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Mekala S, Rai R, Reed SL, Bowen B, Michalopoulos GK, Locker J, Raeman R, Oertel M. Antagonizing Activin A/p15 INK4b Signaling as Therapeutic Strategy for Liver Disease. Cells 2024; 13:649. [PMID: 38607090 PMCID: PMC11011318 DOI: 10.3390/cells13070649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Activin A is involved in the pathogenesis of human liver diseases, but its therapeutic targeting is not fully explored. Here, we tested the effect of novel, highly specific small-molecule-based activin A antagonists (NUCC-474/555) in improving liver regeneration following partial hepatectomy and halting fibrosis progression in models of chronic liver diseases (CLDs). METHODS Cell toxicity of antagonists was determined in rat hepatocytes and Huh-7 cells using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide assay. Hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) were treated with activin A and NUCC-555 and analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. Partial hepatectomized Fisher (F)344 rats were treated with NUCC-555, and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation was determined at 18/24/36/120/240 h. NUCC-555 was administered into thioacetamide- or carbon tetrachloride-treated F344 rats or C57BL/6 mice, and the fibrosis progression was studied. RESULTS NUCC-474 showed higher cytotoxicity in cultured hepatic cells; therefore, NUCC-555 was used in subsequent studies. Activin A-stimulated overexpression of cell cycle-/senescence-related genes (e.g., p15INK4b, DEC1, Glb1) was near-completely reversed by NUCC-555 in hepatocytes. Activin A-mediated HSC activation was blocked by NUCC-555. In partial hepatectomized rats, antagonizing activin A signaling resulted in a 1.9-fold and 2.3-fold increase in BrdU+ cells at 18 and 24 h, respectively. Administration of NUCC-555 in rats and mice with progressing fibrosis significantly reduced collagen accumulation (7.9-fold), HSC activation indicated by reduced alpha smooth muscle actin+ and vimentin+ cells, and serum aminotransferase activity. CONCLUSIONS Our studies demonstrate that activin A antagonist NUCC-555 promotes liver regeneration and halts fibrosis progression in CLD models, suggesting that blocking activin A signaling may represent a new approach to treating people with CLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sowmya Mekala
- Department of Pathology, Division of Experimental Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street—BST S-404, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA (R.R.); (G.K.M.); (R.R.)
| | - Ravi Rai
- Department of Pathology, Division of Experimental Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street—BST S-404, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA (R.R.); (G.K.M.); (R.R.)
| | - Samantha Loretta Reed
- Department of Pathology, Division of Experimental Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street—BST S-404, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA (R.R.); (G.K.M.); (R.R.)
| | - Bill Bowen
- Department of Pathology, Division of Experimental Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street—BST S-404, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA (R.R.); (G.K.M.); (R.R.)
| | - George K. Michalopoulos
- Department of Pathology, Division of Experimental Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street—BST S-404, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA (R.R.); (G.K.M.); (R.R.)
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center (PLRC), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Joseph Locker
- Department of Pathology, Division of Experimental Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street—BST S-404, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA (R.R.); (G.K.M.); (R.R.)
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center (PLRC), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Reben Raeman
- Department of Pathology, Division of Experimental Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street—BST S-404, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA (R.R.); (G.K.M.); (R.R.)
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center (PLRC), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Michael Oertel
- Department of Pathology, Division of Experimental Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street—BST S-404, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA (R.R.); (G.K.M.); (R.R.)
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center (PLRC), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
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Melis M, Marino R, Tian J, Johnson C, Sethi R, Oertel M, Fox IJ, Locker J. Mechanism and Effect of HNF4α Decrease in a Rat Model of Cirrhosis and Liver Failure. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 17:453-479. [PMID: 37993018 PMCID: PMC10837635 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2023.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS HNF4α, a master regulator of liver development and the mature hepatocyte phenotype, is down-regulated in chronic and inflammatory liver disease. We used contemporary transcriptomics and epigenomics to study the cause and effects of this down-regulation and characterized a multicellular etiology. METHODS Progressive changes in the rat carbon tetrachloride model were studied by deep RNA sequencing and genome-wide chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing analysis of transcription factor (TF) binding and chromatin modification. Studies compared decompensated cirrhosis with liver failure after 26 weeks of treatment with earlier compensated cirrhosis and with additional rat models of chronic fibrosis. Finally, to resolve cell-specific responses and intercellular signaling, we compared transcriptomes of liver, nonparenchymal, and inflammatory cells. RESULTS HNF4α was significantly lower in 26-week cirrhosis, part of a general reduction of TFs that regulate metabolism. Nevertheless, increased binding of HNF4α contributed to strong activation of major phenotypic genes, whereas reduced binding to other genes had a moderate phenotypic effect. Decreased Hnf4a expression was the combined effect of STAT3 and nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) activation, which similarly reduced expression of other metabolic TFs. STAT/NFκB also induced de novo expression of Osmr by hepatocytes to complement induced expression of Osm by nonparenchymal cells. CONCLUSIONS Liver decompensation by inflammatory STAT3 and NFκB signaling was not a direct consequence of progressive cirrhosis. Despite significant reduction of Hnf4a expression, residual levels of this abundant TF still stimulated strong new gene expression. Reduction of HNF4α was part of a broad hepatocyte transcriptional response to inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Melis
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Rebecca Marino
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jianmin Tian
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Carla Johnson
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Rahil Sethi
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael Oertel
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; The McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ira J Fox
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; The McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph Locker
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; The McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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Chen T, Dalton G, Oh SH, Maeso-Diaz R, Du K, Meyers RA, Guy C, Abdelmalek MF, Henao R, Guarnieri P, Pullen SS, Gregory S, Locker J, Brown JM, Diehl AM. Hepatocyte Smoothened Activity Controls Susceptibility to Insulin Resistance and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 15:949-970. [PMID: 36535507 PMCID: PMC9957752 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a leading cause of cirrhosis, strongly associates with the metabolic syndrome, an insulin-resistant proinflammatory state that disrupts energy balance and promotes progressive liver degeneration. We aimed to define the role of Smoothened (Smo), an obligatory component of the Hedgehog signaling pathway, in controlling hepatocyte metabolic homeostasis and, thereby, susceptibility to NASH. METHODS We conditionally deleted Smo in hepatocytes of healthy chow-fed mice and performed metabolic phenotyping, coupled with single-cell RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), to characterize the role of hepatocyte Smo in regulating basal hepatic and systemic metabolic homeostasis. Liver RNA-seq datasets from 2 large human cohorts were also analyzed to define the relationship between Smo and NASH susceptibility in people. RESULTS Hepatocyte Smo deletion inhibited the Hedgehog pathway and promoted fatty liver, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance. We identified a plausible mechanism whereby inactivation of Smo stimulated the mTORC1-SREBP1c signaling axis, which promoted lipogenesis while inhibiting the hepatic insulin cascade. Transcriptomics of bulk and single Smo-deficient hepatocytes supported suppression of insulin signaling and also revealed molecular abnormalities associated with oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Analysis of human bulk RNA-seq data revealed that Smo expression was (1) highest in healthy livers, (2) lower in livers with NASH than in those with simple steatosis, (3) negatively correlated with markers of insulin resistance and liver injury, and (4) declined progressively as fibrosis severity worsened. CONCLUSIONS The Hedgehog pathway controls insulin sensitivity and energy homeostasis in adult livers. Loss of hepatocyte Hedgehog activity induces hepatic and systemic metabolic stress and enhances susceptibility to NASH by promoting hepatic lipoxicity and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Chen
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - George Dalton
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Seh-Hoon Oh
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Kuo Du
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Rachel A Meyers
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Cynthia Guy
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Ricardo Henao
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Paolo Guarnieri
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - Steven S Pullen
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - Simon Gregory
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Joseph Locker
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - J Mark Brown
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Anna Mae Diehl
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
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Roy N, Alencastro F, Roseman BA, Wilson SR, Delgado ER, May MC, Bhushan B, Bello FM, Jurczak MJ, Shiva S, Locker J, Gingras S, Duncan AW. Dysregulation of Lipid and Glucose Homeostasis in Hepatocyte-Specific SLC25A34 Knockout Mice. Am J Pathol 2022; 192:1259-1281. [PMID: 35718058 PMCID: PMC9472157 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an epidemic affecting 30% of the US population. It is characterized by insulin resistance, and by defective lipid metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction in the liver. SLC25A34 is a major repressive target of miR-122, a miR that has a central role in NAFLD and liver cancer. However, little is known about the function of SLC25A34. To investigate SLC25A34 in vitro, mitochondrial respiration and bioenergetics were examined using hepatocytes depleted of Slc25a34 or overexpressing Slc25a34. To test the function of SLC25A34 in vivo, a hepatocyte-specific knockout mouse was generated, and loss of SLC25A34 was assessed in mice maintained on a chow diet and a fast-food diet (FFD), a model for NAFLD. Hepatocytes depleted of Slc25a34 displayed increased mitochondrial biogenesis, lipid synthesis, and ADP/ATP ratio; Slc25a34 overexpression had the opposite effect. In the knockout model on chow diet, SLC25A34 loss modestly affected liver function (altered glucose metabolism was the most pronounced defect). RNA-sequencing revealed changes in metabolic processes, especially fatty acid metabolism. After 2 months on FFD, knockouts had a more severe phenotype, with increased lipid content and impaired glucose tolerance, which was attenuated after longer FFD feeding (6 months). This work thus presents a novel model for studying SLC25A34 in vivo in which SLC25A34 plays a role in mitochondrial respiration and bioenergetics during NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nairita Roy
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Frances Alencastro
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Bayley A Roseman
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sierra R Wilson
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Evan R Delgado
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Meredith C May
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Bharat Bhushan
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Fiona M Bello
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael J Jurczak
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sruti Shiva
- Departments of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph Locker
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sebastien Gingras
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew W Duncan
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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5
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Koral K, Bhushan B, Orr A, Stoops J, Bowen WC, Copeland MA, Locker J, Mars WM, Michalopoulos GK. Lymphocyte-Specific Protein-1 Suppresses Xenobiotic-Induced Constitutive Androstane Receptor and Subsequent Yes-Associated Protein-Activated Hepatocyte Proliferation. Am J Pathol 2022; 192:887-903. [PMID: 35390317 PMCID: PMC9194659 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2022.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Activation of constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) transcription factor by xenobiotics promotes hepatocellular proliferation, promotes hypertrophy without liver injury, and induces drug metabolism genes. Previous work demonstrated that lymphocyte-specific protein-1 (LSP1), an F-actin binding protein and gene involved in human hepatocellular carcinoma, suppresses hepatocellular proliferation after partial hepatectomy. The current study investigated the role of LSP1 in liver enlargement induced by chemical mitogens, a regenerative process independent of tissue loss. 1,4-Bis [2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)] benzene (TCPOBOP), a direct CAR ligand and strong chemical mitogen, was administered to global Lsp1 knockout and hepatocyte-specific Lsp1 transgenic (TG) mice and measured cell proliferation, hypertrophy, and expression of CAR-dependent drug metabolism genes. TG livers displayed a significant decrease in Ki-67 labeling and liver/body weight ratios compared with wild type on day 2. Surprisingly, this was reversed by day 5, due to hepatocyte hypertrophy. There was no difference in CAR-regulated drug metabolism genes between wild type and TG. TG livers displayed increased Yes-associated protein (YAP) phosphorylation, decreased nuclear YAP, and direct interaction between LSP1 and YAP, suggesting LSP1 suppresses TCPOBOP-driven hepatocellular proliferation, but not hepatocyte volume, through YAP. Conversely, loss of LSP1 led to increased hepatocellular proliferation on days 2, 5, and 7. LSP1 selectively suppresses CAR-induced hepatocellular proliferation, but not drug metabolism, through the interaction of LSP1 with YAP, supporting the role of LSP1 as a selective growth suppressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Koral
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Bharat Bhushan
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Anne Orr
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - John Stoops
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - William C Bowen
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Matthew A Copeland
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph Locker
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Wendy M Mars
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - George K Michalopoulos
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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Tian J, Locker J. Gadd45 in the Liver: Signal Transduction and Transcriptional Mechanisms. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 2022; 1360:87-99. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-94804-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Bhushan B, Molina L, Koral K, Stoops JW, Mars WM, Banerjee S, Orr A, Paranjpe S, Monga SP, Locker J, Michalopoulos GK. Yes-Associated Protein Is Crucial for Constitutive Androstane Receptor-Driven Hepatocyte Proliferation But Not for Induction of Drug Metabolism Genes in Mice. Hepatology 2021; 73:2005-2022. [PMID: 32794202 PMCID: PMC7885729 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) agonists, such as 1,4-bis [2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)] benzene (TCPOBOP), are known to cause robust hepatocyte proliferation and hepatomegaly in mice along with induction of drug metabolism genes without any associated liver injury. Yes-associated protein (Yap) is a key transcription regulator that tightly controls organ size, including that of liver. Our and other previous studies suggested increased nuclear localization and activation of Yap after TCPOBOP treatment in mice and the potential role of Yap in CAR-driven proliferative response. Here, we investigated a direct role of Yap in CAR-driven hepatomegaly and hepatocyte proliferation using hepatocyte-specific Yap-knockout (KO) mice. APPROACH AND RESULTS Adeno-associated virus 8-thyroxine binding globulin promoter-Cre recombinase vector was injected to Yap-floxed mice for achieving hepatocyte-specific Yap deletion followed by TCPOBOP treatment. Yap deletion did not decrease protein expression of CAR or CAR-driven induction of drug metabolism genes (including cytochrome P450 [Cyp] 2b10, Cyp2c55, and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1a1 [Ugt1a1]). However, Yap deletion substantially reduced TCPOBOP-induced hepatocyte proliferation. TCPOBOP-driven cell cycle activation was disrupted in Yap-KO mice because of delayed (and decreased) induction of cyclin D1 and higher expression of p21, resulting in decreased phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein. Furthermore, the induction of other cyclins, which are sequentially involved in progression through cell cycle (including cyclin E1, A2, and B1), and important mitotic regulators (such as Aurora B kinase and polo-like kinase 1) was remarkably reduced in Yap-KO mice. Microarray analysis revealed that 26% of TCPOBOP-responsive genes that were mainly related to proliferation, but not to drug metabolism, were altered by Yap deletion. Yap regulated these proliferation genes through alerting expression of Myc and forkhead box protein M1, two critical transcriptional regulators of CAR-mediated hepatocyte proliferation. CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed an important role of Yap signaling in CAR-driven hepatocyte proliferation; however, CAR-driven induction of drug metabolism genes was independent of Yap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Bhushan
- Department of Pathology and Pittsburgh Liver Research CenterSchool of MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
| | - Laura Molina
- Department of Pathology and Pittsburgh Liver Research CenterSchool of MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
| | - Kelly Koral
- Department of Pathology and Pittsburgh Liver Research CenterSchool of MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
| | - John W. Stoops
- Department of Pathology and Pittsburgh Liver Research CenterSchool of MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
| | - Wendy M. Mars
- Department of Pathology and Pittsburgh Liver Research CenterSchool of MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
| | - Swati Banerjee
- Department of Pathology and Pittsburgh Liver Research CenterSchool of MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
| | - Anne Orr
- Department of Pathology and Pittsburgh Liver Research CenterSchool of MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
| | - Shirish Paranjpe
- Department of Pathology and Pittsburgh Liver Research CenterSchool of MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
| | - Satdarshan P. Monga
- Department of Pathology and Pittsburgh Liver Research CenterSchool of MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
| | - Joseph Locker
- Department of Pathology and Pittsburgh Liver Research CenterSchool of MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
| | - George K. Michalopoulos
- Department of Pathology and Pittsburgh Liver Research CenterSchool of MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
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8
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Liao J, Coffman KA, Locker J, Padiath QS, Nmezi B, Filipink RA, Hu J, Sathanoori M, Madan-Khetarpal S, McGuire M, Schreiber A, Moran R, Friedman N, Hoffner L, Rajkovic A, Yatsenko SA, Surti U. Deletion of conserved non-coding sequences downstream from NKX2-1: A novel disease-causing mechanism for benign hereditary chorea. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2021; 9:e1647. [PMID: 33666368 PMCID: PMC8123744 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Benign hereditary chorea (BHC) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by early‐onset non‐progressive involuntary movements. Although NKX2‐1 mutations or deletions are the cause of BHC, some BHC families do not have pathogenic alterations in the NKX2‐1 gene, indicating that mutations of non‐coding regulatory elements of NKX2‐1 may also play a role. Methods and Results By using whole‐genome microarray analysis, we identified a 117 Kb founder deletion in three apparently unrelated BHC families that were negative for NKX2‐1 sequence variants. Targeted next generation sequencing analysis confirmed the deletion and showed that it was part of a complex local genomic rearrangement. In addition, we also detected a 648 Kb de novo deletion in an isolated BHC case. Both deletions are located downstream from NKX2‐1 on chromosome 14q13.2‐q13.3 and share a 33 Kb smallest region of overlap with six previously reported cases. This region has no gene but contains multiple evolutionarily highly conserved non‐coding sequences. Conclusion We propose that the deletion of potential regulatory elements necessary for NKX2‐1 expression in this critical region is responsible for BHC phenotype in these patients, and this is a novel disease‐causing mechanism for BHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liao
- Pittsburgh Cytogenetics Laboratory, Magee-Womens Hospital of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Keith A Coffman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Joseph Locker
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Quasar S Padiath
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bruce Nmezi
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Robyn A Filipink
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jie Hu
- Pittsburgh Cytogenetics Laboratory, Magee-Womens Hospital of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Malini Sathanoori
- Pittsburgh Cytogenetics Laboratory, Magee-Womens Hospital of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Marianne McGuire
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Rocio Moran
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Neil Friedman
- Center for Pediatric Neurology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Lori Hoffner
- Magee Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Aleksandar Rajkovic
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Magee Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Svetlana A Yatsenko
- Pittsburgh Cytogenetics Laboratory, Magee-Womens Hospital of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Magee Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Urvashi Surti
- Pittsburgh Cytogenetics Laboratory, Magee-Womens Hospital of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Magee Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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9
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Zhao H, Iqbal NJ, Sukrithan V, Nicholas C, Xue Y, Yu C, Locker J, Zou J, Schwartz EL, Zhu L. Targeted Inhibition of the E3 Ligase SCF Skp2/Cks1 Has Antitumor Activity in RB1-Deficient Human and Mouse Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Cancer Res 2020; 80:2355-2367. [PMID: 32265224 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-2400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The RB1 tumor suppressor gene is mutated in highly aggressive tumors including small-cell lung cancer (SCLC), where its loss, along with TP53, is required and sufficient for tumorigenesis. While RB1-mutant cells fail to arrest at G1-S in response to cell-cycle restriction point signals, this information has not led to effective strategies to treat RB1-deficient tumors, as it is challenging to develop targeted drugs for tumors that are driven by the loss of gene function. Our group previously identified Skp2, a substrate recruiting subunit of the SCF-Skp2 E3 ubiquitin ligase, as an early repression target of pRb whose knockout blocked tumorigenesis in Rb1-deficient prostate and pituitary tumors. Here we used genetic mouse models to demonstrate that deletion of Skp2 completely blocked the formation of SCLC in Rb1/Trp53-knockout mice (RP mice). Skp2 KO caused an increased accumulation of the Skp2-degradation target p27, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, which was confirmed as the mechanism of protection by using knock-in of a mutant p27 that was unable to bind to Skp2. Building on the observed synthetic lethality between Rb1 and Skp2, we found that small molecules that bind/inhibit Skp2 have in vivo antitumor activity in mouse tumors and human patient-derived xenograft models of SCLC. Using genetic and pharmacologic approaches, antitumor activity was seen with Skp2 loss or inhibition in established SCLC primary lung tumors, in liver metastases, and in chemotherapy-resistant tumors. Our data highlight a downstream actionable target in RB1-deficient cancers, for which there are currently no targeted therapies available. SIGNIFICANCE: There are no effective therapies for SCLC. The identification of an actionable target downstream of RB1, inactivated in SCLC and other advanced tumors, could have a broad impact on its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongling Zhao
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Niloy J Iqbal
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Vineeth Sukrithan
- Department of Medicine (Oncology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Cari Nicholas
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Yingjiao Xue
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Cindy Yu
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Joseph Locker
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Juntao Zou
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Edward L Schwartz
- Department of Medicine (Oncology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York. .,Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Liang Zhu
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York. .,Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
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10
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Lu P, Cai X, Guo Y, Xu M, Tian J, Locker J, Xie W. Constitutive Activation of the Human Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in Mice Promotes Hepatocarcinogenesis Independent of Its Coactivator Gadd45b. Toxicol Sci 2020; 167:581-592. [PMID: 30346592 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), or dioxin, is a potent liver cancer promoter through its sustained activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr) in rodents. However, the carcinogenic effect of TCDD and AHR in humans has been controversial. It has been suggested that the inter-species difference in the carcinogenic activity of AhR is largely due to different ligand affinity in that TCDD has a 10-fold lower affinity for the human AHR compared with the mouse Ahr. It remains unclear whether the activation of human AHR is sufficient to promote hepatocellular carcinogenesis. The goal of this study is to clarify whether activation of human AHR can promote hepatocarcinogenesis. Here we reported the oncogenic activity of human AHR in promoting hepatocellular carcinogenesis. Constitutive activation of the human AHR in transgenic mice was as efficient as its mouse counterpart in promoting diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-initiated hepatocellular carcinogenesis. The growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible gene 45 β (Gadd45b), a signaling molecule inducible by external stress and UV irradiation, is highly induced upon AHR activation. Further analysis revealed that Gadd45b is a novel AHR target gene and a transcriptional coactivator of AHR. Interestingly, ablation of Gadd45b in mice did not abolish the tumor promoting effects of the human AHR. Collectively, our findings suggested that constitutive activation of human AHR was sufficient to promote hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Lu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Xinran Cai
- Center for Pharmacogenetics.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Yan Guo
- Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China 200025
| | - Meishu Xu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | | | | | - Wen Xie
- Center for Pharmacogenetics.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
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11
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Bhushan B, Banerjee S, Paranjpe S, Koral K, Mars WM, Stoops JW, Orr A, Bowen WC, Locker J, Michalopoulos GK. Pharmacologic Inhibition of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Suppresses Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in a Murine Fast-Food Diet Model. Hepatology 2019; 70:1546-1563. [PMID: 31063640 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a critical regulator of hepatocyte proliferation and liver regeneration. Our recent work indicated that EGFR can also regulate lipid metabolism during liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy. Based on these findings, we investigated the role of EGFR in a mouse model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) using a pharmacological inhibition strategy. C57BL6/J mice were fed a chow diet or a fast-food diet (FFD) with or without EGFR inhibitor (canertinib) for 2 months. EGFR inhibition completely prevented development of steatosis and liver injury in this model. In order to study if EGFR inhibition can reverse NAFLD progression, mice were fed the FFD for 5 months, with or without canertinib treatment for the last 5 weeks of the study. EGFR inhibition remarkably decreased steatosis, liver injury, and fibrosis and improved glucose tolerance. Microarray analysis revealed that ~40% of genes altered by the FFD were differentially expressed after EGFR inhibition and, thus, are potentially regulated by EGFR. Several genes and enzymes related to lipid metabolism (particularly fatty acid synthesis and lipolysis), which were disrupted by the FFD, were found to be modulated by EGFR. Several crucial transcription factors that play a central role in regulating these lipid metabolism genes during NAFLD, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1 (SREBF1), carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein, and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha, were also found to be modulated by EGFR. In fact, chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that PPARγ binding to several crucial lipid metabolism genes (fatty acid synthase, stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase 1, and perilipin 2) was drastically reduced by EGFR inhibition. Further upstream, EGFR inhibition suppressed AKT signaling, which is known to control these transcription factors, including PPARγ and SREBF1, in NAFLD models. Lastly, the effect of EGFR in FFD-induced fatty-liver phenotype was not shared by receptor tyrosine kinase MET, investigated using MET knockout mice. Conclusion: Our study revealed a role of EGFR in NAFLD and the potential of EGFR inhibition as a treatment strategy for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Bhushan
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Swati Banerjee
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Shirish Paranjpe
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Kelly Koral
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Wendy M Mars
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - John W Stoops
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Anne Orr
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - William C Bowen
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Joseph Locker
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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12
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Yovchev MI, Lee EJ, Rodriguez‐Silva W, Locker J, Oertel M. Biliary Obstruction Promotes Multilineage Differentiation of Hepatic Stem Cells. Hepatol Commun 2019; 3:1137-1150. [PMID: 31388633 PMCID: PMC6672331 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of their high regenerative potential, stem cells are an ideal resource for development of therapies that replace injured tissue mass and restore function in patients with end-stage liver diseases. Using a rat model of bile duct ligation (BDL) and biliary fibrosis, we investigated cell engraftment, liver repopulation, and ectopic tissue formation after intrasplenic transplantation of epithelial stem/progenitor cells. Fetal liver cells were infused into the spleens of Fisher 344 rats with progressing biliary fibrosis induced by common BDL or rats without BDL. Cell delivery was well tolerated. After migration to the liver, donor-derived stem/progenitor cells engrafted, differentiated into hepatocytes and cholangiocytes, and formed large cell clusters at 2 months in BDL rats but not controls. Substantial numbers of donor cells were also detected at the splenic injection site where they generated hepatic and nonhepatic tissue. Transplanted cells differentiated into phenotypes other than hepato/cholangiocytic cells only in rats that underwent BDL. Quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction analyses demonstrated marked up-regulation of tissue-specific genes of nonhepatic endodermal lineages (e.g., caudal type homeobox 2 [Cdx2], pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 [Pdx1], keratin 13 [CK-13]), confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Conclusion: BDL and its induced fibrosis promote liver repopulation by ectopically transplanted fetal liver-derived cells. These cell fractions contain multipotent stem cells that colonize the spleen of BDL rats and differentiate into multiple gastrointestinal tissues, including liver, pancreas, intestine, and esophagus. The splenic microenvironment, therefore, represents an ideal niche to assess the differentiation of these stem cells, while BDL provides a stimulus that induces their differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mladen I. Yovchev
- Department of Pathology, Division of Experimental PathologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPA
| | - Edward J. Lee
- Department of Pathology, Division of Experimental PathologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPA
| | | | - Joseph Locker
- Department of Pathology, Division of Experimental PathologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPA
| | - Michael Oertel
- Department of Pathology, Division of Experimental PathologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPA
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13
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Saggi H, Maitra D, Jiang A, Zhang R, Wang P, Cornuet P, Singh S, Locker J, Ma X, Dailey H, Abrams M, Omary MB, Monga SP, Nejak-Bowen K. Loss of hepatocyte β-catenin protects mice from experimental porphyria-associated liver injury. J Hepatol 2019; 70:108-117. [PMID: 30287339 PMCID: PMC6459193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Porphyrias result from anomalies of heme biosynthetic enzymes and can lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular cancer. In mice, these diseases can be modeled by administration of a diet containing 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC), which causes accumulation of porphyrin intermediates, resulting in hepatobiliary injury. Wnt/β-catenin signaling has been shown to be a modulatable target in models of biliary injury; thus, we investigated its role in DDC-driven injury. METHODS β-Catenin (Ctnnb1) knockout (KO) mice, Wnt co-receptor KO mice, and littermate controls were fed a DDC diet for 2 weeks. β-Catenin was exogenously inhibited in hepatocytes by administering β-catenin dicer-substrate RNA (DsiRNA), conjugated to a lipid nanoparticle, to mice after DDC diet and then weekly for 4 weeks. In all experiments, serum and livers were collected; livers were analyzed by histology, western blotting, and real-time PCR. Porphyrin was measured by fluorescence, quantification of polarized light images, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS DDC-fed mice lacking β-catenin or Wnt signaling had decreased liver injury compared to controls. Exogenous mice that underwent β-catenin suppression by DsiRNA during DDC feeding also showed less injury compared to control mice receiving lipid nanoparticles. Control livers contained extensive porphyrin deposits which were largely absent in mice lacking β-catenin signaling. Notably, we identified a network of key heme biosynthesis enzymes that are suppressed in the absence of β-catenin, preventing accumulation of toxic protoporphyrins. Additionally, mice lacking β-catenin exhibited fewer protein aggregates, improved proteasomal activity, and reduced induction of autophagy, all contributing to protection from injury. CONCLUSIONS β-Catenin inhibition, through its pleiotropic effects on metabolism, cell stress, and autophagy, represents a novel therapeutic approach for patients with porphyria. LAY SUMMARY Porphyrias are disorders resulting from abnormalities in the steps that lead to heme production, which cause build-up of toxic by-products called porphyrins. Liver is commonly either a source or a target of excess porphyrins, and complications can range from minor abnormalities to liver failure. In this report, we inhibited Wnt/β-catenin signaling in an experimental model of porphyria, which resulted in decreased liver injury. Targeting β-catenin affected multiple components of the heme biosynthesis pathway, thus preventing build-up of porphyrin intermediates. Our study suggests that drugs inhibiting β-catenin activity could reduce the amount of porphyrin accumulation and help alleviate symptoms in patients with porphyria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvinder Saggi
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Dhiman Maitra
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - An Jiang
- 2nd Affilitated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Chin
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Pamela Cornuet
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Sucha Singh
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Joseph Locker
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States,Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Xiaochao Ma
- School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Harry Dailey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Marc Abrams
- Dicerna Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - M. Bishr Omary
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Satdarshan P. Monga
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States,Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Kari Nejak-Bowen
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
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14
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Ko S, Russell JO, Tian J, Gao C, Kobayashi M, Feng R, Yuan X, Shao C, Ding H, Poddar M, Singh S, Locker J, Weng HL, Monga SP, Shin D. Hdac1 Regulates Differentiation of Bipotent Liver Progenitor Cells During Regeneration via Sox9b and Cdk8. Gastroenterology 2019; 156:187-202.e14. [PMID: 30267710 PMCID: PMC6309465 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Upon liver injury in which hepatocyte proliferation is compromised, liver progenitor cells (LPCs), derived from biliary epithelial cells (BECs), differentiate into hepatocytes. Little is known about the mechanisms of LPC differentiation. We used zebrafish and mouse models of liver injury to study the mechanisms. METHODS We used transgenic zebrafish, Tg(fabp10a:CFP-NTR), to study the effects of compounds that alter epigenetic factors on BEC-mediated liver regeneration. We analyzed zebrafish with disruptions of the histone deacetylase 1 gene (hdac1) or exposed to MS-275 (an inhibitor of Hdac1, Hdac2, and Hdac3). We also analyzed zebrafish with mutations in sox9b, fbxw7, kdm1a, and notch3. Zebrafish larvae were collected and analyzed by whole-mount immunostaining and in situ hybridization; their liver tissues were collected for quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. We studied mice in which hepatocyte-specific deletion of β-catenin (Ctnnb1flox/flox mice injected with Adeno-associated virus serotype 8 [AAV8]-TBG-Cre) induces differentiation of LPCs into hepatocytes after a choline-deficient, ethionine-supplemented (CDE) diet. Liver tissues were collected and analyzed by immunohistochemistry and immunoblots. We performed immunohistochemical analyses of liver tissues from patients with compensated or decompensated cirrhosis or acute on chronic liver failure (n = 15). RESULTS Loss of Hdac1 activity in zebrafish blocked differentiation of LPCs into hepatocytes by increasing levels of sox9b mRNA and reduced differentiation of LPCs into BECs by increasing levels of cdk8 mRNA, which encodes a negative regulator gene of Notch signaling. We identified Notch3 as the receptor that regulates differentiation of LPCs into BECs. Loss of activity of Kdm1a, a lysine demethylase that forms repressive complexes with Hdac1, produced the same defects in differentiation of LPCs into hepatocytes and BECs as observed in zebrafish with loss of Hdac1 activity. Administration of MS-275 to mice with hepatocyte-specific loss of β-catenin impaired differentiation of LPCs into hepatocytes after the CDE diet. HDAC1 was expressed in reactive ducts and hepatocyte buds of liver tissues from patients with cirrhosis. CONCLUSIONS Hdac1 regulates differentiation of LPCs into hepatocytes via Sox9b and differentiation of LPCs into BECs via Cdk8, Fbxw7, and Notch3 in zebrafish with severe hepatocyte loss. HDAC1 activity was also required for differentiation of LPCs into hepatocytes in mice with liver injury after the CDE diet. These pathways might be manipulated to induce LPC differentiation for treatment of patients with advanced liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungjin Ko
- Department of Developmental Biology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Pathology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
| | | | - Jianmin Tian
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA,Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Ce Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory for Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Makoto Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Rilu Feng
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Xiaodong Yuan
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Chen Shao
- Department of Pathology, Beijing You’an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Huiguo Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beijing You’an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Minakshi Poddar
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Sucha Singh
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Joseph Locker
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA,Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Hong-Lei Weng
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Satdarshan P. Monga
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA,Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA,Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Donghun Shin
- Department of Developmental Biology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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15
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Tian J, Marino R, Johnson C, Locker J. Binding of Drug-Activated CAR/Nr1i3 Alters Metabolic Regulation in the Liver. iScience 2018; 9:209-228. [PMID: 30396153 PMCID: PMC6222290 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2018.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR/Nr1i3) regulates detoxification of drugs and other xenobiotics by the liver. Binding of these compounds, activating ligands, causes CAR to translocate to the nucleus and stimulate genes of detoxification. However, CAR activation also changes metabolism and induces rapid liver growth. To explain this gene regulation, we characterized the genome-wide early binding of CAR; its binding partner, RXRα; and the acetylation that they induced on H4K5. CAR-linked genes showed either stimulation or inhibition and regulated lipid, carbohydrate, and energy metabolism, as well as detoxification. Stimulation of expression increased, but inhibition did not decrease, H4K5Ac. Transcriptional inhibition occurred when CAR bound with HNF4α, PPARα, or FXR on the same enhancers. Functional competition among these bound nuclear receptors normally coordinates transcriptional resources as metabolism shifts. However, binding of drug-activated CAR to the same enhancers adds a new competitor that constitutively alters the normal balance of metabolic gene regulation. CAR activation stimulates a massive liver transcriptional response Target genes control drug detoxification, general metabolism, and liver growth CAR stimulates genes through coactivation and histone acetylation CAR inhibits genes when it shares their enhancers with other nuclear receptors
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Tian
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Rebecca Marino
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Carla Johnson
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Joseph Locker
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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16
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Ren Q, Eshbach ML, Rittenhouse NL, Long KR, Rbaibi Y, Locker J, Poholek AC, Weisz OA. Exposure of proximal tubule cells to fluid shear stress alters transcription of metabolic pathway enzymes. FASEB J 2018. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2018.32.1_supplement.868.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qidong Ren
- Medicine ‐ Renal/ElectrolyteUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPA
- School of MedicineTsinghua UniversityBeijingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Megan L. Eshbach
- Medicine ‐ Renal/ElectrolyteUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPA
| | | | - Kimberly R. Long
- Medicine ‐ Renal/ElectrolyteUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPA
| | - Youssef Rbaibi
- Medicine ‐ Renal/ElectrolyteUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPA
| | | | | | - Ora A. Weisz
- Medicine ‐ Renal/ElectrolyteUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPA
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17
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Thompson MD, Moghe A, Cornuet P, Marino R, Tian J, Wang P, Ma X, Abrams M, Locker J, Monga SPS, Nejak-Bowen K. β-Catenin regulation of farnesoid X receptor signaling and bile acid metabolism during murine cholestasis. Hepatology 2018; 67:955-971. [PMID: 28714273 PMCID: PMC5771988 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cholestatic liver diseases result from impaired bile flow and are characterized by inflammation, atypical ductular proliferation, and fibrosis. The Wnt/β-catenin pathway plays a role in bile duct development, yet its role in cholestatic injury remains indeterminate. Liver-specific β-catenin knockout mice and wild-type littermates were subjected to cholestatic injury through bile duct ligation or short-term exposure to 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine diet. Intriguingly, knockout mice exhibit a dramatic protection from liver injury, fibrosis, and atypical ductular proliferation, which coincides with significantly decreased total hepatic bile acids (BAs). This led to the discovery of a role for β-catenin in regulating BA synthesis and transport through regulation of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) activation. We show that β-catenin functions as both an inhibitor of nuclear translocation and a nuclear corepressor through formation of a physical complex with FXR. Loss of β-catenin expedited FXR nuclear localization and FXR/retinoic X receptor alpha association, culminating in small heterodimer protein promoter occupancy and activation in response to BA or FXR agonist. Conversely, accumulation of β-catenin sequesters FXR, thus inhibiting its activation. Finally, exogenous suppression of β-catenin expression during cholestatic injury reduces β-catenin/FXR complex activation of FXR to decrease total BA and alleviate hepatic injury. CONCLUSION We have identified an FXR/β-catenin interaction whose modulation through β-catenin suppression promotes FXR activation and decreases hepatic BAs, which may provide unique therapeutic opportunities in cholestatic liver diseases. (Hepatology 2018;67:955-971).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Thompson
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Akshata Moghe
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Pamela Cornuet
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Rebecca Marino
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Jianmin Tian
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Xiaochao Ma
- School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | - Joseph Locker
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Satdarshan P. S. Monga
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Kari Nejak-Bowen
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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Haridoss S, Yovchev MI, Schweizer H, Megherhi S, Beecher M, Locker J, Oertel M. Activin A is a prominent autocrine regulator of hepatocyte growth arrest. Hepatol Commun 2017; 1:852-870. [PMID: 29404498 PMCID: PMC5721463 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Activin A, a multifunctional cytokine, plays an important role in hepatocyte growth suppression and is involved in liver size control. The present study was aimed to determine the cell location of activin A in the normal rat liver microenvironment and the contribution of activin A signaling to the hepatocyte phenotype to obtain insight into molecular mechanisms. Immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization analyses identified hepatocytes as the major activin A‐positive cell population in normal liver and identified mast cells as an additional activin A source. To investigate paracrine and autocrine activin A‐stimulated effects, hepatocytes were cocultured with engineered activin A‐secreting cell lines (RF1, TL8) or transduced with an adeno‐associated virus vector encoding activin βA, which led to strikingly altered expression of cell cycle‐related genes (Ki‐67, E2F transcription factor 1 [E2F1], minichromosome maintenance complex component 2 [Mcm2], forkhead box M1 [FoxM1]) and senescence‐related genes (cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor 2B [p15INK4b/CDKN2B], differentiated embryo‐chondrocyte expressed gene 1 [DEC1]) and reduced proliferation and induction of senescence. Microarray analyses identified 453 differentially expressed genes, many of which were not yet recognized as activin A downstream targets (e.g., ADAM metallopeptidase domain 12 [Adam12], semaphorin 7A [Sema7a], LIM and cysteine‐rich domains‐1 [Lmcd1], DAB2, clathrin adaptor protein [Dab2]). Among the main activin A‐mediated molecular/cellular functions are cellular growth/proliferation and movement, molecular transport, and metabolic processes containing highly down‐regulated genes, such as cytochrome P450, subfamily 2, polypeptide 11 (Cyp2C11), sulfotransferase family 1A, member 1 (Sult1a1), glycine‐N‐acyltransferase (Glyat), and bile acid‐CoA:amino acid N‐acyltransferase (Baat). Moreover, Ingenuity Pathway Analyses identified particular gene networks regulated by hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)‐4α and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) as key targets of activin A signaling. Conclusion: Our in vitro models demonstrated that activin A‐stimulated growth inhibition and cellular senescence is mediated through p15INK4b/CDKN2B and is associated with up‐ and down‐regulation of numerous target genes involved in multiple biological processes performed by hepatocytes, suggesting that activin A fulfills a critical role in normal liver function. (Hepatology Communications 2017;1:852‐870)
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Maria Beecher
- Department of Pathology University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA
| | - Joseph Locker
- Department of Pathology University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA.,Pittsburgh Liver Research Center University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA
| | - Michael Oertel
- Department of Pathology University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA.,Pittsburgh Liver Research Center University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA
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19
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Rogler CE, Bebawee R, Matarlo J, Locker J, Pattamanuch N, Gupta S, Rogler LE. Triple Staining Including FOXA2 Identifies Stem Cell Lineages Undergoing Hepatic and Biliary Differentiation in Cirrhotic Human Liver. J Histochem Cytochem 2016; 65:33-46. [PMID: 27879410 DOI: 10.1369/0022155416675153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent investigations have reported many markers associated with human liver stem/progenitor cells, "oval cells," and identified "niches" in diseased livers where stem cells occur. However, there has remained a need to identify entire lineages of stem cells as they differentiate into bile ducts or hepatocytes. We have used combined immunohistochemical staining for a marker of hepatic commitment and specification (FOXA2 [Forkhead box A2]), hepatocyte maturation (Albumin and HepPar1), and features of bile ducts (CK19 [cytokeratin 19]) to identify lineages of stem cells differentiating toward the hepatocytic or bile ductular compartments of end-stage cirrhotic human liver. We identified large clusters of disorganized, FOXA2 expressing, oval cells in localized liver regions surrounded by fibrotic matrix, designated as "micro-niches." Specific FOXA2-positive cells within the micro-niches organize into primitive duct structures that support both hepatocytic and bile ductular differentiation enabling identification of entire lineages of cells forming the two types of structures. We also detected expression of hsa-miR-122 in primitive ductular reactions expected for hepatocytic differentiation and hsa-miR-23b cluster expression that drives liver cell fate decisions in cells undergoing lineage commitment. Our data establish the foundation for a mechanistic hypothesis on how stem cell lineages progress in specialized micro-niches in cirrhotic end-stage liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E Rogler
- Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Departments of Medicine (CER, RB, JM, NP, SG, LER), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.,Departments of Genetics (CER), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.,Departments of Microbiology and Immunology (CER), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Remon Bebawee
- Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Departments of Medicine (CER, RB, JM, NP, SG, LER), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Joe Matarlo
- Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Departments of Medicine (CER, RB, JM, NP, SG, LER), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Joseph Locker
- Division of Molecular Anatomic Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburg, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania (JL)
| | - Nicole Pattamanuch
- Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Departments of Medicine (CER, RB, JM, NP, SG, LER), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.,Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York (NP)
| | - Sanjeev Gupta
- Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Departments of Medicine (CER, RB, JM, NP, SG, LER), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.,Departments of Pathology (SG), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Leslie E Rogler
- Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Departments of Medicine (CER, RB, JM, NP, SG, LER), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
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20
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Yovchev MI, Locker J, Oertel M. Biliary fibrosis drives liver repopulation and phenotype transition of transplanted hepatocytes. J Hepatol 2016; 64:1348-57. [PMID: 26855174 PMCID: PMC5137249 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Current research focuses on developing alternative strategies to restore decreased liver mass prior to the onset of end-stage liver disease. Cell engraftment/repopulation requires regeneration in normal liver, but we have shown that severe liver injury stimulates repopulation without partial hepatectomy (PH). We have now investigated whether a less severe injury, secondary biliary fibrosis, would drive engraftment/repopulation of ectopically transplanted mature hepatocytes. METHODS Ductular proliferation and progressive fibrosis in dipeptidyl-peptidase IV (DPPIV)(-) F344 rats was induced by common bile duct ligation (BDL). Purified DPPIV(+)/green fluorescent protein (GFP)(+) hepatocytes were infused without PH into the spleen of BDL rats and compared to rats without BDL. RESULTS Within one week, transplanted hepatocytes were detected in hepatic portal areas and at the periphery of expanding portal regions. DPPIV(+)/GFP(+) repopulating cell clusters of different sizes were observed in BDL rats but not untreated normal recipients. Surprisingly, some engrafted hepatocytes formed CK-19/claudin-7 expressing epithelial cells resembling cholangiocytes within repopulating clusters. In addition, substantial numbers of hepatocytes engrafted at the intrasplenic injection site assembled into multicellular groups. These also showed biliary "transdifferentiation" in the majority of intrasplenic injection sites of rats that received BDL but not in untreated recipients. PCR array analysis showed upregulation of osteopontin (SPP1). Cell culture studies demonstrated increased Itgβ4, HNF1β, HNF6, Sox-9, and CK-19 mRNA expression in hepatocytes incubated with osteopontin, suggesting that this secreted protein promotes dedifferentiation of hepatocytes. CONCLUSIONS Our studies show that biliary fibrosis stimulates liver repopulation by ectopically transplanted hepatocytes and also stimulates hepatocyte transition towards a biliary epithelial phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mladen I Yovchev
- Dept. of Pathology (Division of Experimental Pathology), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Joseph Locker
- Dept. of Pathology (Division of Experimental Pathology), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Michael Oertel
- Dept. of Pathology (Division of Experimental Pathology), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
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21
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Zhao H, Lu Z, Bauzon F, Fu H, Cui J, Locker J, Zhu L. p27T187A knockin identifies Skp2/Cks1 pocket inhibitors for advanced prostate cancer. Oncogene 2016; 36:60-70. [PMID: 27181203 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
SCFSkp2/Cks1 ubiquitinates Thr187-phosphorylated p27 for degradation. Overexpression of Skp2 coupled with underexpression of p27 are frequent characteristics of cancer cells. When the role of SCFSkp2/Cks1-mediated p27 ubiquitination in cancer was specifically tested by p27 Thr187-to-Ala knockin (p27T187A KI), it was found dispensable for KrasG12D-induced lung tumorigenesis but essential for Rb1-deficient pituitary tumorigenesis. Here we identify pRb and p53 doubly deficient (DKO) prostate tumorigenesis as a context in which p27 ubiquitination by SCFSkp2/Cks1 is required for p27 downregulation. p27 protein accumulated in prostate when p27T187A KI mice underwent DKO prostate tumorigenesis. p27T187A KI or Skp2 knockdown (KD) induced similar degrees of p27 protein accumulation in DKO prostate cells, and Skp2 KD did not further increase p27 protein in DKO prostate cells that contained p27T187A KI (AADKO prostate cells). p27T187A KI activated an E2F1-p73-apoptosis axis in DKO prostate tumorigenesis, slowed disease progression and significantly extended survival. Querying co-occurrence relationships among RB1, TP53, PTEN, NKX3-1 and MYC in TCGA of prostate cancer identified co-inactivation of RB1 and TP53 as the only statistically significant co-occurrences in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Together, our study identifies Skp2/Cks1 pocket inhibitors as potential therapeutics for mCRPC. Procedures for establishing mCRPC organoid cultures from contemporary patients were recently established. An Skp2/Cks1 pocket inhibitor preferentially collapsed DKO prostate tumor organoids over AADKO organoids, which spontaneously disintegrated over time when DKO prostate tumor organoids grew larger, setting the stage to translate mouse model findings to precision medicine in the clinic on the organoid platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zhao
- Departments of Developmental and Molecular Biology, and Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, and Medicine, The Albert Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center and Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Z Lu
- Departments of Developmental and Molecular Biology, and Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, and Medicine, The Albert Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center and Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - F Bauzon
- Departments of Developmental and Molecular Biology, and Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, and Medicine, The Albert Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center and Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - H Fu
- Departments of Developmental and Molecular Biology, and Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, and Medicine, The Albert Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center and Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - J Cui
- Departments of Developmental and Molecular Biology, and Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, and Medicine, The Albert Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center and Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - J Locker
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - L Zhu
- Departments of Developmental and Molecular Biology, and Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, and Medicine, The Albert Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center and Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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22
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Wu L, Nguyen LH, Zhou K, de Soysa TY, Li L, Miller JB, Tian J, Locker J, Zhang S, Shinoda G, Seligson MT, Zeitels LR, Acharya A, Wang SC, Mendell JT, He X, Nishino J, Morrison SJ, Siegwart DJ, Daley GQ, Shyh-Chang N, Zhu H. Precise let-7 expression levels balance organ regeneration against tumor suppression. eLife 2015; 4:e09431. [PMID: 26445246 PMCID: PMC4716837 DOI: 10.7554/elife.09431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The in vivo roles for even the most intensely studied microRNAs remain poorly defined. Here, analysis of mouse models revealed that let-7, a large and ancient microRNA family, performs tumor suppressive roles at the expense of regeneration. Too little or too much let-7 resulted in compromised protection against cancer or tissue damage, respectively. Modest let-7 overexpression abrogated MYC-driven liver cancer by antagonizing multiple let-7 sensitive oncogenes. However, the same level of overexpression blocked liver regeneration, while let-7 deletion enhanced it, demonstrating that distinct let-7 levels can mediate desirable phenotypes. let-7 dependent regeneration phenotypes resulted from influences on the insulin-PI3K-mTOR pathway. We found that chronic high-dose let-7 overexpression caused liver damage and degeneration, paradoxically leading to tumorigenesis. These dose-dependent roles for let-7 in tissue repair and tumorigenesis rationalize the tight regulation of this microRNA in development, and have important implications for let-7 based therapeutics. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.09431.001 The development of animals is guided by the expression of certain genes at critical moments. Many different mechanisms control development; in one of them, the expression of genes can be decreased by molecules called microRNAs. In particular, the group of microRNAs called let-7 has been intensively studied in roundworms and fruit flies. Although mammals have extremely similar let-7 microRNAs they seem to be more important during adulthood. Previous studies using cells grown in the laboratory have shown that mammalian let-7 microRNAs decrease cell proliferation and cell growth. Furthermore, in mouse models of various cancers, let-7 microRNAs often reduce tumour growth when they are supplied to adult mice. Therefore, overall the let-7 group has been classified as genes that act to suppress tumors, and thus protect mice (and most likely humans too) from cancers. However, in-depth analysis of let-7 microRNAs was still missing. Wu and Nguyen et al. have now studied mice with liver cancer using strains where they were able to regulate the levels of let-7. These mice overproduce a strong cancer-inducing gene in the liver; half were used as controls and the other half were further engineered to have moderately elevated levels of let-7 expression. Most of the control mice got large cancerous tumors, but only a few mice in the other group developed cancers and the tumors were smaller. This confirmed that let-7 hinders tumor formation. Wu and Nguyen et al. also observed that the protected mice were less able to regenerate their liver tissues. Further experiments showed that deleting just two out of ten let-7 microRNAs enhanced the mice’s ability to regenerate liver tissue after injury. These findings indicate that let-7 microRNAs slow down the growth of both cancerous and normal cells. Lastly, when let-7 levels were raised to very high levels for a prolonged amount of time this actually led to liver damage and subsequent tumor formation. This last observation may have important consequences for possible cancer therapies. Some scientists have shown that providing extra let-7 can slow or even reverse tumour growth, but the findings here clearly point out that too much let-7 could actually worsen the situation. Since the let-7 family comprises a handful of microRNAs in mammals, in the future it will also be important to find out to what extent these molecules play overlapping roles and how much they differ. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.09431.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Linwei Wu
- Children's Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States.,Organ Transplant Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Liem H Nguyen
- Children's Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States.,Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Kejin Zhou
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - T Yvanka de Soysa
- Stem Cell Transplantation Program, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, United States.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Boston, United States.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Lin Li
- Children's Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States.,Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Jason B Miller
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Jianmin Tian
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburg, Pittsburg, United States
| | - Joseph Locker
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburg, Pittsburg, United States
| | - Shuyuan Zhang
- Children's Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States.,Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Gen Shinoda
- Stem Cell Transplantation Program, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, United States.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Boston, United States.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Marc T Seligson
- Stem Cell Transplantation Program, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, United States.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Boston, United States.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Lauren R Zeitels
- Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States.,Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Asha Acharya
- Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States.,Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Sam C Wang
- Children's Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States.,Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States.,Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Joshua T Mendell
- Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States.,Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Xiaoshun He
- Organ Transplant Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinsuke Nishino
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Sean J Morrison
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Daniel J Siegwart
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - George Q Daley
- Stem Cell Transplantation Program, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, United States.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Boston, United States.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Ng Shyh-Chang
- Stem Cell Transplantation Program, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, United States.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Boston, United States.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States.,Stem cell and Regenerative Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hao Zhu
- Children's Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States.,Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
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Nishikawa T, Bell A, Brooks JM, Setoyama K, Melis M, Han B, Fukumitsu K, Handa K, Tian J, Kaestner KH, Vodovotz Y, Locker J, Soto-Gutierrez A, Fox IJ. Resetting the transcription factor network reverses terminal chronic hepatic failure. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:1533-44. [PMID: 25774505 DOI: 10.1172/jci73137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The cause of organ failure is enigmatic for many degenerative diseases, including end-stage liver disease. Here, using a CCl4-induced rat model of irreversible and fatal hepatic failure, which also exhibits terminal changes in the extracellular matrix, we demonstrated that chronic injury stably reprograms the critical balance of transcription factors and that diseased and dedifferentiated cells can be returned to normal function by re-expression of critical transcription factors, a process similar to the type of reprogramming that induces somatic cells to become pluripotent or to change their cell lineage. Forced re-expression of the transcription factor HNF4α induced expression of the other hepatocyte-expressed transcription factors; restored functionality in terminally diseased hepatocytes isolated from CCl4-treated rats; and rapidly reversed fatal liver failure in CCl4-treated animals by restoring diseased hepatocytes rather than replacing them with new hepatocytes or stem cells. Together, the results of our study indicate that disruption of the transcription factor network and cellular dedifferentiation likely mediate terminal liver failure and suggest reinstatement of this network has therapeutic potential for correcting organ failure without cell replacement.
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24
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C Wyatt M, Wright T, Locker J, Stout K, Chapple C, Theis JC. Femoral nerve infusion after primary total knee arthroplasty: a prospective, double-blind, randomised and placebo-controlled trial. Bone Joint Res 2015; 4:11-6. [PMID: 25653286 PMCID: PMC4353165 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.42.2000329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Effective analgesia after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) improves
patient satisfaction, mobility and expedites discharge. This study
assessed whether continuous femoral nerve infusion (CFNI) was superior
to a single-shot femoral nerve block in primary TKA surgery completed
under subarachnoid blockade including morphine. Methods We performed an adequately powered, prospective, randomised,
placebo-controlled trial comparing CFNI of 0.125% bupivacaine versus normal
saline following a single-shot femoral nerve block and subarachnoid
anaesthesia with intrathecal morphine for primary TKA. Patients
were randomised to either treatment (CFNI 0 ml to 10 ml/h 0.125%
bupivacaine) or placebo (CFNI 0 ml to 10 ml/h normal saline). Both
groups received a single-shot femoral nerve block (0.25% 20 ml bupivacaine)
prior to placement of femoral nerve catheter and subarachnoid anaesthesia with
intrathecal morphine. All patients had a standardised analgesic
protocol. The primary end point was post-operative visual analogue
scale (VAS) pain score over 72 hours post-surgery. Secondary outcomes
were morphine equivalent dose, range of movement, side effects,
and length of stay. Results A total of 86 patients were recruited. Treatment and placebo
groups were comparable. No significant difference was found in VAS
pain scores, total morphine equivalent requirements, side effects,
range of movement, motor block, or length of hospital stay. Conclusion No significant advantage was found for CFNI over a single-shot
femoral block and subarachnoid anaesthesia after TKA. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2015;4:11–16.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Wyatt
- Section of Orthopaedic Surgery and Anaesthesia, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin Hospital, Great King Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - T Wright
- Section of Orthopaedic Surgery and Anaesthesia, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin Hospital, Great King Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - J Locker
- Section of Orthopaedic Surgery and Anaesthesia, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin Hospital, Great King Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - K Stout
- Section of Orthopaedic Surgery and Anaesthesia, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin Hospital, Great King Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - C Chapple
- Section of Orthopaedic Surgery and Anaesthesia, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin Hospital, Great King Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - J C Theis
- Section of Orthopaedic Surgery and Anaesthesia, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin Hospital, Great King Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
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25
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Locker J, Fitzgerald P, Sharp D. Antibacterial validation of electrogenerated hypochlorite using carbon-based electrodes. Lett Appl Microbiol 2014; 59:636-41. [PMID: 25179583 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This proof-of-concept study explores the novel use of carbon-based electrodes for the electrochemical generation of hypochlorite and compares the antimicrobial efficacy against commercial hypochlorite solution. Antimicrobial concentrations of hypochlorite were generated using pad-printed carbon and carbon fibre electrodes, yielding up to 0·027% hypochlorite in 60 min and 0·1% hypochlorite in 15 min, respectively, in a nondivided assembly. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the electrogenerated hypochlorite produced using carbon fibre electrodes was established for four medically important bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus approx. 0·025%, Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis approx. 0·012%) and found to be in agreement with those determined using commercial hypochlorite solution. Therefore, carbon-based electrodes, particularly carbon fibre, have proven effective for the generation of antimicrobial concentrations of hypochlorite. The similarity of the MIC values to commercial hypochlorite solutions suggests that the antimicrobial efficacy is derived from the quantified hypochlorite generated and not due to marked cogeneration of reactive oxygen species, as identified for other assemblies. As such, the application of carbon electrodes may be suitable for the local production of hypochlorite for healthcare antisepsis. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Carbon fibre electrodes can rapidly generate antimicrobial concentrations of hypochlorite; as such, these cheap and commercially available electrodes are proposed for the local production of hypochlorite for healthcare antisepsis. Importantly, the antimicrobial properties of the electrochemically generated hypochlorite mirror those of commercial hypochlorite, suggesting this is not enhanced by the cogeneration of reactive oxygen species. This illustrates the potential use of disposable carbon electrodes for localized small-volume production of hypochlorite for surface and skin cleansing, and opens a broader scope of research into the exploitation of carbon electrodes for this application.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Locker
- Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds, UK
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Lin J, Marquardt G, Mullapudi N, Wang T, Han W, Shi M, Keller S, Zhu C, Locker J, Spivack SD. Lung cancer transcriptomes refined with laser capture microdissection. Am J Pathol 2014; 184:2868-84. [PMID: 25128906 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the importance of tumor cell selection for generating gene signatures in non-small cell lung cancer. Tumor and nontumor tissue from macroscopically dissected (Macro) surgical specimens (31 pairs from 32 subjects) was homogenized, extracted, amplified, and hybridized to microarrays. Adjacent scout sections were histologically mapped; sets of approximately 1000 tumor cells and nontumor cells (alveolar or bronchial) were procured by laser capture microdissection (LCM). Within histological strata, LCM and Macro specimens exhibited approximately 67% to 80% nonoverlap in differentially expressed (DE) genes. In a representative subset, LCM uniquely identified 300 DE genes in tumor versus nontumor specimens, largely attributable to cell selection; 382 DE genes were common to Macro, Macro with preamplification, and LCM platforms. RT-qPCR validation in a 33-gene subset was confirmatory (ρ = 0.789 to 0.964, P = 0.0013 to 0.0028). Pathway analysis of LCM data suggested alterations in known cancer pathways (cell growth, death, movement, cycle, and signaling components), among others (eg, immune, inflammatory). A unique nine-gene LCM signature had higher tumor-nontumor discriminatory accuracy (100%) than the corresponding Macro signature (87%). Comparison with Cancer Genome Atlas data sets (based on homogenized Macro tissue) revealed both substantial overlap and important differences from LCM specimen results. Thus, cell selection via LCM enhances expression profiling precision, and confirms both known and under-appreciated lung cancer genes and pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Lin
- Biostatistics Core Division, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Gabrielle Marquardt
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Nandita Mullapudi
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Tao Wang
- Biostatistics Core Division, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Weiguo Han
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Miao Shi
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Steven Keller
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Changcheng Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Joseph Locker
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Simon D Spivack
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.
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Yovchev MI, Xue Y, Shafritz DA, Locker J, Oertel M. Repopulation of the fibrotic/cirrhotic rat liver by transplanted hepatic stem/progenitor cells and mature hepatocytes. Hepatology 2014; 59:284-95. [PMID: 23840008 PMCID: PMC4091900 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Considerable progress has been made in developing antifibrotic agents and other strategies to treat liver fibrosis; however, significant long-term restoration of functional liver mass has not yet been achieved. Therefore, we investigated whether transplanted hepatic stem/progenitor cells can effectively repopulate the liver with advanced fibrosis/cirrhosis. Stem/progenitor cells derived from fetal livers or mature hepatocytes from DPPIV(+) F344 rats were transplanted into DPPIV(-) rats with thioacetamide (TAA)-induced fibrosis/cirrhosis; rats were sacrificed 1, 2, or 4 months later. Liver tissues were analyzed by histochemistry, hydroxyproline determination, reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and immunohistochemistry. After chronic TAA administration, DPPIV(-) F344 rats exhibited progressive fibrosis, cirrhosis, and severe hepatocyte damage. Besides stellate cell activation, increased numbers of stem/progenitor cells (Dlk-1(+), AFP(+), CD133(+), Sox-9(+), FoxJ1(+)) were observed. In conjunction with partial hepatectomy (PH), transplanted stem/progenitor cells engrafted, proliferated competitively compared to host hepatocytes, differentiated into hepatocytic and biliary epithelial cells, and generated new liver mass with extensive long-term liver repopulation (40.8 ± 10.3%). Remarkably, more than 20% liver repopulation was achieved in the absence of PH, associated with reduced fibrogenic activity (e.g., expression of alpha smooth muscle actin, platelet-derived growth factor receptor β, desmin, vimentin, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1) and fibrosis (reduced collagen). Furthermore, hepatocytes can also replace liver mass with advanced fibrosis/cirrhosis, but to a lesser extent than fetal liver stem/progenitor cells. CONCLUSION This study is a proof of principle demonstration that transplanted epithelial stem/progenitor cells can restore injured parenchyma in a liver environment with advanced fibrosis/cirrhosis and exhibit antifibrotic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mladen I. Yovchev
- Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University,Dept. of Medicine (Division of Gastroenterology & Liver Diseases), Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University
| | - Yuhua Xue
- Dept. of Pathology (Division of Experimental Pathology), University of Pittsburgh
| | - David A. Shafritz
- Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University,Dept. of Medicine (Division of Gastroenterology & Liver Diseases), Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University
| | - Joseph Locker
- Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University,Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University,Dept. of Pathology (Division of Experimental Pathology), University of Pittsburgh
| | - Michael Oertel
- Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University,Dept. of Medicine (Division of Gastroenterology & Liver Diseases), Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University,Dept. of Pathology (Division of Experimental Pathology), University of Pittsburgh,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh,Corresponding author: Michael Oertel, Ph.D.; University of Pittsburgh; School of Medicine; Dept. of Pathology; 200 Lothrop Street – BST S-404; Pittsburgh, PA 15261; Telephone: 412-648-9727; Fax: 412-648-1916;
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Zhao H, Bauzon F, Fu H, Lu Z, Cui J, Nakayama K, Nakayama KI, Locker J, Zhu L. Skp2 deletion unmasks a p27 safeguard that blocks tumorigenesis in the absence of pRb and p53 tumor suppressors. Cancer Cell 2013; 24:645-59. [PMID: 24229711 PMCID: PMC3880806 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
pRb and p53 are two major tumor suppressors. Here, we found that p53 activates expression of Pirh2 and KPC1, two of the three ubiquitin ligases for p27. Loss of p53 in the absence of Skp2, the third ubiquitin ligase for p27, shrinks the cellular pool of p27 ubiquitin ligases to accumulate p27 protein. In the absence of pRb and p53, p27 was unable to inhibit DNA synthesis in spite of its abundance, but could inhibit division of cells that maintain DNA replication with rereplication. This mechanism blocked pRb/p53 doubly deficient pituitary and prostate tumorigenesis lastingly coexistent with bromodeoxyuridine-labeling neoplastic lesions, revealing an unconventional cancer cell vulnerability when pRb and p53 are inactivated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongling Zhao
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, and Medicine, and Pathology2, The Albert Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center and Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Frederick Bauzon
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, and Medicine, and Pathology2, The Albert Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center and Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Hao Fu
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, and Medicine, and Pathology2, The Albert Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center and Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Zhonglei Lu
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, and Medicine, and Pathology2, The Albert Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center and Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jinhua Cui
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, and Medicine, and Pathology2, The Albert Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center and Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Keiko Nakayama
- Division of Cell Proliferation, ART, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Keiich I. Nakayama
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Joseph Locker
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Liang Zhu
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, and Medicine, and Pathology2, The Albert Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center and Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Abstract
Most invasive solid tumours display predominantly collective invasion, in which groups of cells invade the peritumoral stroma while maintaining cell-cell contacts. As the concepts and experimental models for functional analysis of collective cancer cell invasion are rapidly developing, we propose a framework for addressing potential mechanisms, experimental strategies and technical challenges to study this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Friedl
- Department of Cell Biology, NCMLS, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Gombar S, Shi M, Locker J, Zhu C, Keller S, Suh Y, Spivack S. Abstract B36: Micronome-wide explorations of NSCLC: microRNA-seq discovery. Clin Cancer Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.12aacriaslc-b36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Recent studies have revealed that microRNAs play important regulatory roles in carcinogenesis. Some key miRNAs may regulate lung carcinogenesis and be useful for lung cancer early detection. For discovery, we used high-throughput next-gen sequencing technology to investigate miRNA expression profiles in a study of 25 lung adeno- and squamous cell carcinomas, paired with far-adjacent noncancerous lung tissues from the same donors.
Method: Total RNA was isolated by Trizol from 14 pairs of lung adenocarcinomas, 11 squamous cell cancers, and paired noncancerous lung tissues, from the same patients. Small RNA library of each total RNA was constructed with Illumina's Small RNA Sample Prep Kit, followed by high-throughput sequencing using the Illumina IIa platform. In parallel, transcriptome microarrays (Affymetrix GA 1.0) were run on these same paired samples. Statistical differences in microRNA expression between groups were analyzed by GenePattern software, logistic regression, and other methods.
Results: For adeno, 128 micros were differentially expressed and 63 were two-fold differentially expressed between the tumors and non-tumor tissue; for squamous, the numbers of altered microRNAs were 42 overall, and 25 >two-fold. Among adenocarcinoma, the top 10 upregulated were miRs-147b, 577, 877, 556, 449c, and others; and downregulated were miRs 516b, 1251, 486, 139, 516a, and others. Among squamous cell carcinomas, the top up-regulated miRs were 708, 1259, 494, 200a, 216b, and others; and down-regulated miRs were 184, 1251, 144, 516a, 584, and others. MiRs 1259, 135b, 200a, 21, 494, 708 were upregulated in both tumor histologies. When the highest expressed microRNAs were correlated with the most altered mRNA transcripts, putative mRNA targets were more often anti-correlated to the individual microRNAs (Chi Square, p = 4.6 × 10-6), and this anticorrelation generally held true for the top differentially expressed microRNAs and their putative mRNA targets, and within histology strata.
Conclusion: The lung cancer microRNA complement differs from non-tumor tissue, adeno- differs from squamous, and many of the most dysregulated miRs appear to be anticorrelated with putative mRNA targets. Which of the putative mRNA targets are actual biological targets awaits experimental functional work. Once constructed, the combined microRNA:mRNA signature of lung cancer is likely to be more informative for biologic potential than either signature alone.
[Funding source: NCI 1RC1 CA145422-01; 1K24-CA139054-01]
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Gombar
- 1Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 2Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY
| | - Miao Shi
- 1Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 2Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY
| | - Joseph Locker
- 1Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 2Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY
| | - Changcheng Zhu
- 1Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 2Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY
| | - Steven Keller
- 1Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 2Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY
| | - Yousin Suh
- 1Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 2Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY
| | - Simon Spivack
- 1Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 2Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY
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Tian J, Huang H, Hoffman B, Liebermann DA, Ledda-Columbano GM, Columbano A, Locker J. Gadd45β is an inducible coactivator of transcription that facilitates rapid liver growth in mice. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:4491-502. [PMID: 21965327 DOI: 10.1172/jci38760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible 45 (Gadd45) proteins act in many cellular processes. In the liver, Gadd45b (encoding Gadd45β) is the gene most strongly induced early during both compensatory regeneration and drug-induced hyperplasia. The latter response is associated with the dramatic and rapid hepatocyte growth that follows administration of the xenobiotic TCPOBOP (1,4-bis[2-(3,5)-dichoropyridyloxy] benzene), a ligand of the nuclear receptor constitutive androstane receptor (CAR). Here, we have shown that Gadd45b-/- mice have intact proliferative responses following administration of a single dose of TCPOBOP, but marked growth delays. Moreover, early transcriptional stimulation of CAR target genes was weaker in Gadd45b-/- mice than in wild-type animals, and more genes were downregulated. Gadd45β was then found to have a direct role in transcription by physically binding to CAR, and TCPOBOP treatment caused both proteins to localize to a regulatory element for the CAR target gene cytochrome P450 2b10 (Cyp2b10). Further analysis defined separate Gadd45β domains that mediated binding to CAR and transcriptional activation. Although baseline hepatic expression of Gadd45b was broadly comparable to that of other coactivators, its 140-fold stimulation by TCPOBOP was striking and unique. The induction of Gadd45β is therefore a response that facilitates increased transcription, allowing rapid expansion of liver mass for protection against xenobiotic insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Tian
- Department of Pathology and Marion Bessin Liver Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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Abstract
To study transcriptional regulation by distant enhancers, we devised a system of easily modified reporter plasmids for integration into single-copy targeting cassettes in clones of HuH7, a human hepatocellular carcinoma. The plasmid constructs tested transcriptional function of a 35-kb region that contained the rat albumin gene and its upstream flanking region. Expression of integrants was analyzed in two orientations, and compared to transient expression of non-integrated plasmids. Enhancers were studied in their natural positions relative to the promoter and localized by deletion. All constructs were also analyzed by transient transfection assays. In addition to the known albumin gene enhancer (E1 at -10 kb), we demonstrated two new enhancers, E2 at -13, and E4 at +1.2 kb. All three enhancers functioned in both transient assays and integrated constructs. However, chromosomal integration demonstrated several differences from transient expression. For example, analysis of E2 showed that enhancer function within the chromosome required a larger gene region than in transient assays. Another conserved region, E3 at -0.7 kb, functioned as an enhancer in transient assays but inhibited the function of E1 and E2 when chromosomally integrated. The enhancers did not show additive or synergistic behavior,an effect consistent with competition for the promoter or inhibitory interactions among enhancers. Growth arrest by serum starvation strongly stimulated the function of some integrated enhancers, consistent with the expected disruption of enhancer-promoter looping during the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanchari Bhattacharyya
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Jianmin Tian
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- The Marion Bessin Liver Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Eric E. Bouhassira
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Joseph Locker
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- The Marion Bessin Liver Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Severino V, Locker J, Ledda-Columbano GM, Columbano A, Parente A, Chambery A. Proteomic characterization of early changes induced by triiodothyronine in rat liver. J Proteome Res 2011; 10:3212-24. [PMID: 21563808 DOI: 10.1021/pr200244f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
High doses of T3 are mitogenic in liver, causing hyperplasia that has numerous differences from the compensatory regeneration induced by partial hepatectomy (PH). T3 binds to the thyroid hormone receptor (TR), which directly regulates transcription, while PH acts indirectly through signal transduction pathways. We therefore carried out a proteomic analysis to compare early effects of the two treatments. Transcriptome analysis by DNA microarray also confirmed the observed proteomic changes, demonstrating that they were caused by transcriptional regulation. Among the differentially expressed proteins, many are directly or indirectly involved in energy metabolism and response to oxidative stress. Several enzymes of lipid metabolism (e.g., Acaa2, Acads, Hadh, and Echs1) were differentially regulated by T3. In addition, altered expression levels of several mitochondrial proteins (e.g., Hspa9, Atp5b, Cps1, Glud1, Aldh2, Ak2, Acads) demonstrated the known increase of mitochondrial biogenesis mediated by T3. The present results provide insights in changes in metabolic balance occurring following T3-stimulation and define a basis for dissecting the molecular pathways of hepatocyte hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Severino
- Department of Life Science, Second University of Naples, Via Vivaldi 43, I-81100 Caserta, Italy
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35
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Harris T, Pan Q, Sironi J, Lutz D, Tian J, Sapkar J, Perez-Soler R, Keller S, Locker J. Both gene amplification and allelic loss occur at 14q13.3 in lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 17:690-9. [PMID: 21148747 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-1892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Because loss of Nkx2-8 increases lung cancer in the mouse, we studied suppressive mechanisms in human lung cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN NKX2-8 is located within 14q13.3, adjacent to its close relative TTF1/NKX2-1. We first analyzed LOH of 14q13.3 in forty-five matched human lung cancer and control specimens. DNA from tumors with LOH was then analyzed with high-density single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays. For correlation with this genetic analysis, we quantified expression of Nkx2-8 and TTF1 mRNA in tumors. Finally, suppressive function of Nkx2-8 was assessed via colony formation assays in five lung cancer cell lines. RESULTS Thirteen of forty-five (29%) tumors had LOH. In six tumors, most adenocarcinomas, LOH was caused by gene amplification. The 0.8-Mb common region of amplification included MBIP, SFTA, TTF1, NKX2-8, and PAX9. In 4 squamous or adenosquamous cancers, LOH was caused by deletion. In three other tumors, LOH resulted from whole chromosome mechanisms (14(-), 14(+), or aneuploidy). The 1.2-Mb common region of deletion included MBIP, SFTA, TTF1, NKX2-8, PAX9, SLC25A21, and MIPOL1. Most tumors had low expression of Nkx2-8. Nevertheless, sequencing did not show NKX2-8 mutations that could explain the low expression. TTF1 overexpression, in contrast, was common and usually independent of Nkx2-8 expression. Finally, stable transfection of Nkx2-8 selectively inhibited growth of H522 lung cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS 14q13.3, which contains NKX2-8, is subject to both amplification and deletion in lung cancer. Most tumors have low expression of Nkx2-8, and its expression can inhibit growth of some lung cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Harris
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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Basu I, Locker J, Cassera MB, Belbin TJ, Merino EF, Dong X, Hemeon I, Evans GB, Guha C, Schramm VL. Growth and metastases of human lung cancer are inhibited in mouse xenografts by a transition state analogue of 5'-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:4902-11. [PMID: 21135097 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.198374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) salvage enzyme 5'-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) has been implicated as both a cancer target and a tumor suppressor. We tested these hypotheses in mouse xenografts of human lung cancers. AdoMet recycling from 5'-methylthioadenosine (MTA) was blocked by inhibition of MTAP with methylthio-DADMe-Immucillin-A (MTDIA), an orally available, nontoxic, picomolar transition state analogue. Blood, urine, and tumor levels of MTA increased in response to MTDIA treatment. MTDIA treatment inhibited A549 (human non-small cell lung carcinoma) and H358 (human bronchioloalveolar non-small cell lung carcinoma cells) xenograft tumor growth in immunodeficient Rag2(-/-)γC(-/-) and NCr-nu mice. Systemic MTA accumulation is implicated as the tumor-suppressive metabolite because MTDIA is effective for in vivo treatment of A549 MTAP(-/-) and H358 MTAP(+/+) tumors. Tumors from treated mice showed increased MTA and decreased polyamines but little alteration in AdoMet, methionine, or adenine levels. Gene expression profiles of A549 tumors from treated and untreated mice revealed only modest alterations with 62 up-regulated and 63 down-regulated mRNAs (≥ 3-fold). MTDIA antitumor activity in xenografts supports MTAP as a target for lung cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indranil Basu
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) plays a major role both in maintaining patency of the fetal ductus arteriosus and in closure of the ductus arteriosus after birth. The rate-limiting step in PGE(2) signal termination is PGE(2) uptake by the transporter PGT. METHODS AND RESULTS To determine the role of PGT in ductus arteriosus closure, we used a gene-targeting strategy to produce mice in which PGT exon 1 was flanked by loxP sites. Successful targeting was obtained because neither mice hypomorphic at the PGT allele (PGT Neo/Neo) nor global PGT knockout mice (PGT(-/-)) exhibited PGT protein expression; moreover, embryonic fibroblasts isolated from targeted mice failed to exhibit carrier-mediated PGE(2) uptake. Although born in a normal mendelian ratio, no PGT(-/-) mice survived past postnatal day 1, and no PGT Neo/Neo mice survived past postnatal day 2. Necropsy revealed patent ductus arteriosus with normal intimal thickening but dilated cardiac chambers. Both PGT Neo/Neo and PGT(-/-) mice could be rescued through the postnatal period by giving the mother indomethacin before birth. Rescued mice grew normally and had no abnormalities by gross and microscopic postmortem analyses. In accordance with the known role of PGT in metabolizing PGE(2), rescued adult PGT(-/-) mice had lower plasma PGE(2) metabolite levels and higher urinary PGE(2) excretion rates than wild-type mice. CONCLUSIONS PGT plays a critical role in closure of the ductus arteriosus after birth by ensuring a reduction in local and/or circulating PGE(2) concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Yoon Chang
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Wang H, Bauzon F, Ji P, Xu X, Sun D, Locker J, Sellers RS, Nakayama K, Nakayama KI, Cobrinik D, Zhu L. Skp2 is required for survival of aberrantly proliferating Rb1-deficient cells and for tumorigenesis in Rb1+/- mice. Nat Genet 2009; 42:83-8. [PMID: 19966802 DOI: 10.1038/ng.498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Accepted: 10/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Heterozygosity of the retinoblastoma gene Rb1 elicits tumorigenesis in susceptible tissues following spontaneous loss of the remaining functional allele. Inactivation of previously studied retinoblastoma protein (pRb) targets partially inhibited tumorigenesis in Rb1(+/-) mice. Here we report that inactivation of pRb target Skp2 (refs. 7,8) completely prevents spontaneous tumorigenesis in Rb1(+/-) mice. Targeted Rb1 deletion in melanotrophs ablates the entire pituitary intermediate lobe when Skp2 is inactivated. Skp2 inactivation does not inhibit aberrant proliferation of Rb1-deleted melanotrophs but induces their apoptotic death. Eliminating p27 phosphorylation on T187 in p27T187A knock-in mice reproduces the effects of Skp2 knockout, identifying p27 ubiquitination by SCF(Skp2) ubiquitin ligase as the underlying mechanism for Skp2's essential tumorigenic role in this setting. RB1-deficient human retinoblastoma cells also undergo apoptosis after Skp2 knockdown; and ectopic expression of p27, especially the p27T187A mutant, induces apoptosis. These results reveal that Skp2 becomes an essential survival gene when susceptible cells incur Rb1 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Wang
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology and Medicine, The Albert Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center and Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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Pedrosa E, Locker J, Lachman HM. Survey of Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder Candidate Genes using Chromatin Immunoprecipitation and Tiled Microarrays (ChIP-chip). J Neurogenet 2009; 23:341-52. [DOI: 10.1080/01677060802669766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Diop-Bove NK, Wu J, Zhao R, Locker J, Goldman ID. Hypermethylation of the human proton-coupled folate transporter (SLC46A1) minimal transcriptional regulatory region in an antifolate-resistant HeLa cell line. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:2424-31. [PMID: 19671745 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-08-0938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This laboratory recently identified a novel proton-coupled folate transporter (PCFT) that mediates intestinal folate absorption and transport of folates into the central nervous system. The present study focuses on the definition of the minimum transcriptional regulatory region of this gene in HeLa cells and the mechanism(s) underlying the loss of PCFT expression in the methotrexate-resistant HeLa R1-11 cell line. The PCFT transcriptional regulatory controls were localized between -42 and +96 bases from the transcriptional start site using a luciferase-reporter gene system. The promoter is a G + C rich region of 139 nucleotides contained in a CpG island. HeLa R1-11 cells have no mutations in the PCFT open reading frame and its promoter; the transcription/translation machinery is intact because transient transfections in HeLa R1-11 and wild-type HeLa cells produced similar luciferase activities. Hypermethylation at CpG sites within the minimal transcriptional regulatory region was shown in HeLa R1-11 cells as compared with the parental PCFT-competent HeLa cells, using bisulfite conversion and sequence analysis. Treatment with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine resulted in a substantial restoration of transport and PCFT mRNA expression and small but significant decreases in methylation in the promoter region. In vitro methylation of the transfected reporter plasmid inhibited luciferase gene expression. Cytogenetics/fluorescence in situ hybridization indicated a loss of half the PCFT gene copies in HeLa R1-11 as compared with PCFT-competent HeLa cells. Taken together, promoter silencing through methylation and gene copy loss accounted for the loss of PCFT activity in antifolate-resistant HeLa R1-11 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ndeye Khady Diop-Bove
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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41
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Agiostratidou G, Li M, Suyama K, Badano I, Keren R, Chung S, Anzovino A, Hulit J, Qian B, Bouzahzah B, Eugenin E, Loudig O, Phillips GR, Locker J, Hazan RB. Loss of retinal cadherin facilitates mammary tumor progression and metastasis. Cancer Res 2009; 69:5030-8. [PMID: 19491271 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-4007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The mammary epithelium is thought to be stabilized by cell-cell adhesion mediated mainly by E-cadherin (E-cad). Here, we show that another cadherin, retinal cadherin (R-cad), is critical for maintenance of the epithelial phenotype. R-cad is expressed in nontransformed mammary epithelium but absent from tumorigenic cell lines. In vivo, R-cad was prominently expressed in the epithelium of both ducts and lobules. In human breast cancer, R-cad was down-regulated with tumor progression, with high expression in ductal carcinoma in situ and reduced expression in invasive duct carcinomas. By comparison, E-cad expression persisted in invasive breast tumors and cell lines where R-cad was lost. Consistent with these findings, R-cad knockdown in normal mammary epithelium stimulated invasiveness and disrupted formation of acini despite continued E-cad expression. Conversely, R-cad overexpression in aggressive cell lines induced glandular morphogenesis and inhibited invasiveness, tumor formation, and lung colonization. R-cad also suppressed the matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP1), MMP2, and cyclooxygenase 2 gene expression associated with pulmonary metastasis. The data suggest that R-cad is an adhesion molecule of the mammary epithelium, which acts as a critical regulator of the normal phenotype. As a result, R-cad loss contributes to epithelial suppression and metastatic progression.
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42
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Mohamedmohaideen NN, Palaninathan SK, Morin PM, Williams BJ, Braunstein M, Tichy SE, Locker J, Russell DH, Jacobs WR, Sacchettini JC. Structure and function of the virulence-associated high-temperature requirement A of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Biochemistry 2008; 47:6092-102. [PMID: 18479146 DOI: 10.1021/bi701929m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The high-temperature requirement A (HtrA) family of serine proteases has been shown to play an important role in the environmental and cellular stress damage control system in Escherichia coli. Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb) has three putative HtrA-like proteases, HtrA1, HtrA2, and HtrA3. The deletion of htrA2 gives attenuated virulence in a mouse model of TB. Biochemical analysis reveals that HtrA2 can function both as a protease and as a chaperone. The three-dimensional structure of HtrA2 determined at 2.0 A resolution shows that the protease domains form the central core of the trimer and the PDZ domains extend to the periphery. Unlike E. coli DegS and DegP, the protease is naturally active due to the formation of the serine protease-like catalytic triad and its uniquely designed oxyanion hole. Both protease and PDZ binding pockets of each HtrA2 molecule are occupied by autoproteolytic peptide products and reveal clues for a novel autoregulatory mechanism that might have significant importance in HtrA-associated virulence of Mtb.
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43
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Columbano A, Simbula M, Pibiri M, Perra A, Deidda M, Locker J, Pisanu A, Uccheddu A, Ledda-Columbano GM. Triiodothyronine stimulates hepatocyte proliferation in two models of impaired liver regeneration. Cell Prolif 2008; 41:521-31. [PMID: 18422700 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2008.00532.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Liver regeneration is attenuated in old age and is substantially slower after 90% than after 70% partial hepatectomy (PH). We have previously demonstrated that the proliferative response to a primary mitogen is intact in aged mice, indicating that impaired liver regeneration is not due to loss of proliferative capacity. Here, we have investigated whether mitogenic effects of triiodothyronine (T3) could reverse the impaired regeneration of ageing or 90% hepatectomy, in the rat. MATERIALS AND METHODS T3 (20 microg/100 g body weight) was administered to 14-month-old rats subjected to 70% PH or to young rats subjected to 90% PH. Cell-proliferative capacity was determined by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation and microscopy and changes of cell cycle-related proteins were analysed by Western blot analysis. RESULTS Treatment of old intact rats with T3 increased cyclin D(1) expression that was followed by an enhanced proliferative response, the labelling index (LI), being 7.8% versus 1.3% of controls. T3 given before 70% PH stimulated regenerative response (LI was 10.8% versus 2.28%), and expression of cyclin D(1) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) 24 h after PH. Pre-treatment with T3 also improved the regenerative response of the liver after 90% hepatectomy (LI was 27.9% versus 14.2%). CONCLUSIONS These findings show in principle that mitogen-induced hyperplasia could be applied to human therapy in patients with reduced regenerative capacity or massive loss of hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Columbano
- Department of Toxicology, Oncology and Molecular Pathology Unit, University of Cagliari, Italy.
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44
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Abstract
Rybp (DEDAF) has been shown to interact with DED-containing proteins and to encode pro-apoptotic functions. Here we characterize a novel interaction between Rybp and Hippi, a protein implicated in neuronal apoptosis as well as in the pathogenesis of Huntington's disease. Rybp can synergize with Hippi to enhance Caspase 8-mediated apoptosis and also appears to be essential for Hippi-mediated apoptosis. Moreover, Rybp may mediate or regulate the interaction between Hippi and Caspase 8. Finally, Rybp and Hippi co-localize in a subset of neurons in the developing mouse brain. Together, these findings suggest that Rybp and Hippi may functionally interact in the apoptotic processes that accompany normal murine neural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha E Stanton
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Ullmann 809, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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45
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Madan R, Brandwein-Gensler M, Schlecht NF, Elias K, Gorbovitsky E, Belbin TJ, Mahmood R, Breining D, Qian H, Childs G, Locker J, Smith R, Haigentz M, Gunn-Moore F, Prystowsky MB. Differential tissue and subcellular expressionof ERM proteins in normal and malignant tissues: cytoplasmic ezrin expression has prognostic signficance for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 2007; 28:1018-27. [PMID: 16783828 DOI: 10.1002/hed.20435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Members of the ezrin-radixin-moesin (ERM) protein family regulate cellular shape, motility, and proliferation and potentially influence ability to metastasize. We investigated the correlation between ERM subcellular localization and survival in patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) METHODS: Tissue microarrays (TMAs) were constructed from paraffin-embedded tissue. TMA sections were evaluated for ERM protein expression immunohistochemically. The results were compared across clinical and histopathologic variables RESULTS ERM staining results for 47 patients showed that cytoplasmic ERM expression was prevalent in tumors (>92%). Whereas ezrin and moesin also localized to the membrane, only willin was found in the nucleus of tumors. Multivariable Cox regression analysis demonstrated that strong cytoplasmic ezrin expression was independently associated with poorer survival (p = .04, hazard ratio 1.82) CONCLUSIONS Both level of expression and subcellular localization of ERM proteins may be important indicators of clinical outcome in SCC. This pilot study justifies the need for an expanded validation study of ERM proteins and clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashna Madan
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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46
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Abstract
Nkx2.8, a homeodomain transcription factor, has been characterized in liver cancer and in the developing central nervous system. We now show that this factor is also expressed in the lung, where it localizes in adults to a discrete population of tracheobronchial basal cells. To target the mouse gene, the first exon was replaced by a LacZ marker gene joined to the intact 5'-untranslated region. Marker expression was observed throughout the lower respiratory tract, beginning on E11 in a few cells of the distal lung buds. The region of expression then spread upward. By neonatal day 1, expression was greatest in the large airways and the Nkx2.8-/- mice exhibited generalized tracheobronchial hyperplasia. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) labeling studies showed that a higher rate of bronchial cell proliferation persisted at 6 to 8 months. In adults, Nkx2.8 marker expression decreased with progressive differentiation into ciliated and secretory cells. The cell localizations and patterns of coexpression with BrdUrd and differentiation markers suggest a progenitor relationship: the cells that most strongly express Nkx2.8 seem to function as tracheobronchial stem cells. Moreover, Nkx2.8 acts to limit the number of these progenitor cells because the marker-expressing population was greatly expanded in Nkx2.8-/- mice. Increased proliferation and an altered progenitor relationship caused progressive bronchial pathology, which manifested as widespread dysplasia in the large airways of 1-year-old Nkx2.8-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Tian
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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47
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Kajiyama Y, Tian J, Locker J. Characterization of Distant Enhancers and Promoters in the Albumin-α-Fetoprotein Locus during Active and Silenced Expression. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:30122-31. [PMID: 16893898 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m603491200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The albumin and alpha-fetoprotein genes are adjacent and express closely related serum proteins. Both genes are strongly expressed in fetal liver, primarily through activation by distant enhancers, but the AFP gene selectively undergoes developmental silencing. We used chromatin immunoprecipitation to study enhancers and promoters during active and silenced gene expression. In adult phenotype cells, the silenced AFP gene was actively repressed at the promoter and two proximal enhancers, characterized by the absence of coactivators and acetylated histone 4, and the presence of corepressors and K9-methylated histone 3. Specific transcription factors, TBP, and RNA polymerase II were all detected on both active and silenced genes, indicating that both states were actively regulated. Surprisingly, promoter-specific factors were also detected on enhancers, especially with reduced chromatin shearing. Under these conditions, an enhancer-specific factor was also detected on the albumin promoter. Association of promoter- and enhancer-specific factors was confirmed by sequential immunoprecipitation. Because no binding was detected on intervening segments, these promoter-enhancer associations suggest looping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Kajiyama
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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48
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Aggarwal VS, Liao J, Bondarev A, Schimmang T, Lewandoski M, Locker J, Shanske A, Campione M, Morrow BE. Dissection of Tbx1 and Fgf interactions in mouse models of 22q11DS suggests functional redundancy. Hum Mol Genet 2006; 15:3219-28. [PMID: 17000704 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddl399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The 22q11 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is characterized by abnormal development of the pharyngeal apparatus. Mouse genetic studies have identified Tbx1 as a key gene in the etiology of the syndrome, in part, via interaction with the fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) genes. Three murine Fgfs, Fgf3, Fgf8 and Fgf10 are coexpressed in different combinations with Tbx1. They are all strongly downregulated in Tbx1-/- embryos, implicating epistatic interactions. Supporting this, Tbx1 and Fgf8 have been shown to genetically interact in the development of the fourth pharyngeal arch artery (PAA) and Fgf10 was identified to be a direct downstream target of Tbx1. To dissect the epistatic relationships of these genes during embryonic development and the molecular pathogenesis of the Tbx1 mutant phenotype, we generated Fgf10+/-;Tbx1+/- and Fgf3-/-;Tbx1+/- mice. Despite strong hypotheses that Fgf10 is the key gene downstream of Tbx1 in the development of the anterior heart field, we do not find evidence for genetic interaction between Tbx1 and Fgf10. Also, the Fgf3-/-;Tbx1+/- mutant mice do not show an additive phenotype. Furthermore, more severe defects do not occur in Fgf8+/-;Tbx1+/- mutants by crossing in the Fgf3 null allele. There is a possible additive effect only in PAA remodeling in the Fgf10+/-;Tbx1+/-;Fgf8+/- embryos. Our findings underscore the importance of potential functional redundancy with additional Fgfs in the development of the pharyngeal apparatus and cardiovascular system via Tbx1. This redundancy should be considered when looking at individual FGF genes as modifiers of 22q11DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vimla S Aggarwal
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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49
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Huang H, Wang H, Sinz M, Zoeckler M, Staudinger J, Redinbo MR, Teotico DG, Locker J, Kalpana GV, Mani S. Inhibition of drug metabolism by blocking the activation of nuclear receptors by ketoconazole. Oncogene 2006; 26:258-68. [PMID: 16819505 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Individual variation in drug metabolism is a major cause of unpredictable side effects during therapy. Drug metabolism is controlled by a class of orphan nuclear receptors (NRs), which regulate expression of genes such as CYP (cytochrome)3A4 and MDR-1 (multi-drug resistance-1), that are involved in this process. We have found that xenobiotic-mediated induction of CYP3A4 and MDR-1 gene transcription was inhibited by ketoconazole, a commonly used antifungal drug. Ketoconazole mediated its effect by inhibiting the activation of NRs, human pregnenolone X receptor and constitutive androstene receptor, involved in regulation of CYP3A4 and MDR-1. The effect of ketoconazole was specific to the group of NRs that control xenobiotic metabolism. Ketoconazole disrupted the interaction of the xenobiotic receptor PXR with the co-activator steroid receptor co-activator-1. Ketoconazole treatment resulted in delayed metabolism of tribromoethanol anesthetic in mice, which was correlated to the inhibition of PXR activation and downmodulation of cyp3a11 and mdr-1 genes and proteins. These studies demonstrate for the first time that ketoconazole represses the coordinated activation of genes involved in drug metabolism, by blocking activation of a specific subset of NRs. Our results suggest that ketoconazole can be used as a pan-antagonist of NRs involved in xenobiotic metabolism in vivo, which may lead to novel strategies that improve drug effect and tolerance.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/metabolism
- Animals
- Antifungal Agents/pharmacology
- Blotting, Western
- Constitutive Androstane Receptor
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/genetics
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Ethanol/analogs & derivatives
- Ethanol/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Hepatocytes/metabolism
- Histone Acetyltransferases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Humans
- Ketoconazole/pharmacology
- Liver X Receptors
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 1
- Orphan Nuclear Receptors
- Pregnane X Receptor
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Steroid/antagonists & inhibitors
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Transcription Factors/antagonists & inhibitors
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- H Huang
- Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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50
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Xue C, Liang F, Mahmood R, Vuolo M, Wyckoff J, Qian H, Tsai KL, Kim M, Locker J, Zhang ZY, Segall JE. ErbB3-dependent motility and intravasation in breast cancer metastasis. Cancer Res 2006; 66:1418-26. [PMID: 16452197 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-0550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A better understanding of how epidermal growth factor receptor family members (ErbBs) contribute to metastasis is important for evaluating ErbB-directed therapies. Activation of ErbB3/ErbB2 heterodimers can affect both proliferation and motility. We find that increasing ErbB3-dependent signaling in orthotopic injection models of breast cancer can enhance intravasation and lung metastasis with no effect on primary tumor growth or microvessel density. Enhanced metastatic ability due to increased expression of ErbB2 or ErbB3 correlated with stronger chemotaxis and invasion responses to heregulin beta1. Suppression of ErbB3 expression reduced both intravasation and metastasis. A human breast cancer tumor tissue microarray showed a significant association between ErbB3 and ErbB2 expression and metastasis independent of tumor size. These results indicate that ErbB3-dependent signaling through ErbB3/ErbB2 heterodimers can contribute to metastasis through enhancing tumor cell invasion and intravasation in vivo and that ErbB-directed therapies may be useful for the inhibition of invasion independent of effects on tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengsen Xue
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10801, USA
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