell of origin for this cancer remains to be definitively defined. Evidence exists to support a mesenchymal stem cell as well as committed osteoblast precursors as the cell of origin. Increasing numbers of experimental models have begun to shed light on to the likely cell population that gives rise to OS in vivo with the weight of evidence favoring an osteoblastic population as the cell of origin. As more information is gathered regarding osteosarcoma initiating cells and how they may relate to the cell of origin we will derive a better understanding of the development of this disease which may ultimately lead to clinical improvements through more personalized therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Mutsaers
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carl R Walkley
- Stem Cell Regulation Unit and ACRF Rational Drug Discovery Centre, St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.
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135
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Zanotti S, Canalis E. Notch1 and Notch2 expression in osteoblast precursors regulates femoral microarchitecture. Bone 2014; 62:22-8. [PMID: 24508387 PMCID: PMC3970724 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Notch receptors regulate cell differentiation and function. Notch1 and Notch2 inactivation in osteoblasts and osteocytes increases cancellous bone volume, but the function of Notch signaling in osteoblast precursors is unknown. To inactivate Notch signaling in immature osteoblastic cells, mice homozygous for conditional Notch1 and Notch2 alleles (Notch1(loxP/loxP);Notch2(loxP/loxP)) were crossed with mice where the osterix (Osx) promoter, regulated by a Tet-Off cassette, governs Cre expression (Osx-Cre). Notch1(loxP/loxP);Notch2(loxP/loxP) control and Osx-Cre(+/-);Notch1(Δ/Δ);Notch2(Δ/Δ) experimental littermate cohorts were obtained. To prevent the effects of embryonic Osx-Cre expression, doxycycline was administered to pregnant dams, but not to newborns. Recombination of conditional alleles was documented in calvarial DNA extracts from 1month old mice. Notch1 and Notch2 inactivation did not affect femoral microarchitecture at 1month of age. Cancellous bone volume was higher and structure model index was lower in 3 and 6 month old Osx-Cre(+/-);Notch1(Δ/Δ);Notch2(Δ/Δ) mice than in control littermates and the effect was more pronounced in female mice. One month old Osx-Cre(+/-);Notch1(Δ/Δ);Notch2(Δ/Δ) male mice transiently exhibited an increase in osteoblast number and a modest suppression in bone resorption. Osx-Cre(+/-);Notch1(Δ/Δ);Notch2(Δ/Δ) female mice displayed a tendency toward increased bone formation at 3months of age, although bone remodeling was suppressed in 6month old Osx-Cre(+/-);Notch1(Δ/Δ);Notch2(Δ/Δ) female mice. Notch1 and Notch2 inactivation increased porosity and reduced thickness of cortical bone. These effects were modest and more evident in 3 and 6 month old female than in male mice of the same age. In conclusion, Notch1 and Notch2 expression in osteoblast precursors regulates cancellous bone volume and microarchitecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Zanotti
- Department of Research, Saint Francis Hospital and Medical Center, Hartford, CT, USA; University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Ernesto Canalis
- Department of Research, Saint Francis Hospital and Medical Center, Hartford, CT, USA; University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA.
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136
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Hsu YC, Mildenstein K, Hunter K, Tkachenko O, Mullen CA. Acute lymphoid leukemia cells with greater stem cell antigen-1 (Ly6a/Sca-1) expression exhibit higher levels of metalloproteinase activity and are more aggressive in vivo. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88966. [PMID: 24586463 PMCID: PMC3930640 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell antigen-1 (Ly6a/Sca-1) is a gene that is expressed in activated lymphocytes, hematopoietic stem cells and stem cells of a variety of tissues in mice. Despite decades of study its functions remain poorly defined. These studies explored the impact of expression of this stem cell associated gene in acute lymphoid leukemia. Higher levels of Ly6a/Sca-1 expression led to more aggressive leukemia growth in vivo and earlier death of hosts. Leukemias expressing higher levels of Ly6a/Sca-1 exhibited higher levels of matrix metalloproteinases. The results suggest the hypothesis that the more aggressive behavior of Ly6a/Sca-1 expressing leukemias is due at least in part to greater capacity to degrade microenvironmental stroma and invade tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chiao Hsu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Kurt Mildenstein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Kordell Hunter
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Olena Tkachenko
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Craig A. Mullen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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137
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Li B, Ye Z. Epigenetic alterations in osteosarcoma: promising targets. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:3303-15. [PMID: 24500341 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3193-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is being reinterpreted due to recent discoveries related to epigenetic regulation during development, and the importance of epigenetic mechanisms in initiation and progression of cancer has been further highlighted by the recent explosion in medical information. Osteosarcoma is highly genetically unstable, and current therapeutic regimens are subject to chemoresistance and tumor relapse. Understanding the epigenetic mechanisms in the pathogenesis of osteosarcoma will provide novel avenues for cancer therapy. In this review, we examine the epigenetic alterations in gene expression in osteosarcoma, and discuss the utilization of epigenetic regulation therapy in treatment against osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binghao Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310008, China
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138
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Guijarro MV. Osteosarcoma: mouse models, cell of origin and cancer stem cell. POSTDOC JOURNAL : A JOURNAL OF POSTDOCTORAL RESEARCH AND POSTDOCTORAL AFFAIRS 2014; 2:19-30. [PMID: 27617267 DOI: 10.14304/surya.jpr.v2n2.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common non-hematologic primary tumor of bone in children and adults. High-dose cytotoxic chemotherapy and surgical resection have improved prognosis, with long-term survival for non-metastatic disease approaching 70%. However, most OS tumors are high grade and tend to rapidly develop pulmonary metastases. Despite clinical advances, patients with metastatic disease or relapse have a poor prognosis. Here the cell biology of OS is reviewed with a special emphasis on mouse models as well as the roles of the cell of origin and cancer stem cells. A better understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of human OS is essential for the development of improved prognostic and diagnostic markers as well as targeted therapies for both primary and metastatic OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V Guijarro
- Gene Therapy Lab. Dept. Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation. University of Florida. 1600 Archer Road, MSB M2-212. Gainesville, FL 32610. USA
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139
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Sciandra M, Marino MT, Manara MC, Guerzoni C, Grano M, Oranger A, Lucarelli E, Lollini PL, Dozza B, Pratelli L, Renzo MFD, Colombo MP, Picci P, Scotlandi K. CD99 drives terminal differentiation of osteosarcoma cells by acting as a spatial regulator of ERK 1/2. J Bone Miner Res 2014; 29:1295-309. [PMID: 24677094 PMCID: PMC4255300 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Differentiation therapy is an attractive treatment for osteosarcoma (OS). CD99 is a cell surface molecule expressed in mesenchymal stem cells and osteoblasts that is maintained during osteoblast differentiation while lost in OS. Herein, we show that whenever OS cells regain CD99, they become prone to reactivate the terminal differentiation program. In differentiating conditions, CD99-transfected OS cells express osteocyte markers, halt proliferation, and largely die by apoptosis, resembling the fate of mature osteoblasts. CD99 induces ERK activation, increasing its membrane-bound/cytoplasmic form rather than affecting its nuclear localization. Through cytoplasmic ERK, CD99 promotes activity of the main osteogenic transcriptional factors AP1 and RUNX2, which in turn enhance osteocalcin and p21(WAF1/CIP1) , leading to G0 /G1 arrest. These data underscore the alternative positions of active ERK into distinct subcellular compartments as key events for determining OS fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Sciandra
- CRS Development of Biomolecular Therapies, Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
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140
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Karlsson EK, Sigurdsson S, Ivansson E, Thomas R, Elvers I, Wright J, Howald C, Tonomura N, Perloski M, Swofford R, Biagi T, Fryc S, Anderson N, Courtay-Cahen C, Youell L, Ricketts SL, Mandlebaum S, Rivera P, von Euler H, Kisseberth WC, London CA, Lander ES, Couto G, Comstock K, Starkey MP, Modiano JF, Breen M, Lindblad-Toh K. Genome-wide analyses implicate 33 loci in heritable dog osteosarcoma, including regulatory variants near CDKN2A/B. Genome Biol 2013; 14:R132. [PMID: 24330828 PMCID: PMC4053774 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2013-14-12-r132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Canine osteosarcoma is clinically nearly identical to the human disease, but is common and highly heritable, making genetic dissection feasible. Results Through genome-wide association analyses in three breeds (greyhounds, Rottweilers, and Irish wolfhounds), we identify 33 inherited risk loci explaining 55% to 85% of phenotype variance in each breed. The greyhound locus exhibiting the strongest association, located 150 kilobases upstream of the genes CDKN2A/B, is also the most rearranged locus in canine osteosarcoma tumors. The top germline candidate variant is found at a >90% frequency in Rottweilers and Irish wolfhounds, and alters an evolutionarily constrained element that we show has strong enhancer activity in human osteosarcoma cells. In all three breeds, osteosarcoma-associated loci and regions of reduced heterozygosity are enriched for genes in pathways connected to bone differentiation and growth. Several pathways, including one of genes regulated by miR124, are also enriched for somatic copy-number changes in tumors. Conclusions Mapping a complex cancer in multiple dog breeds reveals a polygenic spectrum of germline risk factors pointing to specific pathways as drivers of disease.
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141
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Zhao H, Bauzon F, Fu H, Lu Z, Cui J, Nakayama K, Nakayama KI, Locker J, Zhu L. Skp2 deletion unmasks a p27 safeguard that blocks tumorigenesis in the absence of pRb and p53 tumor suppressors. Cancer Cell 2013; 24:645-59. [PMID: 24229711 PMCID: PMC3880806 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
pRb and p53 are two major tumor suppressors. Here, we found that p53 activates expression of Pirh2 and KPC1, two of the three ubiquitin ligases for p27. Loss of p53 in the absence of Skp2, the third ubiquitin ligase for p27, shrinks the cellular pool of p27 ubiquitin ligases to accumulate p27 protein. In the absence of pRb and p53, p27 was unable to inhibit DNA synthesis in spite of its abundance, but could inhibit division of cells that maintain DNA replication with rereplication. This mechanism blocked pRb/p53 doubly deficient pituitary and prostate tumorigenesis lastingly coexistent with bromodeoxyuridine-labeling neoplastic lesions, revealing an unconventional cancer cell vulnerability when pRb and p53 are inactivated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongling Zhao
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, and Medicine, and Pathology2, The Albert Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center and Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Frederick Bauzon
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, and Medicine, and Pathology2, The Albert Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center and Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Hao Fu
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, and Medicine, and Pathology2, The Albert Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center and Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Zhonglei Lu
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, and Medicine, and Pathology2, The Albert Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center and Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jinhua Cui
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, and Medicine, and Pathology2, The Albert Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center and Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Keiko Nakayama
- Division of Cell Proliferation, ART, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Keiich I. Nakayama
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Joseph Locker
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Liang Zhu
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, and Medicine, and Pathology2, The Albert Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center and Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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142
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Joseph CG, Hwang H, Jiao Y, Wood LD, Kinde I, Wu J, Mandahl N, Luo J, Hruban RH, Diaz LA, He TC, Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW, Mertens F, Papadopoulos N. Exomic analysis of myxoid liposarcomas, synovial sarcomas, and osteosarcomas. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2013; 53:15-24. [PMID: 24190505 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone and soft tissue sarcomas are a group of histologically heterogeneous and relatively uncommon tumors. To explore their genetic origins, we sequenced the exomes of 13 osteosarcomas, eight myxoid liposarcomas (MLPS), and seven synovial sarcomas (SYN). These tumors had few genetic alterations (median of 10.8). Nevertheless, clear examples of driver gene mutations were observed, including canonical mutations in TP53, PIK3CA, SETD2, AKT1, and subclonal mutation in FBXW7. Of particular interest were mutations in H3F3A, encoding the variant histone H3.3. Mutations in this gene have only been previously observed in gliomas. Loss of heterozygosity of exomic regions was extensive in osteosarcomas but rare in SYN and MLPS. These results provide intriguing nucleotide-level information on these relatively uncommon neoplasms and highlight pathways that help explain their pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine G Joseph
- Ludwig Center, the Howard Hughes Medical Institutions, and the Departmentof Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Heejung Hwang
- Ludwig Center, the Howard Hughes Medical Institutions, and the Departmentof Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Yuchen Jiao
- Ludwig Center, the Howard Hughes Medical Institutions, and the Departmentof Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Laura D Wood
- Ludwig Center, the Howard Hughes Medical Institutions, and the Departmentof Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Isaac Kinde
- Ludwig Center, the Howard Hughes Medical Institutions, and the Departmentof Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Jian Wu
- Ludwig Center, the Howard Hughes Medical Institutions, and the Departmentof Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Nils Mandahl
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University and Regional Laboratories, Lund University, SE-22185 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jinyong Luo
- Ministry of Educations Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnostic Medicine, Chongqinq 400046, China
| | - Ralph H Hruban
- Ludwig Center, the Howard Hughes Medical Institutions, and the Departmentof Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Luis A Diaz
- Ludwig Center, the Howard Hughes Medical Institutions, and the Departmentof Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Tong-Chuan He
- The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Bert Vogelstein
- Ludwig Center, the Howard Hughes Medical Institutions, and the Departmentof Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Kenneth W Kinzler
- Ludwig Center, the Howard Hughes Medical Institutions, and the Departmentof Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Fredrik Mertens
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University and Regional Laboratories, Lund University, SE-22185 Lund, Sweden
| | - Nickolas Papadopoulos
- Ludwig Center, the Howard Hughes Medical Institutions, and the Departmentof Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
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143
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Chan LH, Wang W, Yeung W, Deng Y, Yuan P, Mak KK. Hedgehog signaling induces osteosarcoma development through Yap1 and H19 overexpression. Oncogene 2013; 33:4857-66. [PMID: 24141783 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is one of the most common bone tumors. However, the genetic basis for its pathogenesis remains elusive. Here, we investigated the roles of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling in osteosarcoma development. Genetically-engineered mice with ubiquitous upregulated Hh signaling specifically in mature osteoblasts develop focal bone overgrowth, which greatly resembles the early stage of osteosarcoma. However, these mice die within three months, which prohibits further analysis of tumor progression. We therefore generated a mouse model with partial upregulated Hh signaling in mature osteoblasts and crossed it into a p53 heterozygous background to potentiate tumor development. We found that these mutant mice developed malignant osteosarcoma with high penetrance. Isolated primary tumor cells were mainly osteoblastic and highly proliferative with many characteristics of human osteosarcomas. Allograft transplantation into immunocompromised mice displayed high tumorigenic potential. More importantly, both human and mouse tumor tissues express high level of yes-associated protein 1 (Yap1), a potent oncogene that is amplified in various cancers. We show that inhibition of Hh signaling reduces Yap1 expression and knockdown of Yap1 significantly inhibits tumor progression. Moreover, long non-coding RNA H19 is aberrantly expressed and induced by upregulated Hh signaling and Yap1 overexpression. Our results demonstrate that aberrant Hh signaling in mature osteoblasts is responsible for the pathogenesis of osteoblastic osteosarcoma through Yap1 and H19 overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Chan
- Key Laboratories for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR
| | - W Wang
- Key Laboratories for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR
| | - W Yeung
- Key Laboratories for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Y Deng
- Key Laboratories for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR
| | - P Yuan
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - K K Mak
- 1] Key Laboratories for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR [2] Stem Cell and Regeneration Thematic Research Program, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR [3] CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
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144
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Zhu L, McManus MM, Hughes DPM. Understanding the Biology of Bone Sarcoma from Early Initiating Events through Late Events in Metastasis and Disease Progression. Front Oncol 2013; 3:230. [PMID: 24062983 PMCID: PMC3775316 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The two most common primary bone malignancies, osteosarcoma (OS), and Ewing sarcoma (ES), are both aggressive, highly metastatic cancers that most often strike teens, though both can be found in younger children and adults. Despite distinct origins and pathogenesis, both diseases share several mechanisms of progression and metastasis, including neovascularization, invasion, anoikis resistance, chemoresistance, and evasion of the immune response. Some of these processes are well-studies in more common carcinoma models, and the observation from adult diseases may be readily applied to pediatric bone sarcomas. Neovascularization, which includes angiogenesis and vasculogenesis, is a clear example of a process that is likely to be similar between carcinomas and sarcomas, since the responding cells are the same in each case. Chemoresistance mechanisms also may be similar between other cancers and the bone sarcomas. Since OS and ES are mesenchymal in origin, the process of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition is largely absent in bone sarcomas, necessitating different approaches to study progression and metastasis in these diseases. One process that is less well-studied in bone sarcomas is dormancy, which allows micrometastatic disease to remain viable but not growing in distant sites – typically the lungs – for months or years before renewing growth to become overt metastatic disease. By understanding the basic biology of these processes, novel therapeutic strategies may be developed that could improve survival in children with OS or ES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics - Research, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX , USA
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145
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He M, Fan J, Jiang R, Tang WX, Wang ZW. Expression of DNMTs and genomic DNA methylation in gastric signet ring cell carcinoma. Mol Med Rep 2013; 8:942-8. [PMID: 23820855 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the protein expression of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and genomic DNA methylation status of genomes in gastric signet ring cell carcinoma (SRC). Immunohistochemistry was performed to analyze DNMT expression and methylated DNA immunoprecipitation microarray (MeDIP‑chip) and MeDIP quantitative real‑time PCR (MeDIP‑qPCR) were performed to analyze the genomic DNA methylation status in gastric SRC tissue. An increase in DNMT1 and decrease in DNMT3A expression in SRC tissue was observed compared with matched non‑cancerous tissue. However, expression of other DNMTs, DNMT2, DNMT3B and DNMT3L, was not found to differ significantly between carcinoma and control. The MeDIP‑chip assay revealed that methylation of gene promoters and CpG islands in SRC was higher than those in matched control tissue. However, MeDIP‑qPCR analysis demonstrated that specific tumor‑related genes, including ABL2, FGF18, TRAF2, EGFL7 and RAB33A were aberrantly hypomethylated in SRC tissue. Results of the current study indicate that gastric SRC may produce complex patterns of aberrant DNA methylation and DNMT expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao He
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
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146
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Xiao W, Mohseny AB, Hogendoorn PCW, Cleton-Jansen AM. Mesenchymal stem cell transformation and sarcoma genesis. Clin Sarcoma Res 2013; 3:10. [PMID: 23880362 PMCID: PMC3724575 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3329-3-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
MSCs are hypothesized to potentially give rise to sarcomas after transformation and therefore serve as a good model to study sarcomagenesis. Both spontaneous and induced transformation of MSCs have been reported, however, spontaneous transformation has only been convincingly shown in mouse MSCs while induced transformation has been demonstrated in both mouse and human MSCs. Transformed MSCs of both species can give rise to pleomorphic sarcomas after transplantation into mice, indicating the potential MSC origin of so-called non-translocation induced sarcomas. Comparison of expression profiles and differentiation capacities between MSCs and sarcoma cells further supports this. Deregulation of P53- Retinoblastoma-, PI3K-AKT-and MAPK pathways has been implicated in transformation of MSCs. MSCs have also been indicated as cell of origin in several types of chromosomal translocation associated sarcomas. In mouse models the generated sarcoma type depends on amongst others the tissue origin of the MSCs, the targeted pathways and genes and the differentiation commitment status of MSCs. While some insights are glowing, it is clear that more studies are needed to thoroughly understand the molecular mechanism of sarcomagenesis from MSCs and mechanisms determining the sarcoma type, which will potentially give directions for targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, 2333ZA, the Netherlands.
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147
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Sampson VB, Kamara DF, Kolb EA. Xenograft and genetically engineered mouse model systems of osteosarcoma and Ewing's sarcoma: tumor models for cancer drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 8:1181-9. [PMID: 23844615 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2013.817988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There are > 75 histological types of solid tumors that are classified into two major groups: bone and soft-tissue sarcomas. These diseases are more prevalent in children, and pediatric sarcomas tend to be highly aggressive and rapidly progressive. Sarcomas in adults may follow a more indolent course, but aggressive tumors are also common. Sarcomas that are metastatic at diagnosis, or recurrent following therapy, remain refractory to current treatment options with dismal overall survival rates. A major focus of clinical trials, for patients with sarcoma, is to identify novel and more effective therapeutic strategies targeted to genomic or proteomic aberrations specific to the malignant cells. Critical to the understanding of the potential for targeted therapies are models of disease that are representative of clinical disease and predictive of relevant clinical responses. AREAS COVERED In this article, the authors discuss the use of mouse xenograft models and genetically engineered mice in cancer drug discovery. The authors provide a special focus on models for the two most common bone sarcomas: osteosarcoma (OS) and Ewing's sarcoma (ES). EXPERT OPINION Predicting whether a new anticancer agent will have a positive therapeutic index in patients with OS and ES remains a challenge. The use of mouse sarcoma models for understanding the mechanisms involved in the response of tumors to new treatments is an important step in the process of drug discovery and the development of clinically relevant therapeutic strategies for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie B Sampson
- A.I. duPont Hospital for Children, Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory , 1701 Rockland Rd, Wilmington DE, 19803 , USA
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148
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Mutsaers AJ, Ng AJM, Baker EK, Russell MR, Chalk AM, Wall M, Liddicoat BJJ, Ho PWM, Slavin JL, Goradia A, Martin TJ, Purton LE, Dickins RA, Walkley CR. Modeling distinct osteosarcoma subtypes in vivo using Cre:lox and lineage-restricted transgenic shRNA. Bone 2013; 55:166-78. [PMID: 23486187 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2013.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary cancer of bone and one that predominantly affects children and adolescents. Osteoblastic osteosarcoma represents the major subtype of this tumor, with approximately equal representation of fibroblastic and chondroblastic subtypes. We and others have previously described murine models of osteosarcoma based on osteoblast-restricted Cre:lox deletion of Trp53 (p53) and Rb1 (Rb), resulting in a phenotype most similar to fibroblastic osteosarcoma in humans. We now report a model of the most prevalent form of human osteosarcoma, the osteoblastic subtype. In contrast to other osteosarcoma models that have used Cre:lox mediated gene deletion, this model was generated through shRNA-based knockdown of p53. As is the case with the human disease the shRNA tumors most frequently present in the long bones and preferentially disseminate to the lungs; feature less consistently modeled using Cre:lox approaches. Our approach allowed direct comparison of the in vivo consequences of targeting the same genetic drivers using two different technologies, Cre:lox and shRNA. This demonstrated that the effects of Cre:lox and shRNA mediated knock-down are qualitatively different, at least in the context of osteosarcoma, and yielded distinct subtypes of osteosarcoma. Through the use of complementary genetic modification strategies we have established a model of the most common clinical subtype of osteosarcoma that was not previously represented and more fully recapitulated the clinical spectrum of this cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Mutsaers
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
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149
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van der Deen M, Taipaleenmäki H, Zhang Y, Teplyuk NM, Gupta A, Cinghu S, Shogren K, Maran A, Yaszemski MJ, Ling L, Cool SM, Leong DT, Dierkes C, Zustin J, Salto-Tellez M, Ito Y, Bae SC, Zielenska M, Squire JA, Lian JB, Stein JL, Zambetti GP, Jones SN, Galindo M, Hesse E, Stein GS, van Wijnen AJ. MicroRNA-34c inversely couples the biological functions of the runt-related transcription factor RUNX2 and the tumor suppressor p53 in osteosarcoma. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:21307-21319. [PMID: 23720736 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.445890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a primary bone tumor that is most prevalent during adolescence. RUNX2, which stimulates differentiation and suppresses proliferation of osteoblasts, is deregulated in OS. Here, we define pathological roles of RUNX2 in the etiology of OS and mechanisms by which RUNX2 expression is stimulated. RUNX2 is often highly expressed in human OS biopsies and cell lines. Small interference RNA-mediated depletion of RUNX2 inhibits growth of U2OS OS cells. RUNX2 levels are inversely linked to loss of p53 (which predisposes to OS) in distinct OS cell lines and osteoblasts. RUNX2 protein levels decrease upon stabilization of p53 with the MDM2 inhibitor Nutlin-3. Elevated RUNX2 protein expression is post-transcriptionally regulated and directly linked to diminished expression of several validated RUNX2 targeting microRNAs in human OS cells compared with mesenchymal progenitor cells. The p53-dependent miR-34c is the most significantly down-regulated RUNX2 targeting microRNAs in OS. Exogenous supplementation of miR-34c markedly decreases RUNX2 protein levels, whereas 3'-UTR reporter assays establish RUNX2 as a direct target of miR-34c in OS cells. Importantly, Nutlin-3-mediated stabilization of p53 increases expression of miR-34c and decreases RUNX2. Thus, a novel p53-miR-34c-RUNX2 network controls cell growth of osseous cells and is compromised in OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaretha van der Deen
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655-0106
| | - Hanna Taipaleenmäki
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655-0106,; Heisenberg-Group for Molecular Skeletal Biology, Department of Trauma, Hand, and Reconstructive Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ying Zhang
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655-0106
| | - Nadiya M Teplyuk
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655-0106
| | - Anurag Gupta
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655-0106
| | - Senthilkumar Cinghu
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655-0106
| | - Kristen Shogren
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Avudaiappan Maran
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Michael J Yaszemski
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Ling Ling
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06, Immunos, Singapore 138648
| | - Simon M Cool
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06, Immunos, Singapore 138648,; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University Hospital of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block Level 11, Singapore 119228
| | - David T Leong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117576
| | - Christian Dierkes
- Medical Care Unit for Histology, Cytology, and Molecular Diagnostics, 54296 Trier, Germany
| | - Jozef Zustin
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Manuel Salto-Tellez
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom,; Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, 12-01, Centre for Translational Medicine, Singapore 117599
| | - Yoshiaki Ito
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, 12-01, Centre for Translational Medicine, Singapore 117599
| | - Suk-Chul Bae
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, South Korea
| | - Maria Zielenska
- Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Jeremy A Squire
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Kingston General Hospital, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Jane B Lian
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655-0106,; Department of Biochemistry, HSRF 326, Vermont Cancer Center for Basic and Translational Research, University of Vermont Medical School, Burlington, Vermont 05405
| | - Janet L Stein
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655-0106,; Department of Biochemistry, HSRF 326, Vermont Cancer Center for Basic and Translational Research, University of Vermont Medical School, Burlington, Vermont 05405
| | - Gerard P Zambetti
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, and
| | - Stephen N Jones
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655-0106
| | - Mario Galindo
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy and Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eric Hesse
- Heisenberg-Group for Molecular Skeletal Biology, Department of Trauma, Hand, and Reconstructive Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gary S Stein
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655-0106,; Department of Biochemistry, HSRF 326, Vermont Cancer Center for Basic and Translational Research, University of Vermont Medical School, Burlington, Vermont 05405,.
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655-0106,; Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905,; Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06, Immunos, Singapore 138648,; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University Hospital of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block Level 11, Singapore 119228,.
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Overexpression of Cdk6 and Ccnd1 in chondrocytes inhibited chondrocyte maturation and caused p53-dependent apoptosis without enhancing proliferation. Oncogene 2013; 33:1862-71. [PMID: 23624920 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cell proliferation and differentiation are closely coupled. However, we previously showed that overexpression of cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk6) blocks chondrocyte differentiation without affecting cell-cycle progression in vitro. To investigate whether Cdk6 inhibits chondrocyte differentiation in vivo, we generated chondrocyte-specific Cdk6 transgenic mice using Col2a1 promoter. Unexpectedly, differentiation and cell-cycle progression of chondrocytes in the Cdk6 transgenic mice were similar to those in wild-type mice. Then, we generated chondrocyte-specific Ccnd1 transgenic mice and Cdk6/Ccnd1 double transgenic mice to investigate the possibility that Cdk6 inhibits chondrocyte differentiation through E2f activation. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-positive chondrocytes and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL)-positive chondrocytes were increased in number, and chondrocyte maturation was inhibited only in Cdk6/Ccnd1 transgenic mice (K6(H)/D1(H) mice), which showed dwarfism. Retinoblastoma protein (pRb) was highly phosphorylated but p107 was upregulated, and the expression of E2f target genes was dysregulated as shown by upregulation of Cdc6 but downregulation of cyclin E, dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr), Cdc25a and B-Myb in chondrocytes of K6(H)/D1(H) mice. Similarly, overexpression of Cdk6/Ccnd1 in a chondrogenic cell line ATDC5 highly phosphorylated pRb, upregulated p107, induced apoptosis, upregulated Cdc6 and downregulated cyclin E, dhfr and B-Myb and p107 small interfering RNA reversed the expression of downregulated genes. Further, introduction of kinase-negative Cdk6 and cyclin D1 abolished all effects by Cdk6/cyclin D1 in ATDC5 cells, indicating the requirement of the kinase activity on these effects. p53 deletion partially restored the size of the skeleton and almost completely rescued chondrocyte apoptosis, but failed to enhance chondrocyte proliferation in K6(H)/D1(H) mice. These findings indicated that Cdk6/Ccnd1 overexpression inhibited chondrocyte maturation and enhanced G1/S cell-cycle transition by phosphorylating pRb, but the chondrocytes failed to accomplish the cell cycle, and underwent p53-dependent apoptosis probably due to the dysregulation of E2f target genes. Our findings also indicated that p53 deletion in addition to the inactivation of Rb was not sufficient to accelerate chondrocyte proliferation, suggesting the resistance of chondrocytes to sarcomagenesis.
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