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Nielsen C, Nørby MS, Kongsted J, Solov'yov IA. Absorption Spectra of FAD Embedded in Cryptochromes. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:3618-3623. [PMID: 29905481 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b01528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The magnetic compass sense utilized by migratory birds for long-distance navigation functions only once light of a certain wavelength is present. This piece of evidence fits partially with the popular hypothesis of chemical magnetoreception in cryptochrome proteins, located in the bird retina. According to this hypothesis a magnetosensitive radical pair is produced after photoexcitation of an FAD cofactor inside cryptochrome, and as such the absorption properties of FAD are of crucial importance for cryptochrome activation. However, we reveal that absorption spectra of FAD show very little variation between six different cryptochromes, suggesting that the electronic transitions are barely affected by the chemical differences in the proteins. This conclusion hints on the presence of a secondary photoreceptor or cofactor that could be necessary to explain green-light-activated magnetoreception in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Nielsen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy , University of Southern Denmark , DK-5230 Odense M , Denmark
| | - Morten S Nørby
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy , University of Southern Denmark , DK-5230 Odense M , Denmark
| | - Jacob Kongsted
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy , University of Southern Denmark , DK-5230 Odense M , Denmark
| | - Ilia A Solov'yov
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy , University of Southern Denmark , DK-5230 Odense M , Denmark
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102
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Hong G, Pachter R, Ritz T. Coupling Drosophila melanogaster Cryptochrome Light Activation and Oxidation of the Kvβ Subunit Hyperkinetic NADPH Cofactor. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:6503-6510. [PMID: 29847128 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b03493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Motivated by the observations on the involvement of light-induced processes in the Drosophila melanogaster cryptochrome (DmCry) in regulation of the neuronal firing rate, which is achieved by a redox-state change of its voltage-dependent K+ channel Kvβ subunit hyperkinetic (Hk) reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) cofactor, we propose in this work two hypothetical pathways that may potentially enable such coupling. In the first pathway, triggered by blue-light-induced formation of a radical pair [FAD•-TRP•+] in DmCry, the hole (TRP•+) may hop to Hk, for example, through a tryptophan chain and oxidize NADPH, possibly leading to inhibition of the N-terminus inactivation in the K+ channel. In a second possible pathway, DmCry's FAD•- is reoxidized by molecular oxygen, producing H2O2, which then diffuses to Hk and oxidizes NADPH. In this work, by applying a combination of quantum and empirical-based methods for free-energy calculations, we find that the oxidation of NADPH by TRP•+ or H2O2 and the reoxidation of FAD•- by O2 are thermodynamically feasible. Our results may have an implication in identifying a magnetic sensing signal transduction pathway, specifically upon Drosophila's Hk NADPH cofactor oxidation, with a subsequent inhibition of the K+ channel N-terminus inactivation gate, permitting K+ flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongyi Hong
- Air Force Research Laboratory , Wright-Patterson Air Force Base , Dayton , Ohio 45433-7702 , United States
| | - Ruth Pachter
- Air Force Research Laboratory , Wright-Patterson Air Force Base , Dayton , Ohio 45433-7702 , United States
| | - Thorsten Ritz
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of California , Irvine , California 92697-4575 , United States
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103
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Long-distance navigation and magnetoreception in migratory animals. Nature 2018; 558:50-59. [PMID: 29875486 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0176-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
For centuries, humans have been fascinated by how migratory animals find their way over thousands of kilometres. Here, I review the mechanisms used in animal orientation and navigation with a particular focus on long-distance migrants and magnetoreception. I contend that any long-distance navigational task consists of three phases and that no single cue or mechanism will enable animals to navigate with pinpoint accuracy over thousands of kilometres. Multiscale and multisensory cue integration in the brain is needed. I conclude by raising twenty important mechanistic questions related to long-distance animal navigation that should be solved over the next twenty years.
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104
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Zeng Z, Wei J, Liu Y, Zhang W, Mabe T. Magnetoreception of Photoactivated Cryptochrome 1 in Electrochemistry and Electron Transfer. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:4752-4759. [PMID: 31458694 PMCID: PMC6641772 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cryptochromes are flavoproteins whose photochemistry is important for crucial functions associated with phototropism and circadian clocks. In this report, we, for the first time, observed a magnetic response of the cryptochrome 1 (CRY1) immobilized at a gold electrode with illumination of blue light. These results present the magnetic field-enhanced photoinduced electron transfer of CRY1 to the electrode by voltammetry, exhibiting magnetic responsive rate constant and electrical current changes. A mechanism of the electron transfer, which involves photoinduced radicals in the CRY, is sensitive to the weak magnetic field; and the long-lived free radical FAD•- is responsible for the detected electrochemical Faradaic current. As a photoreceptor, the finding of a 5.7% rate constant change in electron transfer corresponding to a 50 μT magnetic field may be meaningful in regulation of magnetic field signaling and circadian clock function under an electromagnetic field.
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105
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Worster S, Mouritsen H, Hore PJ. A light-dependent magnetoreception mechanism insensitive to light intensity and polarization. J R Soc Interface 2018; 14:rsif.2017.0405. [PMID: 28878033 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2017.0405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Billions of migratory birds navigate thousands of kilometres every year aided by a magnetic compass sense, the biophysical mechanism of which is unclear. One leading hypothesis is that absorption of light by specialized photoreceptors in the retina produces short-lived chemical intermediates known as radical pairs whose chemistry is sensitive to tiny magnetic interactions. A potentially serious but largely ignored obstacle to this theory is how directional information derived from the Earth's magnetic field can be separated from the much stronger variations in the intensity and polarization of the incident light. Here we propose a simple solution in which these extraneous effects are cancelled by taking the ratio of the signals from two neighbouring populations of magnetoreceptors. Geometric and biological arguments are used to derive a set of conditions that make this possible. We argue that one likely location of the magnetoreceptor molecules would be in association with ordered opsin dimers in the membrane discs of the outer segments of double-cone photoreceptor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susannah Worster
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Henrik Mouritsen
- Institut für Biologie und Umweltwissenschaften, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany.,Research Centre for Neurosensory Sciences, University of Oldenburg, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - P J Hore
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK
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106
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Antill LM, Woodward JR. Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide Photochemistry Is Magnetic Field Sensitive at Physiological pH. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:2691-2696. [PMID: 29724094 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b01088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We present time-resolved optical absorption and magnetic field effect data on the photochemistry following blue light excitation of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) in aqueous solution in the pH range 2.3 to 8.0. Effects of closed form conformations of FAD in ground, excited singlet, and radical pair states exhibit significant influence on the observed kinetics and magnetic field dependence and remarkably, magnetic field effects are observed even at physiological pH where the FAD radical pairs are only 75% less magnetic field sensitive than at pH 2.3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis M Antill
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences , The University of Tokyo , 3-8-1 Komaba , Meguro-ku , Tokyo 153-8902 , Japan
| | - Jonathan R Woodward
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences , The University of Tokyo , 3-8-1 Komaba , Meguro-ku , Tokyo 153-8902 , Japan
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107
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Zwang T, Tse ECM, Zhong D, Barton JK. A Compass at Weak Magnetic Fields Using Thymine Dimer Repair. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2018; 4:405-412. [PMID: 29632887 PMCID: PMC5879481 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.8b00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
How birds sense the variations in Earth's magnetic field for navigation is poorly understood, although cryptochromes, proteins homologous to photolyases, have been proposed to participate in this magnetic sensing. Here, in electrochemical studies with an applied magnetic field, we monitor the repair of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer lesions in duplex DNA by photolyase, mutants of photolyase, and a modified cryptochrome. We find that the yield of dimer repair is dependent on the strength and angle of the applied magnetic field even when using magnetic fields weaker than 1 gauss. This high sensitivity to weak magnetic fields depends upon a fast radical pair reaction on the thymines leading to repair. These data illustrate chemically how cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer repair may be used in a biological compass informed by variations in Earth's magnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore
J. Zwang
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Edmund C. M. Tse
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Dongping Zhong
- Departments
of Chemistry and Physics, The Ohio State
University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United
States
- E-mail:
| | - Jacqueline K. Barton
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
- E-mail:
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108
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109
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Bulak P, Lata L, Plak A, Wiącek D, Strobel W, Walkiewicz A, Pietruszewski S, Bieganowski A. Electromagnetic field pretreatment of Sinapis alba seeds improved cadmium phytoextraction. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2018; 20:338-342. [PMID: 29584465 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2017.1381943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
It was hypothesized that electromagnetic field (EMF) pretreatment of white mustard (Sinapis alba L.) seeds could increase the accumulation of non-essential, pollutant heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd) in shoots. Seeds of white mustard were treated with either 60 or 120 mT of alternating EMF (50 Hz) for 1 minute and then grown in a Petri dish in the presence of Cd, in comparison to the control (seeds grown without EMF pretreatment). Biomass production and content of calcium (Ca) and Cd in seedling shoots were measured. The Cd content in shoots from the EMF-treated seeds was higher in both variants than in the control (by 73% and 78%, respectively; p < 0.05). In plants treated with 60 mT, the Ca content was slightly, but significantly, lower (3%) than in the control. EMF stimulation did not affect the biomass production. The results have shown potential benefits of this physical seed pretreatment method in the context of cadmium phytoextraction, but more research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Bulak
- a Department of Natural Environment Biogeochemistry , Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences , Doświadczalna, Lublin , Poland
| | - Lesia Lata
- b Department of Soil Science and Protection , Maria Curie Sklodowska University , Kraśnicka av. 2CD, Lublin , Poland
| | - Andrzej Plak
- c Department of Applied Physics , Faculty of Physic, University of Life Sciences , Akademicka, Lublin , Poland
| | - Dariusz Wiącek
- a Department of Natural Environment Biogeochemistry , Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences , Doświadczalna, Lublin , Poland
| | - Wacław Strobel
- a Department of Natural Environment Biogeochemistry , Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences , Doświadczalna, Lublin , Poland
- d Institute of Technology and Life Sciences , Al. Hrabska, Falenty, Raszyn , Poland
| | - Anna Walkiewicz
- a Department of Natural Environment Biogeochemistry , Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences , Doświadczalna, Lublin , Poland
| | - Stanisław Pietruszewski
- c Department of Applied Physics , Faculty of Physic, University of Life Sciences , Akademicka, Lublin , Poland
| | - Andrzej Bieganowski
- a Department of Natural Environment Biogeochemistry , Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences , Doświadczalna, Lublin , Poland
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110
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Myklatun A, Lauri A, Eder SHK, Cappetta M, Shcherbakov D, Wurst W, Winklhofer M, Westmeyer GG. Zebrafish and medaka offer insights into the neurobehavioral correlates of vertebrate magnetoreception. Nat Commun 2018; 9:802. [PMID: 29476093 PMCID: PMC5824813 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03090-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An impediment to a mechanistic understanding of how some species sense the geomagnetic field ("magnetoreception") is the lack of vertebrate genetic models that exhibit well-characterized magnetoreceptive behavior and are amenable to whole-brain analysis. We investigated the genetic model organisms zebrafish and medaka, whose young stages are transparent and optically accessible. In an unfamiliar environment, adult fish orient according to the directional change of a magnetic field even in darkness. To enable experiments also in juveniles, we applied slowly oscillating magnetic fields, aimed at generating conflicting sensory inputs during exploratory behavior. Medaka (but not zebrafish) increase their locomotor activity in this assay. Complementary brain activity mapping reveals neuronal activation in the lateral hindbrain during magnetic stimulation. These comparative data support magnetoreception in teleosts, provide evidence for a light-independent mechanism, and demonstrate the usefulness of zebrafish and medaka as genetic vertebrate models for studying the biophysical and neuronal mechanisms underlying magnetoreception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahne Myklatun
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Antonella Lauri
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan H K Eder
- Department of Earth- and Environmental Sciences Section Geophysics, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Theresienstrasse 41, 80333, Munich, Germany
| | - Michele Cappetta
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Denis Shcherbakov
- Institute of Zoology 220, University of Hohenheim, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael Winklhofer
- Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences IBU, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
- Research Center Neurosensory Science, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, D-26111, Germany
| | - Gil G Westmeyer
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675, Munich, Germany.
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111
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Antill LM, Beardmore JP, Woodward JR. Time-resolved optical absorption microspectroscopy of magnetic field sensitive flavin photochemistry. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:023707. [PMID: 29495862 DOI: 10.1063/1.5011693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The photochemical reactions of blue-light receptor proteins have received much attention due to their very important biological functions. In addition, there is also growing evidence that the one particular class of such proteins, the cryptochromes, may be associated with not only a biological photo-response but also a magneto-response, which may be responsible for the mechanism by which many animals can respond to the weak geomagnetic field. Therefore, there is an important scientific question over whether it is possible to directly observe such photochemical processes, and indeed the effects of weak magnetic fields thereon, taking place both in purified protein samples in vitro and in actual biochemical cells and tissues. For the former samples, the key lies in being able to make sensitive spectroscopic measurements on very small volumes of samples at potentially low protein concentrations, while the latter requires, in addition, spatially resolved measurements on length scales smaller than typical cellular components, i.e., sub-micron resolution. In this work, we discuss a two- and three-color confocal pump-probe microscopic approach to this question which satisfies these requirements and is thus useful for experimental measurements in both cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis M Antill
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Joshua P Beardmore
- Earth Dynamics Research Group, The Institute for Geoscience Research (TIGeR), Department of Applied Geology, Bentley, Curtin University, Perth 6102, Australia
| | - Jonathan R Woodward
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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112
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Günther A, Einwich A, Sjulstok E, Feederle R, Bolte P, Koch KW, Solov’yov IA, Mouritsen H. Double-Cone Localization and Seasonal Expression Pattern Suggest a Role in Magnetoreception for European Robin Cryptochrome 4. Curr Biol 2018; 28:211-223.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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113
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Vanderstraeten J, Gailly P, Malkemper EP. Low-Light Dependence of the Magnetic Field Effect on Cryptochromes: Possible Relevance to Plant Ecology. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:121. [PMID: 29491873 PMCID: PMC5817061 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Various responses to static magnetic fields (MF) have been reported in plants, and it has been suggested that the geomagnetic field influences plant physiology. Accordingly, diverse mechanisms have been proposed to mediate MF effects in plants. The currently most probable sensor candidates are cryptochromes (Cry) which are sensitive to submillitesla MF. Here, we propose a quantitative approach of the MF effect on Cry depending on light intensity, and try to link it to a possible functional role for magnetic sensitivity in plants. Based on a theoretical evaluation and on a review of relevant data on Arabidopsis thaliana Cry 1, we point out that the MF effect on the signaling state of Cry, as well as the possible consequences of that effect on certain phenotypes (growth in particular) show parallel dependences on light intensity, being most prominent at low light levels. Based on these findings, we propose that Cry magnetosensitivity in plants could represent an ecological adaptation which regulates the amount of Cry signaling state under low light conditions. That hypothesis would preferentially be tested by studying sensitive and specific endpoints, such as the expression of clock proteins that are downregulated by Cry, but under light intensities lower than those used so far. Finally, we highlight that the low-light dependence of the MF effect described here could also apply to light-dependent functions of animal Cry, in particular magnetoreception which, from the present evaluation, would be based on the magnetic sensitivity of the photoreduction reaction, like in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Vanderstraeten
- Environmental and Work Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Jacques Vanderstraeten
| | - Philippe Gailly
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - E. Pascal Malkemper
- Department of General Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Wildlife Management, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Praha, Czechia
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114
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Mendive-Tapia D, Mangaud E, Firmino T, de la Lande A, Desouter-Lecomte M, Meyer HD, Gatti F. Multidimensional Quantum Mechanical Modeling of Electron Transfer and Electronic Coherence in Plant Cryptochromes: The Role of Initial Bath Conditions. J Phys Chem B 2017; 122:126-136. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b10412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Mendive-Tapia
- Institut
Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, UMR 5253, CNRS-UM-ENSCM, CTMM, Université Montpellier, CC 15001, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
- Theoretische
Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, INF 229, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Etienne Mangaud
- Laboratoire
Collisions Agrégats Réactivité, UMR 5589, IRSAMC, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Thiago Firmino
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Physique, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Orsay F-91405, France
| | - Aurélien de la Lande
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Physique, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Orsay F-91405, France
| | - Michèle Desouter-Lecomte
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Physique, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Orsay F-91405, France
| | - Hans-Dieter Meyer
- Theoretische
Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, INF 229, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fabien Gatti
- Institut
des Sciences Moléculaires d’Orsay, UMR-CNRS 8214, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Orsay F-91405, France
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115
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Schroeder L, Oldemeyer S, Kottke T. Time-Resolved Infrared Spectroscopy on Plant Cryptochrome—Relevance of Proton Transfer and ATP Binding for Signaling. J Phys Chem A 2017; 122:140-147. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b10249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lea Schroeder
- Physical and Biophysical
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße
25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Sabine Oldemeyer
- Physical and Biophysical
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße
25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Tilman Kottke
- Physical and Biophysical
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße
25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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116
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Hiscock HG, Mouritsen H, Manolopoulos DE, Hore PJ. Disruption of Magnetic Compass Orientation in Migratory Birds by Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields. Biophys J 2017; 113:1475-1484. [PMID: 28978441 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The radical-pair mechanism has been put forward as the basis of the magnetic compass sense of migratory birds. Some of the strongest supporting evidence has come from behavioral experiments in which birds exposed to weak time-dependent magnetic fields lose their ability to orient in the geomagnetic field. However, conflicting results and skepticism about the requirement for abnormally long quantum coherence lifetimes have cast a shroud of uncertainty over these potentially pivotal studies. Using a recently developed computational approach, we explore the effects of various radiofrequency magnetic fields on biologically plausible radicals within the theoretical framework of radical-pair magnetoreception. We conclude that the current model of radical-pair magnetoreception is unable to explain the findings of the reported behavioral experiments. Assuming that an unknown mechanism amplifies the predicted effects, we suggest experimental conditions that have the potential to distinguish convincingly between the two distinct families of radical pairs currently postulated as magnetic compass sensors. We end by making recommendations for experimental protocols that we hope will increase the chance that future experiments can be independently replicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamish G Hiscock
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Henrik Mouritsen
- Institut für Biologie und Umweltwissenschaften, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany; Research Centre for Neurosensory Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - David E Manolopoulos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - P J Hore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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117
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Oka Y, Shishino H. Fluorescence Quenching of Alexa Fluor 488-labeled DNA by Complementary Trp-containing PNA Partitioned in Liquid-ordered Domains. CHEM LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.170755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Oka
- Frontier Research Core for Life Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194
| | - Hisae Shishino
- Frontier Research Core for Life Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194
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118
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Shiah YJ, Hsieh HL, Chen HJ, Radin DI. Effects of Intentionally Treated Water on Growth of Arabidopsis thaliana Seeds with Cryptochrome Mutations. Explore (NY) 2017; 13:371-378. [DOI: 10.1016/j.explore.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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119
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Kattnig DR. Radical-Pair-Based Magnetoreception Amplified by Radical Scavenging: Resilience to Spin Relaxation. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:10215-10227. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b07672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R. Kattnig
- Living Systems Institute
and Department of Physics, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, Devon, EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
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120
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Friis I, Sjulstok E, Solov'yov IA. Computational reconstruction reveals a candidate magnetic biocompass to be likely irrelevant for magnetoreception. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13908. [PMID: 29066765 PMCID: PMC5654753 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13258-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Birds use the magnetic field of the Earth to navigate during their annual migratory travel. The possible mechanism to explain the biophysics of this compass sense involves electron transfers within the photoreceptive protein cryptochrome. The magnetoreceptive functioning of cryptochromes is supposedly facilitated through an iron rich polymer complex which couples to multiple cryptochromes. The present investigation aims to independently reconstruct this complex and describe its interaction with Drosophila melanogaster cryptochromes. The polymer complex consists of ISCA1 protein monomers with internally bound iron sulphur clusters and simultaneously binds ten cryptochromes. Through molecular dynamics we have analysed the stability of the ISCA1-cryptochrome complex and characterized the interaction at the binding sites between individual cryptochrome and ISCA1. It is found that the cryptochrome binding to the ISCA1 polymer is not uniform and that the binding affinity depends on its placement along the ISCA1 polymer. This finding supports the claim that the individual ISCA1 monomer acts as possible intracellular interaction partner of cryptochrome, but the proposed existence of an elongated ISCA1 polymer with multiple attached cryptochromes appears to be questionable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Friis
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark.
| | - Emil Sjulstok
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Ilia A Solov'yov
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark.
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121
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Kopka B, Magerl K, Savitsky A, Davari MD, Röllen K, Bocola M, Dick B, Schwaneberg U, Jaeger KE, Krauss U. Electron transfer pathways in a light, oxygen, voltage (LOV) protein devoid of the photoactive cysteine. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13346. [PMID: 29042655 PMCID: PMC5645311 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13420-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Blue-light absorption by the flavin chromophore in light, oxygen, voltage (LOV) photoreceptors triggers photochemical reactions that lead to the formation of a flavin-cysteine adduct. While it has long been assumed that adduct formation is essential for signaling, it was recently shown that LOV photoreceptor variants devoid of the photoactive cysteine can elicit a functional response and that flavin photoreduction to the neutral semiquinone radical is sufficient for signal transduction. Currently, the mechanistic basis of the underlying electron- (eT) and proton-transfer (pT) reactions is not well understood. We here reengineered pT into the naturally not photoreducible iLOV protein, a fluorescent reporter protein derived from the Arabidopsis thaliana phototropin-2 LOV2 domain. A single amino-acid substitution (Q489D) enabled efficient photoreduction, suggesting that an eT pathway is naturally present in the protein. By using a combination of site-directed mutagenesis, steady-state UV/Vis, transient absorption and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, we investigate the underlying eT and pT reactions. Our study provides strong evidence that several Tyr and Trp residues, highly conserved in all LOV proteins, constitute the eT pathway for flavin photoreduction, suggesting that the propensity for photoreduction is evolutionary imprinted in all LOV domains, while efficient pT is needed to stabilize the neutral semiquinone radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benita Kopka
- Institut für Molekulare Enzymtechnologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52426, Jülich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Magerl
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Anton Savitsky
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Mehdi D Davari
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Katrin Röllen
- Institut für Molekulare Enzymtechnologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52426, Jülich, Germany
| | - Marco Bocola
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Dick
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074, Aachen, Germany.,DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Karl-Erich Jaeger
- Institut für Molekulare Enzymtechnologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52426, Jülich, Germany.,IBG-1: Biotechnologie, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52426, Jülich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Krauss
- Institut für Molekulare Enzymtechnologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52426, Jülich, Germany.
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122
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Wiltschko R, Ahmad M, Nießner C, Gehring D, Wiltschko W. Light-dependent magnetoreception in birds: the crucial step occurs in the dark. J R Soc Interface 2017; 13:rsif.2015.1010. [PMID: 27146685 PMCID: PMC4892254 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2015.1010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Radical Pair Model proposes that the avian magnetic compass is based on spin-chemical processes: since the ratio between the two spin states singlet and triplet of radical pairs depends on their alignment in the magnetic field, it can provide information on magnetic directions. Cryptochromes, blue light-absorbing flavoproteins, with flavin adenine dinucleotide as chromophore, are suggested as molecules forming the radical pairs underlying magnetoreception. When activated by light, cryptochromes undergo a redox cycle, in the course of which radical pairs are generated during photo-reduction as well as during light-independent re-oxidation. This raised the question as to which radical pair is crucial for mediating magnetic directions. Here, we present the results from behavioural experiments with intermittent light and magnetic field pulses that clearly show that magnetoreception is possible in the dark interval, pointing to the radical pair formed during flavin re-oxidation. This differs from the mechanism considered for cryptochrome signalling the presence of light and rules out most current models of an avian magnetic compass based on the radical pair generated during photo-reduction. Using the radical pair formed during re-oxidation may represent a specific adaptation of the avian magnetic compass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roswitha Wiltschko
- FB Biowissenschaften, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Margaret Ahmad
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Casier 156, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Christine Nießner
- FB Biowissenschaften, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dennis Gehring
- FB Biowissenschaften, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wiltschko
- FB Biowissenschaften, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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123
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Kottke T, Oldemeyer S, Wenzel S, Zou Y, Mittag M. Cryptochrome photoreceptors in green algae: Unexpected versatility of mechanisms and functions. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 217:4-14. [PMID: 28619534 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Green algae have a highly complex and diverse set of cryptochrome photoreceptor candidates including members of the following subfamilies: plant, plant-like, animal-like, DASH and cryptochrome photolyase family 1 (CPF1). While some green algae encode most or all of them, others lack certain members. Here we present an overview about functional analyses of so far investigated cryptochrome photoreceptors from the green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (plant and animal-like cryptochromes) and Ostreococcus tauri (CPF1) with regard to their biological significance and spectroscopic properties. Cryptochromes of both algae have been demonstrated recently to be involved to various extents in circadian clock regulation and in Chlamydomonas additionally in life cycle control. Moreover, CPF1 even performs light-driven DNA repair. The plant cryptochrome and CPF1 are UVA/blue light receptors, whereas the animal-like cryptochrome responds to almost the whole visible spectrum including red light. Accordingly, plant cryptochrome, animal-like cryptochrome and CPF1 differ fundamentally in their structural response to light as revealed by their visible and infrared spectroscopic signatures, and in the role of the flavin neutral radical acting as dark form or signaling state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilman Kottke
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Sabine Oldemeyer
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Sandra Wenzel
- Institute of General Botany and Plant Physiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Yong Zou
- Institute of General Botany and Plant Physiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Maria Mittag
- Institute of General Botany and Plant Physiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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124
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Xu C, Zhang Y, Yu Y, Li Y, Wei S. Suppression of Arabidopsis flowering by near-null magnetic field is mediated by auxin. Bioelectromagnetics 2017; 39:15-24. [DOI: 10.1002/bem.22086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiao Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetism, Institute of Electrical Engineering; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing P.R. China
| | - Yuxia Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetism, Institute of Electrical Engineering; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing P.R. China
| | - Yang Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetism, Institute of Electrical Engineering; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing P.R. China
| | - Yue Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetism, Institute of Electrical Engineering; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing P.R. China
| | - Shufeng Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetism, Institute of Electrical Engineering; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing P.R. China
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125
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Paul S, Kiryutin AS, Guo J, Ivanov KL, Matysik J, Yurkovskaya AV, Wang X. Magnetic field effect in natural cryptochrome explored with model compound. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11892. [PMID: 28928466 PMCID: PMC5605708 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10356-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Many animals sense the Earth's magnetic-field and use it for navigation. It is proposed that a light-dependent quantum effect in cryptochrome proteins, residing in the retina, allows for such an iron-free spin-chemical compass. The photochemical processes, spin-dynamics and its magnetic field dependence in natural cryptochrome are not fully understood by the in vivo and in vitro studies. For a deeper insight into these biophysical mechanisms in cryptochrome, we had introduced a flavin-tryptophan dyad (F10T). Here we present the magnetic field dependence of 1H photo-CIDNP NMR on F10T and a theoretical model for low-field photo-CIDNP of F10T. This model provides mixing mechanism of energy-levels and spin-dynamics at low magnetic fields. Photo-CIDNP has been observed even at Earth's magnetic field (~0.05 mT). These experiments prove F10T to be an excellent model compound establishing the key mechanism of avian-magnetoreception and provide insight into the optimal behaviour of cryptochrome at Earth's magnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhajit Paul
- Institut für Analytische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr, 3, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexey S Kiryutin
- International Tomography Center, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Institutskaya 3a, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Jinping Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, College of Science, National University of Defense Technology, 410073, Changsha, China
| | - Konstantin L Ivanov
- International Tomography Center, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Institutskaya 3a, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Jörg Matysik
- Institut für Analytische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr, 3, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexandra V Yurkovskaya
- International Tomography Center, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Institutskaya 3a, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, College of Science, National University of Defense Technology, 410073, Changsha, China.
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126
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The sensitivity of a radical pair compass magnetoreceptor can be significantly amplified by radical scavengers. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11640. [PMID: 28912470 PMCID: PMC5599710 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09914-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Birds have a remarkable ability to obtain navigational information from the Earth's magnetic field. The primary detection mechanism of this compass sense is uncertain but appears to involve the quantum spin dynamics of radical pairs formed transiently in cryptochrome proteins. We propose here a new version of the current model in which spin-selective recombination of the radical pair is not essential. One of the two radicals is imagined to react with a paramagnetic scavenger via spin-selective electron transfer. By means of simulations of the spin dynamics of cryptochrome-inspired radical pairs, we show that the new scheme offers two clear and important benefits. The sensitivity to a 50 μT magnetic field is greatly enhanced and, unlike the current model, the radicals can be more than 2 nm apart in the magnetoreceptor protein. The latter means that animal cryptochromes that have a tetrad (rather than a triad) of tryptophan electron donors can still be expected to be viable as magnetic compass sensors. Lifting the restriction on the rate of the spin-selective recombination reaction also means that the detrimental effects of inter-radical exchange and dipolar interactions can be minimised by placing the radicals much further apart than in the current model.
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127
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Magnetic Fields Modulate Blue-Light-Dependent Regulation of Neuronal Firing by Cryptochrome. J Neurosci 2017; 36:10742-10749. [PMID: 27798129 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2140-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many animals are able to sense the Earth's geomagnetic field to enable behaviors such as migration. It is proposed that the magnitude and direction of the geomagnetic field modulates the activity of cryptochrome (CRY) by influencing photochemical radical pair intermediates within the protein. However, this proposal will remain theoretical until a CRY-dependent effect on a receptor neuron is shown to be modified by an external magnetic field (MF). It is established that blue-light (BL) photoactivation of CRY is sufficient to depolarize and activate Drosophila neurons. Here, we show that this CRY-dependent effect is significantly potentiated in the presence of an applied MF (100 mT). We use electrophysiological recordings from larval identified motoneurons, in which CRY is ectopically expressed, to show that BL-dependent depolarization of membrane potential and increased input resistance are markedly potentiated by an MF. Analysis of membrane excitability shows that these effects of MF exposure evoke increased action potential firing. Almost nothing is known about the mechanism by which a magnetically induced change in CRY activity might produce a behavioral response. We further report that specific structural changes to the protein alter the impact of the MF in ways that are strikingly similar to those from recent behavioral studies into the magnetic sense of Drosophila These observations provide the first direct experimental evidence to support the hypothesis that MF modulation of CRY activity is capable of influencing neuron activity to allow animal magnetoreception. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The biophysical mechanism of animal magnetoreception is still unclear. The photoreceptor protein cryptochrome has risen to prominence as a candidate magnetoreceptor molecule based on multiple reports derived from behavioral studies. However, the role of cryptochrome as a magnetoreceptor remains controversial primarily because of a lack of direct experimental evidence linking magnetic field (MF) exposure to a change in neuronal activity. Here, we show that exposure to an MF (100 mT) is sufficient to potentiate the ability of light-activated cryptochrome to increase neuronal action potential firing. Our results provide critical missing evidence to show that the activity of cryptochrome is sensitive to an external MF that is capable of modifying animal behavior.
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128
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Nohr D, Franz S, Rodriguez R, Paulus B, Essen LO, Weber S, Schleicher E. Extended Electron-Transfer in Animal Cryptochromes Mediated by a Tetrad of Aromatic Amino Acids. Biophys J 2017; 111:301-311. [PMID: 27463133 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cryptochrome/photolyase protein family possesses a conserved triad of tryptophans that may act as a molecular wire to transport electrons from the protein surface to the FAD cofactor for activation and/or signaling-state formation. Members from the animal (and animal-like) cryptochrome subclade use this process in a light-induced fashion in a number of exciting responses, such as the (re-)setting of circadian rhythms or magnetoreception; however, electron-transfer pathways have not been explored in detail yet. Therefore, we present an in-depth time-resolved optical and electron-paramagnetic resonance spectroscopic study of two cryptochromes from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Drosophila melanogaster. The results do not only reveal the existence of a fourth, more distant aromatic amino acid that serves as a terminal electron donor in both proteins, but also show that a tyrosine is able to fulfill this very role in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cryptochrome. Additionally, exchange of the respective fourth aromatic amino acid to redox-inactive phenylalanines still leads to light-induced radical pair formation; however, the lifetimes of these species are drastically reduced from the ms- to the μs-range. The results presented in this study open up a new chapter, to our knowledge, in the diversity of electron-transfer pathways in cryptochromes. Moreover, they could explain unique functions of animal cryptochromes, in particular their potential roles in magnetoreception because magnetic-field effects of light-induced radical pairs strongly depend on distance and orientation parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Nohr
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Ryan Rodriguez
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Paulus
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Weber
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Erik Schleicher
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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129
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Sommer C, Dietz MS, Patschkowski T, Mathes T, Kottke T. Light-Induced Conformational Changes in the Plant Cryptochrome Photolyase Homology Region Resolved by Selective Isotope Labeling and Infrared Spectroscopy. Photochem Photobiol 2017; 93:881-887. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Sommer
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry; Department of Chemistry; Bielefeld University; Bielefeld Germany
| | - Marina S. Dietz
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry; Department of Chemistry; Bielefeld University; Bielefeld Germany
| | - Thomas Patschkowski
- Proteome and Metabolome Research (Bio 27); Department of Biology; Bielefeld University; Bielefeld Germany
| | - Tilo Mathes
- Department of Biology; Experimental Biophysics; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Tilman Kottke
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry; Department of Chemistry; Bielefeld University; Bielefeld Germany
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130
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Heyers D, Elbers D, Bulte M, Bairlein F, Mouritsen H. The magnetic map sense and its use in fine-tuning the migration programme of birds. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2017; 203:491-497. [PMID: 28365788 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-017-1164-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The Earth's magnetic field is one of several natural cues, which migratory birds can use to derive directional ("compass") information for orientation on their biannual migratory journeys. Moreover, magnetic field effects on prominent aspects of the migratory programme of birds, such as migratory restlessness behaviour, fuel deposition and directional orientation, implicate that geomagnetic information can also be used to derive positional ("map") information. While the magnetic "compass" in migratory birds is likely to be based on radical pair-forming molecules embedded in their visual system, the sensory correlates underlying a magnetic "map" sense currently remain elusive. Behavioural, physiological and neurobiological findings indicate that the sensor is most likely innervated by the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve and based on magnetic iron particles. Information from this unknown sensor is neither necessary nor sufficient for a functional magnetic compass, but instead could contribute important components of a multifactorial "map" for global positioning. Positional information could allow migratory birds to make vitally important dynamic adaptations of their migratory programme at any relevant point during their journeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Heyers
- AG Animal Navigation, Faculty of Biology/Environmental Sciences, University of Oldenburg, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany. .,Research Centre for Neurosensory Sciences, University of Oldenburg, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany.
| | - D Elbers
- AG Animal Navigation, Faculty of Biology/Environmental Sciences, University of Oldenburg, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany.,Research Centre for Neurosensory Sciences, University of Oldenburg, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany.,AG Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine/Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - M Bulte
- , Schmidtkunzstraße 13, 86199, Augsburg, Germany.,Institute for Avian Research "Vogelwarte Helgoland", 26386, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - F Bairlein
- Institute for Avian Research "Vogelwarte Helgoland", 26386, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - H Mouritsen
- AG Animal Navigation, Faculty of Biology/Environmental Sciences, University of Oldenburg, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany.,Research Centre for Neurosensory Sciences, University of Oldenburg, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany
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131
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Magnetic activation in the brain of the migratory northern wheatear (Oenanthe oenanthe). J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2017; 203:591-600. [DOI: 10.1007/s00359-017-1167-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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132
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Höytö A, Herrala M, Luukkonen J, Juutilainen J, Naarala J. Cellular detection of 50 Hz magnetic fields and weak blue light: effects on superoxide levels and genotoxicity. Int J Radiat Biol 2017; 93:646-652. [PMID: 28264623 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2017.1294275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We tested the hypothesis that the effects of 50 Hz magnetic fields (MFs) on superoxide levels and genotoxicity depend on the presence of blue light. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells were exposed to a 50 Hz, 100 μT MF with or without non-phototoxic level of blue light for 24 h. We also studied whether these treatments alter responses to menadione, an agent that induces mitochondrial superoxide (O2• -) production and DNA damage. Micronuclei, proliferation, viability, cytosolic and mitochondrial O2• - levels were assessed. RESULTS MF (without blue light) increased cytosolic O2• - production and blue light suppressed this effect. Mitochondrial O2• - production was reduced by both MF and blue light, but these effects were not additive. Micronucleus frequency was not affected by blue light or MF alone, but blue light (significantly when combined with MF) enhanced menadione-induced micronuclei. CONCLUSIONS The original simple hypothesis (blue light is needed for MF effects) was not supported, but interaction of MF and blue light was nevertheless observed. The results are consistent with MF effects on light-independent radical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Höytö
- a Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences , University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio , Finland
| | - Mikko Herrala
- a Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences , University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio , Finland
| | - Jukka Luukkonen
- a Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences , University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio , Finland
| | - Jukka Juutilainen
- a Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences , University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio , Finland
| | - Jonne Naarala
- a Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences , University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio , Finland
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133
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Sheppard DMW, Li J, Henbest KB, Neil SRT, Maeda K, Storey J, Schleicher E, Biskup T, Rodriguez R, Weber S, Hore PJ, Timmel CR, Mackenzie SR. Millitesla magnetic field effects on the photocycle of an animal cryptochrome. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42228. [PMID: 28176875 PMCID: PMC5296725 DOI: 10.1038/srep42228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila have been used as model organisms to explore both the biophysical mechanisms of animal magnetoreception and the possibility that weak, low-frequency anthropogenic electromagnetic fields may have biological consequences. In both cases, the presumed receptor is cryptochrome, a protein thought to be responsible for magnetic compass sensing in migratory birds and a variety of magnetic behavioural responses in insects. Here, we demonstrate that photo-induced electron transfer reactions in Drosophila melanogaster cryptochrome are indeed influenced by magnetic fields of a few millitesla. The form of the protein containing flavin and tryptophan radicals shows kinetics that differ markedly from those of closely related members of the cryptochrome-photolyase family. These differences and the magnetic sensitivity of Drosophila cryptochrome are interpreted in terms of the radical pair mechanism and a photocycle involving the recently discovered fourth tryptophan electron donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean M. W. Sheppard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin B. Henbest
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Centre for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Simon R. T. Neil
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Kiminori Maeda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Centre for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Jonathan Storey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Centre for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Erik Schleicher
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Till Biskup
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ryan Rodriguez
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Weber
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - P. J. Hore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Christiane R. Timmel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Centre for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart R. Mackenzie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
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134
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Bialas C, Jarocha LE, Henbest KB, Zollitsch TM, Kodali G, Timmel CR, Mackenzie SR, Dutton PL, Moser CC, Hore PJ. Engineering an Artificial Flavoprotein Magnetosensor. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:16584-16587. [PMID: 27958724 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b09682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Migratory birds use the Earth's magnetic field as a source of navigational information. This light-dependent magnetic compass is thought to be mediated by cryptochrome proteins in the retina. Upon light activation, electron transfer between the flavin adenine dinucleotide cofactor and tryptophan residues leads to the formation of a spin-correlated radical pair, whose subsequent fate is sensitive to external magnetic fields. To learn more about the functional requirements of this complex chemical compass, we have created a family of simplified, adaptable proteins-maquettes-that contain a single tryptophan residue at different distances from a covalently bound flavin. Despite the complete absence of structural resemblance to the native cryptochrome fold or sequence, the maquettes exhibit a strong magnetic field effect that rivals those observed in the natural proteins in vitro. These novel maquette designs offer unprecedented flexibility to explore the basic requirements for magnetic sensing in a protein environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Bialas
- Johnson Research Foundation, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Lauren E Jarocha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford , Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin B Henbest
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford , Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Tilo M Zollitsch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford , Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Goutham Kodali
- Johnson Research Foundation, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Christiane R Timmel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford , Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart R Mackenzie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford , Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - P Leslie Dutton
- Johnson Research Foundation, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Christopher C Moser
- Johnson Research Foundation, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - P J Hore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford , Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
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135
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Kottke T, Lórenz-Fonfría VA, Heberle J. The Grateful Infrared: Sequential Protein Structural Changes Resolved by Infrared Difference Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2016; 121:335-350. [PMID: 28100053 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b09222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The catalytic activity of proteins is a function of structural changes. Very often these are as minute as protonation changes, hydrogen bonding changes, and amino acid side chain reorientations. To resolve these, a methodology is afforded that not only provides the molecular sensitivity but allows for tracing the sequence of these hierarchical reactions at the same time. This feature article showcases results from time-resolved IR spectroscopy on channelrhodopsin (ChR), light-oxygen-voltage (LOV) domain protein, and cryptochrome (CRY). All three proteins are activated by blue light, but their biological role is drastically different. Channelrhodopsin is a transmembrane retinylidene protein which represents the first light-activated ion channel of its kind and which is involved in primitive vision (phototaxis) of algae. LOV and CRY are flavin-binding proteins acting as photoreceptors in a variety of signal transduction mechanisms in all kingdoms of life. Beyond their biological relevance, these proteins are employed in exciting optogenetic applications. We show here how IR difference absorption resolves crucial structural changes of the protein after photonic activation of the chromophore. Time-resolved techniques are introduced that cover the time range from nanoseconds to minutes along with some technical considerations. Finally, we provide an outlook toward novel experimental approaches that are currently developed in our laboratories or are just in our minds ("Gedankenexperimente"). We believe that some of them have the potential to provide new science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilman Kottke
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Bielefeld University , Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | - Joachim Heberle
- Experimental Molecular Biophysics, Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimalle 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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136
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Paul S, Meng L, Berger S, Grampp G, Matysik J, Wang X. The Flavin-Tryptophan Dyad F10T as a Cryptochrome Model Compound: Synthesis and Photochemistry. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201600025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shubhajit Paul
- Institut für Analytische Chemie; Universität Leipzig; Linnéstr. 3 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Lingqiang Meng
- Department of Chemistry and Biology; National University of Defense Technology; 410073 Changsha China
- Yanching Institute of Technology; 065200, Sanhe, Hebei China
| | - Stefan Berger
- Institut für Analytische Chemie; Universität Leipzig; Linnéstr. 3 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Günter Grampp
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie; Technische Universität Graz; Streymayrgasse 9/I 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Jörg Matysik
- Institut für Analytische Chemie; Universität Leipzig; Linnéstr. 3 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biology; National University of Defense Technology; 410073 Changsha China
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137
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Multiscale description of avian migration: from chemical compass to behaviour modeling. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36709. [PMID: 27830725 PMCID: PMC5103213 DOI: 10.1038/srep36709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of research the puzzle of the magnetic sense of migratory songbirds has still not been unveiled. Although the problem really needs a multiscale description, most of the individual research efforts were focused on single scale investigations. Here we seek to establish a multiscale link between some of the scales involved, and in particular construct a bridge between electron spin dynamics and migratory bird behaviour. In order to do that, we first consider a model cyclic reaction scheme that could form the basis of the avian magnetic compass. This reaction features a fast spin-dependent process which leads to an unusually precise compass. We then propose how the reaction could be realized in a realistic molecular environment, and argue that it is consistent with the known facts about avian magnetoreception. Finally we show how the microscopic dynamics of spins could possibly be interpreted by a migrating bird and used for the navigational purpose.
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138
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van Belkum SM, Bosker FJ, Kortekaas R, Beersma DGM, Schoevers RA. Treatment of depression with low-strength transcranial pulsed electromagnetic fields: A mechanistic point of view. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2016; 71:137-43. [PMID: 27449361 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mood disorders constitute a high burden for both patients and society. Notwithstanding the large arsenal of available treatment options, a considerable group of patients does not remit on current antidepressant treatment. There is an urgent need to develop alternative treatment strategies. Recently, low-strength transcranial pulsed electromagnetic field (tPEMF) stimulation has been purported as a promising strategy for such treatment-resistant depression (TRD). The mode of action of this new technique is however largely unknown. METHODS We searched PubMed for literature reports on the effects of tPEMF and for information regarding its working mechanism and biological substrate. RESULTS Most studies more or less connect with the major hypotheses of depression and concern the effects of tPEMF on brain metabolism, neuronal connectivity, brain plasticity, and the immune system. Relatively few studies paid attention to the possible chronobiologic effects of electromagnetic fields. LIMITATIONS We reviewed the literature of a new and still developing field. Some of the reports involved translational studies, which inevitably limits the reach of the conclusions. CONCLUSION Weak magnetic fields influence divergent neurobiological processes. The antidepressant effect of tPEMF may be specifically attributable to its effects on local brain activity and connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M van Belkum
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, CC 30, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - F J Bosker
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, CC 30, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - R Kortekaas
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, CC 30, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Neuroscience, P.O. Box 196, 9700 AD Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - D G M Beersma
- Department Chronobiology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - R A Schoevers
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, CC 30, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Research School of Behavioural and Cognitive Neurosciences (BCN), Interdisciplinary Center for Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), CC 30, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
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139
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Procopio M, Ritz T. Inhomogeneous ensembles of radical pairs in chemical compasses. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35443. [PMID: 27804956 PMCID: PMC5090225 DOI: 10.1038/srep35443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The biophysical basis for the ability of animals to detect the geomagnetic field and to use it for finding directions remains a mystery of sensory biology. One much debated hypothesis suggests that an ensemble of specialized light-induced radical pair reactions can provide the primary signal for a magnetic compass sensor. The question arises what features of such a radical pair ensemble could be optimized by evolution so as to improve the detection of the direction of weak magnetic fields. Here, we focus on the overlooked aspect of the noise arising from inhomogeneity of copies of biomolecules in a realistic biological environment. Such inhomogeneity leads to variations of the radical pair parameters, thereby deteriorating the signal arising from an ensemble and providing a source of noise. We investigate the effect of variations in hyperfine interactions between different copies of simple radical pairs on the directional response of a compass system. We find that the choice of radical pair parameters greatly influences how strongly the directional response of an ensemble is affected by inhomogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Procopio
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, 92697-4345, USA
| | - Thorsten Ritz
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, 92697-4345, USA
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140
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Kesari KK, Juutilainen J, Luukkonen J, Naarala J. Induction of micronuclei and superoxide production in neuroblastoma and glioma cell lines exposed to weak 50 Hz magnetic fields. J R Soc Interface 2016; 13:20150995. [PMID: 26791000 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2015.0995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Extremely low-frequency (ELF) magnetic fields (MF) have been associated with adverse health effects in epidemiological studies. However, there is no known mechanism for biological effects of weak environmental MFs. Previous studies indicate MF effects on DNA integrity and reactive oxygen species, but such evidence is limited to MFs higher (greater than or equal to 100 µT) than those generally found in the environment. Effects of 10 and 30 µT fields were studied in SH-SY5Y and C6 cells exposed to 50-Hz MFs for 24 h. Based on earlier findings, menadione (MQ) was used as a cofactor. Responses to MF were observed in both cell lines, but the effects differed between the cell lines. Micronuclei were significantly increased in SH-SY5Y cells at 30 µT. This effect was largest at the highest MQ dose used. Increased cytosolic and mitochondrial superoxide levels were observed in C6 cells. The effects on superoxide levels were independent of MQ, enabling further mechanistic studies without co-exposure to MQ. The micronucleus and mitochondrial superoxide data were consistent with a conventional rising exposure-response relationship. For cytosolic superoxide, the effect size was unexpectedly large at 10 µT. The results indicate that the threshold for biological effects of ELF MFs is 10 µT or less.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavindra Kumar Kesari
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jukka Juutilainen
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jukka Luukkonen
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jonne Naarala
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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141
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Luukkonen J, Höytö A, Sokka M, Liimatainen A, Syväoja J, Juutilainen J, Naarala J. Modification of p21 level and cell cycle distribution by 50 Hz magnetic fields in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Int J Radiat Biol 2016; 93:240-248. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2017.1235298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jukka Luukkonen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anne Höytö
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Miiko Sokka
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Anu Liimatainen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juhani Syväoja
- University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Biomedicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jukka Juutilainen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jonne Naarala
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta, Kuopio, Finland
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142
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Ahmad M. Photocycle and signaling mechanisms of plant cryptochromes. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 33:108-115. [PMID: 27423124 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cryptochromes are flavoprotein blue light receptors that control many aspects of plant growth and development including seedling de-etiolation, elongation growth, the initiation of flowering, and entrainment of the circadian clock. Photon absorption by Arabidopsis cryptochromes cry1 and cry2 initiates electron transfer to the oxidized flavin cofactor (FADox) and formation of the presumed biological signaling state FADH°. Current literature on the nature and formation of the signaling state is reviewed, and potential novel roles for cryptochromes in oxidative stress and as magnetosensors are discussed in light of the cryptochrome photocycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Ahmad
- UMR 8256B B2A, IBPS, Casier 156, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 7 Quai St. Bernard, 75005 Paris, France; Xavier University, 3800 Victory Parkway, Cincinnati, OH 45207, USA.
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143
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Hiscock HG, Kattnig DR, Manolopoulos DE, Hore PJ. Floquet theory of radical pairs in radiofrequency magnetic fields. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:124117. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4963793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hamish G. Hiscock
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel R. Kattnig
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - David E. Manolopoulos
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - P. J. Hore
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
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144
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Xu C, Yu Y, Zhang Y, Li Y, Wei S. Gibberellins are involved in effect of near-null magnetic field on Arabidopsis flowering. Bioelectromagnetics 2016; 38:1-10. [DOI: 10.1002/bem.22004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiao Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetism; Institute of Electrical Engineering; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Yang Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetism; Institute of Electrical Engineering; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Yuxia Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetism; Institute of Electrical Engineering; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Yue Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetism; Institute of Electrical Engineering; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Shufeng Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetism; Institute of Electrical Engineering; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
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145
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Identification of zebrafish magnetoreceptor and cryptochrome homologs. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2016; 59:1324-1331. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-016-0195-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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146
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Evans EW, Kattnig DR, Henbest KB, Hore PJ, Mackenzie SR, Timmel CR. Sub-millitesla magnetic field effects on the recombination reaction of flavin and ascorbic acid radicals. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:085101. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4961266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Emrys W. Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel R. Kattnig
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin B. Henbest
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - P. J. Hore
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart R. Mackenzie
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christiane R. Timmel
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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147
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Worster S, Kattnig DR, Hore PJ. Spin relaxation of radicals in cryptochrome and its role in avian magnetoreception. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:035104. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4958624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Susannah Worster
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel R. Kattnig
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - P. J. Hore
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
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148
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Affiliation(s)
- P. J. Hore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom;
| | - Henrik Mouritsen
- Institut für Biologie und Umweltwissenschaften, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, DE-26111 Oldenburg, Germany;
- Research Centre for Neurosensory Sciences, University of Oldenburg, DE-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
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149
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Lawrence JE, Lewis AM, Manolopoulos DE, Hore PJ. Magnetoelectroluminescence in organic light-emitting diodes. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:214109. [PMID: 27276947 DOI: 10.1063/1.4953093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E. Lawrence
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Alan M. Lewis
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - David E. Manolopoulos
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - P. J. Hore
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
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150
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Porter ML. Beyond the Eye: Molecular Evolution of Extraocular Photoreception. Integr Comp Biol 2016; 56:842-852. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icw052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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