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Heterozygous CDKL5 Knockout Female Mice Are a Valuable Animal Model for CDKL5 Disorder. Neural Plast 2018; 2018:9726950. [PMID: 29977282 PMCID: PMC5994305 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9726950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CDKL5 disorder is a severe neurodevelopmental disorder caused by mutations in the X-linked CDKL5 (cyclin-dependent kinase-like five) gene. CDKL5 disorder primarily affects girls and is characterized by early-onset epileptic seizures, gross motor impairment, intellectual disability, and autistic features. Although all CDKL5 female patients are heterozygous, the most valid disease-related model, the heterozygous female Cdkl5 knockout (Cdkl5 +/−) mouse, has been little characterized. The lack of detailed behavioral profiling of this model remains a crucial gap that must be addressed in order to advance preclinical studies. Here, we provide a behavioral and molecular characterization of heterozygous Cdkl5 +/− mice. We found that Cdkl5 +/− mice reliably recapitulate several aspects of CDKL5 disorder, including autistic-like behaviors, defects in motor coordination and memory performance, and breathing abnormalities. These defects are associated with neuroanatomical alterations, such as reduced dendritic arborization and spine density of hippocampal neurons. Interestingly, Cdkl5 +/− mice show age-related alterations in protein kinase B (AKT) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling, two crucial signaling pathways involved in many neurodevelopmental processes. In conclusion, our study provides a comprehensive overview of neurobehavioral phenotypes of heterozygous female Cdkl5 +/− mice and demonstrates that the heterozygous female might be a valuable animal model in preclinical studies on CDKL5 disorder.
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102
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Vitorino M, Cunha N, Conceição N, Cancela ML. Expression pattern of cdkl5 during zebrafish early development: implications for use as model for atypical Rett syndrome. Mol Biol Rep 2018; 45:445-451. [PMID: 29752575 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4180-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Atypical Rett syndrome is a child neurodevelopmental disorder induced by mutations in CDKL5 gene and characterized by a progressive regression in development with loss of purposeful use of the hands, slowed brain and head growth, problems with walking, seizures, and intellectual disability. At the moment, there is no cure for this pathology and little information is available concerning animal models capable of mimicking its phenotypes, thus the development of additional animal models should be of interest to gain more knowledge about the disease. Zebrafish has been used successfully as model organism for many human genetic diseases; however, no information is available concerning the spatial and temporal expression of cdkl5 orthologous in this organism. In the present study, we identified the developmental expression patterns of cdkl5 in zebrafish by quantitative PCR and whole-mount in situ hybridization. cdkl5 is expressed maternally at low levels during the first 24 h of development. After that the expression of the gene increases significantly and it starts to be expressed mainly in the nervous system and in several brain structures, such as telencephalon, mesencephalon and diencephalon. The expression patterns of cdkl5 in zebrafish is in accordance with the tissues known to be affected in humans and associated to symptoms and deficits observed in Rett syndrome patients thus providing the first evidence that zebrafish could be an alternative model to study the molecular pathways of this disease as well as to test possible therapeutic approaches capable of rescuing the phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Vitorino
- Center of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal.
| | - Nídia Cunha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Natércia Conceição
- Center of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal.,Algarve Biomedical Center, Campus Gambelas, Edificio 2. Ala Norte, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - M Leonor Cancela
- Center of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal.,Algarve Biomedical Center, Campus Gambelas, Edificio 2. Ala Norte, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
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103
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Rosenberg EC, Lippman-Bell JJ, Handy M, Soldan SS, Rakhade S, Hilario-Gomez C, Folweiler K, Jacobs L, Jensen FE. Regulation of seizure-induced MeCP2 Ser421 phosphorylation in the developing brain. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 116:120-130. [PMID: 29738885 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal seizures disrupt normal synaptic maturation and often lead to later-life epilepsy and cognitive deficits. During early life, the brain exhibits heightened synaptic plasticity, in part due to a developmental overabundance of CaV1.2 L-type voltage gated calcium (Ca2+) channels (LT-VGCCs) and Ca2+-permeable AMPARs (CP-AMPARs) lacking GluA2 subunits. We hypothesized that early-life seizures overactivate these channels, in turn dysregulating Ca2+-dependent signaling pathways including that of methyl CPG binding protein 2 (MeCP2), a transcription factor implicated in the autism spectrum disorder (ASD) Rett Syndrome. Here, we show that in vivo hypoxia-induced seizures (HS) in postnatal day (P)10 rats acutely induced phosphorylation of the neuronal-specific target of activity-dependent MeCP2 phosphorylation, S421, as well as its upstream activator CaMKII T286. We next identified mechanisms by which activity-dependent Ca2+ influx induced MeCP2 phosphorylation using in vitro cortical and hippocampal neuronal cultures at embryonic day (E)18 + 10 days in vitro (DIV). In contrast to the prevalent role of NMDARs in the adult brain, we found that both CP-AMPARs and LT-VGCCs mediated MeCP2 S421 and CaMKII T286 phosphorylation induced by kainic acid (KA) or high potassium chloride (KCl) stimulation. Furthermore, in vivo post-seizure treatment with the broad-spectrum AMPAR antagonist NBQX, the CP-AMPAR blocker IEM-1460, or the LT-VGCC antagonist nimodipine blocked seizure-induced MeCP2 phosphorylation. Collectively, these results demonstrate that early-life seizures dysregulate critical activity-dependent developmental signaling pathways, in part via CP-AMPAR and LT-VGCC activation, providing novel age-specific therapeutic targets for convergent pathways underlying epilepsy and ASDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan C Rosenberg
- Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Neurology, Boston, MA 02115, United States; New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Jocelyn J Lippman-Bell
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Department of Neurology, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Neurology, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Philadelphia, PA 19131, United States
| | - Marcus Handy
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Department of Neurology, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Samantha S Soldan
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Department of Neurology, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Sanjay Rakhade
- Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Neurology, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | | | - Kaitlyn Folweiler
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Department of Neurology, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Leah Jacobs
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Department of Neurology, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Frances E Jensen
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Department of Neurology, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Neurology, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
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104
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Okuda K, Takao K, Watanabe A, Miyakawa T, Mizuguchi M, Tanaka T. Comprehensive behavioral analysis of the Cdkl5 knockout mice revealed significant enhancement in anxiety- and fear-related behaviors and impairment in both acquisition and long-term retention of spatial reference memory. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196587. [PMID: 29702698 PMCID: PMC5922552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the Cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 (CDKL5) gene cause severe neurodevelopmental disorders. Recently we have generated Cdkl5 KO mice by targeting exon 2 on the C57BL/6N background, and demonstrated postsynaptic overaccumulation of GluN2B-containing N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the hippocampus. In the current study, we subjected the Cdkl5 KO mice to a battery of comprehensive behavioral tests, aiming to reveal the effects of loss of CDKL5 in a whole perspective of motor, emotional, social, and cognition/memory functions, and to identify its undetermined roles. The neurological screen, rotarod, hot plate, prepulse inhibition, light/dark transition, open field, elevated plus maze, Porsolt forced swim, tail suspension, one-chamber and three-chamber social interaction, 24-h home cage monitoring, contextual and cued fear conditioning, Barnes maze, and T-maze tests were applied on adult Cdkl5 -/Y and +/Y mice. Cdkl5 -/Y mice showed a mild alteration in the gait. Analyses of emotional behaviors revealed significantly enhanced anxiety-like behaviors of Cdkl5 -/Y mice. Depressive-like behaviors and social interaction of Cdkl5 -/Y mice were uniquely altered. The contextual and cued fear conditioning of Cdkl5 -/Y mice were comparable to control mice; however, Cdkl5 -/Y mice showed a significantly increased freezing time and a significantly decreased distance traveled during the pretone period in the altered context. Both acquisition and long-term retention of spatial reference memory were significantly impaired. The morphometric analysis of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons revealed impaired dendritic arborization and immature spine development in Cdkl5 -/Y mice. These results indicate that CDKL5 plays significant roles in regulating emotional behaviors especially on anxiety- and fear-related responses, and in both acquisition and long-term retention of spatial reference memory, which suggests that focus and special attention should be paid to the specific mechanisms of these deficits in the CDKL5 deficiency disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Okuda
- Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keizo Takao
- Section of Behavior Patterns, Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Aya Watanabe
- Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Miyakawa
- Section of Behavior Patterns, Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Division of Systems Medical Science, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masashi Mizuguchi
- Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Teruyuki Tanaka
- Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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105
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Fuchs C, Fustini N, Trazzi S, Gennaccaro L, Rimondini R, Ciani E. Treatment with the GSK3-beta inhibitor Tideglusib improves hippocampal development and memory performance in juvenile, but not adult, Cdkl5 knockout mice. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 47:1054-1066. [PMID: 29603837 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 (CDKL5) disorder is a severe neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by early-onset epileptic seizures, severe developmental delay, and intellectual disability. To date, no effective pharmacological treatments are available to improve the neurological phenotype that is due to mutations in the CDKL5 gene. Murine models of CDKL5 disorder have recently been generated, making the preclinical testing of pharmacological interventions possible. Using a Cdkl5 knockout (KO) mouse model, we recently demonstrated that deficiency of Cdkl5 causes defects in postnatal hippocampal development and hippocampus-dependent learning and memory. These defects were accompanied by an increased activity of GSK3β, an important inhibitory regulator of many neuronal functions. Pharmacological inhibition of GSK3β activity was able to recover hippocampal defects and cognitive performance in juvenile Cdkl5 KO mice, suggesting that GSK3β inhibitors might be a potential therapeutic option for CDKL5 disorder. As GSK3β inhibitors have been shown to have differential medication responses in young people and adults, this study was designed to examine whether GSK3β is a possible therapeutic target both in juvenile and in adult CDKL5 patients. We found that treatment with the GSK3β inhibitor Tideglusib during the juvenile period improved hippocampal development and hippocampus-dependent behaviors in Cdkl5 KO mice, while treatment later on in adulthood had no positive effects. These results suggest that pharmacological interventions aimed at normalizing impaired GSK3β activity might have different age-dependent outcomes in CDKL5 disorder. This is of utmost importance in the development of therapeutic approaches in CDKL5 patients and in the design of rational clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Fuchs
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Norma Fustini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Stefania Trazzi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Laura Gennaccaro
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Roberto Rimondini
- Department of Medical and Clinical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Ciani
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy
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106
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Jhang CL, Huang TN, Hsueh YP, Liao W. Mice lacking cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 manifest autistic and ADHD-like behaviors. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 26:3922-3934. [PMID: 29016850 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders frequently share common clinical features and appear high rate of comorbidity, such as those present in patients with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD). While characterizing behavioral phenotypes in the mouse model of cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 (CDKL5) disorder, a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by mutations in the X-linked gene encoding CDKL5, we found that these mice manifested behavioral phenotypes mimicking multiple key features of ASD, such as impaired social interaction and communication, as well as increased stereotypic digging behaviors. These mice also displayed hyper-locomotion, increased aggressiveness and impulsivity, plus deficits in motor and associative learning, resembling primary symptoms of ADHD. Through brain region-specific biochemical analysis, we uncovered that loss of CDKL5 disrupts dopamine synthesis and the expression of social communication-related key genes, such as forkhead-box P2 and mu-opioid receptor, in the corticostriatal circuit. Together, our findings support that CDKL5 plays a role in the comorbid features of autism and ADHD, and mice lacking CDKL5 may serve as an animal model to study the molecular and circuit mechanisms underlying autism-ADHD comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cian-Ling Jhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Cheng-Chi University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
| | - Tzyy-Nan Huang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ping Hsueh
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Wenlin Liao
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Cheng-Chi University, Taipei 116, Taiwan.,Research Center for Mind, Brain and Learning, National Cheng-Chi University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
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107
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Abstract
Infantile spasms are a devastating epileptic encephalopathy characterized by early life spasms and later seizures. Clinical outcomes of infantile spasms are poor and therapeutic options are limited with significant adverse effects. Therefore, new strategies to treat infantile spasms are of the utmost importance. Animals models of infantile spasms are a critical component of developing new therapies. Here, we review current chronic animal models of infantile spasms and consider future advances that may help improve patient care, as well as our scientific understanding of this debilitating disease.
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108
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Abstract
The tragedy of epilepsy emerges from the combination of its high prevalence, impact upon sufferers and their families, and unpredictability. Childhood epilepsies are frequently severe, presenting in infancy with pharmaco-resistant seizures; are often accompanied by debilitating neuropsychiatric and systemic comorbidities; and carry a grave risk of mortality. Here, we review the most current basic science and translational research findings on several of the most catastrophic forms of pediatric epilepsy. We focus largely on genetic epilepsies and the research that is discovering the mechanisms linking disease genes to epilepsy syndromes. We also describe the strides made toward developing novel pharmacological and interventional treatment strategies to treat these disorders. The research reviewed provides hope for a complete understanding of, and eventual cure for, these childhood epilepsy syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- MacKenzie A Howard
- Center for Learning and Memory and Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Texas, 78712;
| | - Scott C Baraban
- Epilepsy Research Laboratory in the Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143;
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109
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Loss of CDKL5 disrupts respiratory function in mice. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2018; 248:48-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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110
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Hector RD, Kalscheuer VM, Hennig F, Leonard H, Downs J, Clarke A, Benke TA, Armstrong J, Pineda M, Bailey MES, Cobb SR. CDKL5 variants: Improving our understanding of a rare neurologic disorder. NEUROLOGY-GENETICS 2017; 3:e200. [PMID: 29264392 PMCID: PMC5732004 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To provide new insights into the interpretation of genetic variants in a rare neurologic disorder, CDKL5 deficiency, in the contexts of population sequencing data and an updated characterization of the CDKL5 gene. Methods: We analyzed all known potentially pathogenic CDKL5 variants by combining data from large-scale population sequencing studies with CDKL5 variants from new and all available clinical cohorts and combined this with computational methods to predict pathogenicity. Results: The study has identified several variants that can be reclassified as benign or likely benign. With the addition of novel CDKL5 variants, we confirm that pathogenic missense variants cluster in the catalytic domain of CDKL5 and reclassify a purported missense variant as having a splicing consequence. We provide further evidence that missense variants in the final 3 exons are likely to be benign and not important to disease pathology. We also describe benign splicing and nonsense variants within these exons, suggesting that isoform hCDKL5_5 is likely to have little or no neurologic significance. We also use the available data to make a preliminary estimate of minimum incidence of CDKL5 deficiency. Conclusions: These findings have implications for genetic diagnosis, providing evidence for the reclassification of specific variants previously thought to result in CDKL5 deficiency. Together, these analyses support the view that the predominant brain isoform in humans (hCDKL5_1) is crucial for normal neurodevelopment and that the catalytic domain is the primary functional domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph D Hector
- Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology (R.D.H., S.R.C.), University of Glasgow, UK, Drs. Hector and Cobb are currently with the Patrick Wild Centre and Centre for Discovery Brain Science, University of Edinburgh, UK; Group Development and Disease (V.M.K., F.H.), Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany; Telethon Kids Institute (H.L., J.D.), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia; School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science (J.D.), Curtin University, Perth, Australia; Institute of Medical Genetics (A.C.), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK; Departments of Pediatrics, Pharmacology, Neurology and Otolaryngology (T.A.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO; Paedriatic Neuroscience (J.A., M.P.), Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain; Hospital Sant Joan de Déu Barcelona (J.A.), Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain; CIBERER (J.A.), Barcelona, Spain; Neuropediatrics (M.P.), Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain; and School of Life Sciences (M.E.S.B.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Vera M Kalscheuer
- Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology (R.D.H., S.R.C.), University of Glasgow, UK, Drs. Hector and Cobb are currently with the Patrick Wild Centre and Centre for Discovery Brain Science, University of Edinburgh, UK; Group Development and Disease (V.M.K., F.H.), Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany; Telethon Kids Institute (H.L., J.D.), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia; School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science (J.D.), Curtin University, Perth, Australia; Institute of Medical Genetics (A.C.), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK; Departments of Pediatrics, Pharmacology, Neurology and Otolaryngology (T.A.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO; Paedriatic Neuroscience (J.A., M.P.), Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain; Hospital Sant Joan de Déu Barcelona (J.A.), Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain; CIBERER (J.A.), Barcelona, Spain; Neuropediatrics (M.P.), Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain; and School of Life Sciences (M.E.S.B.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Friederike Hennig
- Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology (R.D.H., S.R.C.), University of Glasgow, UK, Drs. Hector and Cobb are currently with the Patrick Wild Centre and Centre for Discovery Brain Science, University of Edinburgh, UK; Group Development and Disease (V.M.K., F.H.), Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany; Telethon Kids Institute (H.L., J.D.), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia; School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science (J.D.), Curtin University, Perth, Australia; Institute of Medical Genetics (A.C.), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK; Departments of Pediatrics, Pharmacology, Neurology and Otolaryngology (T.A.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO; Paedriatic Neuroscience (J.A., M.P.), Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain; Hospital Sant Joan de Déu Barcelona (J.A.), Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain; CIBERER (J.A.), Barcelona, Spain; Neuropediatrics (M.P.), Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain; and School of Life Sciences (M.E.S.B.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Helen Leonard
- Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology (R.D.H., S.R.C.), University of Glasgow, UK, Drs. Hector and Cobb are currently with the Patrick Wild Centre and Centre for Discovery Brain Science, University of Edinburgh, UK; Group Development and Disease (V.M.K., F.H.), Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany; Telethon Kids Institute (H.L., J.D.), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia; School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science (J.D.), Curtin University, Perth, Australia; Institute of Medical Genetics (A.C.), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK; Departments of Pediatrics, Pharmacology, Neurology and Otolaryngology (T.A.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO; Paedriatic Neuroscience (J.A., M.P.), Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain; Hospital Sant Joan de Déu Barcelona (J.A.), Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain; CIBERER (J.A.), Barcelona, Spain; Neuropediatrics (M.P.), Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain; and School of Life Sciences (M.E.S.B.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Jenny Downs
- Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology (R.D.H., S.R.C.), University of Glasgow, UK, Drs. Hector and Cobb are currently with the Patrick Wild Centre and Centre for Discovery Brain Science, University of Edinburgh, UK; Group Development and Disease (V.M.K., F.H.), Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany; Telethon Kids Institute (H.L., J.D.), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia; School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science (J.D.), Curtin University, Perth, Australia; Institute of Medical Genetics (A.C.), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK; Departments of Pediatrics, Pharmacology, Neurology and Otolaryngology (T.A.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO; Paedriatic Neuroscience (J.A., M.P.), Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain; Hospital Sant Joan de Déu Barcelona (J.A.), Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain; CIBERER (J.A.), Barcelona, Spain; Neuropediatrics (M.P.), Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain; and School of Life Sciences (M.E.S.B.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Angus Clarke
- Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology (R.D.H., S.R.C.), University of Glasgow, UK, Drs. Hector and Cobb are currently with the Patrick Wild Centre and Centre for Discovery Brain Science, University of Edinburgh, UK; Group Development and Disease (V.M.K., F.H.), Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany; Telethon Kids Institute (H.L., J.D.), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia; School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science (J.D.), Curtin University, Perth, Australia; Institute of Medical Genetics (A.C.), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK; Departments of Pediatrics, Pharmacology, Neurology and Otolaryngology (T.A.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO; Paedriatic Neuroscience (J.A., M.P.), Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain; Hospital Sant Joan de Déu Barcelona (J.A.), Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain; CIBERER (J.A.), Barcelona, Spain; Neuropediatrics (M.P.), Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain; and School of Life Sciences (M.E.S.B.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Tim A Benke
- Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology (R.D.H., S.R.C.), University of Glasgow, UK, Drs. Hector and Cobb are currently with the Patrick Wild Centre and Centre for Discovery Brain Science, University of Edinburgh, UK; Group Development and Disease (V.M.K., F.H.), Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany; Telethon Kids Institute (H.L., J.D.), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia; School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science (J.D.), Curtin University, Perth, Australia; Institute of Medical Genetics (A.C.), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK; Departments of Pediatrics, Pharmacology, Neurology and Otolaryngology (T.A.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO; Paedriatic Neuroscience (J.A., M.P.), Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain; Hospital Sant Joan de Déu Barcelona (J.A.), Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain; CIBERER (J.A.), Barcelona, Spain; Neuropediatrics (M.P.), Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain; and School of Life Sciences (M.E.S.B.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Judith Armstrong
- Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology (R.D.H., S.R.C.), University of Glasgow, UK, Drs. Hector and Cobb are currently with the Patrick Wild Centre and Centre for Discovery Brain Science, University of Edinburgh, UK; Group Development and Disease (V.M.K., F.H.), Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany; Telethon Kids Institute (H.L., J.D.), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia; School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science (J.D.), Curtin University, Perth, Australia; Institute of Medical Genetics (A.C.), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK; Departments of Pediatrics, Pharmacology, Neurology and Otolaryngology (T.A.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO; Paedriatic Neuroscience (J.A., M.P.), Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain; Hospital Sant Joan de Déu Barcelona (J.A.), Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain; CIBERER (J.A.), Barcelona, Spain; Neuropediatrics (M.P.), Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain; and School of Life Sciences (M.E.S.B.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Mercedes Pineda
- Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology (R.D.H., S.R.C.), University of Glasgow, UK, Drs. Hector and Cobb are currently with the Patrick Wild Centre and Centre for Discovery Brain Science, University of Edinburgh, UK; Group Development and Disease (V.M.K., F.H.), Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany; Telethon Kids Institute (H.L., J.D.), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia; School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science (J.D.), Curtin University, Perth, Australia; Institute of Medical Genetics (A.C.), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK; Departments of Pediatrics, Pharmacology, Neurology and Otolaryngology (T.A.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO; Paedriatic Neuroscience (J.A., M.P.), Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain; Hospital Sant Joan de Déu Barcelona (J.A.), Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain; CIBERER (J.A.), Barcelona, Spain; Neuropediatrics (M.P.), Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain; and School of Life Sciences (M.E.S.B.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Mark E S Bailey
- Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology (R.D.H., S.R.C.), University of Glasgow, UK, Drs. Hector and Cobb are currently with the Patrick Wild Centre and Centre for Discovery Brain Science, University of Edinburgh, UK; Group Development and Disease (V.M.K., F.H.), Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany; Telethon Kids Institute (H.L., J.D.), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia; School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science (J.D.), Curtin University, Perth, Australia; Institute of Medical Genetics (A.C.), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK; Departments of Pediatrics, Pharmacology, Neurology and Otolaryngology (T.A.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO; Paedriatic Neuroscience (J.A., M.P.), Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain; Hospital Sant Joan de Déu Barcelona (J.A.), Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain; CIBERER (J.A.), Barcelona, Spain; Neuropediatrics (M.P.), Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain; and School of Life Sciences (M.E.S.B.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Stuart R Cobb
- Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology (R.D.H., S.R.C.), University of Glasgow, UK, Drs. Hector and Cobb are currently with the Patrick Wild Centre and Centre for Discovery Brain Science, University of Edinburgh, UK; Group Development and Disease (V.M.K., F.H.), Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany; Telethon Kids Institute (H.L., J.D.), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia; School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science (J.D.), Curtin University, Perth, Australia; Institute of Medical Genetics (A.C.), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK; Departments of Pediatrics, Pharmacology, Neurology and Otolaryngology (T.A.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO; Paedriatic Neuroscience (J.A., M.P.), Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain; Hospital Sant Joan de Déu Barcelona (J.A.), Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain; CIBERER (J.A.), Barcelona, Spain; Neuropediatrics (M.P.), Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain; and School of Life Sciences (M.E.S.B.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
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111
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Mazziotti R, Lupori L, Sagona G, Gennaro M, Della Sala G, Putignano E, Pizzorusso T. Searching for biomarkers of CDKL5 disorder: early-onset visual impairment in CDKL5 mutant mice. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:2290-2298. [PMID: 28369421 PMCID: PMC5458338 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
CDKL5 disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder still without a cure. Murine models of CDKL5 disorder have been recently generated raising the possibility of preclinical testing of treatments. However, unbiased, quantitative biomarkers of high translational value to monitor brain function are still missing. Moreover, the analysis of treatment is hindered by the challenge of repeatedly and non-invasively testing neuronal function. We analyzed the development of visual responses in a mouse model of CDKL5 disorder to introduce visually evoked responses as a quantitative method to assess cortical circuit function. Cortical visual responses were assessed in CDKL5 null male mice, heterozygous females, and their respective control wild-type littermates by repeated transcranial optical imaging from P27 until P32. No difference between wild-type and mutant mice was present at P25-P26 whereas defective responses appeared from P27-P28 both in heterozygous and homozygous CDKL5 mutant mice. These results were confirmed by visually evoked potentials (VEPs) recorded from the visual cortex of a different cohort. The previously imaged mice were also analyzed at P60-80 using VEPs, revealing a persistent reduction of response amplitude, reduced visual acuity and defective contrast function. The level of adult impairment was significantly correlated with the reduction in visual responses observed during development. Support vector machine showed that multi-dimensional visual assessment can be used to automatically classify mutant and wt mice with high reliability. Thus, monitoring visual responses represents a promising biomarker for preclinical and clinical studies on CDKL5 disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Mazziotti
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Area San Salvi - Pad. 26, 50135 Florence, Italy
| | - Leonardo Lupori
- BIO@SNS Lab, Scuola Normale Superiore via Moruzzi, 1?56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulia Sagona
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Area San Salvi - Pad. 26, 50135 Florence, Italy
| | - Mariangela Gennaro
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Area San Salvi - Pad. 26, 50135 Florence, Italy.,Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, via Moruzzi, 1 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Grazia Della Sala
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Area San Salvi - Pad. 26, 50135 Florence, Italy.,Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, via Moruzzi, 1 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elena Putignano
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, via Moruzzi, 1?56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Tommaso Pizzorusso
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Area San Salvi - Pad. 26, 50135 Florence, Italy.,BIO@SNS Lab, Scuola Normale Superiore via Moruzzi, 1 56124 Pisa, Italy.,Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, via Moruzzi, 1 56124 Pisa, Italy
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112
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Kang MS, Choi TY, Ryu HG, Lee D, Lee SH, Choi SY, Kim KT. Autism-like behavior caused by deletion of vaccinia-related kinase 3 is improved by TrkB stimulation. J Exp Med 2017; 214:2947-2966. [PMID: 28899869 PMCID: PMC5626391 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Kang et al. showed that reduced vaccinia-related kinase 3 (VRK3) expression affects synaptic structure and function and results in cognitive dysfunction and autism-like behaviors in mice. TrkB stimulation reverses the altered synaptic properties and restores autism-like behaviors in VRK3-deficient mice. Vaccinia-related kinases (VRKs) are multifaceted serine/threonine kinases that play essential roles in various aspects of cell signaling, cell cycle progression, apoptosis, and neuronal development and differentiation. However, the neuronal function of VRK3 is still unknown despite its etiological potential in human autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Here, we report that VRK3-deficient mice exhibit typical symptoms of autism-like behavior, including hyperactivity, stereotyped behaviors, reduced social interaction, and impaired context-dependent spatial memory. A significant decrease in dendritic spine number and arborization were identified in the hippocampus CA1 of VRK3-deficient mice. These mice also exhibited a reduced rectification of AMPA receptor–mediated current and changes in expression of synaptic and signaling proteins, including tyrosine receptor kinase B (TrkB), Arc, and CaMKIIα. Notably, TrkB stimulation with 7,8-dihydroxyflavone reversed the altered synaptic structure and function and successfully restored autism-like behavior in VRK3-deficient mice. These results reveal that VRK3 plays a critical role in neurodevelopmental disorders and suggest a potential therapeutic strategy for ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Su Kang
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Yong Choi
- Department of Physiology, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Guk Ryu
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Dohyun Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Lee
- Department of Physiology, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Young Choi
- Department of Physiology, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyong-Tai Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea .,Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
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113
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CDKL5 localizes at the centrosome and midbody and is required for faithful cell division. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6228. [PMID: 28740074 PMCID: PMC5524905 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05875-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 (CDKL5) gene has been associated with rare neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by the early onset of seizures and intellectual disability. The CDKL5 protein is widely expressed in most tissues and cells with both nuclear and cytoplasmic localization. In post-mitotic neurons CDKL5 is mainly involved in dendritic arborization, axon outgrowth, and spine formation while in proliferating cells its function is still largely unknown. Here, we report that CDKL5 localizes at the centrosome and at the midbody in proliferating cells. Acute inactivation of CDKL5 by RNA interference (RNAi) leads to multipolar spindle formation, cytokinesis failure and centrosome accumulation. At the molecular level, we observed that, among the several midbody components we analyzed, midbodies of CDKL5-depleted cells were devoid of HIPK2 and its cytokinesis target, the extrachromosomal histone H2B phosphorylated at S14. Of relevance, expression of the phosphomimetic mutant H2B-S14D, which is capable of overcoming cytokinesis failure in HIPK2-defective cells, was sufficient to rescue spindle multipolarity in CDKL5-depleted cells. Taken together, these results highlight a hitherto unknown role of CDKL5 in regulating faithful cell division by guaranteeing proper HIPK2/H2B functions at the midbody.
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114
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Okuda K, Kobayashi S, Fukaya M, Watanabe A, Murakami T, Hagiwara M, Sato T, Ueno H, Ogonuki N, Komano-Inoue S, Manabe H, Yamaguchi M, Ogura A, Asahara H, Sakagami H, Mizuguchi M, Manabe T, Tanaka T. CDKL5 controls postsynaptic localization of GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors in the hippocampus and regulates seizure susceptibility. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 106:158-170. [PMID: 28688852 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the Cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 (CDKL5) gene cause severe neurodevelopmental disorders accompanied by intractable epilepsies, i.e. West syndrome or atypical Rett syndrome. Here we report generation of the Cdkl5 knockout mouse and show that CDKL5 controls postsynaptic localization of GluN2B-containing N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the hippocampus and regulates seizure susceptibility. Cdkl5 -/Y mice showed normal sensitivity to kainic acid; however, they displayed significant hyperexcitability to NMDA. In concordance with this result, electrophysiological analysis in the hippocampal CA1 region disclosed an increased ratio of NMDA/α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) and a significantly larger decay time constant of NMDA receptor-mediated EPSCs (NMDA-EPSCs) as well as a stronger inhibition of the NMDA-EPSCs by the GluN2B-selective antagonist ifenprodil in Cdkl5 -/Y mice. Subcellular fractionation of the hippocampus from Cdkl5 -/Y mice revealed a significant increase of GluN2B and SAP102 in the PSD (postsynaptic density)-1T fraction, without changes in the S1 (post-nuclear) fraction or mRNA transcripts, indicating an intracellular distribution shift of these proteins to the PSD. Immunoelectron microscopic analysis of the hippocampal CA1 region further confirmed postsynaptic overaccumulation of GluN2B and SAP102 in Cdkl5 -/Y mice. Furthermore, ifenprodil abrogated the NMDA-induced hyperexcitability in Cdkl5 -/Y mice, suggesting that upregulation of GluN2B accounts for the enhanced seizure susceptibility. These data indicate that CDKL5 plays an important role in controlling postsynaptic localization of the GluN2B-SAP102 complex in the hippocampus and thereby regulates seizure susceptibility, and that aberrant NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission underlies the pathological mechanisms of the CDKL5 loss-of-function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Okuda
- Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shizuka Kobayashi
- Division of Neuronal Network, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Masahiro Fukaya
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara 252-0374, Japan
| | - Aya Watanabe
- Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takuto Murakami
- Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Mai Hagiwara
- Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tempei Sato
- Department of Systems Biomedicine, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Hiroe Ueno
- Department of Systems Biomedicine, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Narumi Ogonuki
- Bioresource Engineering Division, RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba 305-0074, Japan
| | - Sayaka Komano-Inoue
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Manabe
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Atsuo Ogura
- Bioresource Engineering Division, RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba 305-0074, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Asahara
- Department of Systems Biomedicine, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan; Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla 92037, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Sakagami
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara 252-0374, Japan
| | - Masashi Mizuguchi
- Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Toshiya Manabe
- Division of Neuronal Network, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Teruyuki Tanaka
- Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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115
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Loss of CDKL5 in Glutamatergic Neurons Disrupts Hippocampal Microcircuitry and Leads to Memory Impairment in Mice. J Neurosci 2017; 37:7420-7437. [PMID: 28674172 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0539-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 (CDKL5) deficiency is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by epileptic seizures, severe intellectual disability, and autistic features. Mice lacking CDKL5 display multiple behavioral abnormalities reminiscent of the disorder, but the cellular origins of these phenotypes remain unclear. Here, we find that ablating CDKL5 expression specifically from forebrain glutamatergic neurons impairs hippocampal-dependent memory in male conditional knock-out mice. Hippocampal pyramidal neurons lacking CDKL5 show decreased dendritic complexity but a trend toward increased spine density. This morphological change is accompanied by an increase in the frequency of spontaneous miniature EPSCs and interestingly, miniature IPSCs. Using voltage-sensitive dye imaging to interrogate the evoked response of the CA1 microcircuit, we find that CA1 pyramidal neurons lacking CDKL5 show hyperexcitability in their dendritic domain that is constrained by elevated inhibition in a spatially and temporally distinct manner. These results suggest a novel role for CDKL5 in the regulation of synaptic function and uncover an intriguing microcircuit mechanism underlying impaired learning and memory.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 (CDKL5) deficiency is a severe neurodevelopmental disorder caused by mutations in the CDKL5 gene. Although Cdkl5 constitutive knock-out mice have recapitulated key aspects of human symptomatology, the cellular origins of CDKL5 deficiency-related phenotypes are unknown. Here, using conditional knock-out mice, we show that hippocampal-dependent learning and memory deficits in CDKL5 deficiency have origins in glutamatergic neurons of the forebrain and that loss of CDKL5 results in the enhancement of synaptic transmission and disruptions in neural circuit dynamics in a spatially and temporally specific manner. Our findings demonstrate that CDKL5 is an important regulator of synaptic function in glutamatergic neurons and serves a critical role in learning and memory.
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116
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Characterisation of Cdkl5 transcript isoforms in rat. Gene 2017; 603:21-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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117
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Modi ME, Sahin M. Translational use of event-related potentials to assess circuit integrity in ASD. Nat Rev Neurol 2017; 13:160-170. [DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2017.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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118
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Reim D, Distler U, Halbedl S, Verpelli C, Sala C, Bockmann J, Tenzer S, Boeckers TM, Schmeisser MJ. Proteomic Analysis of Post-synaptic Density Fractions from Shank3 Mutant Mice Reveals Brain Region Specific Changes Relevant to Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:26. [PMID: 28261056 PMCID: PMC5306440 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the human SHANK3 gene can cause several neuropsychiatric disease entities including Phelan-McDermid syndrome, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and intellectual disability. Although, a wide array of neurobiological studies strongly supports a major role for SHANK3 in organizing the post-synaptic protein scaffold, the molecular processes at synapses of individuals harboring SHANK3 mutations are still far from being understood. In this study, we biochemically isolated the post-synaptic density (PSD) fraction from striatum and hippocampus of adult Shank3Δ11-/- mutant mice and performed ion-mobility enhanced data-independent label-free LC-MS/MS to obtain the corresponding PSD proteomes (Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD005192). This unbiased approach to identify molecular disturbances at Shank3 mutant PSDs revealed hitherto unknown brain region specific alterations including a striatal decrease of several molecules encoded by ASD susceptibility genes such as the serine/threonine kinase Cdkl5 and the potassium channel KCa1.1. Being the first comprehensive analysis of brain region specific PSD proteomes from a Shank3 mutant line, our study provides crucial information on molecular alterations that could foster translational treatment studies for SHANK3 mutation-associated synaptopathies and possibly also ASD in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Reim
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm UniversityUlm, Germany
- International Graduate School in Molecular Medicine, Ulm UniversityUlm, Germany
| | - Ute Distler
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg University MainzMainz, Germany
- Focus Program Translational Neurosciences, University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg University MainzMainz, Germany
| | - Sonja Halbedl
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm UniversityUlm, Germany
- International Graduate School in Molecular Medicine, Ulm UniversityUlm, Germany
| | - Chiara Verpelli
- CNR Neuroscience InstituteMilan, Italy
- BIOMETRA, University of MilanMilan, Italy
| | - Carlo Sala
- CNR Neuroscience InstituteMilan, Italy
- BIOMETRA, University of MilanMilan, Italy
| | - Juergen Bockmann
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm UniversityUlm, Germany
| | - Stefan Tenzer
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg University MainzMainz, Germany
| | | | - Michael J. Schmeisser
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm UniversityUlm, Germany
- Division of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Otto-von-Guericke UniversityMagdeburg, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for NeurobiologyMagdeburg, Germany
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119
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Zhou A, Han S, Zhou ZJ. Molecular and genetic insights into an infantile epileptic encephalopathy - CDKL5 disorder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 12:1-6. [PMID: 28580010 DOI: 10.1007/s11515-016-1438-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The discovery that mutations in cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 (CDKL5) gene are associated with infantile epileptic encephalopathy has stimulated world-wide research effort to understand the molecular and genetic basis of CDKL5 disorder. Given the large number of literature published thus far, this review aims to summarize current genetic studies, draw a consensus on proposed molecular functions, and point to gaps of knowledge in CDKL5 research. METHODS A systematic review process was conducted using the PubMed search engine focusing on CDKL5 studies in the recent ten years. We analyzed these publications and summarized the findings into four sections: genetic studies, CDKL5 expression patterns, molecular functions, and animal models. We also discussed challenges and future directions in each section. RESULTS On the clinical side, CDKL5 disorder is characterized by early onset epileptic seizures, intellectual disability, and stereotypical behaviors. On the research side, a series of molecular and genetic studies in human patients, cell cultures and animal models have established the causality of CDKL5 to the infantile epileptic encephalopathy, and pointed to a key role for CDKL5 in regulating neuronal function in the brain. Mouse models of CDKL5 disorder have also been developed, and notably, manifest behavioral phenotypes, mimicking numerous clinical symptoms of CDKL5 disorder and advancing CDKL5 research to the preclinical stage. CONCLUSIONS Given what we have learned thus far, future identification of robust, quantitative, and sensitive outcome measures would be the key in animal model studies, particularly in heterozygous females. In the meantime, molecular and cellular studies of CDKL5 should focus on mechanism-based investigation and aim to uncover druggable targets that offer the potential to rescue or ameliorate CDKL5 disorder-related phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailing Zhou
- Jiaozhou People's Hospital, Jiaozhou, Shangdong 266300, China
| | - Song Han
- Jiaozhou People's Hospital, Jiaozhou, Shangdong 266300, China
| | - Zhaolan Joe Zhou
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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120
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Pizzo R, Gurgone A, Castroflorio E, Amendola E, Gross C, Sassoè-Pognetto M, Giustetto M. Lack of Cdkl5 Disrupts the Organization of Excitatory and Inhibitory Synapses and Parvalbumin Interneurons in the Primary Visual Cortex. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:261. [PMID: 27965538 PMCID: PMC5124713 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 (CDKL5) mutations are found in severe neurodevelopmental disorders, including the Hanefeld variant of Rett syndrome (RTT; CDKL5 disorder). CDKL5 loss-of-function murine models recapitulate pathological signs of the human disease, such as visual attention deficits and reduced visual acuity. Here we investigated the cellular and synaptic substrates of visual defects by studying the organization of the primary visual cortex (V1) of Cdkl5−/y mice. We found a severe reduction of c-Fos expression in V1 of Cdkl5−/y mutants, suggesting circuit hypoactivity. Glutamatergic presynaptic structures were increased, but postsynaptic PSD-95 and Homer were significantly downregulated in CDKL5 mutants. Interneurons expressing parvalbumin, but not other types of interneuron, had a higher density in mutant V1, and were hyperconnected with pyramidal neurons. Finally, the developmental trajectory of pavalbumin-containing cells was also affected in Cdkl5−/y mice, as revealed by fainter appearance perineuronal nets at the closure of the critical period (CP). The present data reveal an overall disruption of V1 cellular and synaptic organization that may cause a shift in the excitation/inhibition balance likely to underlie the visual deficits characteristic of CDKL5 disorder. Moreover, ablation of CDKL5 is likely to tamper with the mechanisms underlying experience-dependent refinement of cortical circuits during the CP of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Pizzo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin Turin, Italy
| | - Antonia Gurgone
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin Turin, Italy
| | | | - Elena Amendola
- Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples "Federico II" Napoli, Italy
| | - Cornelius Gross
- Mouse Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Marco Sassoè-Pognetto
- Department of Neuroscience, University of TurinTurin, Italy; National Institute of Neuroscience-ItalyTurin, Italy
| | - Maurizio Giustetto
- Department of Neuroscience, University of TurinTurin, Italy; National Institute of Neuroscience-ItalyTurin, Italy
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121
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Pirone A, Alexander J, Lau LA, Hampton D, Zayachkivsky A, Yee A, Yee A, Jacob MH, Dulla CG. APC conditional knock-out mouse is a model of infantile spasms with elevated neuronal β-catenin levels, neonatal spasms, and chronic seizures. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 98:149-157. [PMID: 27852007 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Infantile spasms (IS) are a catastrophic childhood epilepsy syndrome characterized by flexion-extension spasms during infancy that progress to chronic seizures and cognitive deficits in later life. The molecular causes of IS are poorly defined. Genetic screens of individuals with IS have identified multiple risk genes, several of which are predicted to alter β-catenin pathways. However, evidence linking malfunction of β-catenin pathways and IS is lacking. Here, we show that conditional deletion in mice of the adenomatous polyposis coli gene (APC cKO), the major negative regulator of β-catenin, leads to excessive β-catenin levels and multiple salient features of human IS. Compared with wild-type littermates, neonatal APC cKO mice exhibit flexion-extension motor spasms and abnormal high-amplitude electroencephalographic discharges. Additionally, the frequency of excitatory postsynaptic currents is increased in layer V pyramidal cells, the major output neurons of the cerebral cortex. At adult ages, APC cKOs display spontaneous electroclinical seizures. These data provide the first evidence that malfunctions of APC/β-catenin pathways cause pathophysiological changes consistent with IS. Our findings demonstrate that the APC cKO is a new genetic model of IS, provide novel insights into molecular and functional alterations that can lead to IS, and suggest novel targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Pirone
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, United States
| | - Jonathan Alexander
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, United States; Neuroscience Program, Tufts Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, United States
| | - Lauren A Lau
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, United States; Neuroscience Program, Tufts Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, United States
| | - David Hampton
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, United States
| | - Andrew Zayachkivsky
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Amy Yee
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, United States
| | - Audrey Yee
- VA Eastern Colorado Health System, Golden, CO 80401, United States
| | - Michele H Jacob
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, United States.
| | - Chris G Dulla
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, United States.
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122
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Yin J, Schaaf CP. Autism genetics - an overview. Prenat Diagn 2016; 37:14-30. [DOI: 10.1002/pd.4942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiani Yin
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston TX USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital; Houston TX USA
| | - Christian P. Schaaf
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston TX USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital; Houston TX USA
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123
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Protease induced plasticity: matrix metalloproteinase-1 promotes neurostructural changes through activation of protease activated receptor 1. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35497. [PMID: 27762280 PMCID: PMC5071868 DOI: 10.1038/srep35497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of secreted endopeptidases expressed by neurons and glia. Regulated MMP activity contributes to physiological synaptic plasticity, while dysregulated activity can stimulate injury. Disentangling the role individual MMPs play in synaptic plasticity is difficult due to overlapping structure and function as well as cell-type specific expression. Here, we develop a novel system to investigate the selective overexpression of a single MMP driven by GFAP expressing cells in vivo. We show that MMP-1 induces cellular and behavioral phenotypes consistent with enhanced signaling through the G-protein coupled protease activated receptor 1 (PAR1). Application of exogenous MMP-1, in vitro, stimulates PAR1 dependent increases in intracellular Ca2+ concentration and dendritic arborization. Overexpression of MMP-1, in vivo, increases dendritic complexity and induces biochemical and behavioral endpoints consistent with increased GPCR signaling. These data are exciting because we demonstrate that an astrocyte-derived protease can influence neuronal plasticity through an extracellular matrix independent mechanism.
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124
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Fehr S, Downs J, Ho G, de Klerk N, Forbes D, Christodoulou J, Williams S, Leonard H. Functional abilities in children and adults with the CDKL5 disorder. Am J Med Genet A 2016; 170:2860-2869. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Fehr
- Telethon Kids Institute; The University of Western Australia; Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Jenny Downs
- Telethon Kids Institute; The University of Western Australia; Perth Western Australia Australia
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science; Curtin University; Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Gladys Ho
- Western Sydney Genetics Program; Children's Hospital at Westmead; Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health; University of Sydney; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Nick de Klerk
- Telethon Kids Institute; The University of Western Australia; Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - David Forbes
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health; The University of Western Australia; Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - John Christodoulou
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health; The University of Western Australia; Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Simon Williams
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation; Princess Margaret Hospital; Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Helen Leonard
- Telethon Kids Institute; The University of Western Australia; Perth Western Australia Australia
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125
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Della Sala G, Putignano E, Chelini G, Melani R, Calcagno E, Michele Ratto G, Amendola E, Gross CT, Giustetto M, Pizzorusso T. Dendritic Spine Instability in a Mouse Model of CDKL5 Disorder Is Rescued by Insulin-like Growth Factor 1. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 80:302-311. [PMID: 26452614 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CDKL5 (cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5) is mutated in many severe neurodevelopmental disorders, including atypical Rett syndrome. CDKL5 was shown to interact with synaptic proteins, but an in vivo analysis of the role of CDKL5 in dendritic spine dynamics and synaptic molecular organization is still lacking. METHODS In vivo two-photon microscopy of the somatosensory cortex of Cdkl5(-/y) mice was applied to monitor structural dynamics of dendritic spines. Synaptic function and plasticity were measured using electrophysiological recordings of excitatory postsynaptic currents and long-term potentiation in brain slices and assessing the expression of synaptic postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95). Finally, we studied the impact of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) treatment on CDKL5 null mice to restore the synaptic deficits. RESULTS Adult mutant mice showed a significant reduction in spine density and PSD-95-positive synaptic puncta, a reduction of persistent spines, and impaired long-term potentiation. In juvenile mutants, short-term spine elimination, but not formation, was dramatically increased. Exogenous administration of IGF-1 rescued defective rpS6 phosphorylation, spine density, and PSD-95 expression. Endogenous cortical IGF-1 levels were unaffected by CDKL5 deletion. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that dendritic spine stabilization is strongly regulated by CDKL5. Moreover, our data suggest that IGF-1 treatment could be a promising candidate for clinical trials in CDKL5 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Della Sala
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health-Neurofarba, University of Florence, Florence
| | - Elena Putignano
- Institute of Neuroscience (EP, TP), National Research Council, Pisa
| | - Gabriele Chelini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health-Neurofarba, University of Florence, Florence
| | - Riccardo Melani
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health-Neurofarba, University of Florence, Florence
| | - Eleonora Calcagno
- Department of Neuroscience and National Institute of Neuroscience (EC, MG), University of Turin, Turin
| | - Gian Michele Ratto
- National Enterprise for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (GMR), Institute of Nanoscience of the National Research Council, and Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa
| | - Elena Amendola
- Mouse Biology Unit (EA, CTG), European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Cornelius T Gross
- Mouse Biology Unit (EA, CTG), European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Maurizio Giustetto
- Department of Neuroscience and National Institute of Neuroscience (EC, MG), University of Turin, Turin
| | - Tommaso Pizzorusso
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health-Neurofarba, University of Florence, Florence; Institute of Neuroscience (EP, TP), National Research Council, Pisa.
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126
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Romano E, Cosentino L, Laviola G, De Filippis B. Genes and sex hormones interaction in neurodevelopmental disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 67:9-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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127
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Characterisation of CDKL5 Transcript Isoforms in Human and Mouse. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157758. [PMID: 27315173 PMCID: PMC4912119 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the X-linked Cyclin-Dependent Kinase-Like 5 gene (CDKL5) cause early onset infantile spasms and subsequent severe developmental delay in affected children. Deleterious mutations have been reported to occur throughout the CDKL5 coding region. Several studies point to a complex CDKL5 gene structure in terms of exon usage and transcript expression. Improvements in molecular diagnosis and more extensive research into the neurobiology of CDKL5 and pathophysiology of CDKL5 disorders necessitate an updated analysis of the gene. In this study, we have analysed human and mouse CDKL5 transcript patterns both bioinformatically and experimentally. We have characterised the predominant brain isoform of CDKL5, a 9.7 kb transcript comprised of 18 exons with a large 6.6 kb 3’-untranslated region (UTR), which we name hCDKL5_1. In addition we describe new exonic regions and a range of novel splice and UTR isoforms. This has enabled the description of an updated gene model in both species and a standardised nomenclature system for CDKL5 transcripts. Profiling revealed tissue- and brain development stage-specific differences in expression between transcript isoforms. These findings provide an essential backdrop for the diagnosis of CDKL5-related disorders, for investigations into the basic biology of this gene and its protein products, and for the rational design of gene-based and molecular therapies for these disorders.
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128
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Boggio E, Pancrazi L, Gennaro M, Lo Rizzo C, Mari F, Meloni I, Ariani F, Panighini A, Novelli E, Biagioni M, Strettoi E, Hayek J, Rufa A, Pizzorusso T, Renieri A, Costa M. Visual impairment in FOXG1-mutated individuals and mice. Neuroscience 2016; 324:496-508. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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129
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Sivilia S, Mangano C, Beggiato S, Giuliani A, Torricella R, Baldassarro VA, Fernandez M, Lorenzini L, Giardino L, Borelli AC, Ferraro L, Calzà L. CDKL5 knockout leads to altered inhibitory transmission in the cerebellum of adult mice. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2016; 15:491-502. [DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Sivilia
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science; University of Bologna; Bologna
| | - C. Mangano
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science; University of Bologna; Bologna
| | - S. Beggiato
- Department of Medical Sciences; University of Ferrara; Ferrara
| | - A. Giuliani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science; University of Bologna; Bologna
| | - R. Torricella
- Health Science and Technologies Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR); University of Bologna; Bologna
| | - V. A. Baldassarro
- Health Science and Technologies Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR); University of Bologna; Bologna
| | - M. Fernandez
- Health Science and Technologies Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR); University of Bologna; Bologna
| | - L. Lorenzini
- Health Science and Technologies Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR); University of Bologna; Bologna
| | - L. Giardino
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science; University of Bologna; Bologna
- Health Science and Technologies Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR); University of Bologna; Bologna
| | - A. C. Borelli
- Department of Medical Sciences; University of Ferrara; Ferrara
| | - L. Ferraro
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; University of Ferrara; Ferrara
| | - L. Calzà
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science; University of Bologna; Bologna
- Health Science and Technologies Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR); University of Bologna; Bologna
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
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130
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CDKL5 and Shootin1 Interact and Concur in Regulating Neuronal Polarization. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148634. [PMID: 26849555 PMCID: PMC4746202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last years, the X-linked cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 (CDKL5) gene has been associated with epileptic encephalopathies characterized by the early onset of intractable epilepsy, severe developmental delay, autistic features, and often the development of Rett syndrome-like features. Still, the role of CDKL5 in neuronal functions is not fully understood. By way of a yeast two hybrid screening we identified the interaction of CDKL5 with shootin1, a brain specific protein acting as a determinant of axon formation during neuronal polarization. We found evidence that CDKL5 is involved, at least in part, in regulating neuronal polarization through its interaction with shootin1. Indeed, the two proteins interact in vivo and both are localized in the distal tip of outgrowing axons. By using primary hippocampal neurons as model system we find that adequate CDKL5 levels are required for axon specification. In fact, a significant number of neurons overexpressing CDKL5 is characterized by supernumerary axons, while the silencing of CDKL5 disrupts neuronal polarization. Interestingly, shootin1 phosphorylation is reduced in neurons silenced for CDKL5 suggesting that the kinase affects, directly or indirectly, the post-translational modification of shootin1. Finally, we find that the capacity of CDKL5 to generate surplus axons is attenuated in neurons with reduced shootin1 levels, in agreement with the notion that two proteins act in a common pathway. Altogether, these results point to a role of CDKL5 in the early steps of neuronal differentiation that can be explained, at least in part, by its association with shootin1.
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131
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Fuchs C, Rimondini R, Viggiano R, Trazzi S, De Franceschi M, Bartesaghi R, Ciani E. Inhibition of GSK3β rescues hippocampal development and learning in a mouse model of CDKL5 disorder. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 82:298-310. [PMID: 26143616 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the X-linked cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 (CDKL5) gene have been identified in a rare neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by early-onset seizures, severe developmental delay, intellectual disability and Rett syndrome-like features. CDKL5 is highly expressed in the brain during early postnatal stages, suggesting its importance for brain maturation. Using a newly-generated Cdkl5 knockout (Cdkl5 -/Y) mouse, we recently found that loss of Cdkl5 impairs postnatal hippocampal development with a reduction in neuronal precursor survival and maturation. These defects were accompanied by increased activity of the glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) a crucial inhibitory regulator of many neurodevelopmental processes. The goal of the current study was to establish whether inhibition of GSK3β corrects hippocampal developmental defects due to Cdkl5 loss. We found that treatment with the GSK3β inhibitor SB216763 restored neuronal precursor survival, dendritic maturation, connectivity and hippocampus-dependent learning and memory in the Cdkl5 -/Y mouse. Importantly, these effects were retained one month after treatment cessation. At present, there are no therapeutic strategies to improve the neurological defects of subjects with CDKL5 disorder. Current results point at GSK3β inhibitors as potential therapeutic tools for the improvement of abnormal brain development in CDKL5 disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Fuchs
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Piazza di Porta San Donato 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto Rimondini
- Department of Medical and Clinical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Rocchina Viggiano
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Piazza di Porta San Donato 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefania Trazzi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Piazza di Porta San Donato 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marianna De Franceschi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Piazza di Porta San Donato 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Renata Bartesaghi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Piazza di Porta San Donato 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Ciani
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Piazza di Porta San Donato 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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132
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Chen JA, Peñagarikano O, Belgard TG, Swarup V, Geschwind DH. The emerging picture of autism spectrum disorder: genetics and pathology. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2015; 10:111-44. [PMID: 25621659 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-012414-040405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is defined by impaired social interaction and communication accompanied by stereotyped behaviors and restricted interests. Although ASD is common, its genetic and clinical features are highly heterogeneous. A number of recent breakthroughs have dramatically advanced our understanding of ASD from the standpoint of human genetics and neuropathology. These studies highlight the period of fetal development and the processes of chromatin structure, synaptic function, and neuron-glial signaling. The initial efforts to systematically integrate findings of multiple levels of genomic data and studies of mouse models have yielded new clues regarding ASD pathophysiology. This early work points to an emerging convergence of disease mechanisms in this complex and etiologically heterogeneous disorder.
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133
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Mueller M, Schoeberlein A, Zhou J, Joerger-Messerli M, Oppliger B, Reinhart U, Bordey A, Surbek D, Barnea ER, Huang Y, Paidas M. PreImplantation Factor bolsters neuroprotection via modulating Protein Kinase A and Protein Kinase C signaling. Cell Death Differ 2015; 22:2078-86. [PMID: 25976303 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2015.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A synthetic peptide (sPIF) analogous to the mammalian embryo-derived PreImplantation Factor (PIF) enables neuroprotection in rodent models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and perinatal brain injury. The protective effects have been attributed, in part, to sPIF's ability to inhibit the biogenesis of microRNA let-7, which is released from injured cells during central nervous system (CNS) damage and induces neuronal death. Here, we uncover another novel mechanism of sPIF-mediated neuroprotection. Using a clinically relevant rat newborn brain injury model, we demonstrate that sPIF, when subcutaneously administrated, is able to reduce cell death, reverse neuronal loss and restore proper cortical architecture. We show, both in vivo and in vitro, that sPIF activates cyclic AMP dependent protein kinase (PKA) and calcium-dependent protein kinase (PKC) signaling, leading to increased phosphorylation of major neuroprotective substrates GAP-43, BAD and CREB. Phosphorylated CREB in turn facilitates expression of Gap43, Bdnf and Bcl2 known to have important roles in regulating neuronal growth, survival and remodeling. As is the case in sPIF-mediated let-7 repression, we provide evidence that sPIF-mediated PKA/PKC activation is dependent on TLR4 expression. Thus, we propose that sPIF imparts neuroprotection via multiple mechanisms at multiple levels downstream of TLR4. Given the recent FDA fast-track approval of sPIF for clinical trials, its potential clinical application for treating other CNS diseases can be envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mueller
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - A Schoeberlein
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - J Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Surgical Oncology, Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, PR China
| | | | - B Oppliger
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - U Reinhart
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - A Bordey
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - D Surbek
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - E R Barnea
- Society for the Investigation of Early Pregnancy, Cherry Hill, NJ, USA.,BioIncept LLC, Cherry Hill, NJ, USA
| | - Y Huang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - M Paidas
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Women and Children's Center for Blood Disorders, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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134
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Galanopoulou AS, Moshé SL. Pathogenesis and new candidate treatments for infantile spasms and early life epileptic encephalopathies: A view from preclinical studies. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 79:135-49. [PMID: 25968935 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Early onset and infantile epileptic encephalopathies (EIEEs) are usually associated with medically intractable or difficult to treat epileptic seizures and prominent cognitive, neurodevelopmental and behavioral consequences. EIEEs have numerous etiologies that contribute to the inter- and intra-syndromic phenotypic variability. Etiologies include structural and metabolic or genetic etiologies although a significant percentage is of unknown cause. The need to better understand their pathogenic mechanisms and identify better therapies has driven the development of animal models of EIEEs. Several rodent models of infantile spasms have emerged that recapitulate various aspects of the disease. The acute models manifest epileptic spasms after induction and include the NMDA rat model, the NMDA model with prior prenatal betamethasone or perinatal stress exposure, and the γ-butyrolactone induced spasms in a mouse model of Down syndrome. The chronic models include the tetrodotoxin rat model, the aristaless related homeobox X-linked (Arx) mouse models and the multiple-hit rat model of infantile spasms. We will discuss the main features and findings from these models on target mechanisms and emerging therapies. Genetic models have also provided interesting data on the pathogenesis of Dravet syndrome and proposed new therapies for testing. The genetic associations of many of the EIEEs have also been tested in rodent models as to their pathogenicity. Finally, several models have tested the impact of subclinical epileptiform discharges on brain function. The impact of these advances in animal modeling for therapy development will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristea S Galanopoulou
- Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
| | - Solomon L Moshé
- Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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135
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Katayama S, Sueyoshi N, Kameshita I. Critical Determinants of Substrate Recognition by Cyclin-Dependent Kinase-like 5 (CDKL5). Biochemistry 2015; 54:2975-87. [PMID: 25905439 DOI: 10.1021/bi501308k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 (CDKL5) is a Ser/Thr protein kinase known to be associated with X-linked neurodevelopmental disorders. In a previous study, we identified amphiphysin 1 (Amph1) as a potential substrate for CDKL5 and identified a single phosphorylation site at Ser-293. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms of substrate recognition by CDKL5 using Amph1 as a model substrate. Amph1 served as an efficient CDKL5 substrate, whereas Amph2, a structurally related homologue of Amph1, was not phosphorylated by CDKL5. The sequence around the Amph1 phosphorylation site is RPR(293)SPSQ, while the corresponding sequence in Amph2 is IPK(332)SPSQ. To define the amino acid sequence specificity of the substrate, various point mutants of Amph1 and Amph2 were prepared and phosphorylated by CDKL5. Both Amph2(I329R) and Amph1 served as efficient CDKL5 substrates, but Amph1(R290I) did not, indicating that the arginyl residue at the P -3 position is critical for substrate recognition. With regard to prolyl residues around the phosphorylation site of Amph1, Pro-291 at the P -2 position, but not Pro-294 at the P +1 position, is indispensable for phosphorylation by CDKL5. Phosphorylation experiments using various deletion mutants of Amph1 revealed that the proline-rich domain (PRD) (amino acids 247-315) alone was not phosphorylated by CDKL5. In contrast, Amph1(247-385), which comprised the PRD and CLAP domains, served as an efficient CDKL5 substrate. These results, taken together, suggest that both the phosphorylation site sequence (RPXSX) and the CLAP domain structure in Amph1 play crucial roles in recognition and phosphorylation by CDKL5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syouichi Katayama
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Sueyoshi
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
| | - Isamu Kameshita
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
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136
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Mertz J, Tan H, Pagala V, Bai B, Chen PC, Li Y, Cho JH, Shaw T, Wang X, Peng J. Sequential Elution Interactome Analysis of the Mind Bomb 1 Ubiquitin Ligase Reveals a Novel Role in Dendritic Spine Outgrowth. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 14:1898-910. [PMID: 25931508 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.045898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The mind bomb 1 (Mib1) ubiquitin ligase is essential for controlling metazoan development by Notch signaling and possibly the Wnt pathway. It is also expressed in postmitotic neurons and regulates neuronal morphogenesis and synaptic activity by mechanisms that are largely unknown. We sought to comprehensively characterize the Mib1 interactome and study its potential function in neuron development utilizing a novel sequential elution strategy for affinity purification, in which Mib1 binding proteins were eluted under different stringency and then quantified by the isobaric labeling method. The strategy identified the Mib1 interactome with both deep coverage and the ability to distinguish high-affinity partners from low-affinity partners. A total of 817 proteins were identified during the Mib1 affinity purification, including 56 high-affinity partners and 335 low-affinity partners, whereas the remaining 426 proteins are likely copurified contaminants or extremely weak binding proteins. The analysis detected all previously known Mib1-interacting proteins and revealed a large number of novel components involved in Notch and Wnt pathways, endocytosis and vesicle transport, the ubiquitin-proteasome system, cellular morphogenesis, and synaptic activities. Immunofluorescence studies further showed colocalization of Mib1 with five selected proteins: the Usp9x (FAM) deubiquitinating enzyme, alpha-, beta-, and delta-catenins, and CDKL5. Mutations of CDKL5 are associated with early infantile epileptic encephalopathy-2 (EIEE2), a severe form of mental retardation. We found that the expression of Mib1 down-regulated the protein level of CDKL5 by ubiquitination, and antagonized CDKL5 function during the formation of dendritic spines. Thus, the sequential elution strategy enables biochemical characterization of protein interactomes; and Mib1 analysis provides a comprehensive interactome for investigating its role in signaling networks and neuronal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Mertz
- From the ‡Departments of Structural Biology and Developmental Neurobiology
| | | | | | - Bing Bai
- From the ‡Departments of Structural Biology and Developmental Neurobiology
| | - Ping-Chung Chen
- From the ‡Departments of Structural Biology and Developmental Neurobiology
| | - Yuxin Li
- From the ‡Departments of Structural Biology and Developmental Neurobiology
| | | | - Timothy Shaw
- §St. Jude Proteomics Facility, ¶Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105
| | | | - Junmin Peng
- From the ‡Departments of Structural Biology and Developmental Neurobiology, §St. Jude Proteomics Facility,
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137
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Okuda K, Tanaka T. [Towards elucidating the regulatory roles of CDKL5 in synaptic transmission]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2015; 145:183-6. [PMID: 25864828 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.145.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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138
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La Montanara P, Rusconi L, Locarno A, Forti L, Barbiero I, Tramarin M, Chandola C, Kilstrup-Nielsen C, Landsberger N. Synaptic synthesis, dephosphorylation, and degradation: a novel paradigm for an activity-dependent neuronal control of CDKL5. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:4512-27. [PMID: 25555910 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.589762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the X-linked CDKL5 (cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5) gene have been associated with several forms of neurodevelopmental disorders, including atypical Rett syndrome, autism spectrum disorders, and early infantile epileptic encephalopathy. Accordingly, loss of CDKL5 in mice results in autistic-like features and impaired neuronal communication. Although the biological functions of CDKL5 remain largely unknown, recent pieces of evidence suggest that CDKL5 is involved in neuronal plasticity. Herein, we show that, at all stages of development, neuronal depolarization induces a rapid increase in CDKL5 levels, mostly mediated by extrasomatic synthesis. In young neurons, this induction is prolonged, whereas in more mature neurons, NMDA receptor stimulation induces a protein phosphatase 1-dependent dephosphorylation of CDKL5 that is mandatory for its proteasome-dependent degradation. As a corollary, neuronal activity leads to a prolonged induction of CDKL5 levels in immature neurons but to a short lasting increase of the kinase in mature neurons. Recent results demonstrate that many genes associated with autism spectrum disorders are crucial components of the activity-dependent signaling networks regulating the composition, shape, and strength of the synapse. Thus, we speculate that CDKL5 deficiency disrupts activity-dependent signaling and the consequent synapse development, maturation, and refinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo La Montanara
- From the Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Section of Biomedical Research; University of Insubria, 21052 Busto Arsizio, Italy and
| | - Laura Rusconi
- From the Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Section of Biomedical Research; University of Insubria, 21052 Busto Arsizio, Italy and
| | - Albina Locarno
- From the Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Section of Biomedical Research; University of Insubria, 21052 Busto Arsizio, Italy and
| | - Lia Forti
- From the Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Section of Biomedical Research; University of Insubria, 21052 Busto Arsizio, Italy and
| | - Isabella Barbiero
- From the Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Section of Biomedical Research; University of Insubria, 21052 Busto Arsizio, Italy and
| | - Marco Tramarin
- From the Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Section of Biomedical Research; University of Insubria, 21052 Busto Arsizio, Italy and
| | - Chetan Chandola
- From the Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Section of Biomedical Research; University of Insubria, 21052 Busto Arsizio, Italy and
| | - Charlotte Kilstrup-Nielsen
- From the Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Section of Biomedical Research; University of Insubria, 21052 Busto Arsizio, Italy and
| | - Nicoletta Landsberger
- From the Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Section of Biomedical Research; University of Insubria, 21052 Busto Arsizio, Italy and the San Raffaele Rett Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
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139
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Fuchs C, Trazzi S, Torricella R, Viggiano R, De Franceschi M, Amendola E, Gross C, Calzà L, Bartesaghi R, Ciani E. Loss of CDKL5 impairs survival and dendritic growth of newborn neurons by altering AKT/GSK-3β signaling. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 70:53-68. [PMID: 24952363 PMCID: PMC4146476 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the X-linked cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 (CDKL5) gene have been identified in a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by early-onset intractable seizures, severe developmental delay, intellectual disability, and Rett's syndrome-like features. Since the physiological functions of CDKL5 still need to be elucidated, in the current study we took advantage of a new Cdkl5 knockout (KO) mouse model in order to shed light on the role of this gene in brain development. We mainly focused on the hippocampal dentate gyrus, a region that largely develops postnatally and plays a key role in learning and memory. Looking at the process of neurogenesis, we found a higher proliferation rate of neural precursors in Cdkl5 KO mice in comparison with wild type mice. However, there was an increase in apoptotic cell death of postmitotic granule neuron precursors, with a reduction in total number of granule cells. Looking at dendritic development, we found that in Cdkl5 KO mice the newly-generated granule cells exhibited a severe dendritic hypotrophy. In parallel, these neurodevelopmental defects were associated with impairment of hippocampus-dependent memory. Looking at the mechanisms whereby CDKL5 exerts its functions, we identified a central role of the AKT/GSK-3β signaling pathway. Overall our findings highlight a critical role of CDKL5 in the fundamental processes of brain development, namely neuronal precursor proliferation, survival and maturation. This evidence lays the basis for a better understanding of the neurological phenotype in patients carrying mutations in the CDKL5 gene. Loss of Cdkl5 decreases survival of postmitotic granule cells. Loss of Cdkl5 results in dendritic hypotrophy of newborn granule cells. Loss of Cdkl5 impairs hippocampus-dependent behavior. Loss of Cdkl5 alters the AKT/GSK-3β pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Fuchs
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefania Trazzi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberta Torricella
- Health Sciences and Technologies-Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Rocchina Viggiano
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Elena Amendola
- Mouse Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Cornelius Gross
- Mouse Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Laura Calzà
- Health Sciences and Technologies-Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Renata Bartesaghi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Ciani
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy.
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140
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Amendola E, Zhan Y, Mattucci C, Castroflorio E, Calcagno E, Fuchs C, Lonetti G, Silingardi D, Vyssotski AL, Farley D, Ciani E, Pizzorusso T, Giustetto M, Gross CT. Mapping pathological phenotypes in a mouse model of CDKL5 disorder. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91613. [PMID: 24838000 PMCID: PMC4023934 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 (CDKL5) cause early-onset epileptic encephalopathy, a neurodevelopmental disorder with similarities to Rett Syndrome. Here we describe the physiological, molecular, and behavioral phenotyping of a Cdkl5 conditional knockout mouse model of CDKL5 disorder. Behavioral analysis of constitutive Cdkl5 knockout mice revealed key features of the human disorder, including limb clasping, hypoactivity, and abnormal eye tracking. Anatomical, physiological, and molecular analysis of the knockout uncovered potential pathological substrates of the disorder, including reduced dendritic arborization of cortical neurons, abnormal electroencephalograph (EEG) responses to convulsant treatment, decreased visual evoked responses (VEPs), and alterations in the Akt/rpS6 signaling pathway. Selective knockout of Cdkl5 in excitatory and inhibitory forebrain neurons allowed us to map the behavioral features of the disorder to separable cell-types. These findings identify physiological and molecular deficits in specific forebrain neuron populations as possible pathological substrates in CDKL5 disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Amendola
- Mouse Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Yang Zhan
- Mouse Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Camilla Mattucci
- Mouse Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Enrico Castroflorio
- Department of Neuroscience and National Institute of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Eleonora Calcagno
- Department of Neuroscience and National Institute of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Claudia Fuchs
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Lonetti
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health NEUROFARBA University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Davide Silingardi
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Alexei L. Vyssotski
- Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zürich and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dominika Farley
- Mouse Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Ciani
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Tommaso Pizzorusso
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health NEUROFARBA University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Maurizio Giustetto
- Department of Neuroscience and National Institute of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Cornelius T. Gross
- Mouse Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Monterotondo, Italy
- * E-mail:
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141
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Cellular origins of auditory event-related potential deficits in Rett syndrome. Nat Neurosci 2014; 17:804-6. [PMID: 24777420 PMCID: PMC4038660 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction in sensory information processing is a hallmark of many neurological disorders including autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), schizophrenia and Rett syndrome (RTT)1. Using mouse models of RTT, a monogenic disorder caused by mutations in MECP22, we demonstrate that the large scale loss of MeCP2 from forebrain GABAergic interneurons leads to deficits in auditory event-related potentials (ERPs) and seizure manifestation; but the restoration of MeCP2 in specific classes of interneurons ameliorates these deficits.
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142
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Bedogni F, Rossi RL, Galli F, Cobolli Gigli C, Gandaglia A, Kilstrup-Nielsen C, Landsberger N. Rett syndrome and the urge of novel approaches to study MeCP2 functions and mechanisms of action. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 46 Pt 2:187-201. [PMID: 24594195 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Rett syndrome (RTT) is a devastating genetic disorder that worldwide represents the most common genetic cause of severe intellectual disability in females. Most cases are caused by mutations in the X-linked MECP2 gene. Several recent studies have demonstrated that RTT mimicking animal models do not develop an irreversible condition and phenotypic rescue is possible. However, no cure for RTT has been identified so far, and patients are only given symptomatic and supportive treatments. The development of clinical applications imposes a more comprehensive knowledge of MeCP2 functional role(s) and their relevance for RTT pathobiology. Herein, we thoroughly survey the knowledge about MeCP2 structure and functions, highlighting the necessity of identifying more functional domains and the value of molecular genetics. Given that, in our opinion, RTT ultimately is generated by perturbations in gene transcription and so far no genes/pathways have been consistently linked to a dysfunctional MeCP2, we have used higher-level bioinformatic analyses to identify commonly deregulated mechanisms in MeCP2-defective samples. In this review we present our results and discuss the possible value of the utilized approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bedogni
- San Raffaele Rett Research Center, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy; Laboratory of Genetic and Epigenetic Control of Gene Expression, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Division of Biomedical Research, University of Insubria, Busto Arsizio 21052, Italy
| | - Riccardo L Rossi
- Fondazione Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare, Milan 20122, Italy
| | - Francesco Galli
- San Raffaele Rett Research Center, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Clementina Cobolli Gigli
- San Raffaele Rett Research Center, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy; Laboratory of Genetic and Epigenetic Control of Gene Expression, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Division of Biomedical Research, University of Insubria, Busto Arsizio 21052, Italy
| | - Anna Gandaglia
- San Raffaele Rett Research Center, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy; Laboratory of Genetic and Epigenetic Control of Gene Expression, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Division of Biomedical Research, University of Insubria, Busto Arsizio 21052, Italy
| | - Charlotte Kilstrup-Nielsen
- Laboratory of Genetic and Epigenetic Control of Gene Expression, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Division of Biomedical Research, University of Insubria, Busto Arsizio 21052, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Landsberger
- San Raffaele Rett Research Center, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy; Laboratory of Genetic and Epigenetic Control of Gene Expression, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Division of Biomedical Research, University of Insubria, Busto Arsizio 21052, Italy.
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143
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Ting JH, Marks DR, Schleidt SS, Wu JN, Zyskind JW, Lindl KA, Blendy JA, Pierce RC, Jordan-Sciutto KL. Targeted gene mutation of E2F1 evokes age-dependent synaptic disruption and behavioral deficits. J Neurochem 2014; 129:850-63. [PMID: 24460902 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant expression and activation of the cell cycle protein E2F1 in neurons has been implicated in many neurodegenerative diseases. As a transcription factor regulating G1 to S phase progression in proliferative cells, E2F1 is often up-regulated and activated in models of neuronal death. However, despite its well-studied functions in neuronal death, little is known regarding the role of E2F1 in the mature brain. In this study, we used a combined approach to study the effect of E2F1 gene disruption on mouse behavior and brain biochemistry. We identified significant age-dependent olfactory and memory-related deficits in E2f1 mutant mice. In addition, we found that E2F1 exhibits punctated staining and localizes closely to the synapse. Furthermore, we found a mirroring age-dependent loss of post-synaptic protein-95 in the hippocampus and olfactory bulb as well as a global loss of several other synaptic proteins. Coincidently, E2F1 expression is significantly elevated at the ages, in which behavioral and synaptic perturbations were observed. Finally, we show that deficits in adult neurogenesis persist late in aged E2f1 mutant mice which may partially contribute to the behavior phenotypes. Taken together, our data suggest that the disruption of E2F1 function leads to specific age-dependent behavioral deficits and synaptic perturbations. E2F1 is a transcription factor regulating cell cycle progression and apoptosis. Although E2F1 dysregulation under toxic conditions can lead to neuronal death, little is known about its physiologic activity in the healthy brain. Here, we report significant age-dependent olfactory and memory deficits in mice with dysfunctional E2F1. Coincident with these behavioral changes, we also found age-matched synaptic disruption and persisting reduction in adult neurogenesis. Our study demonstrates that E2F1 contributes to physiologic brain structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenhao H Ting
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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144
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Della Sala G, Pizzorusso T. Synaptic plasticity and signaling in Rett syndrome. Dev Neurobiol 2013; 74:178-96. [PMID: 23908158 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Rett syndrome (RTT) is a disorder that is caused in the majority of cases by mutations in the gene methyl-CpG-binding protein-2 (MeCP2). Children with RTT are generally characterized by normal development up to the first year and a half of age, after which they undergo a rapid regression marked by a deceleration of head growth, the onset of stereotyped hand movements, irregular breathing, and seizures. Animal models of RTT with good construct and face validity are available. Their analysis showed that homeostatic regulation of MeCP2 gene is necessary for normal CNS functioning and that multiple complex pathways involving different neuronal and glial cell types are disrupted in RTT models. However, it is increasingly clear that RTT pathogenetic mechanisms converge at synaptic level impairing synaptic transmission and plasticity. We review novel findings showing how specific synaptic mechanisms and related signaling pathways are affected in RTT models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Della Sala
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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145
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Lippman-Bell JJ, Rakhade SN, Klein PM, Obeid M, Jackson MC, Joseph A, Jensen FE. AMPA receptor antagonist NBQX attenuates later-life epileptic seizures and autistic-like social deficits following neonatal seizures. Epilepsia 2013; 54:1922-32. [PMID: 24117347 DOI: 10.1111/epi.12378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether AMPA receptor (AMPAR) antagonist NBQX can prevent early mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway activation and long-term sequelae following neonatal seizures in rats, including later-life spontaneous recurrent seizures, CA3 mossy fiber sprouting, and autistic-like social deficits. METHODS Long-Evans rats experienced hypoxia-induced neonatal seizures (HS) at postnatal day (P)10. NBQX (20 mg/kg) was administered immediately following HS (every 12 h × 4 doses). Twelve hours post-HS, we assessed mTOR activation marker phosphorylated p70-S6 kinase (p-p70S6K) in hippocampus and cortex of vehicle (HS + V) or NBQX-treated post-HS rats (HS + N) versus littermate controls (C + V). Spontaneous seizure activity was compared between groups by epidural cortical electroencephalography (EEG) at P70-100. Aberrant mossy fiber sprouting was measured using Timm staining. Finally, we assessed behavior between P30 and P38. KEY FINDINGS Postseizure NBQX treatment significantly attenuated seizure-induced increases in p-p70S6K in the hippocampus (p < 0.01) and cortex (p < 0.001). Although spontaneous recurrent seizures increased in adulthood in HS + V rats compared to controls (3.22 ± 1 seizures/h; p = 0.03), NBQX significantly attenuated later-life seizures (0.14 ± 0.1 seizures/h; p = 0.046). HS + N rats showed less aberrant mossy fiber sprouting (115 ± 8.0%) than vehicle-treated post-HS rats (174 ± 10%, p = 0.004), compared to controls (normalized to 100%). Finally, NBQX treatment prevented alterations in later-life social behavior; post-HS rats showed significantly decreased preference for a novel over a familiar rat (71.0 ± 12 s) compared to controls (99.0 ± 15.6 s; p < 0.01), whereas HS + N rats showed social novelty preference similar to controls (114.3 ± 14.1 s). SIGNIFICANCE Brief NBQX administration during the 48 h postseizure in P10 Long-Evans rats suppresses transient mTOR pathway activation and attenuates spontaneous recurrent seizures, social preference deficits, and mossy fiber sprouting observed in vehicle-treated adult rats after early life seizures. These results suggest that acute AMPAR antagonist treatment during the latent period immediately following neonatal HS can modify seizure-induced activation of mTOR, reduce the frequency of later-life seizures, and protect against CA3 mossy fiber sprouting and autistic-like social deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn J Lippman-Bell
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
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146
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Sekiguchi M, Katayama S, Hatano N, Shigeri Y, Sueyoshi N, Kameshita I. Identification of amphiphysin 1 as an endogenous substrate for CDKL5, a protein kinase associated with X-linked neurodevelopmental disorder. Arch Biochem Biophys 2013; 535:257-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2013.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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147
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Palmitoylation-dependent CDKL5-PSD-95 interaction regulates synaptic targeting of CDKL5 and dendritic spine development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:9118-23. [PMID: 23671101 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1300003110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The X-linked gene cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 (CDKL5) is mutated in severe neurodevelopmental disorders, including some forms of atypical Rett syndrome, but the function and regulation of CDKL5 protein in neurons remain to be elucidated. Here, we show that CDKL5 binds to the scaffolding protein postsynaptic density (PSD)-95, and that this binding promotes the targeting of CDKL5 to excitatory synapses. Interestingly, this binding is not constitutive, but governed by palmitate cycling on PSD-95. Furthermore, pathogenic mutations that truncate the C-terminal tail of CDKL5 diminish its binding to PSD-95 and synaptic accumulation. Importantly, down-regulation of CDKL5 by RNA interference (RNAi) or interference with the CDKL5-PSD-95 interaction inhibits dendritic spine formation and growth. These results demonstrate a critical role of the palmitoylation-dependent CDKL5-PSD-95 interaction in localizing CDKL5 to synapses for normal spine development and suggest that disruption of this interaction by pathogenic mutations may be implicated in the pathogenesis of CDKL5-related disorders.
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148
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Zongaro S, Hukema R, D'Antoni S, Davidovic L, Barbry P, Catania MV, Willemsen R, Mari B, Bardoni B. The 3' UTR of FMR1 mRNA is a target of miR-101, miR-129-5p and miR-221: implications for the molecular pathology of FXTAS at the synapse. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:1971-82. [PMID: 23390134 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
While FMR1 is silenced in Fragile X syndrome (FXS) patients carrying the full mutation, its expression is elevated (2-8 fold) in premutated individuals. These people may develop the Fragile X-associated Tremor/Ataxia syndrome (FXTAS), a late onset neurodegenerative disorder characterized by ataxia and parkinsonism. In addition, people carrying the premutation can be affected by a set of neurological and behavioral disorders during young age. Problems of memory have been detected in these patients as well as in the mouse models for FXTAS. To date little is known concerning the metabolism of FMR1 mRNA, notwithstanding the importance of the finely tuned regulation of the expression of this gene. In the present study, we identified three microRNAs that specifically target the 3' UTR of FMR1 and can modulate its expression throughout the brain particularly at the synapse where their expression is very high. The expression level of miR-221 is reduced in synaptosomal preparations of young FXTAS mice suggesting a general deregulation of transcripts located at the synapse of these mice. By transcriptome analysis, we show here a robust deregulation of the expression levels of genes involved in learning, memory and autistic behavior, Parkinson disease and neurodegeneration. These findings suggest the presence of a synaptopathy in these animals. Interestingly, many of those deregulated mRNAs are target of the same microRNAs that modulate the expression of FMR1 at the synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Zongaro
- CNRS UMR 7275, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Valbonne Sophia-Antipolis, France
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149
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Shyam K Sharan KB, Sharan SK. Manipulating the Mouse Genome Using Recombineering. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2013; 2. [PMID: 31404315 DOI: 10.4172/2169-0111.1000108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Genetically engineered mouse models are indispensable for understanding the biological function of genes, understanding the genetic basis of human diseases and for preclinical testing of novel therapies. Generation of such mouse models has been possible because of our ability to manipulate the mouse genome. Recombineering is a highly efficient recombination-based method of genetic engineering that has revolutionized our ability to generate mouse models. Since recombineering technology is not dependent on the availability of restriction enzyme recognition sites, it allows us to modify the genome with great precision. It requires homology arms as short as 40 bases for recombination, which makes it relatively easy to generate targeting constructs to insert, change or delete either a single nucleotide or a DNA fragment several kb in size; insert selectable markers, reporter genes or add epitope tags to any gene of interest. In this review, we focus on the development of recombineering technology and its application in the generation of transgenic and knockout or knock-in mouse models. High throughput generation of gene targeting vectors, used to construct knockout alleles in mouse embryonic stem cells, is now feasible because of this technology. The challenge now is to use the "designer" mice to develop novel therapies to prevent, cure or effectively manage some the most debilitating human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shyam K Sharan
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702
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